Inmagic CS/WebPublisher PRO found 7790 records

Your search found 7790 record(s).
New Basic Search | New Advanced Search | POPLINE Document Delivery Policy

Subscription may be needed for full text

Peer Reviewed

Title: Scheduled and unscheduled bleeding patterns with two combined hormonal contraceptives: application of new recommendations for standardization.
Author: Hampton RM; Fisher AC; Pagano S; LaGuardia KD
Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Aug;92(2):434-40.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To reassess and compare cycle control attained with two combined hormonal contraceptives, norgestimate (NGM)/ethinyl estradiol (EE) 25 microg and norethindrone acetate (NETA)/EE 20 microg, by new general criteria recommendations for all combined hormonal contraceptives. DESIGN: Analysis of bleeding data for cycles 1-6 from a randomized, multicenter trial. SETTING: 221 North American centers. PATIENT(S): Healthy, sexually active women (18-45 years old). INTERVENTION(S): NETA/EE: 1 mg NETA/20 microg EE, days 1-21 of each cycle and 75 mg of ferrous fumarate, days 22-28; NGM/EE: triphasic NGM in 7-day increments (days 1-7: 180 microg; days 8-14: 215 microg; days 15-21: 250 microg) and 25 microg EE, placebo on days 22-28. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Cycle control evaluated from patients' daily diaries. RESULT(S): For cycles 1-6, there was a statistically significant lower incidence of unscheduled bleeding/spotting with NGM/EE 25 microg (range 21.0%-34.4%) than with NETA/EE 20 microg (range 33.0%-46.6%). Of the women who had unscheduled bleeding/spotting, the mean number of days per cycle of bleeding/spotting was comparable. A statistically significant higher incidence of scheduled bleeding was seen with NGM/EE 25 microg (95.2%-97.5%) than with NETA/EE 20 microg (78.5%-84.2%). CONCLUSION(S): The NGM/EE 25 microg has a lower incidence and comparable length of unscheduled bleeding and a higher incidence of scheduled bleeding than NETA/EE 20 microg in this post hoc analysis.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | BLEEDING | STANDARDS | EVALUATION | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developed Countries | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Norethindrone | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases
Document Number: 342585

Title: Case studies in global school health promotion: From research to practice.
Author: Whitman CV; Aldinger CE
Source: New York, New York, Springer, 2009. 408 p.
Abstract: A growing body of research identifies strong links between children's health, social, and educational outcomes. Research also points to the reciprocal benefits of access to quality education on individual and family health status. In response to these findings, the World Health Organization developed the concept of the health-promoting school (HPS). This book, available for purchase, provides readers with examples from more than two dozen countries (representing urban and rural areas in developing and developed nations) that outline the strategies taken to implement HPS programs in individual schools, municipalities, and nations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | EDUCATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | HEALTH | PROMOTION | HEALTH POLICY | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Marketing | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331372

Peer Reviewed

Title: Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies.
Author: Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration
Source: Lancet. 2008 Jul 26;372(9635):293-299.
Abstract: Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy has led to significant increases in survival and quality of life, but at a population-level the effect on life expectancy is not well understood. Our objective was to compare changes in mortality and life expectancy among HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy. Methods: The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration is a multinational collaboration of HIV cohort studies in Europe and North America. Patients were included in this analysis if they were aged 16 years or over and antiretroviral-naive when initiating combination therapy. We constructed abridged life tables to estimate life expectancies for individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, and stratified by sex, baseline CD4 cell count, and history of injecting drug use. The average number of years remaining to be lived by those treated with combination antiretroviral therapy at 20 and 35 years of age was estimated. Potential years of life lost from 20 to 64 years of age and crude mortality rates were also calculated. Findings: 18 587, 13 914, and 10 854 eligible patients initiated combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, respectively. 2056 (4.7%) deaths were observed during the study period, with crude mortality rates decreasing from 16.3 deaths per 1000 person-years in 1996-99 to 10.0 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2003-05. Potential years of life lost per 1000 person-years also decreased over the same time, from 366 to 189 years. Life expectancy at age 20 years increased from 36.1 (SE 0.6) years to 49.4 (0.5) years. Women had higher life expectancies than did men. Patients with presumed transmission via injecting drug use had lower life expectancies than did those from other transmission groups (32.6 [1.1] years vs 44.7 [0.3] years in 2003-05). Life expectancy was lower in patients with lower baseline CD4 cell counts than in those with higher baseline counts (32.4 [1.1] years for CD4 cell counts below 100 cells per �L vs 50.4 [0.4] years for counts of 200 cells per �L or more). Interpretation: Life expectancy in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy increased between 1996 and 2005, although there is considerable variability between subgroups of patients. The average number of years remaining to be lived at age 20 years was about two-thirds of that in the general population in these countries. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 327889

Peer Reviewed

Title: Researching health inequalities in adolescents: The development of the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Family Affluence Scale.
Author: Currie C; Molcho M; Boyce W; Holstein B; Torsheim T
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Mar;66(6):1429-1436.
Abstract: Socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health have been little studied until recently, partly due to the lack of appropriate and agreed upon measures for this age group. The difficulties of measuring adolescent socioeconomic status (SES) are both conceptual and methodological. Conceptually, it is unclear whether parental SES should be used as a proxy, and if so, which aspect of SES is most relevant. Methodologically, parental SES information is difficult to obtain from adolescents resulting in high levels of missing data. These issues led to the development of a new measure, the Family Affluence Scale (FAS), in the context of an international study on adolescent health, the Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) Study. The paper reviews the evolution of the measure over the past 10 years and its utility in examining and explaining health related inequalities at national and cross-national levels in over 30 countries in Europe and North America. We present an overview of HBSC papers published to date that examine FAS-related socioeconomic inequalities in health and health behaviour, using data from the HBSC study. Findings suggest consistent inequalities in self-reported health, psychosomatic symptoms, physical activity and aspects of eating habits at both the individual and country level. FAS has recently been adopted, and in some cases adapted, by other research and policy related studies and this work is also reviewed. Finally, ongoing FAS validation work is described together with ideas for future development of the measure. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | RELIABILITY | Developed Countries | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 324159

Title: [Why defer blood donor candidates because of an exposure risk to Chagas disease?] Pourquoi ajourner au don de sang des candidats au motif d'un risque de maladie de Chagas?
Author: Garraud O; Pelletier B; Aznar C
Source: Transfusion Clinique Et Biologique. 2008 Jun;15(3):123-8.
Abstract: Various infectious agents can be transmitted by blood exposure, which comprises of transfusion, of which hemoparasites that are commonly absent from European countries but that can have infected blood donor candidates born, raised or having been living in the Tropics. Among those hemoparasites is Trypanosoma cruzi, responsible for Chagas disease. T. cruzi is responsible for acute post-transfusion infections every year in endemic areas (South America) and also, more incidently, in North America. There are situations which expose European blood donors to this risk and the present essay discusses arguments which have now been taken into consideration by certain transfusion systems such as the French one.
Language: French
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CHAGAS DISEASE | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | PARASITES | RISK FACTORS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Biology
Document Number: 328865

Peer Reviewed

Title: Gaining access to Vietnam's cigarette market: British American Tobacco's strategy to enter 'a huge market which will become enormous'.
Author: Lee K; Kinh HV; Mackenzie R; Gilmore AB; Minh NT
Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jan;3(1):1-25.
Abstract: British American Tobacco (BAT) has made concerted efforts since the late 1980s to establish a major presence in Vietnam, among the world's 10 fastest growing tobacco markets. Until 2000, Vietnam's tight regulation of the industry has been largely driven by trade and investment policy, resulting in a stronger domestic industry but increased production and consumption of tobacco products. BAT gained market access, and achieved a dominant market share among TTCs, through leaf development, licensed manufacturing, and the contraband trade. With impending trade liberalization in Vietnam, the company is now well placed to further expand sales. The ambitious National Tobacco Control Policy, adopted in 2000, signals a shift in political priority towards the protection of public health. Effective implementation and enforcement of its comprehensive measures will depend on the public health community's ability to draw support from regional and global experience, notably the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC). (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | TOBACCO USE | COMMERCE | INDUSTRY | POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Americas | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 325319

Peer Reviewed

Title: Once-daily atazanavir/ritonavir versus twice-daily lopinavir/ritonavir, each in combination with tenofovir and emtricitabine, for management of antiretroviral-naive HIV-1-infected patients: 48 week efficacy and safety results of the CASTLE study.
Author: Molina JM; Andrade-Villanueva J; Echevarria J; Chetchotisakd P; Corral J; David N; Moyle G; Mancini M; Percival L; Yang R; Thiry A; McGrath D
Source: Lancet. 2008 Aug 23;372(9639):646-655.
Abstract: Atazanavir/ritonavir is as effective as lopinavir/ritonavir, with a more favourable lipid profile and less gastrointestinal toxicity, in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients. We compared these two combinations directly in treatment-naive patients. In this open-label, international non-inferiority study, 883 antiretroviral-naive, HIV-1-infected patients were randomly assigned to receive atazanavir/ritonavir 300/100 mg once daily (n=440) or lopinavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg twice daily (n=443), in combination with fixed-dose tenofovir/emtricitabine 300/200 mg once daily. Randomisation was done with a computer-generated centralised randomisation schedule and was stratified by baseline levels of HIV RNA (viral load) and geographic region. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients with viral load less than 50 copies per mL at week 48. The main efficacy analysis was done by intention to treat. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00272779. At week 48, 343 (78%) of 440 patients receiving atazanavir/ritonavir and 338 (76%) of 443 patients receiving lopinavir/ritonavir had achieved a viral load of less than 50 copies per mL (difference 1.7%, 95% CI -3.8 to 7.1). Mean increases from baseline in CD4 cell count were similar (203 cells per microL in the atazanavir/ritonavir group vs 219 cells per microL in the lopinavir/ritonavir group). 25 (6%) patients in the atazanavir/ritonavir group and 26 (6%) in the lopinavir/ ritonavir group were virological failures by week 48. Only two patients, both in the atazanavir/ritonavir group, had non-polymorphic protease inhibitor resistance mutations emerge on treatment, which conferred phenotypic resistance to atazanavir in one patient. Serious adverse events were noted in 51 (12%) of 441 patients in the atazanavir/ritonavir group and in 42 (10%) of 437 patients in the lopinavir/ritonavir group. Fewer patients in the atazanavir/ritonavir group than in the lopinavir/ritonavir group experienced grade 2-4 treatment-related diarrhoea (10 [2%] vs 50 [11%]) and nausea (17 [4%] vs 33 [8%]). Grade 2-4 jaundice was seen in 16 (4%) of 441 patients in the atazanavir/ritonavir group versus none of 437 patients in the lopinavir/ritonavir group; grade 3-4 increases in total bilirubin were seen in 146 (34%) of 435 patients on atazanavir/ritonavir and in one (<1%) of 431 patients on lopinavir/ritonavir. In treatment-naive patients, atazanavir/ritonavir once-daily demonstrated similar antiviral efficacy to lopinavir/ritonavir twice-daily, with less gastrointestinal toxicity but with a higher rate of hyperbilirubinaemia.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | ASIA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | TREATMENT | SAFETY | SIDE EFFECTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Latin America | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Drugs
Document Number: 308342

Title: Essentialism, equality, and empowerment: concepts of gender and schooling in the HIV and AIDS epidemic.
Author: Unterhalter E; Boler T; Aikman S
Source: In: Gender equality, HIV, and AIDS. A challenge for the education sector edited by Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxfam GB, 2008. :11-32.
Abstract: The HIV and AIDS epidemic is often described as 'a feminised epidemic'. The term refers to some features of the epidemiology, in that in many countries which are experiencing generalised epidemics,1 the numbers of women infected are significantly higher than the numbers of men. During the early years of an HIV epidemic, the virus is contained within certain key populations such as men who have sex with men, sex workers, and injecting drug users. This type of epidemic is known as a concentrated epidemic and is typical of the epidemics found in most parts of Europe,North America, South America, and Asia. In these regions, the greatest burden of infection is among men.However, in sub-Saharan African countries experiencing generalised HIV epidemics,women now make up 57 per cent of infections, with some 17 million women living with HIV at the end of 2003 (UNAIDS 2007).The situation is particularly acute among young people in Southern Africa, with studies suggesting that young women are two to seven times more likely to be infected with HIV than young men are. The term 'feminised epidemic' is also sometimes used as shorthand to signal that unequal gender relations are associated with HIV infections, as either cause or consequence.The reports of UNESCO, the UNAIDS Inter-Agency Task Team on Education, and the Global Campaign for Education urge us with generalisations to 'recognise that gender issues are key to the problem of HIV and AIDS'. What these reports point to is that many women cannot act to protect themselves by requesting men to use condoms or requiring men to reduce their numbers of sexual partners. Such forms of female vulnerability are seen as a manifestation of the gender issues at the heart of the epidemic. In addition, the term 'gender issues' often signals that many women who are infected or affected take on extra burdens of care within households, without shifts in gender relations within the family, community, or society (Voluntary Service Overseas 2006). However, the term 'feminised epidemic', despite its usefulness in directing attention to some aspects of women's needs, is also immensely problematic, in that it associates the actions of women, not men,with the epidemic, and suggests that all women are similarly vulnerable, ill,or burdened with responsibility.While in many countries these terms apply to a large number of women, it is important to scrutinise these over-generalised and one-dimensional characterisations. In this chapter we place the 'feminised epidemic' within the context of a broader examination of concepts of women and gender associated with research and policy on education, HIV, and AIDS.But before turning to an exploration of these important distinctions, some background on the education-sector response to the epidemic is necessary. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | ASIA | NORTH AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGY | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN | HIV | AIDS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | EPIDEMICS | EDUCATION | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Americas | Latin America | Public Health | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 330170

10.

Title: Family law reform and the feminist debate: Actually-existing Islamic feminism in the Maghreb and Malaysia.
Author: Archer B
Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 May;8(4):49-59.
Abstract: For an increasing number of Muslim women and women s rights activists, the stark disparity between the principles of justice and equality guaranteed by international and domestic legal norms on the one hand, and the oppressive environment of their homes that is legitimated by repressive family laws on the other, has acted as the catalyst for a unified call for reform. In the Maghreb, an influential Islamic feminist movement has successfully lobbied for family law reform, and this movement s positivist framework has recently been adopted as the model for Malaysia s increasingly vociferous demands for gender equality. Although secular feminists in the West frequently criticize the aims of this Islamic feminism as an oxymoronic anti-feminism, the Maghreby movement serves as proof that only an Islamic feminist reform model can serve as a pragmatic challenge to discriminatory laws. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | MALAYSIA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | ISLAM | FEMINISM | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | LAWS AND STATUTES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 319964

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Influence of usage practices, ethnicity and climate on the skin compatibility of sanitary pads.
Author: Farage M; Elsner P; Maibach H
Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Jun;275(6):415-427.
Abstract: Modern disposable sanitary pads are becoming available worldwide. Regional differences in usage practices, ethnicity, and climate may influence their skin compatibility. Pad usage practices depend on culture, economics, and menstrual physiology. Daily usage is higher in Japan and but lower in Nigeria compared to North America or Western Europe. Evidence for ethnic differences in skin irritant susceptibility is not compelling. Dark skin may be less susceptible to certain irritants than fair skin; the Japanese may experience a higher degree of sensory irritation than Caucasians. Ambient conditions such as high temperature and humidity increase the skin temperature and skin surface moisture under sanitary pads by small but measurable amounts, causing no discernible skin irritation; vapor-permeable pad backings reduce these effects. Cold dry conditions, which can irritate exposed skin, may not affect vulvar skin to the same degree due to its elevated hydration and occlusion. To address the practical significance of these variables, results of prospective clinical trials of sanitary pads performed by industry and academic scientists in North America (Indiana), Mexico, Western Europe (Munich, Athens, Goteborg, Sweden), Eastern Europe (Kiev) and Africa (Abuja, Nigeria) were reviewed. Despite the diverse range of conditions, no significant adverse skin effects were observed with modern pads compared to traditional pad designs. Study participants generally preferred modern pads for performance and comfort. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | NORTH AMERICA | EUROPE, WESTERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ETHNIC GROUPS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MENSTRUATION | CLIMATE | HYGIENE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Environment | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 317123

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Oral drug therapy for multiple neglected tropical diseases: A systematic review.
Author: Reddy M; Gill SS; Kalkar SR; Wu W; Anderson PJ
Source: JAMA. Journal of the American Medical Association. 2007 Oct 24-31;298(16):1911-1924.
Abstract: The neglected tropical diseases include 13 conditions that occur in areas of extreme poverty and are poverty promoting. The neglected tropical diseases produce a disease burden almost as great as that associated with human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS, tuberculosis, or malaria, yet are virtually unknown by health care workers in North America, because they occur almost exclusively in the poorest regions of the world. Seven of the most prevalent diseases have existing oral drug treatments. Identifying treatments that are effective against more than 1 disease could facilitate efficient and inexpensive treatment. The objectives were to systematically review the evidence for drug treatments and to increase awareness that neglected tropical diseases exist and that treatments are available. Using a MEDLINE search (1966 through June 2007), randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were reviewed that examined simultaneous treatment of 2 or more of the 7 most prevalent neglected tropical diseases using oral drug therapy. Twenty-nine RCTs were identified, of which 3 targeted 4 diseases simultaneously, 20 targeted 3 diseases, and 6 targeted 2 diseases. Trials were published between 1972 and 2005 and baseline prevalence of individual diseases varied among RCTs. Albendazole plus diethylcarbamazine significantly reduced prevalence of elephantiasis (16.7% to 5.3%), hookworm (10.3% to 1.9%), roundworm (34.5% to 2.3%), and whipworm (55.5% to 40.3%). Albendazole plus ivermectin significantly reduced prevalence of elephantiasis (12.6% to 4.6%), hookworm (7.8% to 0%), roundworm (33.5% to 6.1%), and whipworm (42.7% to 8.9%). Levamisole plus mebendazole significantly reduced prevalence of hookworm (94.0% to 71.8%), roundworm (62.0% to 1.4%), and whipworm (93.1% to 74.5%). Pyrantel-oxantel significantly reduced hookworm (93.4% to 85.2%), roundworm (22.8% to 1.4%), and whipworm (86.8% to 59.5%), while albendazole alone significantly reduced prevalence of hookworm (8.1% to 1.3%), roundworm (28.4% to 0.9%), and whipworm (51.9% to 31.9%). No RCT examined treatment of river blindness or trachoma as part of an intervention to target 2 or more neglected tropical diseases. Adverse events were generally inadequately reported. At least 2 of the most prevalent neglected tropical diseases can be treated simultaneously with existing oral drug treatments, facilitating effective and efficient treatment. Increasing awareness about neglected tropical diseases, their global impact, and the availability of oral drug treatments is an essential step in controlling these diseases. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | NORTH AMERICA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | LOW INCOME POPULATION | DISEASES | POVERTY | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | MALARIA | PARASITIC DISEASES | BLINDNESS | DRUGS | TREATMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | INTERVENTIONS | Developed Countries | Americas | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Infections | Ophthalmological Effects | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 321795

13.

Title: Family planning and access to safe and legal abortion are vital to safeguard the environment [editorial]
Author: Speidel JJ; Grossman RA
Source: Contraception. 2007 Dec;76(6):415-417.
Abstract: Alarming signs of environmental deterioration include global warming, extinction of species, waning forests and cropland, the collapse of ocean fisheries and decreasing fresh water supplies. Yet, little attention is paid to the connection between these tragedies and their most fundamental cause: overuse of the planet's resources due to the large and still rapidly increasing number of humans and our excessive consumption. North America appeared to have limitless resources to the new European immigrants in centuries past (who ignored the needs and stewardship of their indigenous predecessors). More recently, tapping the energy of fossil fuels has allowed us to better master time and space. Harnessing highly productive plants such as potatoes and hybrid corn, along with other agricultural advances, have increased productivity to the extent that one farmer can produce food for more than 100 people, allowing the rest of us to focus on other activities. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING | ABORTION | SAFETY | NATURAL RESOURCES | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION GROWTH | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Public Health | Health | Carrying Capacity | Environmental Degradation | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 323333 Notification

14.
Title: Results of letrozole in postmenopausal women after tamoxifen treatment for advanced breast cancer.
Author: Yadav BS; Sharma SC; Patel FD; Ghoshal S; Kapoor V
Source: Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics. 2007 Jun;3(2):71-74.
Abstract: The aim was to analyze overall and progression-free survival after letrozole in postmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer who failed after tamoxifen therapy. This is a retrospective analysis of 95 patients with breast cancer who were postmenopausal and had failed after tamoxifen therapy. Dose of letrozole was 2.5 mg daily until disease progressed. Patients had estrogen receptor-and/or progesterone receptor-positive tumors or both receptors were unknown. One complete course of (6cycles) chemotherapy for metastatic disease was allowed. The primary end point was time to progression (TTP). Secondary end points included overall objective response rate (ORR), its duration, time to treatment failure (TTF), overall survival and tolerability. Median TTP was 10 months. ORR was 21% with complete response rate of 9%. Nine patients died of disease during treatment. Median overall survival was 36 months. Median time to response was three months and median duration of response was 13 months. Time to chemotherapy was 13.5 months and TTF was 9.3 months. Treatment failure was seen in 76% of patients. Disease progression was the main cause for treatment failure. Treatment was well-tolerated by all patients. This retrospective analysis shows that letrozole is quite effective as second line therapy in postmenopausal patients with advanced breast cancer who had failed after tamoxifen therapy. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | MENOPAUSE | DRUGS | TAMOXIFEN | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents | Family Planning
Document Number: 320859

15.

Title: Global facts and figures 06.
Author: Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; World Health Organization [WHO]
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS, 2006. [2] p.
Abstract: To date around 65 million people have been infected with HIV and AIDS has killed more than 25 million people since it was first recognised in 1981. The vast majority of the 38.6 million people living with HIV in 2005 are unaware of their status. AIDS is among the greatest development and security issues facing the world today. In 2005 AIDS claimed the lives of 2.8 million people and over 4 million people were newly infected with the virus. At around 17.3 million, women make up almost half of the total number of people living with the virus, 13.2 million of which live in sub-Saharan Africa (76% of all women living with HIV). Sub-Saharan remains the most affected region in the world. Two thirds of all people living with HIV are in sub-Saharan Africa where 24.5 million people were living with HIV in 2005. Growing epidemics are underway in Eastern Europe and Central Asia where 220,000 people were newly infected with HIV in 2005. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | ASIA | LATIN AMERICA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | CARIBBEAN | MIDDLE EAST | OCEANIA | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TREATMENT | NEEDS | FUNDS | HUMAN RESOURCES | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Financial Activities
Document Number: 312578

16.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Population and the natural environment: trends and challenges.
Author: McNeill JR
Source: Population and Development Review. 2006;32 Suppl:183-201.
Abstract: The relationship between population and environment is simple at first glance and distressingly complex if one takes the trouble to look more closely. It is simple because, as a first approximation, more people means more environmental change. But getting beyond this generic, and sometimes inaccurate, proposition has defeated many fine minds. Taking all the variables and contingencies into account leads to a hopeless muddle. Even the general proposition that everything is connected to everything else, offered in many a "wiring diagram" in the field of global environmental change, underestimates the complexities involved. The earth's biological and physical systems are full of surprises that are difficult to depict and quantify. In particular, there are nonlinear effects. Soil erosion can proceed for decades with no discernible effects on yields, but when the process approaches bedrock, yields suddenly plummet. Fishermen might pursue the North Atlantic cod fruitfully for 500 years, but when their efficiency (perhaps combined with other cod-related factors) reaches a threshold, cod populations can collapse, and undersea food webs reorganize with new predators so that cod fingerlings have only remote chances of reaching breeding age. Furthermore, societies can exert their own unpredictable and nonlinear influences that affect the global environment. For example, industrial societies might release chlorofluorocarbons into the atmosphere for decades on end, with deleterious consequences for the planet's stratospheric ozone shield. But then, suddenly, as a result of new scientific findings, widespread alarm, and concerted political action, they might (as indeed they have) agree to stop. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | ASIA | EUROPE | LATIN AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | AUSTRALIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | WATER SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | URBANIZATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Oceania | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Migration
Document Number: 305204

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behaviour and condom use among individuals with a history of symptomatic genital herpes. [Conducta sexual y uso de preservativo entre personas con antecedentes de herpes genital sintom�tico]
Author: Rana RK; Pimenta JM; Rosenberg DM; Warren T; Sekhin S
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2006 Feb;82(1):69-74.
Abstract: Objectives: This study describes the differences in sexual behaviour in individuals with genital herpes (GH) during "symptomatic" and "asymptomatic" periods of the disease. Methods: A cross sectional questionnaire was undertaken by 1193 individuals attending clinics between 1998 and 2001. All participants in this analysis were in heterosexual, monogamous partnerships, self identified with a history of symptomatic GH and with confirmed HSV-2 infection. Results: Sexual activity reported during asymptomatic v symptomatic periods of GH was 98% v 40% (p<0.001), 76% v 29% (p<0.001), and 25% v 11% (p<0.001) for vaginal, oral, and anal intercourse, respectively, while "always" condom use during asymptomatic and symptomatic periods was 20% v 35% (p<0.001),2% v 7% (p<0.001), and 10% v 15% (p=0.131), respectively. The proportion of individuals who either abstained from vaginal intercourse or "always" used condoms was 21% v 74% (p<0.001), for asymptomatic v symptomatic periods. Multivariable analyses indicated that factors associated with engaging in intercourse during symptomatic periods of GH included current intrauterine device use (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.96, 95% confidence interval (Cl) = 1.46 to 6.02); living in Latin America (aOR = 2.16, Cl = 1.19 to 3.91) or Europe (aOR = 1.67, Cl = 1.21 to 2.28), compared with North America; previous sexually transmitted disease (aOR = 1.42, Cl = 1.08 to 1.89); a higher number of sexual acts per month (aOR = 1.09, Cl = 1.06 to 1.11); and a higher number of GH recurrences per year (aOR = 1.08, Cl = 1.03 to 1.12). Conclusions: These data indicate that majority of people with GH either abstained from intercourse or "always" used condoms during symptomatic periods of GH. However, condom use was relatively low during asymptomatic periods in comparison with symptomatic periods. These results highlight that further education on GH prevention is warranted, particularly for symptomatic periods. (author's)
Spanish Abstract: Objetivos: Este estudio describe las diferencias en la conducta sexual de personas con herpes genital (GH, genital herpes) durante los per�odos "sintom�ticos" y "asintom�ticos" de la enfermedad. M�todos: Se distribuy� un cuestionario transversal entre 1193 personas que asistieron a centros de asistencia sanitaria entre 1998 y 2001. Todos los participantes del an�lisis ten�an parejas heterosexuales mon�gamas y manifestaron tener antecedentes de herpes genital sintom�tico e infecci�n por virus herpes simple tipo 2 (HSV-2, herpes simplex virus 2) confirmada. Resultados: La actividad sexual informada durante los per�odos asintom�ticos en comparaci�n con los per�odos sintom�ticos del herpes genital fue del 98% versus el 40% (p < 0,001), del 76% versus el 29% (p < 0,001), y del 25% versus el 11% (p < 0,001) para relaciones sexuales vaginales, orales y anales, respectivamente, mientras que el uso de preservativo "siempre" durante los per�odos asintom�ticos y sintom�ticos fue del 20% versus el 35% (p < 0,001), del 2% versus el 7% (p < 0,001), y del 10% versus el 15% (p = 0,131), respectivamente. La proporci�n de personas que se abstuvieron de mantener relaciones sexuales vaginales o usaron preservativo "siempre" fue del 21% versus el 74% (p < 0,001), para los per�odos asintom�ticos en comparaci�n con los per�odos sintom�ticos. Los an�lisis multivariados indicaron que los factores asociados a la participaci�n en relaciones sexuales durante los per�odos sintom�ticos del herpes genital incluyeron usar un dispositivo intrauterino en el momento de la relaci�n (odds ratio ajustado (aOR) = 2,96; intervalo de confianza [IC] 95%: 1,46 a 6,02); vivir en Am�rica Latina (aOR = 216; IC: 1,19 a 3,91) o en Europa (aOR = 1,67; IC: 1,21 a 2,28), en comparaci�n con vivir en Am�rica del Norte; tener antecedentes de enfermedad de transmisi�n sexual (aOR = 1,42; IC: 1,08 a 1,89); mantener un mayor n�mero de relaciones sexuales por mes (aOR = 1,09; IC: 1,06 a 1,11); y tener un mayor n�mero de recurrencias de herpes genital por a�o (aOR = 1,08; IC: 1,03 a 1,12). Conclusiones: Estos datos indican que la mayor�a de las personas con herpes genital se abstuvo de mantener relaciones sexuales o bien us� preservativo "siempre" durante los per�odos sintom�ticos de la enfermedad. No obstante, el uso de preservativo fue relativamente bajo durante los per�odos asintom�ticos en comparaci�n con los sintom�ticos. Estos resultados justifican la implementaci�n de nuevos cursos sobre la prevenci�n del herpes genital, especialmente para los per�odos sintom�ticos. (del autor)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | LATIN AMERICA | EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | HERPES GENITALIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | ABSTINENCE | Developed Countries | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Reproduction | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning
Document Number: 297425

18.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Cross-national variation of gender differences in adolescent subjective health in Europe and North America.
Author: Torsheim T; Ravens-Sieberer U; Hetland J; V�limaa R; Danielson M
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006;62:815-827.
Abstract: The cross-national consistency and variation of gender differences in subjective health complaints was examined in a sample of 125732 11- to 15-year-olds from 29 European and North American countries, participating in the WHO collaborative study 'Health behaviour in school-aged children (HBSC) 1997/98'. Health complaints were measured with the Health Behaviour in School-aged Children Symptom Checklist. Gender differences in health complaints were analysed through multilevel logistic regression analysis. The results indicated a very robust pattern of increasing gender differences across age, with 15-year-old girls as a group at increased risk for health complaints across all countries. The magnitude of gender differences varied across countries, with some countries showing a consistently strong gender difference across age group and different health complaints, and other countries showing a consistently weak gender difference. The gender difference in health complaints was stronger in countries with a low gender development index score. The findings underscore the need to incorporate socio-contextual factors in the study of gender health inequalities during adolescence. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | HEALTH | SELF-PERCEPTION | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 295314

19.

Title: Child and youth participation resource guide.
Author: Upadhyay J
Source: Bangkok, Thailand, UNICEF, East Asia and Pacific Regional Office, 2006. 96 p.
Abstract: This guide presents resources on child and youth participation from Asia, Europe, North America, Latin America, Africa, Australia and the Pacific. Most of the materials are available in electronic form and have been included in the CD-ROM that is part of this guide. The main audiences for this resource guide are practitioners and managers involved in promoting child and youth participation in government, community-based organizations, child-led organizations, NGOs and UN and donor agencies. This annotated bibliography is selective rather than exhaustive. It provides an overview of existing resources and assists readers in seeking further information through the listed websites and organizational links. The guide focuses on materials in English that have broad relevance and applicability and are available electronically. The bibliography concentrates largely on the participation of under-18-year-olds. It does not attempt to systematically include the considerable literature on the participation of young adults. Users are referred to the Guide to the Global Youth Movement, which offers an excellent resource directory on youth issues. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | AFRICA | AUSTRALIA | LATIN AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | MANUAL | CHILD | YOUTH | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PARTICIPATION | EDUCATION | CONFLICT RESOLUTION | IMPLEMENTATION | EVALUATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Oceania | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 309085

20.
Title: Indigeneity and transnationality? An interview with Bonita Lawrence.
Source: Women and Environments. 2005 Fall-Winter;:6-8.
Abstract: Jocelyn: In your 'Real' Indians and Others, you talk about how the lives of mixed-blood urban Aboriginal people in Canada are profoundly shaped by processes of diaspora created by government policies meant to cut off ties between Native peoples and their communities (for example, forced removal from lands and displacement through adoption and residential schooling). You also discuss the tensions and complexities of Native identity for people who may or may not have legal 'Indian' status, who live in urban centres, and who are mixed-blood. The themes of diaspora and hybridity often also appear in feminist work on transnationality. What do you find are the strengths and weaknesses of a transnational feminist analytic (often informed by postcolonial studies) for comprehending the experiences of the urban Aboriginal people you interviewed for your book? Bonita: I think I would start by differentiating between the manner in which hybridity and diaspora are theorized within postcolonial writing and how I use it in the text. For Native people, any emphasis on diasporic identity which does not affirm the continuity of traditional identity and land-based communities and their interconnections with diasporic Native identity is an invitation to despair, assimilate, and inevitably vanish as peoples. In the same way, hybrid identities which are not explicitly Indigenous-identified are fatal for collective Indigenous survival. Native people have to think about community survival at all times, since our existence is always under threat; post-colonial scholars are not under those constraints. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | CANADA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NATIVE AMERICANS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | FEMINISM | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developed Countries | Americas | North America, Northern | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 285061

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Incidence of tuberculosis among HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy in Europe and North America.
Author: Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005 Dec 15;41:1772-1782.
Abstract: Background. We obtained estimates of the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) among patients receiving HAART and identified determinants of the incidence. Methods. We analyzed the incidence of TB during the first 3 years after initiation of HAART among 17,142 treatment-naive, AIDS-free persons starting HAART who were enrolled in 12 cohorts from Europe and North America. We used univariable and multivariable Poisson regression models to identify factors associated with the incidence. Results. During the first 3 years (36,906 person-years), 173 patients developed TB (incidence, 4.69 cases per 1000 person-years). In multivariable analysis, the incidence rate was lower for men who have sex with men, compared with injection drug users (relative rate, 2.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51-4.01), heterosexuals (relative rate, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.64-3.59), those with other suspected modes of transmission (relative rate, 1.66; 95% CI, 0.91-3.06), and those with a higher CD4(+) count at the time of HAART initiation (relative rate per log(-2) cells/�L, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.84-0.91). During 28,846 person-years of follow-up after the first 6 months of HAART, 88 patients developed TB (incidence, 3.1 cases per 1000 person-years of follow-up). In multivariable analyses, a low baseline CD4(+) count (relative rate per log(-2) cells/�L, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.83-0.96), 6-month CD4(+) count (relative rate per log(-2) cells/�L, 0.90; 95% CI, 0.81-0.99), and a 6-month HIV RNA level >400 copies/mL (relative rate, 2.21; 95% CI, 1.33-3.67) were significantly associated with the risk of acquiring TB after 6 months of HAART. Conclusion. The level of immunodeficiency at which HAART is initiated and the response to HAART are important determinants of the risk of TB. However, this risk remains appreciable even among those with a good response to HAART, suggesting that other interventions may be needed to control the TB epidemic in the HIV-infected population. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | IMMUNE SYSTEM | TUBERCULOSIS | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | HIV | Physiology | Biology | Infections
Document Number: 293371

22.
Title: The fluid border: children crossing borders in the Americas. [La frontera fluida: los ni�os que cruzan las fronteras en el continente americano]
Author: Collinson A
Source: Women and Environments. 2005 Fall-Winter;:25-27.
Abstract: After losing his mother on the perilous journey from Cuba to the United States in November 1999, Elian Gonzalez, became a symbol of Cuban-U.S. relations, parental rights, nationality and nation, and immigrant children in need of protection. The ensuing controversy over Gonzalez's fate led to increased U.S. media coverage of children from Latin America and the Caribbean, and fueled debates over the state of children in U.S. immigration laws. The plight of 'the littlest immigrants' was examined in The New York Times on November 3, 2003 in an article which described Mexican children who cross the Mexico-U.S. border alone to be reunited with their biological parents who are living in the United States. The article stated that "Mexican consular authorities report they have repatriated more than 9 800 unaccompanied Mexican minors caught crossing illegally in the first nine months of this year." On February 24, 2004, U.S. National Public Radio ran a similar story interviewing border guards who had caught children and infants packed into trunks, dashboards, special containers in gas tanks, and -- in one case -- into a three-foot high pi�ata accompanied by 'coyotes' (adults paid to smuggle others into the United States). (excerpt)
Spanish Abstract: Elian Gonz�lez perdi� a su madre en el peligroso trayecto desde Cuba a Estados Unidos en noviembre de 1999 y se convirti� en un s�mbolo de las relaciones cubano-estadounidenses, los derechos de los padres, las ideas de nacionalidad y naci�n y los ni�os inmigrantes que necesitan protecci�n. La consiguiente pol�mica sobre el destino de Gonz�lez deriv� en una mayor cobertura del tema de los ni�os de Am�rica Latina y el Caribe por parte de los medios de difusi�n estadounidenses y aviv� los debates sobre la condici�n de los ni�os en la legislaci�n sobre inmigraci�n de Estados Unidos. Un art�culo sobre las dif�ciles circunstancias de los �inmigrantes m�s peque�os� del n�mero del 3 de noviembre de 2003 de The New York Times describi� la situaci�n de los ni�os mexicanos que cruzan la frontera entre M�xico y Estados Unidos solos para reunirse con sus padres biol�gicos que viven en este pa�s. El art�culo declara que �las autoridades consulares mexicanas informan que han repatriado a m�s de 9800 menores mexicanos que no estaban acompa�ados por un adulto aprehendidos cuando cruzaban ilegalmente durante los primeros nueve meses del a�o". El 24 de febrero de 2004, la Radio P�blica Nacional de Estados Unidos (U.S. National Public Radio) relat� una historia similar en las entrevistas a la polic�a de frontera que hab�a aprehendido a ni�os y a beb�s escondidos dentro de maleteros, tableros de mando, contenedores especiales en tanques de gas y, en un caso, en el interior de una pi�ata de 90 cm acompa�ado de �coyotes� (adultos pagados para pasar a otros de contrabando a Estados Unidos). (extracto)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | ILLEGAL MIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | BORDER CROSSING | ADOPTION | MASS MEDIA | WAR | NATIONALITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Americas | Developed Countries | Latin America | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | International Migration | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 302425

23.
Title: Research on human trafficking in North America: a review of literature.
Author: Gozdziak EM; Collett EA
Source: International Migration. 2005 Jan;43(1-2):99-128.
Abstract: This paper aims to map out the research that currently exists and make note of the research gaps that need to be filled in order to establish appropriate and effective policies and programmes for trafficked victims. We attempt to answer the following questions: Who is funding and who is conducting research on trafficking in human beings in North America? What methodologies and data sources are used to conduct this research? What are the foci of trafficking research in North America? What types of studies are conducted? What are the research gaps that need to be filled? (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | LABOR MIGRATION | SEX WORKERS | SLAVES | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | DATA COLLECTION | LAWS AND STATUTES | Americas | Developed Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems
Document Number: 292283

24.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The impact of improved compliance with a weekly contraceptive transdermal system (Ortho Evra) on contraceptive efficacy.
Author: Archer DF; Cullins V; Creasy GW; Fisher AC
Source: Contraception. 2004 Mar;69(3):189-195.
Abstract: The contraceptive efficacy of perfect dosing cycles and imperfect dosing cycles has not been described previously. Method compliance determines the proportion of perfect and imperfect dosing cycles, and together can form the basis for evaluating differences in efficacy based on differences in compliance. The transdermal contraceptive delivery system (Ortho Evra) has been studied in a North American randomized trial vs. an oral contraceptive (OC) and in total has been evaluated in 3319 women in contraceptive clinical trials. This article explores the impact of perfect vs. imperfect compliance with the contraceptive method on contraceptive efficacy. Previously published data for a transdermal system (Patch, n = 812) and OC (Triphasil, n = 605) users from the North American comparative study were reanalyzed to determine the effect of imperfect use on the contraceptive efficacy of the different methods. Contraceptive efficacy was significantly better (p = 0.007) in cycles with perfect dosing (Pearl Index = 0.83) compared to those with imperfect dosing (Pearl Index = 6.32) for both methods. This difference is homogeneous (p = 0.62) across the Patch and OC groups. Pooled data for all Patch users confirm that perfect dosing cycles are associated with significantly better efficacy than imperfect dosing cycles (p = 0.047). In addition, compliance did not vary by age in the pooled Patch data, which are in agreement with the previously published Patch data from the comparative study. In the comparative study, the percentage of cycles with perfect dosing was significantly higher with the Patch than with the OC (88.7% vs. 79.2%, p < 0.001), and was consistently high in all age groups (range, 89.6 �91.8%). By contrast, among OC users, the percentage of cycles with perfect dosing increased with increasing age (p < 0.001) from 67.7% in users aged 18 �20 years to more than 80% in those aged 30 years and older. In conclusion, deviations from perfect use (whether corrected or not) of a transdermal contraceptive system and of an OC increase contraceptive failures by approximately 5�10-fold when compared to perfect use. The weekly change schedule of the transdermal contraceptive delivery system is associated with a significantly greater proportion of cycles in which there is perfect dosing compared to an OC. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | LEVONORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | AGE FACTORS | PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Usage | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Contraceptive Effectiveness
Document Number: 190609

25.
Title: Transatlantic dialogue on integration of immigrant children and adolescents.
Author: Melia MJ
Source: International Migration. 2004;42(4):123-139.
Abstract: Young immigrants will significantly influence the course of European and North American societies in coming decades. Demographic studies on either side of the Atlantic reveal growing populations of foreign-born children and young second-generation immigrants. In the United States, children of immigrants make up 20 per cent of all youth. In Europe, the second generation of Turkish immigrants alone totals 4 million. The integration of these young newcomers merits the attention of national governments not only because they number so many and will represent a large sector of society for such a long period, but also because they are highly impressionable. Just as a positive experience early in life can increase the likelihood that they will become effective citizens in adulthood, exclusion can lead to feelings of resentment and anger. International migration scholars and professionals gathered for two days in May 2004 to discuss the most promising policies to help young immigrants make the complicated transition to their new homelands. Experts from England, Germany, Italy, France, the Netherlands, Poland, Sweden, Slovenia, Canada, and the United States explored the nature of some of the greatest challenges, the responsibilities of national governments to help young immigrants overcome them, and the best policies for doing so. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | CHILD | YOUTH | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | AGE FACTORS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | VIOLENCE | EDUCATION | LANGUAGE | Developed Countries | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Communication
Document Number: 275974

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV-2 protease sequences of subtypes A and B harbor multiple mutations associated with protease inhibitor resistance in HIV-1.
Author: Pieniazek D; Rayfield M; Hu DJ; Nkengasong JN; Soriano V
Source: AIDS. 2004 Feb;18(3):495-502.
Abstract: HIV-1 protease inhibitors (PI) have been used for treating HIV-2-infected persons but little is known about amino acid mutations associated with PI resistance in HIV-2 and whether they are similar to those seen in HIV-1. To determine the frequency of HIV-1 PI resistance-associated mutations in PI-naive HIV-2-infected individuals. Design: Using PCR, protease genes were amplified from 76 individuals, directly sequenced, phylogenetically subtyped, and translated into amino acids to analyze PIassociated major and minor mutations. Of the 76 HIV-2 sequences, 68% belonged to subtype A and 32% to subtype B. All sequences contained at least four codon changes giving substitutions at 10, 30, 32, 36, 46, 47, 71 or 77. The frequency of these mutations was similar in subtype A and B viruses. Two major resistance-conferring mutations, 30N and 46I, were identified in one (1%) and 68 (89%) specimens, respectively. Minor mutations 10V/I, 32I, 36I, 47V, and 71V were predominant (89%�100%), followed by the rare mutation 77I (1%). Of the 76 strains, 89% harbored multiple PI resistance-associated substitutions comprising both the major 46I and minor mutations: 10V/I, 32I, 36I, 46I, 47V, 71V (76%); 10V, 32I, 36I, 46I, 47V (9%); and 10V, 32I, 36I, 46I, 47V 71V, 77I (1.3%), 10V, 32I, 46I, 47V, 71V (1.3%), and 10V, 30N, 32I, 36I, 46I, 47V, 71V (1.3%). The remaining 11% of the sequences had patterns with only minor mutations: 10V, 32I, 36I, 47V, 71V (9%) and 10V, 32I, 36I, 47V (1.3%). The high frequency of multiple PI-associated substitutions represent natural polymorphisms occurring in HIV-2 strains of subtypes A and B. Phenotypic and clinical studies are needed to determine the relevance of these substitutions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | ASIA | EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | ANTIVIRAL DRUGS | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Americas | Latin America | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drugs
Document Number: 191009

27.
Title: Bone density and contraception in adolescent girls.
Author: Sucato GS
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2004;17:371-372.
Abstract: One of the challenges inherent in treating adolescent patients is applying the developmental considerations of pediatrics to the treatment of clinical issues studied primarily in adult women. One of the areas where this challenge has been evident is in understanding the effect of hormonal contraceptives on bone health�a topic which remains controversial despite the high volume of research being conducted in this area. In this edition of the Journal, authors Rome and colleagues add to the growing body of knowledge on this topic. Using biochemical markers of bone formation and resorption, they present data suggesting that bone metabolism may be suppressed in 12 to 18-year-old young women using depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) or a combined oral contraceptive (COC) containing 20 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and 100 mcg of levonorgestrel. Osteoporosis is a vital health concern for women�one of every two women over 50 will have an osteoporosis-related fracture in their lifetime. Because of the importance of estrogen to bone health, the impact of hormonal contraception use has been actively investigated. Most of the research has been conducted in adult women who had already acquired their peak bone mass, or had already begun to lose bone density. However, adolescence is a time of rapid bone growth�up to 60% of a woman�s total bone mass is acquired during this stage�making it especially important to investigate contraceptive use in young adolescents. The clinical implications of a 3% decrease in bone density look very different depending on whether the comparison is to a 2% decrease in a control group of adult women, or a 6% increase in young healthy adolescents. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DEPO-PROVERA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SKELETAL EFFECTS | OSTEOPOROSIS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | AGE FACTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Evaluation
Document Number: 281266

28.
Title: Look FIRST from a gender perspective: NAFTA and the FTAA.
Author: White M
Source: Gender and Development. 2004 Jul;12(2):44-52.
Abstract: Advocates for gender and economic justice have been calling for gender and social-impact assessments of trade policies for the past seven years. In 2002, Women�s Edge Coalition completed a Trade Impact Review (TIR), an economic and legal framework to analyse the ways in which women and men may be differentially affected by global trade and investment agreements. In 2003, the TIR was used to evaluate how the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) helped or harmed poor women in Mexico. This paper briefly summarises the TIR, the results of the case study, and the Women�s Edge Coalition�s Look FIRST (Full Impact Review and Screening of Trade) campaign to require the US government to conduct such assessments before completing trade agreements. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | TREATIES | INVESTMENTS | IMPACT | Developed Countries | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Financial Activities | Communication
Document Number: 279593

29.

Title: Vasectomy: evidence on the effectiveness of different techniques. [Vasectom�a: pruebas de la eficacia de diferentes t�cnicas]
Author: Family Health International [FHI]
Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2003. [2] p. (FHI Briefs. VasectomyResearch to Practice PB-03-05) Also available in French and Spanish.
Abstract: Techniques such as cautery and fascial interposition may further improve the effectiveness of vasectomy, making it one of the safest, least invasive, and most effective forms of permanent contraception. However, clients should always be counseled on the small possibility of vasectomy failure and the importance of using another method of contraception for the entire 12 weeks following surgery. (author's)
Spanish Abstract: Las t�cnicas como el cauterio y la interposici�n fascial pueden mejorar m�s la eficacia de la vasectom�a. Con el empleo de estas t�cnicas, la vasectom�a constituye una de las formas m�s seguras, menos invasivas y m�s eficaces de anticoncepci�n permanente. No obstante, siempre se deber�a aconsejar a los pacientes sobre la peque�a posibilidad de que el procedimiento fracase y sobre la importancia de utilizar otro m�todo anticonceptivo durante las 12 semanas posteriores a la cirug�a. (del autor)
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | ASIA | NORTH AMERICA | VASECTOMY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | SURGICAL ERROR | Americas | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 302629

30.
Title: Population and vital statistics report. Data available as of 1 January 2003.
Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division
Source: New York, New York, United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistics Division, 2003. 18 p. (Statistical Papers, Series A, Vol. XV, No. 1ST/ESA/STAT/SER.A/224)
Abstract: This issue of the Population and Vital Statistics Report presents 2001 and 2002 estimates of world and continental population, as well as corresponding 2001 estimates for 235 countries or areas of the world, which are listed separately in the Report. Also shown for each country or area are the results of the latest nation-wide census of population (total, male and female) and, wherever possible, nationally representative statistics of live births, deaths and infant deaths (deaths under one year of age) for the most recent year available. If a nation-wide population census has never been taken, but a sample survey has, the survey results are shown in the "Latest population census" column until census data become available and are footnoted accordingly. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | NORTH AMERICA | SOUTH AMERICA | ASIA | EUROPE | OCEANIA | TABLES AND CHARTS | VITAL STATISTICS | CENSUS | MEN | POPULATION STATISTICS | WOMEN | BIRTH RATE | DEATH RATE | INFANT MORTALITY | POPULATION PROJECTION | STATISTICS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | Latin America | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mortality | Estimation Techniques
Document Number: 179549


	Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy