1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Physical and sexual violence and subsequent contraception use among reproductive aged women. Author: Chan RL; Martin SL Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):276-81. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Population-based data were used to examine the association between reproductive aged women's physical and sexual violence experiences in the previous 12 months and subsequent contraception use. STUDY DESIGN: This study used a representative sample of adults (2002 North Carolina Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System). Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to model the associations of interest. RESULTS: Approximately 1 in 20 North Carolina reproductive aged women experienced physical and/or sexual violence in the previous 12 months, with physical violence as the most common. Compared to women who experienced no violence in the previous 12 months, experiences with physical violence by itself increased subsequent contraception use, while experience with sexual violence by itself decreased subsequent contraception use. Women with both experiences in the previous 12 months were less likely to be subsequently using contraception (OR=0.1; 95% CI=0.1-0.8). CONCLUSIONS: Findings from this study provide further evidence that different experiences with violence may dictate women's subsequent contraception use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUAL ABUSE | CONTRACEPTION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Violence | Behavior | Reproduction Document Number: 342573 |
| 2. Title: Knowledge, attitudes, and use of emergency contraception among Hispanic women of North Carolina. Author: Galvin SL; Fagan EB Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):17-20. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: This project was designed to determine the knowledge, attitudes and self-reported use of emergency contraception (EC) of Spanish-speaking women of western North Carolina. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey, a convenience sample of patients completed the survey in exam or interview rooms of an obstetric and gynecology residency program in western North Carolina. Participants included 213 Spanish-speaking women of childbearing age (18 to 44-years-old) presenting for routine care between August 2004 and October 2006. RESULTS: Seventy percent of the sexually active respondents (N = 196) reported inconsistent use of birth control. Only 22% reporting knowing about EC; an additional 26% knew about the morning after pill. Overall, 12% reported previous use of EC. Very few (15%) reported a moral or religious objection to EC. Only 21% reported having discussed EC with a care provider. DISCUSSION: Considerable opportunity exists to expand patient education about all contraceptive options, including EC with Hispanic women of western North Carolina. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | HISPANICS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330064 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Uterine rupture in second-trimester misoprostol-induced abortion after cesarean delivery: a systematic review. Author: Goyal V Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 May;113(5):1117-23. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk of uterine rupture when using misoprostol for second-trimester abortion in women with a history of cesarean delivery. DATA SOURCES: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, LILACS, and the Cochrane Library were searched systematically for all articles published before September 2008. METHODS OF STUDY SELECTION: Sixty-three articles were found using the above data sources. I excluded case reports, narrative reviews or commentaries, studies that excluded women with a history of cesarean delivery, studies with unrelated outcomes, studies not conducted in humans, and studies that were not available in English. The remaining 16 studies that described misoprostol use for second-trimester abortion in women with a history of cesarean delivery were examined. TABULATION, INTEGRATION, AND RESULTS: The number of participants with and without cesarean delivery, regimen of medical abortion used, and cases of uterine rupture were reviewed. To estimate the risk of uterine rupture in women with prior cesarean delivery undergoing second-trimester abortion with misoprostol and number needed to harm, I pooled the results of all 16 studies. The risk of uterine rupture in women with prior cesarean delivery was 0.28% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.08-1.00%). The risk of uterine rupture in women without prior cesarean delivery was 0.04% (95% CI 0.01-0.20%). Based on these risks, if 414 women with a history of cesarean delivery were given misoprostol for second-trimester abortion, one would experience uterine rupture. CONCLUSION: The risk of uterine rupture among women with a prior cesarean delivery undergoing second-trimester abortion using misoprostol is less than 0.3%. This may be acceptable to both patients and providers. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | MISOPROSTOL | CESAREAN SECTION | ABORTION | RISK FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 341341 |
| 4. Title: Science, ideology, and the public good: the precarious state of emergency contraception in America [editorial] Author: Kauffman RP Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Jan;102(1):3-4. Abstract: Prevention of unintended pregnancy is a universally desirable public health initiative. Current evidence overwhelmingly affirms the acceptability, safety, and efficacy of EC. Ultimately, political and healthcare systems charged to protect the public good must direct policy based on best scientific evidence rather than ideology. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISPANICS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases Document Number: 330065 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American and white women. Author: Moorman PG; Palmieri RT; Akushevich L; Berchuck A; Schildkraut JM Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Sep 1;170(5):598-606. Abstract: Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in both African-American and white women. Although prevalences of many ovarian cancer risk factors differ markedly between African Americans and whites, there has been little research on how the relative contributions of risk factors may vary between racial/ethnic groups. Using data from a North Carolina case-control study (1999-2008), the authors conducted unconditional logistic regression analyses to calculate odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for ovarian cancer risk factors in African-American (143 cases, 189 controls) and white (943 cases, 868 controls) women and to test for interactions by race/ethnicity. They also calculated attributable fractions within each racial/ethnic group for the modifiable factors of pregnancy, oral contraceptive use, tubal ligation, and body mass index. Many risk factors showed similar relations across racial/ethnic groups, but tubal ligation and family history of breast or ovarian cancer showed stronger associations among African Americans. Younger age at menarche was associated with risk only in white women. Attributable fractions associated with tubal ligation, oral contraceptive use, and obesity were markedly higher for African Americans. The relative importance of ovarian cancer risk factors may differ for African-American women, but conclusions were limited by the small sample. There is a clear need for further research on etiologic factors for ovarian cancer in African-American women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | BLACKS | WHITES | OVARIAN CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TUBAL LIGATION | OBESITY | BREASTFEEDING | GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition Document Number: 342784 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Emergency contraceptive use as a marker of future risky sex, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infection. Author: Sander PM; Raymond EG; Weaver MA Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):146.e1-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine whether emergency contraceptive use predicts future sex at risk for pregnancy, pregnancy, or sexually transmitted infection among young women. STUDY DESIGN: A secondary analysis of control group participants (n = 718) from a recent trial of advanced provision of emergency contraception was conducted. RESULTS: We found no association between use of emergency contraception and either pregnancy or infection. Recent use predicted decreased occurrence of subsequent sex at risk for pregnancy among women with a history of sexually transmitted infection (relative risk [RR], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.97), whereas ever having used predicted increased occurrence among women who either were highly effective method users (RR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.05-2.01) or had no history of sexually transmitted infection (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04-1.65). CONCLUSION: Information about prior emergency contraceptive use was not a useful predictor of subsequent pregnancy, infection, or sex at risk for pregnancy among these young women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | YOUTH | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 342401 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Issues in the design, analysis and interpretation of condom functionality studies. Author: Taylor D Source: Contraception. 2009 Sep;80(3):237-44. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Male condom functionality studies are typically crossover trials in which enrolled couples use both experimental and latex control condoms for sexual intercourse. Noninferiority of the experimental type is assessed using confidence intervals for differences in breakage and slippage probabilities. Seemingly straightforward, the design, analysis and interpretation of functionality studies are complicated by the choice of noninferiority criterion, study population and the potential for learning effects. METHODS: Power calculations, secondary data analyses and simulations were used to illustrate concerns and make recommendations. RESULTS: The probability of failure can be too low to draw meaningful conclusions in certain population subgroups. Learning effects among inexperienced users can exaggerate differences in performance and undermine power. A product which is, on average, inferior to latex may still be a viable prophylactic for a large percentage of couples. CONCLUSIONS: Heterogeneity of failure probabilities, combined with small acceptable differences in performance, requires care when selecting study participants. Pilot data, adequate training on condom use and reasonable expectations regarding performance of a new condom type are essential to maximizing the chance of identifying a noninferior product. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | CONDOM USE | CONDOM FAILURE | EVALUATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342576 |
| 8. Title: Assessing learning effects and nonrandom dropout in a contraceptive device trial. Author: Chen PL Source: Journal of Biopharmaceutical Statistics. 2008 Mar;18(2):382-392. Abstract: When there is a new device involved in a randomized trial, participants in the new device group might need more time to become skilled at using the new device than those who are in the control group. In addition, participants who are not used to the new device might drop out from the study at a different rate than participants in the control group. Such learning effects and possible nonrandom dropout can substantially influence the evaluation of treatment effects. Without considering these factors, the conclusion of the main study result is vulnerable to potential bias. In this paper we propose a transition model under a Markov process to assess the effects of learning and nonrandom dropout in a randomized control device trial. The transition probabilities of the proposed model can be obtained by maximum likelihood approaches, and then fit by weighted local regressions to describe patterns of learning and participant dropout. A generalized estimating equation approach is applied to evaluate the impact of prognostic factors on those patterns. We use data from a randomized contraceptive device trial to illustrate the usefulness of the proposed method. The potential impact of learning effects and nonrandom dropout on the primary study objective is discussed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | BIAS | CONTROL GROUPS | MARKOV CHAIN | DROPOUTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Error Sources | Measurement | Research Methodology | Probability | Statistical Studies | Studies | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Usage | Behavior Document Number: 323113 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Hexamethylbisacetamide and disruption of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 latency in CD4+ T cells. Author: Choudhary SK; Archin NM; Margolis DM Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008;197:1162-1170. Abstract: Novel therapeutic approaches are needed to attack persistent proviral human immunodeficiency type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Hexamethylbisacetamide (HMBA), a hybrid bipolar compound, induces expression of the HIV-1 promoter in the long terminal repeat (LTR) region in a Tat-independent manner but mimics the effect of Tat, overcoming barriers to LTR expression and increasing the processivity of LTR transcription complexes. We studied alterations in cellular factors and their LTR occupancy induced by HMBA in models of latent HIV-1 infection. We measured the induction of viral outgrowth by HMBA in resting CD4+ T cells from aviremic HIV-1-infected donors. HMBA induced outgrowth of HIV-1 from resting CD4+ T cells recovered from aviremic patients treated with antiretroviral therapy (ART). HMBA triggered cyclin-dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) recruitment to the LTR, a key factor in the induction of efficient HIV-1 expression, via an unexpected interaction with the transcription factor Sp1. The availability of Sp1 andSp1 DNA binding sites were necessary for HMBA-induced CDK9 recruitment and LTR expression. HMBA signaling via both protein kinase C micro and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase appeared to contribute to LTR induction. The novel mechanism through which HMBA disrupts latent HIV-1 infection involves 2 cellular kinases that may be therapeutically exploited to induce expression of persistent proviral HIV-1. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BLOOD DONORS | BLOOD | ANTIBODIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | HIV Document Number: 325926 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Methamphetamine use is linked to risky behavior in heterosexual encounters. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):53-54. Abstract: Methamphetamine use before or during a sexual encounter, which has a well-established association with risky behavior among men who have sex with men, may also be a predictor of risky behavior in heterosexual encounters. In a study conducted among injection-drug users in North Carolina, three of six risky behaviors examined were more likely to occur in heterosexual encounters involving use of the drug than in others; although use by one partner was not associated with elevated odds of any of these activities, use by both was associated with sharp increases in the likelihood of five of the six. The study was based on data collected between 2003 and 2006 from 703 men and women aged 18 and older who said that they had injected drugs in the previous 30 days and were not currently receiving treatment for substance abuse. With information participants provided about a total of 1,213 recent heterosexual encounters, the researchers used multivariate generalized estimating equations to assess relationshipsbetween methamphetamine use and six behaviors: unprotected vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, unprotected anal intercourse, vaginal and anal intercourse during the same encounter, sex with a new partner and unprotected intercourse with a new partner. The analyses controlled for each partner's age, the male's race, cocaine use during the encounter and, for all behaviors except the two involving new partners, partner type (main or casual). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | IV DRUG USERS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ANAL SEX | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Sexual Partners | Behavior Document Number: 325189 |
11.  Peer Reviewed Title: Extrapulmonary tuberculosis, human immunodeficiency virus, and foreign birth in North Carolina, 1993 - 2006. Author: Kipp AM; Stout JE; Hamilton CD; Van Rie A Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Apr 4;8:107. Abstract: The proportion of extrapulmonary tuberculosis (EPTB) reported in the United States has been gradually increasing. HIV infection and foreign birth are increasingly associated with tuberculosis and understanding their effect on the clinical presentation of tuberculosis is important. Case-control study of 6,124 persons with tuberculosis reported to the North Carolina Division of Public health from January 1, 1993 to December 31, 2006. Multivariate logistic regression was used to obtain adjusted odds ratios measuring the associations of foreign birth region and US born race/ethnicity, by HIV status, with EPTB. Among all patients with tuberculosis, 1,366 (22.3%) had EPTB, 563 (9.2%) were HIV co-infected, and 1,299 (21.2%) were foreign born. Among HIV negative patients, EPTB was associated with being foreign born (adjusted ORs 1.36 to 5.09, depending on region of birth) and with being US born, Black/African American (OR 1.84; 95% CI 1.42, 2.39). Among HIV infected patients, EPTB was associated with being US born, Black/African American (OR 2.60; 95% CI 1.83, 3.71) and with foreign birth in the Americas (OR 5.12; 95% CI 2.84, 9.23). Foreign born tuberculosis cases were more likely to have EPTB than US born tuberculosis cases, even in the absence of HIV infection. Increasing proportions of foreign born and HIV-attributable tuberculosis cases in the United States will likely result in a sustained burden of EPTB. Further research is needed to explore why the occurrence and type of EPTB differs by region of birth and whether host genetic and/or bacterial variation can explain these differences in EPTB. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FOREIGNERS | BLACKS | TUBERCULOSIS | PULMONARY EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Infections | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 325912 |
| 12. Title: Promoting environmental justice through community-based participatory research: The role of community and partnership capacity. Author: Minkler M; Vasquez VB; Tajik M; Petersen D Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Feb;35(1):119-137. Abstract: Community-based participatory research (CBPR) increasingly is being used to study and address environmental justice. This article presents the results of a cross-site case study of four CBPR partnerships in the United States that researched environmental health problems and worked to educate legislators and promote relevant public policy. The authors focus on community and partnership capacity within and across sites, using as a theoretical framework Goodman and his colleagues' dimensions of community capacity, as these were tailored to environmental health by Freudenberg, and as further modified to include partnership capacity within a systems perspective. The four CBPR partnerships examined were situated in NewYork, California, Oklahoma, and North Carolina and were part of a larger national study. Case study contexts and characteristics, policy-related outcomes, and findings related to community and partnership capacity are presented, with implications drawn for other CBPR partnerships with a policy focus. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | CALIFORNIA | OKLAHOMA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | INEQUALITIES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Programs | Health Document Number: 324662 |
| 13. Title: Emergency contraception: Overestimated effectiveness and questionable expectations. Author: Stanford JB Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2008 Jan;83(1):19-21. Abstract: Reproductive-health advocates have advocated tirelessly for increased awareness of, access to, and utilization of emergency contraception, particularly levonorgestrel (Plan B), with considerable success in the face of much opposition. Unfortunately, the associated political and ideological struggles have diverted attention from two key issues around the use of this drug: how effective it really is and the impact of its use at the population level. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | NEW JERSEY | UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | TIME FACTORS | PUBLIC OPINION | IMPACT | NEEDS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Western | Europe | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Economic Factors | Technology Document Number: 323628 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Trauma, anxiety and reported health among HIV-positive persons in Tanzania and the US Deep South. Author: Whetten K; Whetten RA; Ostermann J; Itemba D Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Nov;20(10):1233-41. Abstract: Little research has been conducted in less wealthy nations to evaluate the prevalence of severe life traumas in general population groups and the impact of such traumas. Previous studies in wealthy nations have found that experiencing severe traumas can cause elevated levels of anxiety, but few studies have examined this association in non-disaster situations in less wealthy nations. Trauma and trauma-related anxiety are associated with greater sexual risk taking behaviours, lower HIV medication adherence levels and poorer health outcomes in wealthy nations. The objectives of this manuscript are: (1) to compare rates of trauma in two HIV-positive samples from areas that have not experienced disaster situations that are recognized by the international community as traumatic events; and (2) to examine whether the reported traumatic experiences are similarly associated with self-reported mental and physical health. The samples come from a region of a wealthy nation that consistently experiences large increases in incident AIDS cases and where the epidemic is largely transmitted heterosexually (Deep South, United States; n =611) and a region in a less wealthy nation with relatively high HIV prevalence and incidence rates and where transmission is also primarily heterosexual (Moshi, Tanzania; n =72). Compared to the US sample, the Tanzanian sample reported significantly higher rates of trauma in the areas of illness, injury, accidents and "other" significant traumas, a higher prevalence of anxiety and poorer physical health. The experience of trauma was similarly associated with greater mental health symptomatology and poorer physical health in both samples. Further investigation into the area of trauma and its sequelae is warranted, particularly in relation to risk behaviours and HIV medication adherence. At a time of increasing anti-retroviral therapy (ART) availability in less wealthy nations, additional focus on trauma care could improve ART adherence rates and reduce risk behaviors, thereby assisting in stemming the further spread of the epidemic. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | STRESS | ANXIETY DISORDERS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329687 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Optical imaging and analysis of human vaginal coating by drug delivery gels. Author: Henderson MH; Couchman GM; Walmer DK; Peters JJ; Owen DH Source: Contraception. 2007 Feb;75(2):142-151. Abstract: We used a new optical imaging technique to compare human intravaginal coating distributions of Conceptrol (Advanced Care Products, Brunswick, NJ) and Advantage (Columbia Laboratories, Aventuna, FL). These gels are surrogates for future microbicidal gels, differing in molecular structures and biophysical properties. For each protocol, a 3-mL gel bolus was inserted to the posterior fornix while the woman was in the supine position. She then either (1) remained supine (10 min); or (2) sat up (1 min), stood up (1 min), sat down (1 min) and returned to supine for a net elapsed time of 10 min. The imaging device is sized/shaped like a phallus, and measurements while the device was inserted provide data that simulate peri-intromission coating. Coating by Advantage was more extensive and uniform than coating by Conceptrol, with smaller bare spots of uncoated epithelium. Change in posture tended to increase extent and uniformity of coating, details differing between gels. Results are consistent with predictions of mechanistic coating theory, using gel rheological data as inputs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | VAGINAL GEL | MICROBICIDES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 311553 |
| 16. Title: Health care-based interventions for women who have experienced sexual violence: A review of the literature. Author: Martin SL; Young SK; Billings DL; Bross CC Source: Trauma, Violence, and Abuse. 2007 Jan;8(1):3-18. Abstract: Thirty publications that evaluated health care-based interventions for women who experienced sexual violence were reviewed. The findings highlight that clinicians often need training in the provision sexual assault care, and that not all emergency departments have sexual assault care protocols. Studies examining effectiveness found that Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner programs are very helpful, that health care-based sexual assault treatment settings attract more women than do forensic-based settings, that sexual assault survivors often prefer a combination of medication and counseling treatment, and that preexam administration of a video explaining the collection of forensic evidence may reduce women's stress during the procedure. Studies on postexposure HIV prophylaxis found that many women did not complete the treatment regimen, often because of side effects. Emergency contraception to prevent postrape pregnancy is not consistently offered to women. Only one study reported on abortion as part of the range of sexual assault services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | HEALTH SERVICES | RAPE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | HIV | TRANSMISSION | EXPOSURE | USER COMPLIANCE | TREATMENT | INTERVENTIONS | NEEDS | EMERGENCY SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Domestic Violence | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Risk Factors | Biology | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Management Document Number: 322515 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Pregnancy in effectiveness trials of HIV prevention agents. Author: Raymond EG; Taylor D; Cates W Jr; Tolley EE; Borasky D Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007 Dec;34(12):1035-1039 . Abstract: Despite remarkable progress over the past several decades in understanding the biology and epidemiology of the HIV pandemic, the virus continues to spread relentlessly. Diverse prevention approaches are desperately needed to reverse this trend. For many women, products that can be used without the cooperation of male partners are critical. Multiple such products are currently being tested in large-scale effectiveness trials, and many more are in earlier stages of development. These products include physical and chemical barriers to viral entry, vaginal pH buffers, an antiherpes drug, antiretroviral drugs, and other agents. Some of these products may have contraceptive as well as anti-infective activity. The basic design of HIV prevention trials is standard: HIV-negative women at risk for HIV infection are randomly assigned to use either the study product or a placebo according to a specified schedule (e.g., daily or before each coital act) and then are followed to assess HIV incidence. Most HIV prevention trials are conducted in resource-poor settings in Africa and Asia where HIV incidence is high. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY | HIV PREVENTION | DRUGS | SAFETY | VAGINAL SPERMICIDES | MICROBICIDES | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 322525 |
| 18. Title: The effect of high-dose vitamin D supplementation on serum vitamin D levels and milk calcium concentration in lactating women and their infants. Author: Basile LA; Taylor SN; Wagner CL; Horst RL; Hollis BW Source: Breastfeeding Medicine. 2006;1(1):27-35. Abstract: Improve vitamin D status in lactating women and their recipient infants, and measure breast milk calcium concentration [Ca] as a function of vitamin D regimen. Fully breastfeeding mothers were randomized at 1 month postpartum to 2000 (n = 12) or 4000 (n = 13) I/day vitamin D for 3 months to achieve optimal vitamin D status [serum 25(OH)D = 32 ng/mL (80 nmol/L)]. Breast milk [Ca], maternal and infant serum 25(OH)D and serum Ca, and maternal urinary Ca/Cr ratio were measured monthly. Mothers were similar between groups for age, race, gestation, and birth weight. 25(OH)D increased from 1 to 4 months in both groups (mean ± SD): + 11.5 ± 2.3 ng/mL for group 2000 (p = 0.002) and + 14.4 ± 3.0 ng/mL for group 4000 (p = 0.0008). The 4000 I/day regimen was more effective in raising both maternal and infant serum levels and breast milk antirachitic activity than the 2000 I/day regimen. Breast milk [Ca] fell with continued lactation through 4 months in the 2000 and 4000 I groups. Decline in breast milk [Ca] was not associated with vitamin D dose (p = 0.73) or maternal 25(OH)D (p = 0.94). No mother or infant experienced vitamin D-related adverse events, and all laboratory parameters remained in the normal range. High-dose vitamin D was effective in increasing 25(OH)D levels in fully breastfeeding mothers to optimal levels without evidence of toxicity. Breast milk [Ca] and its decline in both groups during 1 to 4 months were independent of maternal vitamin D status and regimen. Both the mother and her infant attained improved vitamin D status and maintained normal [Ca]. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MOTHERS | INFANT | LACTATION | HUMAN MILK | CALCIUM | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | INFANT HEALTH | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Metals | Child Health | Health Document Number: 298421 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Effective use of hormonal contraceptives Part II: combined hormonal injectables, progestogen-only injectables and contraceptive implants. Author: Chrisman CE; Curtis KM; Mohllajee AP; Gaffield ME; Peterson HB Source: Contraception. 2006 Feb;73(2):125-133. Abstract: Our objective in this systematic review was to evaluate evidence regarding controversial issues in the clinical management of women using injectable and implantable contraceptives. We searched MEDLINE and EMBASE for reports of primary research, published from 1966 through April 2005 in peer-reviewed journals, related to the initiation of combined or progestogen-only injectables and contraceptive implants, the effects of late contraceptive injections or the duration of levonorgestrel implant effectiveness. Results of the studies we reviewed showed that initiating injectable and implantable contraceptives through day 7 of the menstrual cycle suppresses follicular activity. Time to ovulation after study participants discontinued using injectables varied widely: from 4 to 8 weeks after the last administration of combined injectables, from 15 to 49 weeks after the last injection of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate and from 5 to 19 weeks after the last injection of norethisterone enanthate. Norplant implants left in place for up to seven completed years remained effective among women who weighed < 70 kg at the time of implant insertion, but their effectiveness decreased among women weighing = 70 kg. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDIES | WOMEN | INJECTABLES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | OVULATION | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Effectiveness Document Number: 296200 |
| 20. Title: Emergency contraception: knowledge and perceptions in a university population. Author: Corbett PO; Mitchell CP; Taylor JS; Kemppainen J Source: Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners. 2006 Apr;18(4):161-168. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding emergency contraception (EC) in university men and women aged 18--21. Data sources included responses to a 25-item questionnaire and an 8-item demographic survey completed anonymously at a public site on campus. Ninety-seven university students participated in the study. Participants were asked to respond to questions relating to knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding EC, perceived worthiness, objections, sources of information about EC, preferred birth-control method and usage, and perceptions of their personal risk of unintended pregnancy. Many respondents considered unintended pregnancy to be a major problem and considered EC a worthy option in the event of method failure or unprotected intercourse. While most participants were aware that there was a postcoital method of contraception, confusion existed between EC and RU-486 (the abortion pill). Almost half (49.5%) believed that EC was the same as RU-486. There was an association between advanced prescription for EC and its likelihood of use. Most women would be significantly more likely to use EC if they had a prescription on hand. Of the women who were less likely to choose EC, 100% indicated they would feel embarrassed or judged when asking for it. Only 34% of those women who have had a gynecological exam in the past 12 months had discussed EC with their provider. Advanced practice nurses need to incorporate EC into preventive health counseling for both men and women. Providing women with an advanced prescription increases the likelihood that women will use EC. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | INFORMATION SOURCES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Education | Schools | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Information Document Number: 307058 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Combined oral contraceptive use among women with hypertension: a systematic review. Author: Curtis KM; Mohllajee AP; Martins SL; Peterson HB Source: Contraception. 2006 Feb;73(2):179-188. Abstract: Women with hypertension are at increased risk for cardiovascular events. Combined oral contraceptive (COC) use, even among low-dose users, has been associated with a small excess risk for cardiovascular events among healthy women. In this systematic review, we examined cardiovascular risks among COC users with hypertension. After searching MEDLINE for all articles published from 1966 through February 2005 relevant to COC use, hypertension and cardiovascular disease, we identified 25 articles for this review. Overall, these studies showed that hypertensive COC users were at higher risk for stroke and acute myocardial infarction (AMI) than hypertensive non-COC users, but that they were not at higher risk for venous thromboembolism (VTE). Women who did not have their blood pressure measured before initiating COC use were at higher risk for ischemic stroke and AMI, but not for hemorrhagic stroke or VTE, than COC users who did not have their blood pressure measured. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDIES | WHO | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | HYPERTENSION | THROMBOEMBOLISM | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Embolism | Physiology | Biology | Heart Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 296205 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Effective use of hormonal contraceptives Part I: combined oral contraceptive pills. Author: Curtis KM; Chrisman CE; Mohllajee AP; Peterson HB Source: Contraception. 2006 Feb;73(2):115-124. Abstract: This systematic review examines evidence regarding when during the menstrual cycle a woman can initiate combined oral contraceptive (COC) use and what can be done if a woman misses COCs. We searched the MEDLINE and EMBASE databases for articles published from 1966 to March 2005 related to COC initiation and to the effects of late or missed COCs. We identified 11 studies related to COC initiation and 25 studies related to the effects of missed pills. Evidence from these studies suggested that taking hormonally active pills for 7 consecutive days prevents normal ovulation and that initiating COCs through Day 5 of the menstrual cycle suppresses follicular activity. Studies on the effects of missed COCs generally showed that the risk of ovulation is greatest when the pill-free interval lasts > 7 days. Limitations of this body of evidence include small sample sizes that may not reflect variation in larger populations, lack of a standard measurement of ovulation and difficulty in discerning how ovulation resulting from late or missed COCs corresponds to the risk of conception. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | TIME FACTORS | OVULATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Menstruation Document Number: 296199 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of combined oral contraceptives among women with migraine and nonmigrainous headaches: a systematic review. Author: Curtis KM; Mohllajee AP; Peterson HB Source: Contraception. 2006 Feb;73(2):189-194. Abstract: This systematic review examines evidence evaluating whether women with headaches who use combined oral contraceptives (COCs) have a greater risk of stroke than women with headaches who do not use COCs. We searched MEDLINE for articles published from 1966 through March 2005 relevant to headaches and COC use as risk factors for stroke. Of the 79 articles identified, nine met our selection criteria (eight reports of six observational studies plus one meta-analysis). All studies reported specifically on migraine headaches. Evidence from six case-control studies suggested that COC users with a history of migraine were two to four times as likely to have an ischemic stroke as nonusers with a history of migraine. The odds ratios for ischemic stroke ranged from 6 to almost 14 for COC users with migraine compared with nonusers without migraine. The three studies that provided evidence on hemorrhagic stroke reported low or no risk associated with migraine or with COC use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDIES | WHO | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | MIGRAINE | HEADACHE | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 296206 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Continuous versus cyclic use of combined oral contraceptives for contraception: systematic Cochrane review of randomized controlled trials. Author: Edelman A; Gallo MF; Nichols MD; Jensen JT; Schulz KF Source: Human Reproduction. 2006;21(3):573-578. Abstract: With the recent US Food and Drug Administration approval of a combination oral contraceptive that causes a withdrawal bleed every 3 months instead of monthly, avoidance of menstruation through extended or continuous administration (> 28 days of active pills) of combined oral contraceptives may become more commonplace for reasons of personal preference rather than limited to treatment of menstrual-associated medical disorders. The review aimed to compare contraceptive efficacy, compliance, continuation, satisfaction, bleeding profiles, and menstrual symptoms of combined oral contraceptives with continuous dosing (> 28 days of active pills) versus traditional cyclic dosing (21 days of active pills and 7 days of placebo). We searched five computerized databases as well as reference lists of relevant articles for randomized controlled trials (RCT) using continuous or extended combined oral contraceptives for contraception. Two reviewers independently extracted data from eligible articles. Six RCT met inclusion criteria and were of good quality. Contraceptive efficacy and compliance were similar between groups. Discontinuation overall, and for bleeding problems, was not uniformly higher in either group. When studied, participants reported high satisfaction with both dosing regimens. Five out of the six studies found that bleeding patterns were either equivalent or improved with continuous-dosing regimens. The continuous-dosing group had greater improvement of menstrual-associated symptoms (headaches, genital irritation, tiredness, bloating, and menstrual pain). The variations in pill type and time-interval for continuous dosing make direct comparisons between regimens unfeasible. To allow for comparisons, future studies should choose a previously researched pill and dosing regimen. More attention needs to be directed towards participant satisfaction and menstruation-associated symptoms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Diseases Document Number: 299351 |
| 25. Title: Knowledge, attitudes, and use of emergency contraception among rural western North Carolina women. Author: Fagan EB; Boussios HE; Moore R; Galvin SL Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2006;99(8):806-810. Abstract: The objective was to determine the knowledge, attitudes and self-reported usage of emergency contraception (EC) in rural western North Carolina women. Using a cross-sectional survey, with a convenience sample, participants self-administered the survey in waiting rooms of eight medical clinics in three counties in western North Carolina. Participants included 401 English-speaking women of childbearing age (18-44 years old) presenting for routine medical care during a three-month period in 2004. Of the 70.5% who responded, almost all (97%) were sexually active and most (92%) perceived an unintended pregnancy to be a problem. A majority of the participants (72%) were aware of EC, but only 7.5% of women reported usage in the last year. More than 80% of the surveyed women were uncertain if EC was the same as the abortion pill, RU-486. While only 16% of respondents indicated they had discussed EC with a doctor or another health professional, most women (89%) reported that doctors or other health professionals would be their first choice for accurate information about EC pills. Among western North Carolina women of childbearing age, EC is rarely used, perhaps because of confusion about its mechanism of action. Furthermore, EC is infrequently discussed with doctors. Since women indicate that health care providers would be their preferred choice for accurate information about EC, improved patient education by physicians about EC would be a first step in increasing knowledge among patients. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning Surveys | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 311111 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Men who have sex with men and women: a unique risk group for HIV transmission on North Carolina college campuses. Author: Hightow LB; Leone PA; MacDonald PD; McCoy SI; Sampson LA Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2006 Oct;33(10):585-593. Abstract: The objective was to better understand the role that men who have sex with men and women (MSM/W) play in the spread of HIV in young adults in North Carolina, we determined the prevalence of MSM/W among newly diagnosed HIV-infected men, compared social and behavioral characteristics of this group with MSM and MSW, and examined the sexual networks associated with HIV-infected college students among these groups. We reviewed state HIV surveillance records for all new diagnoses of HIV in males 18 to 30 years living in North Carolina between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2004. Of 1105 records available for review, 15% were MSM/W and 13% were college students. Compared with MSM, MSM/W were more likely to be enrolled in college, to report > 10 sex partners in the year before diagnosis, or have sex partners who were also MSM/W. Sexual network analysis of the HIV-infected college students revealed that MSM/W occupied a central position. Of 20 individuals who described themselves as either MSW or abstinent at the time of their initial voluntary counseling and testing visit, 80% reported that they were either MSM or MSM/W during follow up. MSM/W represent a unique risk group within the population of MSM that deserve further investigation. College MSM/W appear to occupy a unique, central place in the network of HIV-infected students. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | BISEXUALS | STUDENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | UNIVERSITIES | RECORDS | PREVALENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Behavior | Education | Sexual Partners | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Information Processing | Information | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 307351 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex in the media: links to behavior differ between white and black teenagers. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Sep;38(3):[2] p.. Abstract: The influence of exposure to media with sexual content on teenagers' sexual activity differs for white and black youth, according to results of a longitudinal study of middle school students in North Carolina. In analyses controlling for demographic characteristics, reported levels of precoital sexual activity and intercourse among both whites and blacks were positively related to exposure to sexual content in media. However, when psychosocial variables were taken into account, the relationships remained significant only for white teenagers; key factors in blacks' likelihood of having intercourse were their peers' sexual norms and their parents' attitudes and involvement in their daily lives. Study participants were 1,017 students in 14 public middle schools who completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview about media and health behaviors in 2002, when they were 12--14 years old, and a follow-up interview two years later. In the baseline interview, respondents were asked about their use of four media--television, movies, music albums and magazines. They also were asked how frequently they watched, listened to or read specific media offerings on an extensive list, all of which had been analyzed for sexual content. For each teenager, the researchers calculated a "sexual media diet" score, which summarized the degree to which the adolescent was exposed to media with sexual content and the frequency with which the youth used them. They conducted multivariate regression analyses to assess associations between sexual media diet at baseline and two sexual behavior outcomes at follow-up: participation in precoital activities and intercourse. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | BLACKS | WHITES | YOUTH | MASS MEDIA | SEX BEHAVIOR | EXPOSURE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Communication | Behavior | Risk Factors | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 309804 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Parent opinion of sexuality education in a state with mandated abstinence education: Does policy match parental preference? Author: Ito KE; Gizlice Z; Owen-O'Dowd J; Foust E; Leone PA Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Nov;39(5):634-641. Abstract: Despite public debate about the content of sexuality education in schools, state and federal policy has increasingly financed and legislated abstinence-only education over the past decade. Although public schools strive to meet the needs of parents who, as taxpayers, fund the educational system, little is known about parental desires regarding sexuality education in states with mandated abstinence education. The objective of this study was to assess parental opinion about sexuality education in public schools in North Carolina, a state with mandated abstinence education. Computer-assisted, anonymous, cross-sectional telephone surveys were conducted among 1306 parents of North Carolina public school students in grades K--12. Parental support for sexuality education in public schools and 20 sexuality education topics was measured. We defined comprehensive sexuality education as education that includes a discussion of how to use and talk about contraception with partners. Parents in North Carolina overwhelmingly support sexuality education in public schools (91%). Of these respondents, the majority (89%) support comprehensive sexuality education. Less than a quarter of parents oppose teaching any specific topic, including those typically viewed as more controversial, such as discussions about sexual orientation, oral sex, and anal sex. Parents' level of education was inversely related to support for specific sexuality education topics and comprehensive education, although these differences were small in magnitude. More than 90% of respondents felt that parents and public health professionals should determine sexuality education content and opposed the involvement of politicians. Current state-mandated abstinence sexuality education does not match parental preference for comprehensive sexuality education in North Carolina public schools. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PARENTS | SEX EDUCATION | LEGISLATION | ABSTINENCE | SCHOOLS | ATTITUDES | POLITICAL FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 309304 |
| 29. Title: Gynecologic and contraceptive services provided by certified nurse-midwives in North Carolina. Author: Likis FE; Petersen R; Clark KA; Payne PA Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2006 Nov-Dec;51(6):410-414. Abstract: Gynecologic care by midwives has been little represented in the peer-reviewed literature despite the fact that the majority of midwives provide these services. Offering patients a variety of contraceptive options is important for informed choice and consent and for reducing the unintended pregnancy rate, which is nearly 50% in the United States. This study describes the volume of gynecologic care and the contraceptive methods provided by certified nurse-midwives (CNMs) in North Carolina. The study was conducted using a cross-sectional, confidential, self-administered mail questionnaire completed by 133 CNMs in clinical practice in North Carolina. The majority of the CNMs worked in private practice settings (67%), in urban areas (60%), and had 10 or fewer years of experience (62%). The median number of women seen weekly for gynecologic care was 15 (range 0-80), and 30% of CNMs provided gynecologic care to more than 25 women each week. The contraceptive methods discussed and provided by the CNMs were comprehensive. The high percentage of midwives providing gynecologic care merits further study of the content and quality of this care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | NURSE-MIDWIVES | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTION | COUNSELING | INFORMED CONSENT | GYNECOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Family Planning | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Medicine | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation Document Number: 309543 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Does insertion and use of an intrauterine device increase the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease among women with sexually transmitted infection? A systematic review. Author: Mohllajee AP; Curtis KM; Peterson HB Source: Contraception. 2006 Feb;73(2):145-153. Abstract: Concerns exist as to whether the insertion of copper and levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine devices (IUDs) increases the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) among women with sexually transmitted infection (STI). We searched the MEDLINE database for all articles published between January 1966 and March 2005 that included evidence relevant to IUDs and STIs and PID. None of the studies that examined women with STIs compared the risk of PID between those with insertion or use of an IUD and those who had not received an IUD. We reviewed indirect evidence from six prospective studies that examined women with insertion of a copper IUD and compared risk of PID between those with STIs at the time of insertion with those with no STIs. These studies suggested that women with chlamydial infection or gonorrhea at the time of IUD insertion were at an increased risk of PID relative to women without infection. The absolute risk of PID was low for both groups (0-5% for those with STIs and 0-2% for those without). (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STUDIES | WHO | WOMEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | IUD | INSERTION | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 296202 |
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