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Title: Facilitated acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response in women taking oral contraceptives.
Author: Beck KD; McLaughlin J; Bergen MT; Cominski TP; Moldow RL; Servatius RJ
Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2008 Dec;19(8):821-8.
Abstract: Although anecdotal reports suggest that associative learning processes are affected by menstrual phase, empirical evidence has been equivocal. Moreover, there is a dearth of research concerning fluctuations of artificial or exogenous female hormones on learning and memory. Therefore, in this preliminary study we assessed learning in women who take oral contraceptives and those who do not during the three phases of the menstrual cycle: early, middle, and later cycle. The behavioral assessment included short-trace eyeblink conditioning, acoustic startle reactivity, and a fine motor coordination task (grooved pegboard). Oral contraceptive users generally acquired the conditioned eyeblink response better than non-users. Similar enhancements were observed for fine motor coordination and startle responsiveness. Further research will need to distinguish whether the hormone influence is upon the associative processes or the sensory-motor pathways involved in nonassociative learning.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | EYESIGHT | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | BEHAVIOR | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | SENSORY EFFECTS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Central Nervous System
Document Number: 330965

Peer Reviewed

Title: Drug-resistant TB and HIV in resource-limited settings: what TB/HIV programmes can learn from each other.
Author: Colebunders R; Worodria W; Jones-Lopez E; Joloba M; Apers L; Ellner J
Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Sep;13(9):1204-7.
Abstract: Although management of drug resistance in tuberculosis (TB) and HIV in poor settings is in its infancy, lessons learned from TB may be relevant to HIV and vice versa. The experience with HIV has shown that rapid scale-up and lower drug pricing are achievable goals. The current prerequisites for obtaining drugs to treat multidrug-resistant TB (MDR-TB) may be too stringent given the immediacy of the MDR-TB problem. We call for a more rapid roll-out of treatment for MDR-TB with fewer administrative encumbrances and a greater sense of urgency in national TB control programmes. On the other hand, antiretroviral roll-out programmes should learn from the genesis of the MDR-TB problem; laboratory monitoring should be enhanced and compliance optimized to avoid the acquisition of additional drug resistance in HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | MANAGEMENT | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | DRUG RESISTANCE | TREATMENT | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior
Document Number: 328618

Title: Enhancing resource utilization among pregnant adolescents.
Author: Flynn L; Budd M; Modelski J
Source: Public Health Nursing. 2008 Mar-Apr;25(2):140-148.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to test the impact of a home visitation intervention on resource utilization and birth outcomes among pregnant adolescents. This study used a quasiexperimental design that included repeated measures and a comparison group to evaluate the intervention. The intervention sample consisted of 83 low-income, pregnant adolescents. The comparison sample was constructed from 216 deidentified electronic birth certificate records. Each month, during their prenatal period, participating teens received 1 home visit by a public health-registered nurse and 1 home visit by a medical social worker for the purpose of assisting teens to access community resources, select a prenatal care provider, and make and schedule appointments. Health education and transportation to medical appointments were also provided. There were significant increases in resource utilization, including prenatal care appointments, among intervention teens during program participation. Intervention teens made significantly more visits to their prenatal care providers than did comparison group teens. There were no significant differences, however, in mean infant birth weight between the 2 groups. The findings indicate that the intervention may be effective in enhancing resource utilization among pregnant adolescents. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | HOME VISITS | ANTENATAL CARE | INTERVENTIONS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Communication | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 324674

4.
Title: The federal government and academic texts as barriers to informed consent.
Author: Lanfranchi A
Source: Issues In Law and Medicine. 2008 Summer;24(1):61-9.
Abstract: Informed patient consent for medical treatment is required by both law and medical ethics. Yet, both federal agencies and academicians are participating in the suppression of information about the heightened risk of breast cancer posed by oral contraceptives and induced abortion. There is historical precedent in the long-delayed acknowledgement of the smoking/lung cancer link. By law, a patient has the right to be fully informed of the nature of her medical condition and any proposed course of therapy. It is assumed that a patient will be given the complete and true scientific basis of her diagnosis and treatment, to ensure that her well-being and her autonomy in decision-making are protected. Informed consent is the process by which a patient can participate in choices about medical treatment. It originates from the legal and ethical right of the patient to direct what is done to her body, and from the ethical duty of the physician to involve the patient in her medical care. Our federal government has become a barrier to informed consent concerning oral contraceptive drugs and induced abortion.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | ETHICS | CLIENTS | INFORMED CONSENT | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | DECISION MAKING | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | DRUGS | ABORTION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Organizations | Political Factors
Document Number: 329036 Notification

Title: Predictors of seropositivity to human papillomavirus type 53: one of the most prevalent high risk-related cervical human papillomaviruses.
Author: Malik ZA; Hailpern SM; Burk RD
Source: Viral Immunology. 2008 Sep;21(3):371-7.
Abstract: Persistent cervicovaginal infection with high-risk types of HPV is the major risk factor for subsequent cervical neoplasia. HPV53, part of the alpha 6 species group along with HPV types 30, 56, and 66, is one of the most prevalent high risk-related HPV types, yet little is known about the molecular basis of its benign behavior. We generated and utilized HPV53 virus-like particles (VLPs) to investigate risk factors for its seroprevalence in a population of young college women. Seropositivity to HPV53 VLPs was determined using a polymer-based ELISA to measure IgG reactive antibodies. Cervicovaginal cells were collected for HPV DNA detection and typing by MY09/11 PCR. A questionnaire queried for HPV risk factors to estimate odds ratios (ORs). Prevalence of cervicovaginal HPV DNA was 26% (n = 148); 3% of women (n = 17) had HPV53 DNA and 7% (n = 40) were seropositive to HPV53. Seroprevalence of IgG to HPV53 VLPs in women with cervicovaginal HPV53, HPV53-related types (HPV30, 55, and 66), other HPV types, and no HPV was 41%, 11%, 7%, and 6%, respectively (p(trend) < 0.001). Risk factors independently associated with HPV53 VLP seropositivity included use of oral contraceptive pills (OCPs) (OR: 4; 95% CI: 1.8, 9), having >or=2 regular partners in the last 6 months (OR: 2.5; 95 % CI: 1.1, 5.8), having a regular male partner with >or=4 lifetime sex partners (OR: 2.6; 95% CI: 1.1 6), seropositivity to HPV16 (OR: 6.7; 95% CI: 3.1, 14.5), and isolation of HPV53 DNA from cervicovaginal lavage (OR: 17.3; 95% CI: 5.3, 55.9). In conclusion, host serological responses to HPV53 VLPs are strongly type-specific, and subjects' risk for HPV53 seropositivity is independently associated with sexual behavior and OCP use.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | STUDENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | PREVALENCE | HPV | UNIVERSITIES | CERVICAL CANCER | RISK BEHAVIOR | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Schools | Cancer | Neoplasms | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 328826

Title: Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a transdermal contraceptive patch and an oral contraceptive.
Author: Devineni D; Skee D; Vaccaro N; Massarella J; Janssens L
Source: Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 2007;47:497-509.
Abstract: This open-label, randomized, 2-way crossover study characterized the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of a transdermal contraceptive patch and a norgestimate-containing oral contraceptive. Healthy women (n = 34) applied a patch once weekly for 3 consecutive weeks during each of 2 cycles and received an oral contraceptive for 21 consecutive days during each of 2 cycles. Plasma concentrations of norelgestromin and ethinyl estradiol peaked and waned after daily oral contraceptive administration, whereas they rose and reached steady-state levels after first patch application. Norelgestromin exposure was similar; ethinyl estradiol exposure was higher for the patch than oral contraceptive. Hepatic estrogenic activity, assessed by hepatic globulin synthesis, was similar for corticosteroid-binding globulin and corticosteroid-binding globulin-binding capacity and higher for sex hormone-binding globulin for the patch versus oral contraceptive. The clinical significance of the differences in pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles between the patch and oral contraceptive is not fully known. No serious adverse events or discontinuations due to adverse events were recorded. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | NORGESTIMATE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ANALYSIS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen
Document Number: 317683

Title: Ethnic politics, risk, and policy-making: A cross-national statistical analysis of government responses to HIV / AIDS.
Author: Lieberman ES
Source: Comparative Political Studies. 2007 Dec;40(12):1407-1432.
Abstract: What explains country policy responses to the AIDS pandemic? The author highlights ethnic politics as a negative influence on AIDS-related expenditures and other policies. When societies are ethnically divided and fragmented, elites are less likely to mobilize around the idea of risk from a stigmatized condition, fearing that their group will suffer reputational consequences. They are more likely to emphasize that the risks are contained within other groups, or that the threat is exaggerated. In turn, governments are less likely to provide policies because of lower demand and the potential for political resistance to actions viewed as unwelcome and/or unnecessary. A series of cross-national statistical analyses consistently reveal negative effects of ethnic fractionalization on AIDS policy. As compared with analogous analyses, it is possible to rule out the potential endogeneity concern that ethnic political competition might be a consequence as much as it was a cause of bad public policy and underdevelopment. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | HEALTH POLICY | HIV | AIDS | HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 322403

Title: Dysfunction of innate immunity and associated pathology in neonates.
Author: Petrova A; Mehta R
Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2007 Feb;74(2):185-191.
Abstract: The neutrophils and complement system are the critical elements of innate immunity mainly due to participation in the first line of defense against microorganisms by means of phagocytosis, lysis of bacteria, and activation of naive B-lymphocytes. In this report we provide an overview of the up to date information regarding the neutrophil and complement system's functional ability in newborn infants in association with the maternal conditions that exist during the intrauterine stage, gestational age and postneonatal pathology. The neonates' capacity to control the neutrophil and complement protein activation process has also been discussed because of the evidence that uncontrolled activation of these immune elements provides a significant contribution to the tissue damage and subsequent pathology. The authors are confident that despite the many unanswered questions this review updates their knowledge and points the need for further research to clarify the role of the age-associated dysfunction of neutrophils and complement system in the infection and inflammation related pathology of newborn infants. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | ANTENATAL CARE | IMMUNITY | GESTATIONAL AGE | INFECTIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases
Document Number: 315933

10.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behaviors and procreational intentions of adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus infection: Experience of an urban tertiary center.
Author: Ezeanolue EE; Wodi AP; Patel R; Dieudonne A; Oleske JM
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Jun;38(6):719-725.
Abstract: The purpose was to assess sexual knowledge, behaviors, and procreational intentions of adolescents and young adults with perinatally acquired human immunodeficiency virus (PNA HIV) infection. Increasingly, children with PNA HIV infection survive to adolescence and become sexually active. Understanding their procreational intentions could aid in designing reproductive health and secondary prevention programs. A cross-sectional survey of adolescents and young adults with PNA HIV infection at an urban tertiary center was conducted. From June 2003 through September 2004, participants completed a questionnaire that inquired about their sexual knowledge and behaviors. Participants aware of their diagnoses also completed items regarding procreational intentions. Seventy-four percent (57/77) of eligible participants completed the survey. Thirty-three percent (19/57) of participants reported having had penile--vaginal intercourse, 89.4% of them after learning of their HIV status. Fifty percent (5/10) of sexually active female participants had been pregnant. Among the 50 participants who were aware of their diagnosis, 70% (n = 35) expressed intent to have children. A majority of those aware of the risk of maternal-to-child transmission (MTCT) (71.1%) expressed intent to procreate. Participants who perceived MTCT as low were more likely to express intent to procreate than those who perceived the risk of MTCT as high. Adolescents with PNA HIV infection are becoming sexually active and express intent to have children. This has important implications for secondary prevention of HIV infection. These adolescents need innovative intervention programs offering reproductive health education including procreational choices and considerations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SEX BEHAVIOR | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Transmission | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 301522

11.
Title: The voices of teen mothers: the experience of repeat pregnancy.
Author: Herrman JW
Source: MCN. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 2006 Jul-Aug;31(4):243- 249.
Abstract: The purpose was to explore the insights of young mothers with regard to their life aspirations, the changes in their lives as a result of parenting, and their beliefs of the impact of repeat pregnancy on their aspirations and life course. Ethnographic, descriptive research with a purposive sample of key informants (n = 16), using semistructured interviews to solicit rich qualitative data. Iterative methods, recursive data sifting, and Ethnograph 5.0 were used in data analysis. Young mothers were asked questions about four domains of their lives: (a) their existing life context, including support and background characteristics, (b) their relationships, including family, friends, and intimate others, (c) their vocation, including education, work, and money, and (d) their personal characteristics and parenting. Young mothers' perceptions reflected costs, rewards, and neutral aspects associated with young mothering and repeat pregnancies. The three themes that emerged from the interview data included Looking for or finding a better life, Making a hard life harder, and No big difference in my life. Nurses may use these results to understand better the young mothers with whom they work, to develop intervention programs, and to support policies that attend to the needs of young mothers. By responding to young mothers' issues and challenges from their perspective, nurses may be more effective in preventing or delaying repeat pregnancy in the teen years. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 306376

12.
Title: Neonatal morbidity and placental pathology.
Author: Mehta R; Nanjundaswamy S; Shen-Schwarz S; Petrova A
Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2006 Jan;73(1):25-28.
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the association between gestational age, placental pathology and outcome among preterm births. Methods: Medical records and placental pathology results of 165 preterm infants (gestational age = 34 weeks) were used to analyze the development of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and sepsis, in association with placental findings in the gestational age categories of 22-27 (n=71) and 28-33 (n=93) weeks. Results: Significant differences were found in placental findings based on gestational age and neonatal morbidity. Lower gestational age was associated with increased infection-related lesions such as chorionic vasculitis (47.9%, P<0.001) and acute chorioamnionitis (67.6%, P<0.001). Placental lesions reflecting disturbances of fetal-placental blood flow (infarction, chorionic plate thrombi and basal perivillous fibrin) were predominantly seen in the 28-33 week gestational age category (P<0.05-0.01). Despite the high prevalence of chorioamnionitis (38.8%), no significant association was found between this lesion and the tested preterm morbidity after controlling for gestational age. Only, villous edema and chorionic vasculitis were identified as independent predictors for the development of IVH (49.2%, OR(-A) 2.57, 95% Cl 1.01, 6.58 and 39.3%, OR(-A) 1.95, 95% Cl 1.01, 4.21, respectively). Conclusion: Villous edema and chorionic vasculitis are significant risk factors for the development of the IVH among neonates born at gestational age = 34 weeks. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT, PREMATURE | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | GESTATIONAL AGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY | EYESIGHT | INFECTIONS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Infant | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 297522

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Failure of implanon contraception in a patient taking carbamazepin for epilepsia.
Author: Schindlbeck C; Janni W; Friese K
Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Jan;273(4):255-256.
Abstract: Until now, no pregnancies have been reported in association with the implantable hormonal contraceptive Implanon (Organon, Roseland, NJ, USA), resulting in a pearl index of 0. We present a 24-year-old patient who conceived despite the correct application of Implanon for one and a half year. The patient was concurrently taking carbamazepin for epilepsia. Special care should be taken to patients demanding hormonal contraceptives while taking carbamezepin. Even Implanon seems to possibly fail in this combination. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | DRUG INTERACTIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproduction | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 298272

14.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Very low maternal age (10-14 years) and stillbirth phenotypes.
Author: Sharma PP; Salihu HM
Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2006 Apr;274(1):19-20.
Abstract: Previous studies on adverse fetal outcomes in women of low maternal age (10-14 years) have rarely examined the occurrence of stillbirth in this age group, a complication that could lead to subsequent poor obstetric outcomes and perturb future reproductive functions. We, therefore, carried out this study to estimate the risk across stillbirth phenotypes among singleton deliveries to women of very low maternal age. We used data assembled by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) covering the period 1989-2000. We selected singleton live births and fetal deaths from 20 through 44 gestational weeks. We defined very low maternal age as gravidas aged 10-14 years inclusive, and this represents the study group. We constructed two comparison groups consisting of women aged 15-19 years (also designated as adolescent mothers) and 20-24 years (also designated as mature mothers). (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | RISK ASSESSMENT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | FETAL DEATH | GESTATIONAL AGE | PARITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fetus | Fertility Measurements | Fertility
Document Number: 298296

15.

Title: Comparing patient telephone callback rates for different hormonal birth control delivery systems.
Author: Victor I; Fink RA
Source: American Journal of Therapeutics. 2006 Nov-Dec;13(6):507-512.
Abstract: This study was conducted to determine the number of office telephone callbacks in the first 3 months after initiating use of the vaginal ring, the transdermal patch, or an oral contraceptive. If a patient called back, the reason for her call was noted. Patients were prospectively followed from sites in New Jersey and Florida for 3 months after initiation of hormonal contraception (oral, transdermal, vaginal) and the number of callbacks for each method was assessed. Before study recruitment, the patients had either never used or discontinued hormonal contraception for at least 1 month. All patients were given standard counseling, which included reference handouts specific to their chosen form of contraception. The number of callbacks for patients on oral contraceptives was 30/96 (26 patients, 4 of the 26 with 2 callbacks each); for the transdermal patch, 20/40 (17 patients, 3 of the 17 with 2 callbacks each); and for the vaginal ring, 11/72 (11 patients). Pearson x/2 analysis revealed that all 3 groups were significantly different from each other (P = 0.0004). Most patients called back for side effects related to their method of choice, and some patients called back more than once. Rate of callbacks after initiation of hormonal contraception was the least with the vaginal ring. Use of oral contraception, often considered the gold standard, resulted in a callback rate that was midway between the number of callbacks for the vaginal ring and the number of callbacks for the transdermal patch. The lower observed rate of callbacks with the vaginal ring compared with oral and transdermal contraception may provide clinicians the confidence that this method is well tolerated by their patients. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FLORIDA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | HOTLINES | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | VAGINAL RING | DIMETHYLPOLYSILOXANES | INFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Silicone | Silicon | Inorganic Chemicals | Ingredients and Chemicals
Document Number: 314506

16.

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in New Jersey.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307025

17.
Title: Isolating the family cap effect on fertility behavior: evidence from New Jersey's Family Development Program Experiment.
Author: Camasso MJ
Source: Contemporary Economic Policy. 2004 Oct;22(4):453-467.
Abstract: This study examines the unbundled impacts of a family cap policy and enhanced JOBS program on the fertility of 2100 women on welfare who were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups as part of New Jersey's welfare reform program. Data were collected quarterly from December 1992 through March 1997 on births, abortions, contraceptive pill use, and contraceptive sterilizations from welfare and Medicaid claim files. Results indicate that the family cap lowered births and increased abortions and contraception use but only for women who were short-time welfare users. Enhanced JOBS exerted an independent effect on fertility of more chronic recipients. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | SOCIAL POLICY | DISINCENTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Policy | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception
Document Number: 283598 Notification

18.
Title: Gender differences in adolescent and young adult predictors of later intimate partner violence.
Author: Chen PH; White HR
Source: Violence Against Women. 2004 Nov;10(11):1283-1301.
Abstract: The authors examined distal predictors of perpetration and victimization of intimate partner violence (IPV) among 725 young adult men and women using prospective data. Earlier problem drinking and negative affect were common predictors of perpetration for both genders. Lower education predicted female perpetration; parental fighting predicted male perpetration. No common predictors of victimization were found for men and women. Lower education, problem drinking, and childhood parental beating predicted female victimization. None of the models explained a large amount of the variance in IPV. More longitudinal research is needed on gender differences in the explanations for and consequences of IPV. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX FACTORS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | ATTITUDES | CHILD ABUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Biology | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 276526

19.
Title: The effect of isotretinoin on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone.
Author: Hendrix CW; Jackson KA; Whitmore E; Guidos A; Kretzer R
Source: Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2004 May;75(5):464-475.
Abstract: Isotretinoin is a known teratogen, and when it is prescribed to women of childbearing potential, 2 forms of contraception must be used, commonly including hormonal contraception. Although isotretinoin and estradiol are metabolized largely by cytochrome P450 (CYP) 3A4 and glucuronidation, the potential for clinical drug interaction, with subsequent pharmacodynamic impact, has not been evaluated. We enrolled 26 healthy women who were to receive isotretinoin for the treatment of severe, recalcitrant nodular acne and who were taking or planning to take oral contraceptives. The pharmacokinetics of ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone (INN, norethisterone) (the components of Ortho Novum 7/7/7; Ortho-McNeil Pharmaceutical, Inc, Raritan, NJ) and pharmacodynamic assessments of oral contraceptive effectiveness (concentrations of serum progesterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone) were determined on days 6 and 20 of 2 separate oral contraceptive cycles, before and during isotretinoin treatment. The addition of isotretinoin to the oral contraceptive regimen resulted in small and inconsistent, although statistically significant (P < .04), decreases in the concentrations of both ethinyl estradiol (9% decrease in area under the plasma concentration�time curve from time 0 to 24 hours after the dose on day 6) and norethindrone (11% decrease in maximum plasma concentration on day 20). Isotretinoin did not cause any statistically significant increases in pharmacodynamic markers, although a majority of women had increases in these measures. Although there was no correlation between isotretinoin (or metabolite) levels and oral contraceptive levels (P > .05), there was a correlation between progesterone level and oral contraceptive levels (P < .05). Variability was large for both pharmacokinetic measures (median coefficients of variation of 44%-69% [for each time point within a study period]) and pharmacodynamic measures (median coefficients of variation of 64%-114%). One woman in each study phase, one before and one during isotretinoin treatment, had a progesterone elevation consistent with possible ovulation. No serious or unexpected adverse events were observed. The small reduction in ethinyl estradiol and norethindrone levels associated with isotretinoin was not associated with any pharmacodynamic changes in our study. The combination of the teratogenic risk of isotretinoin and the large variability of and correlation between oral contraceptive levels and pharmacodynamic measures, however, strongly reinforces the necessity of additional contraceptive methods during concomitant administration of these drugs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | NORETHINDRONE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ACNE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Methods | Dermatitis | Diseases
Document Number: 278049

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Consistent condom use offers protection for those with an infected partner.
Author: Lane T
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2004 Jul-Aug;36(4):[3] p..
Abstract: People with a partner who is known to be infected with gonorrhea or chlamydia have a lower risk of having either infection if they use condoms consistently than if they do not, according to an analysis of enrollment data from sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic attendees participating in a multisite randomized controlled trial. Overall, the odds of infection were reduced by 20% if participants had used condoms consistently in the previous three months (odds ratio, 0.8). Among participants who had been informed that their partner had gonorrhea or chlamydia, the odds of infection were reduced by 60% if they reported having always used condoms in the previous three months (0.4). The investigation aimed at addressing a common drawback of previous studies evaluating the protection offered by condoms against transmission of curable STDs�namely, they did not control for whether a participant's partner was infected. According to the researchers, people with partners who are infected, or who are perceived to be infected, may have an increased likelihood of condom use; hence, condom effectiveness may have been underestimated in studies that included people who had not been exposed to STDs. To assess the importance of accounting for a partner's infection status when investigating the effectiveness of condoms against chlamydia and gonorrhea, the researchers analyzed enrollment data from Project RESPECT�a trial of HIV counseling interventions conducted at five publicly funded STD clinics in four states (Maryland, New Jersey, Colorado and California) between 1993 and 1997. Participants were heterosexual, HIV-negative, aged 14 or older and English-speaking, and had been sexually active in the past three months. A total of 4,783 participants were tested for chlamydia and gonorrhea at study entry, and completed a questionnaire about their sexual behavior and condom use during vaginal and anal intercourse in the past three months. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MARYLAND | NEW JERSEY | CALIFORNIA | COLORADO | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | CONDOM USE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 275087

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Norms that encourage young adolescents not to have sex tied to reduced odds of becoming sexually active.
Author: MacLean R
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2004 Jul-Aug;36(4):[3] p..
Abstract: Personal and perceived peer norms that encourage adolescents to refrain from sex are associated with reduced odds of sexual initiation among seventh and eighth graders (odds ratios, 0.8 and 0.7, respectively). According to data from a longitudinal survey conducted in three inner-city school districts in New Jersey, alcohol and drug users are more likely than nonusers to start having sex in these grades (1.3-1.5). In addition, the greater adolescents' sense of self-efficacy in avoiding risky behavior and using condoms, the less likely they are to start having sex in seventh grade (0.9), but unexpectedly, the more likely they are to initiate sex in eighth grade (1.2). Analyses were based on survey data from middle school students who participated in an HIV intervention program in 1994-1996. Participants completed baseline surveys at the beginning of seventh grade and were surveyed again at the end of seventh grade and at the end of eighth grade. Questionnaires asked adolescents about their sexual behavior, demographic characteristics and academic achievement, which was categorized as high (A's and B's), average (B's and C's) or low (C's, D's and F's). The surveys also covered a range of psychosocial factors, including personal and perceived peer norms about refraining from sex and about condom use; communication with parents; self-efficacy in refusing sex, drugs or alcohol and in using condoms; alcohol and drug use in the last 30 days; perceived barriers to condom use; and perceived risk of acquiring HIV or another sexually transmitted disease (STD). Psychosocial survey items were grouped by category, scaled and converted to continuous standard scores. Participants who were sexually experienced at baseline or who provided incomplete or contradictory responses were eliminated from the sample, and adolescents who reported that they had initiated sex during seventh grade were excluded from the analyses of initiation in eighth grade. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ETHNIC GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUAL RESPONSIBILITY | INTERVENTIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Education | Schools | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 275084

22.
Title: Lost in transition -- the Island of Susak (1951-2001).
Author: Rudan I; Stevanovic R; Vitart V; Vuletic G; Sibbett L
Source: Collegium Antropologicum. 2004 Jun;28(1):403-421.
Abstract: The isolated population of the Island of Susak was thorougly studied by a multidisciplinary team of the Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts in early 1950's. Recently, a team of scientists revisited the island. This paper describes the main characteristics of the transition process during which a massive exodus occurred with 90% of the island's population migrating to New Jersey, USA. We summarise the differences in lifestyle, economy, social structure and sense of identity between the historic (1950's) and contemporary (2001) Susak population. We applied contemporary methods (analysis of microsatellite DNA polymorphisms) to investigate local myths about extreme levels of inbreeding and genetic homogenity among the Susak islanders. Analysis of short-tandem-repeat (STR) loci showed that Susak displayed characteristics of a small homogeneous breeding isolate. The average heterozygosity was found to be low compared to outbred populations. The signature of a recent severe bottleneck could be detected. Analysis of 8 markers located on Xq13-21 in 71 individuals suggested extensive level of linkage disequilibrium (LD). A migrant study was designed to investigate the effects of large environmental changes (Susak vs. USA) and inbreeding (Susak vs. Croatian general population) on some biologically important quantitative traits, such as blood pressure and serum lipids. The results confirmed the positive correlation between inbreeding level and blood pressure that has been reported in the literature on several occasions. The last remnants of this traditional island community will soon be lost forever. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CROATIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | ETHNIC GROUPS | IMMIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | POPULATION GENETICS | BLOOD PRESSURE | LIPIDS | ANTHROPOLOGY | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Genetics | Biology | Hemic System | Physiology | Social Sciences
Document Number: 282140

23.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Initiation of sexual intercourse among middle school adolescents: the influence of psychosocial factors.
Author: Santelli JS; Kaiser J; Hirsch L; Radosh A; Simkin L
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2004 Mar;34(3):200-208.
Abstract: The purpose was to explore potential psychosocial predictors for initiation of sexual intercourse among middle-school, inner-city youth, using longitudinal data from the Healthy and Alive! project. We conducted hierarchical, logistic regression with adjustment for intraclass correlation over two sequential periods, including seventh and eighth grades (N = 3163), to assess the independent influence of psychosocial and demographic factors. Internally reliable scales to assess psychosocial influences were created, based on major theories of behavior. The sample was 52% female, 51% black, 30% Hispanic, 9% white, and 3% Asian. At baseline, 13% of girls and 39% of boys reported already having initiated sexual intercourse. Personal and perceived peer norms about refraining from sex were a strong and consistent protective factor. Alcohol and other drug use, poor academic performance, male gender, and black race were consistent risk factors. Self-efficacy showed a mixed effect: protective in the seventh grade but increasing risk in the eighth grade. Speaking a language other than English was a protective factor in seventh grade. Both psychosocial and demographic factors provided independent explanatory power. Psychosocial factors, particularly norms about having sex, influence initiation of sexual intercourse. These data suggest that programs to delay initiation initiation of sexual intercourse should reinforce norms about refraining from sex. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | URBAN POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | PEER PRESSURE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SELF ESTEEM | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Cultural Background | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 190759

24.
Title: Teaching about safer-sex, ense�ando el sexo seguro, in English and en Espa�ol. Teaching about safer-sex, ense�ando el sexo seguro, in English and en Espa�ol.
Author: Taverner B; Cruz L; Oviedo J
Source: SIECUS Report. 2004 Winter;32(1):24-27.
Abstract: The history of AIDS education takes us back to the 1980s, the decade when the world first learned about HIV and AIDS. First described as pneumocystis pneumonia in 1981, the public came to erroneously understand AIDS as a disease that affected only (or mostly) gay men. There were 108 reported cases of AIDS in the United States that year, 1,641 two years later, and 10,000 in 1985. By the end of the decade, more than a million Americans were infected with HIV. Early education efforts focused on the biochemistry of the disease. Classes taught people everything they needed to know about t-cells, retroviruses, and the like. Students became scholars in epidemiology, but learned little about prevention. If time was spent discussing decision-making about intercourse, or how to use condoms, it was almost as an afterthought to the main lecture. (excerpt)
Language: EnglishSpanish
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | HISPANICS | ADOLESCENTS | SAFER SEX | HIV PREVENTION | LANGUAGE | CONDOM USE | SEX EDUCATION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Risk Reduction Behavior | Education
Document Number: 183308

27.

29.
Title: The impact of touch-tone data entry on reports of HIV and STD risk behaviors in telephone interviews.
Author: Blumberg SJ
Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2003 May;40(2):[23] p.
Abstract: The prevalence estimates for sexual behaviors among these 14- to 15-year-olds were considered reliable because they were similar to estimates from the 1995 Youth Risk Behavior Survey (YRBS) of Washington DC 9th-grade students. The YRBS is a paper-and-pencil questionnaire self-administered in schools. Thus, it was concluded that telephone response and Digit Grabber[R] dialed-digit meters provide a reliable way of assessing sexual behavior in adolescents. The question we wanted to answer with this study was the following: Will touch-tone data entry (TTDE) and Digit Grabber[R] dialed-digit meters influence population-based survey estimates of adult sexual behavior? To answer this question, we used dialed-digit meters in a telephone-based field test of HIV and STD risk and preventive behavior questions using a random-digit-dial sample of the general population. This field test randomly selected and recruited 405 adults ages 18 to 49 in New Jersey. Approximately half the respondents used their touch-tone telephones when answering the HIV and STD risk behavior questions; the remaining half did not use TTDE. We hypothesized that TTDE would lead to higher prevalence estimates for sexual behaviors. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW JERSEY | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | INTERVIEWS | ADULTS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | COMPUTER PROGRAMS AND PROGRAMMING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Ethics | Information Processing | Information
Document Number: 286322

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Family cap and nonmarital fertility: the racial conditioning of policy effects.
Author: Jagannathan R; Camasso MJ
Source: Journal of Marriage and the Family. 2003 Feb;65(1):52-71.
Abstract: Using an experimental design, this research examines the effect of the nation's first family cap on births, abortions, and contraception use of over 8,000 women receiving public assistance in New Jersey. The family cap denies additional cash benefits to children conceived while the mother is receiving public assistance. Our research shows that a targeted welfare benefit manipulation does influence fertility behavior; however, the effect is conditioned by race. We find that Black women in the experimental group have a 21% lower birth rate and a 32% higher abortion rate than Black women in the control group. We do not find a birth effect for Hispanic or White women. We discuss the policy implications of the effects of a segmented family cap. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW JERSEY | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | BIRTH RATE | BLACKS | WHITES | HISPANICS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARITAL STATUS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Nuptiality
Document Number: 177809


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