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Peer Reviewed

Title: Emergency contraceptive use as a marker of future risky sex, pregnancy, and sexually transmitted infection.
Author: Sander PM; Raymond EG; Weaver MA
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):146.e1-6.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine whether emergency contraceptive use predicts future sex at risk for pregnancy, pregnancy, or sexually transmitted infection among young women. STUDY DESIGN: A secondary analysis of control group participants (n = 718) from a recent trial of advanced provision of emergency contraception was conducted. RESULTS: We found no association between use of emergency contraception and either pregnancy or infection. Recent use predicted decreased occurrence of subsequent sex at risk for pregnancy among women with a history of sexually transmitted infection (relative risk [RR], 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.97), whereas ever having used predicted increased occurrence among women who either were highly effective method users (RR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.05-2.01) or had no history of sexually transmitted infection (RR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.04-1.65). CONCLUSION: Information about prior emergency contraceptive use was not a useful predictor of subsequent pregnancy, infection, or sex at risk for pregnancy among these young women.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | NORTH CAROLINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | YOUTH | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases
Document Number: 342401

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Nevada.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307023

5.
Title: SEC sues Nevada company over fake HIV drug claims.
Source: AIDS WEEKLY PLUS. 1999 Aug 30;:10.
Abstract: The US Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) charged a publicly traded Nevada company over fake HIV drug claims. This paper relates that the convicted felon was the president of New Technologies and Concepts Inc., which the individual founded with the assistance of Uniprime, owner of 70% of the subsidiary. According to SEC, Uniprime issued three fake press releases heralding the supposed miracle cure by the New Technologies. The SEC stated that Uniprime issued a press release claiming that the felon was an honor graduate of University of Madrid, a researcher, and had tested anti-HIV "Plasma plus". It was revealed that the man had never attended the university and had no official recognition from the Spanish government. Consequently, the charge would be a maximum sentence of 10 years and a fine of US$1 million.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | DRUGS | MISINFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication
Document Number: 144255

6.
Title: Facilitating condom use with clients during commercial sex in Nevada's legal brothels.
Author: Albert AE; Warner DL; Hatcher RA
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1998 Apr;88(4):643-6.
Abstract: In March 1988, in an effort to prevent HIV transmission, the Nevada legislature enacted a law requiring condom use during all brothel sexual activity. Therefore, prostitutes who work in the state's legal brothels have legal support for their insistence upon condom use with clients. Prospective clients are made aware of the state's mandatory condom law well before the initiation of sexual activity, both through a public health notice posted upon entrance gates and inside over the bar. Even so, brothel workers have reported that some clients still resist using condoms. 40 female prostitutes in 2 of Nevada's brothels were interviewed about client resistance to condoms and techniques used to facilitate condom use. 90 (2.7%) of the women's 3290 clients during the previous month were reluctant to use condoms. Of those 90, 72% eventually used condoms, 12% chose nonpenetrative sex without condoms, and 16% left the brothels without receiving sexual services. 38 prostitutes reported having a lover in the past year, of whom 14 had multiple nonpaying lovers. Overall, the women had 1-10 nonpaying lovers, an average of 1.9. All but 3 lovers were male. Only 7 of the 38 women (18%) used condoms consistently with lovers. These findings suggest that brothel prostitutes may be at greater risk for acquiring HIV and other STDs from lovers than from clients.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONDOMS | SAFER SEX | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 132597

7.
Title: Sexual and physical abuse among incarcerated youth: implications for sexual behavior, contraceptive use, and teenage pregnancy.
Author: Mason WA; Zimmerman L; Evans W
Source: CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT. 1998;22(10):987-95.
Abstract: Studies have found a higher incidence of sexual activity, risky sexual behavior, and teenage pregnancy among sexually and physically abused adolescents when compared to nonabused adolescents. Physical and sexual abuse have also been linked to delinquent activities, including aggression and drug use. Self-report survey abuse history data were collected from 334 male and 62 female adolescents incarcerated in Nevada youth correctional facilities during summer 1994. The response rate to the survey was 97%, with participants aged 12-17 years and being 39.1% White, 26% Black, 15.7% Hispanic, 4% Native American, 3.3% Asian-American, and 11.7% multiethnic. Being sexually abused was defined as being forced to engage in sexual activities, while anyone beaten, hit with an object, kicked, or subject to some other form of physical force by an adult was considered to have been physically abused. 46.8% of the boys and 73% of the girls reported having been physically abused, and 9.9% of the boys and 68.3% of the girls reported having been sexually abused. Girls who reported a history of sexual abuse had an earlier mean age of first sexual intercourse than did those who reported not being sexually abused, 12.36 years compared to 13.31 years. A significantly greater percentage of physically and/or sexually abused teens reported using no contraception as compared to nonabused teens. Respondents who reported no physical and/or sexual abuse were most likely to report condom use as their contraceptive method of choice.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | RESEARCH REPORT | VIOLENCE | PRISONERS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Behavior | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 139518

8.
Title: Nevada's licensed sex workers achieve minimal condom breakage rates.
Author: Remez L
Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1996 Jan-Feb;28(1):35.
Abstract: Nevada is the only US state to have legalized commercial sex. A law has also been in place in Nevada since 1988 mandating compulsory condom use among licensed prostitutes and their clients. To explore the incidences of condom breakage and slippage among regular condom users, researchers collected relevant retrospective and prospective data during August 1993 from 41 licensed female prostitutes working in three legal brothels in Nevada. The participants were at least 18 years old (average age, 29 years), had worked in a brothel for at least one month, and were scheduled to work the three days following the interview. 68% were White, 11% Black, and 20% Hispanic, Asian, or of mixed racial background. The women reported engaging in an average of 34 acts of vaginal intercourse during the week preceding the interview. Each woman used a condom with every act of vaginal intercourse with a brothel client. In their prospective reports for the week preceding the study, the women indicated that fewer than 0.2% of condoms broke and fewer than 1% fell off. This prospective data covered 353 acts of protected vaginal intercourse over a nine-day period. Overall, just 0.6% of condoms fell off during intercourse and 3-4% either slipped during intercourse or slipped during withdrawal. There was a significantly higher probability that a condom would slip during withdrawal among women who had worked in the brothel for less than two years than among those who had worked there longer. Strategies used most often by the women to prevent breakage were the addition of water-based lubricant to the condom (64%), constantly monitoring its condition (20%), refraining from vigorous sex (18%), using more than one condom at a time (9%), using only condoms of the appropriate size (5%), and changing condoms during prolonged intercourse (5%). The researchers assert that these rates of condom breakage are the lowest which have been published to date. It appears from these findings that correct and consistent condom use reduces the incidence of condom breakage and slippage. The strategies adopted by these women to prevent condom slippage and breakage should be promoted more widely.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SEX WORKERS | CONDOMS | SAFER SEX | WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 111344

9.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Condom use among female commercial sex workers in Nevada's legal brothels.
Author: Albert AE; Warner DL; Hatcher RA; Trussell J; Bennett C
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1995 Nov;85(11):1514-20.
Abstract: The purpose of this study was to evaluate condom use and the incidence of breakage and slippage during vaginal intercourse among female prostitutes in legal Nevada brothels, where use of condoms is required by law. 41 licensed prostitutes in three brothels were enrolled in a prospective trial in August 1993. Used condoms were collected to verify reported breaks visually. Retrospective breakage and slippage rates were obtained in a standardized interview. Condoms were used for every act of vaginal intercourse with a brothel client during the study period, as well as in the previous year. In the prospective study phase, condoms were used in 353 acts of vaginal intercourse with clients. No condoms broke, and none fell off the penis during intercourse. Only twice (0.6%) did condoms completely fall off during withdrawal. 12 times (3.4%) during intercourse and 15 times (4.3%) during withdrawal, condoms slipped down the penis but did not fall off. These findings, among the lowest breakage and slippage rates published, suggest that regular condom use may lead to condom mastery and the development of techniques to reduce the likelihood of breakage and slippage. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SEX WORKERS | CONDOMS | USER COMPLIANCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 109328

10.
Title: Estimating the population of rural communities by age and gender: a case study of the effectiveness of local expert procedure.
Author: Swanson D; Carlson J; Roe L; Williams C
Source: Small Town. 1995 May-Jun;25(6):14-21.
Abstract: "This article examines the accuracy of a survey-based technique called the Local Expert Procedure (LEP), for estimating selected demographic characteristics of small, rural areas. The procedure...employs local citizens to provide demographic information about households which were randomly selected from a residential sample extracted from utility records." The procedure is used to provide age and sex estimates for the population of three communities near Yucca Mountain, Nevada. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | EVALUATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | RURAL POPULATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | SEX DISTRIBUTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Sex Factors
Document Number: 255152

11.
Title: Construction of confidence intervals for population projections generated by the cohort-component method.
Author: Swanson DA; Carlson J; Williams C; Arnold D; Kintner HJ
Source: [Unpublished] 1994. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Miami, Florida, May 5-7, 1994. 40, [2] p.
Abstract: This paper introduces a system for placing a formal measure of uncertainty around population projections made using the cohort-component model. The measure is in the form of a Mean Square Error Confidence Interval, which takes into account bias and random error. The bias portion is developed using Demographic Analysis estimates of net undercount error for age-race-gender groups over two successive census counts. The random error portion is developed using variation in mortality. Together, these two sources of error can be extended to cover the uncertainty in cohort-component projections resulting from net migration, mortality, and fertility, given certain limitations and restrictions regarding strategic assumptions and their role in constructing projection scenarios. One way to view uncertainty is to use the "Between-Group" and "Within-Group" sources of variation found in Analysis of Variance as an analogy. The analogy is not perfect but it is informative. For purposes of this paper, the authors use this analogy to view forecasting as having two fundamental components of uncertainty: "Between-Scenario" and "Within-Scenario". They leave the issue of "Between-Scenario" uncertainty as a research issue to be examined later. Thus, in this paper, the confidence intervals presented are designed to accommodate only "Within-Scenario" uncertainty. In doing so, they provide a set of boundaries around projections of both the total population and age-race-gender groups once a preferred scenario is selected based on a given set of strategic assumptions regarding secular trends in the components of future population change. The system is illustrated with a set of intervals around age and gender groups projected for a small area, Nye County, Nevada, in 1995 and 2000. Strengths and weaknesses of the system are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION PROJECTION | POPULATION FORECAST | COHORT ANALYSIS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques
Document Number: 095434

12.
Title: Cultural practices of Hispanics: implications for the prevention of AIDS.
Author: Mikawa JK; Morones PA; Gomez A; Case HL; Olsen D; Gonzales-Huss MJ
Source: HISPANIC JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL SCIENCES. 1992 Nov;14(4):421-33.
Abstract: Hispanic Americans have one of the highest rates of HIV seroprevalence among all ethnics groups in the US, with high rates being especially noticeable among women and children. Were it known which cultural factors have the most influence on whether Hispanics engage in high-risk behavior for HIV transmission, prevention interventions could be targeted accordingly. To that end, this study was mounted to identify which Hispanic cultural factors relate to condom use. 117 males and 73 females aged 17-56 years of mean age 25.67 were surveyed in Washoe county, Nevada. These mostly young adults had recently immigrated to the western US. It was initially posited that fate orientation, male- female relationships, family relationships, machismo behavior, and religion would have equal influence with respect to condom use. Analysis found that condom use was largely associated with and determined by men who are the principal buyers of condoms. A machismo attitude toward protecting women by using condoms was also associated with condom use. Neither fate orientation with respect to AIDS, nor religion were important determinants of condom use, even though 86.5% of the respondents were Catholic. The degree to which respondents adhered to traditional Hispanic cultural values was influenced by the degree of education and acculturation. On the basis of these findings, the authors suggest targeting AIDS prevention messages to males, while emphasizing the protection of women through condom use. They also suggest that both education and acculturation levels be assessed before implementing prevention programs.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HISPANICS | CULTURE | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONDOMS | TARGET POPULATION | POPULATION AT RISK | CATHOLICISM | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | BELIEFS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Christianity | Religion | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 084667

13.
Title: A variation of the housing unit method for estimating the population of small, rural areas: a case study of the local expert procedure.
Author: Roe LK; Carlson JF; Swanson DA
Source: SURVEY METHODOLOGY. 1992 Jun;18(1):155-63. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Denver, Colorado, April 30 - May 2, 1992.
Abstract: Sociologists designed a random sampling study based on an adaptation of the Housing Unit Method and the local expert method to determine the socioeconomic features of a 3 unincorporated rural communities near Yucca Mountain, Nevada which scientists will use to conduct a comprehensive impact analysis of the proposed geologic nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, about 90 miles northwest of Las Vegas. Electrical company representatives indicated the location and type of housing with all up to date electrical connections in southern Nye county. This information was included in the housing unit file made from utility records from each community. After determining the sample size needed, households were randomly chosen from each file (326 Amargosa Valley, 672 Beatty, and 3224 Pahrump). Meter readers from the local utility companies were the local experts. 2 local experts worked together to authenticate the accuracy of recorded data which included number of person in the household as of July 15, 1990 and age and gender of each member. Data accuracy was tested and it was found that the 1990 US Census counts were within the relatively narrow 95% confidence intervals. The mean width was 7.2% of the estimated population, thus the estimates were meaningful. The estimates were too low for Pahrump (7190 vs. 7425) and Amargosa Valley (841 vs. 853), however. This may have been due to recent in-migration from the Las Vegas Valley. Age and gender accuracy could not be tested since the 1990 census data were not yet ready. Nevertheless, it is believed that this procedure can obtain very accurate estimates.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | CASE STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | HOUSEHOLDS | RELIABILITY | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | ENERGY SUPPLY | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | CENSUS | RURAL POPULATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Family and Household | Measurement | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Statistics | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors
Document Number: 074483

14.
Title: Planned Parenthood Ass'n v. Miller [17 June 1991].
Author: United States. Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit
Source: FEDERAL REPORTER, 2D SERIES. 1991;934:1462-82.
Abstract: This document reports on four US court cases. In Planned Parenthood Association vs. Miller, the plaintiffs challenged the constitutionality of Georgia's Parental Notification Act by claiming that 1) it does not allow a physician to notify a minor's parent through private uncertified mail carriers, by giving the minor a note to take to her parent, or by telephone; 2) it requires that a minor must wait 72 hours from the time that the notification is sent before obtaining an abortion; and 3) its judicial bypass provision is too burdensome. In rejecting the challenge, the Court ruled that 1) the legislature can impose notification requirements that will ensure that a parent or guardian is actually notified; 2) the waiting period does not unduly burden a minor's rights and ensures that a minor's decision is voluntary and informed; and 3) the judicial bypass proceedings provide a valid timetable for action, sufficiently protect a minor's anonymity, and are adequate in deeming that a minor's petition is granted if not acted upon in a certain amount of time. In Glick vs. Mackay, the US Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit, held that the provisions of Nevada's abortion law relating to judicial bypass proceedings were unconstitutional because 1) they required a minor to show that parental notification would not be in her best interests rather than requiring the Court to determine this fact and 2) they placed no time limit on bypass proceedings. In Eubanks vs. Wilkerson, the US Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit, held that a federal judge had erred in applying limiting language to modify a Kentucky statute to avoid "unconstitutionality" once it had ruled that the statute unduly burdened a woman's right to an abortion. In Planned Parenthood of Nashville vs. McWherter, the Supreme Court of Tennessee held that a statute requiring notice to be given to the parents or guardians of a minor before she obtains an abortion had the effect of repealing a previously enacted statute that required parental consent for a minor to obtain an abortion.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | TENNESSEE | NEVADA | KENTUCKY | COURT DECISION | ABORTION | PARENTAL CONSENT | NOTIFICATION | MINORS | TIME FACTORS | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Litigation | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Ethics
Document Number: 086713 Notification

15.
Title: Surveying outpatient services in the Southwest.
Author: Rich M
Source: AVSC NEWS. 1989 Apr;27(1):4, 6.
Abstract: In the fall 1988, a survey of the availability of voluntary sterilization services was conducted in 5 southwestern states -- Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Nevada, and Utah. In each state, information was gathered on outpatient sterilization services in both the public and private sectors. Brief questionnaires were mailed to family planning clinics, private physicians, freestanding surgery centers, health maintenance organizations (HMO's), and other health care providers. This mail survey was followed with over 50 telephone interviews with outpatient sterilization providers. The were several trends in common in all 5 states. In general, vasectomies in the Southwest, as in other parts of the US, were most commonly performed in either hospital clinics or freestanding surgery centers. Several clinic administrators and private physicians reported that they provide counseling for female procedures at their offices but that the surgery is performed elsewhere. The costs for female sterilization were very high throughout the region, constituting a significant barrier to services for women without medical insurance. Only 1 provider in the 5 states reported performing tubal occlusion for less than $1000. 2 other clinics referred patients to providers who charged under $1000 -- 1 to a clinic in California and the other to a private physician in Arizona. Vasectomies were much more reasonably priced in the Southwest than in other regions of the US, tending to cost between $100-$400, depending on the provider and location. In general, vasectomies performed in clinics were less expensive than those done in private physicians' offices. Clinics often offered sliding scale fees based on the client's ability to pay. Male and female sterilization services were most widely available in urban areas. Some information is presented on the availability of abortion services in each of the 5 individual states. In Arizona, 2 Planned Parenthood clinics were successfully providing vasectomies. Arizona also was unique in the assistance it provided to low-income persons. In Colorado, low-income persons had difficulty obtaining sterilization services. The costs for female sterilization were high. Sterilizations provided by the private sector in New Mexico were expensive. Far more female than male sterilizations were performed with public funds. Services in Nevada were scarce because of high costs and a limited number of providers. Compared to the 4 other states, costs for voluntary sterilization were relatively low in Utah.
Language: English
Keywords:
ARIZONA | COLORADO | NEW MEXICO | UTAH | NEVADA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | SURVEYS | MALE STERILIZATION | FEMALE STERILIZATION | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | MARKETING | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | PHYSICIAN'S OFFICE | Developed Countries | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Economic Factors | Programs | Management | Health | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Health Facilities
Document Number: 056154

16.
Title: Antibody to human immunodeficiency virus in female prostitutes.
Author: Cohen JB; Wafsy C; Gill P; Aguilar S; Witte J; Bigler W; Sikes RK; Leonard T; French J; Massey J
Source: MMWR. MORBIDITY AND MORTALITY WEEKLY REPORT. 1987 Mar 27;36(11):157-61.
Abstract: To assess human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-antibody prevalence and to determine risk factors in US prostitutes, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) is collaborating with others in an ongoing, cross-sectional study of women who have engaged in prostitution in 7 geographic areas: Atlanta, Colorado Springs, Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark/Jersey City/Paterson, and San Francisco. Some collaborators are recruiting primarily incarcerated women (Los Angeles and Miami). Others are recruiting primarily through sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinics (Colorado Springs and Las Vegas), methadone maintenance clinics (the 3 northern New Jersey cities), or outreach efforts, such as newspaper advertising, circulation of pamphlets, and direct contacts on the street (Atlanta and San Francisco). Study participants are not necessarily representative of all female prostitutes in these areas. For this study, prostitution is defined as the exchange of physical/sexual services for money or drugs. Any women older than 18 years of age who had engaged in prostitution at least once since January 1, 1978, was eligible. Participation entailed voluntary, informed consent; names and other personal identifiers were not recorded. Participants were interviewed for their medical histories and sexual and other exposures. They also were examined for signs of HIV infection and IV-drug abuse and were asked to provide 10 ml of blood for serologic testing. Serum was tested for HIV antibody by enzyme immunoassay and Western blot methods. The analysis reported here was restricted to the 835 study participants who were tested for HIV-antibody and the 568 study participants for whom an interview form was submitted to CDC before March 10, 1987. The prevalence of HIV-antibody in prostitutes so far tends to parallel the cumulative incidence of AIDS in women in the 7 research sites, suggesting that risk factors for AIDS in female prostitutes may be similar to those in other women living in these geographic areas. The prevalence of HIV-antibody in prostitutes and the cumulative incidence of AIDS in women were highest in northern New Jersey and Miami. In southern Nevada, where only 1 woman has been reported with AIDS, none of 34 prostitutes have had HIV-antibody. In the 7 areas, reported rates of AIDS were higher for black women (3596/1,000,000) and Hispanic women (40.2/1,000,000) than for white (253/1,000,000) and Asian and Native American women (16.2/1,000,000). Similarly, black and Hispanic prostitutes in these areas had a higher prevalence of HIV-antibody (15%) than white and other protitutes (7%). Half the prostitutes interviewed reported histories of intravenous drug abuse: 47 (76%) of 62 with antibody to HIV had injected drugs. Over 80% of prostitutes interviewed through January 1987 reported that at least 1 of their partners had used a condom.
Language: English
Keywords:
GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | COLORADO | NEVADA | CALIFORNIA | FLORIDA | NEW JERSEY | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | POPULATION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | AIDS | VIRAL DISEASES | DISEASES | ANTIBODIES | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | WHITES | BLACKS | HISPANICS | ETHNIC GROUPS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | MEASUREMENT | WOMEN | DRUGS | CONDOMS | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | HIV Infections | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Cultural Background | Treatment | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 043754

18.
Title: Prostitutes to undergo HTLV-III testing. In Nevada [news]
Source: AMERICAN MEDICAL NEWS. 1986 Apr 4;29(13):34.
Abstract: As a result of pending state board of health regulations, prostitutes in Nevada's 36 legal brothels soon will be required to undergo monthly testing for antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). A negative test result will also be a condition for employment. 31 of Nevada's brothels have already instituted such a testing regimen. To date, only 37 cases of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) have been reported from Nevada, 3 of which involved women. Another AIDS-related development is the decision by the Salt Lake City, Utah, Board of Education to bar from classrooms students and teachers with AIDS. Students with AIDS will be offered home study, while teachers will be suspended on sick leave or with pay. In Massachusetts, the Governor's Task Force on AIDS has rejected a proposal that the state distribute sterile hypodermic needles to drug addicts to reduce the spread of AIDS. The proposal also called for expanded methadone treatment programs and education targeted at drug abusers. There are an estimated 40,000 intravenous drug abusers in the state, and this risk group contributed about 10-15% of AIDS cases reported to date.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | UTAH | MASSACHUSETTS | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | SCREENING | TEACHERS | SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | SEX WORKERS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | DRUGS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Treatment
Document Number: 057468

19.
Title: Accounting for migration in cohort-component projections of state and local populations.
Author: Smith SK
Source: Demography. 1986 Feb;23(1):127-35.
Abstract: 3 different models of migration for cohort-component projections are developed, each using a different base, i.e., denominator, for migration rates. These models are used to produce 3 sets of population projections for a number of states in the US, using identical data and assumptions for each, except for the different formulations of migration rates. The differences in the resulting projections are analyzed, and several conclusions are drawn about the construction of migration rates for use in cohort-component population projections. A number of different approaches can be taken when projecting migration in cohort-component projection models. This study considers three. Model I uses gross inmigration and outmigration rates for each age group. The outmigration rates are based on the population of the state being projected. The inmigration rates are based on the population of the rest of the US. Model II uses the same gross inmigration and outmigration data as Model I but combines them to form net migration data. Age-specific net migration rates are made by dividing the net migration numbers by the state population in each age group. Model III also uses net migration data by age but calculates age-specific net migration rates by using the US population as a base, rather than the population of the state being projected. Projections were made from 1980 to 2030 for each of the 10 states covered -- Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Florida, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Kentucky, Montana. For rapidly growing states, large differences among the 3 migration models are apparent. Model I produced the lowest population projections and Model II produced the highest. The differences were huge. For the 2 most rapidly growing states (Nevada and Wyoming), the Model II projections were twice as large as the Model I projections by 2010 and 4 times as large by 2030. For Arizona, the Model II projections were almost 50% larger by 2010, more than twice as large by 2030. Even for Florida, a large state with a considerably lower growth rate than the other three, the Model II projection was more than 50% larger than the Model I projection by 2030. Model III projections were also uniformly higher than Model I projections but not nearly as high as Model II projections. Large differences among the migration models also can be found for the slow growing states. Of the 2 net migration models covered by this study, Model III appears to be a better model for rapidly growing areas and Model II for slowly growing or declining areas. If it is accepted that Model I is superior to either Model II or Model III, this provides additional evidence that Model III provides more realistic projections for rapidly growing areas than Model II, while for slowly growing areas the opposite is the case.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | WYOMING | ARIZONA | FLORIDA | NEW YORK | MASSACHUSETTS | PENNSYLVANIA | ARKANSAS | KENTUCKY | MONTANA | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION PROJECTION | MIGRATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | POPULATION GROWTH | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 034557

21.
Title: Assessing rural community resources for health care: the use of health services catchment area economic marketing studies.
Author: Rowley BD; Baldwin DC Jr
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 1984;18(6):525-9.
Abstract: A relatively simple method for estimating the ability of rural communities to support health provider personnel services is described and illustrated. The method consists of 6 steps: 1) determine the geographical limits and demographies of the catchment area to be studied; 2) determine the number of potential physicians' visits for the estimated population; 3) calculate the total average gross revenue of these physicians; 4) calculate the total number of uncollectables in the locality; 5) determine the total estimated revenues; and 6) calculate the number of physicians who can be supported by the population by dividing the total estimated revenues by the cost of a single physician's practice ($154,000/year in 1981). Special aspects of the approach developed by the Office of Rural Health at the University of Nevada School of Medicine include: 1) its application on a systematic basis to an entire state, utilizing identified economic marketing areas and local determination of data; 2) the use of the finished product or study, as a focus for community discussion and decision making; 3) its use as a recruitment device for physicians as well as communities, and 4) its use for long term state health and educational planning. Utilizing this method, 13 studies were conducted on different communities in rural Nevada. The potential range of the impact of these studies is illustrated by a few case examples. In 1 community the economic marketing study provided the basic data for decision making at several key junctures. It helped the community to evaluate the financial realities of a small hospital and demonstrated to them that an ambulatory clinic was more feasible. The study was also instrumental in gaining the support of the country commissioners to subsidize the clinic on a declining basis until self-sufficienty was reached. These programs allow for projection of future rural physician manpower needs, which will enable educators and recruiters to plan for such needs and to build a system of support for rural providers.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RURAL POPULATION | HUMAN RESOURCES | MANPOWER NEEDS | EVALUATION | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | PHYSICIANS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | MARKETING | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | HEALTH PERSONNEL | EVALUATION METHODOLOGY | MARKET RESEARCH | ECONOMIC MODEL | INCOME | CASE STUDIES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Planning | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Socioeconomic Factors | Studies
Document Number: 266919

22.
Title: Potential labor force supply and replacement in Mexico and the states of the Mexican Cession and Texas: 1980-2000
Author: Bradshaw BS; Frisbie WP
Source: International Migration Review. 1983 Fall;17(3):394-409.
Abstract: "The purpose of this article is to carry forward the examination of potential labor force supply and replacement of men in Mexico into the 1980-1990 and 1990-2000 decades so that the possible future course of international migration between that country and the United States may be better anticipated. In addition, to provide a degree of developmental perspective, trends in potential labor force supply and replacement in Mexico since 1930-40 are presented." As a contrast, "ratios of potential labor force supply and replacement in the southwestern United States--the states of the Mexican Cession and Texas, which were formerly part of Mexico--also are shown for the 1980-1990 and 1990-2000 intervals." The results suggest that "in Mexico, the projected number of males entering the labor force ages will be about 48 percent larger in the 1980s than in the 1970s....Fertility declined significantly in Mexico in the 1970s, and therefore the number of new entrants to the labor force ages in the 1990s will decline...." The implications for international migration between Mexico and the United States are considered. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | SOUTH AMERICA, CENTRAL | LATIN AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | POPULATION PROJECTION | LABOR FORCE | HUMAN RESOURCES | MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | ARIZONA | CALIFORNIA | COLORADO | NEVADA | NEW MEXICO | TEXAS | UTAH | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America | Developed Countries | North America | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 205871

24.
Title: Nevada.
Author: U.S. Bureau of the Census
Source: Advance reports. Final population and housing unit counts. In: 1980 census of population and housing. U.S. Bureau of the Census Washington, D.C., United States, 1981. (PHC80-V-30)7 p.
Abstract:
Language: English
Keywords:
GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEVADA | CENSUS | POPULATION STATISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology
Document Number: 212403

25.
Title: Difficulties in implementing sex education: the Nevada experience.
Author: McNab WL
Source: Journal of School Health. 1981 Apr;51(4):295-9.
Abstract: The Nevada sex education law is described along with the duties of the resultant Sex Education Advisory Committee in Clark County, efforts to cope with the opposition, current status of the program, and suggestions for those states and school districts just initiating a sex education program. The State of Nevada passed Assembly Bill No. 650 related to sex education in May 1979. The following were among the major legislative points regarding the implementation of sex education in Nevada's school systems: 1) the board of trustees of a school district may establish a course or unit of a course of instruction on the human reproductive system, related communicable diseases, and sexual responsibility; 2) if a school board establishes such a course, it shall appoint an advisory committee consisting of 4 parents of children who attend schools in the districts and 3 representatives, 1 from each of the following professions or occupations--medicine or nursing, counseling, religion, or school students; and 3) the subjects of the course may be taught only by a teacher or school nurse whose qualifications have been previously approved by the board of trustees. There were certain interpretive problems with the bill, and these exemplify the importance of clarification of the intent of an actual law pertaining to sex education. At this time in Clark County, the Sex Education Advisory Committee has completed its review of curricular and audio-visual materials to be used in the school district, and the school board has approved these materials. Suggestions for future program developers in sex education include: becoming involved in legislative efforts to develop a law regarding sex education; and providing input to elected public officials.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | SEX EDUCATION | POPULATION LAW | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | SCHOOLS | NURSES AND NURSING | STUDENTS | TEACHERS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Education | Legislation | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning
Document Number: 002683

26.
Title: Reproductive changes between generations in Nevada.
Author: Ravenholt RT; Ravenholt OH; Payne D; Arrington H
Source: [Unpublished] 1981. Presented at the 109th Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association, Los Angeles, California, November 2, 1981. 10 p.
Abstract: The data reported in this discussion were derived from public health nurse interviews by telephone with 200 mothers who delivered in Clark County (Las Vegas), Nevada during the first 7 months of 1981. Among the many study variables for which data were collected were 6 which form the basis of this report: birth order of index child, birth order of the mother, religious preference of the mother, contraception used, birth planned by mother, and additional children desired. Birth orders of the 200 study infants ranged from 1-9 and averaged 2.27; birth orders of their mothers ranged from 1-12 and averaged 2.50. Average birth orders, completed fertility, and reproductive changes between generations varied distinctively by religious preference. Roman Catholic women and those in the "other" religious preference category had greatly decreased childbearing when compared with their mothers. Current mothers of the Latter Day Saints faith increased their completed fertility 18% over that of their mothers. Little change was evident in the reproductive patterns for Protestant women included in the study, relative to that of their mothers. Noteworthy differences in family formation practices and intentions by religious preference were the higher proportion of index births planned by current Mormon mothers (74%) and the larger number of additional children desired (1.43)--about 1 child per Mormon mother greater than the number of additional children desired by Protestant women. Use of contraceptives by the current generation of mothers in Clark County has become an almost universal practice, with minimal differences between religious preference groups. The proportion of mothers having used each contraceptive method was as follows: oral contraceptives (84%); condoms (53%); vaginal foam, jelly, diaphragm (43.5%); and IUDs (16%). 30.5% of current mothers and 16.5% of their husbands had either been sterilized since the recent delivery or were planning to be sterilized. 68 mothers (34%) reported having had 89 abortions or miscarriages. Only 9 of the 200 women reported that they had never used any kind of contraceptive prior to their recent pregnancies.
Language: English
Keywords:
SURVEYS | NEVADA | BIRTH ORDER | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | MOTHERS | CATHOLICISM | PROTESTANTISM | RELIGION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Family Relationships | Family and Household | Parents | Christianity | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 006197

28.
Title: Reactions and adjustments to divorce: differences in the experiences of males and females.
Author: Albrecht SL
Source: Family Relations. 1980 Jan;29(1):59-68.
Abstract: Divorce rates in the United States have increased significantly in recent years, and the trend shows no tendency toward reversal. Consequently, an increasing number of persons is going to confront the problems associated with adjusting to the termination of a marriage. Past research on divorce adjustment has concentrated primarily on female subjects. In this analysis, the divorce experiences of males are compared with those of females for a sample of 500 ever-divorced persons from eight Rocky Mountain states. Contrary to some early suggestions, the experiences of males and females are quite different, particularly in such areas as stress associated with the divorce, property settlements, changes in social participation, and effects on income. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DIVORCE | SEX FACTORS | STRESS | OWNERSHIP | INCOME | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SAMPLING STUDIES | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | ARIZONA | COLORADO | IDAHO | MONTANA | NEW MEXICO | NEVADA | UTAH | WYOMING | Nuptiality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology
Document Number: 207201


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