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Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women in Lesotho and implications for mother-to-child transmission.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):269-78.
Abstract: In Lesotho, the risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV is substantial; women of childbearing age have a high HIV prevalence rate (26.4%), low knowledge of HIV status and a total fertility rate of 3.5 births per woman. An effective means of preventing MTCT is to reduce unwanted fertility. This paper examines the unmet need for contraception to limit and space births among HIV-positive women in Lesotho aged 15-49 years, using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. HIV-positive women have their need for contraception unmet in almost one-third of cases, and multivariate analysis reveals this unmet need is most likely amongst the poor and amongst those not approving of family planning. Urgent action is needed to lower the level of unmet need and reduce MTCT. A constructive strategy is to improve access to family planning for all women in Lesotho, irrespective of HIV status, and, more specifically, integrate family planning with MTCT prevention and voluntary counselling and testing services.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | BIRTH SPACING | POVERTY | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331114

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual risk behaviour of the first cohort undergoing screening for enrollment into Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in South Africa.
Author: Andersson KM; Van Niekerk RM; Niccolai LM; Mlungwana ON; Holdsworth IM; Bogoshi M; McIntyre JA; Gray GE; Vardas E
Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Feb;20(2):95-101.
Abstract: We assessed risk behaviour in a heterosexual cohort undergoing prescreening for the first Phase I/II HIV vaccine trials in Soweto. We developed a survey and collected self-reported data from HIV-negative potential volunteers. Of 488 participants, most were single and approximately half were from households with incomes below the poverty level. Males reported higher rates of heavy alcohol use (P < 0.001), marijuana use (P < 0.001) and other recreational drug use (P < 0.01). Males reported more sex partners than females in the previous six months (P < 0.001), as well as more casual/anonymous partners (P < 0.001) and one-night stands (P < 0.001). Multivariate analyses revealed substance use and male gender predicted higher risk behaviours, including <100% condom use with known/suspected HIV-positive partners, having casual/anonymous partners and having more than two partners. For this population, male volunteers may need increased risk-reduction counselling during Phase I/II trials and additional recruitment methods may be necessary to identify high-risk female volunteers for Phase III efficacy trials.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL TRIALS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | VACCINES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SCREENING | POVERTY | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Data Analysis | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 331093

Peer Reviewed

Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame?
Author: Aslam M
Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Jul;57(4):747-784.
Abstract: Differential labor market returns to male and female education are one potential explanation for large gender gaps in education in Pakistan. We empirically test this explanation by estimating private returns to education separately for male and female wage earners. This article contributes to the literature by using a variety of methodologies (ordinary least squares, Heckman correction, two-stage least squares, and household fixed effects) in order to estimate economic returns to education. The latest nationally representative data-the Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (2002)-are used. Earnings function estimates consistently reveal a sizable gender asymmetry in economic returns to education, with returns to women's education being substantially and statistically significantly higher than men's. The return to an additional year of schooling ranges between 7% and 11% for men and between 13% and 18% for women. There are also large, direct returns to women's education at low levels of schooling, and the education-earnings profile is more convex for women than for men. However, a decomposition of the gender wage gap (into the component "explained" by differing male and female endowments and the residual component) suggests that there is highly differentiated treatment by employers. We conclude that the total labor market returns are much higher for men, despite returns to education being higher for women. This suggests that parents may have an investment motive in allocating more resources to boys than to girls within households.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | SPOUSE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | INCOME | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior
Document Number: 341095

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of male circumcision on the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus in young men: results of a randomized controlled trial conducted in orange farm, South Africa.
Author: Auvert B; Sobngwi-Tambekou J; Cutler E; Nieuwoudt M; Lissouba P; Puren A; Taljaard D
Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jan 1;199(1):14-9.
Abstract: The authors used data from a male circumcision (MC) trial conducted in Orange Farm, South Africa among men aged 18-24 years to investigate the association between male circumcision (MC) and the prevalence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) among young men. Urethral swab samples were collected during a period of 262 consecutive days from participants in the intervention (circumcised) and control (uncircumcised) groups who were reporting for a scheduled follow-up visit. Swab samples were analyzed using polymerase chain reaction. HR-HPV prevalence rate ratios were assessed using univariate and multivariate log Poisson regression. In an intention-to-treat analysis, the prevalence of HR-HPV among the intervention group was 14.8% (94/637) and in the control group was 22.3% (140/627). Controlling for propensity score and confounders (ethnic group, age, education, sexual behavior [including condom use], marital status, and human immunodeficiency virus status) had no effect on the results. This is the first randomized controlled trial to show a reduction in the prevalence of urethral HR-HPV infection after MC. This finding explains why women with circumcised partners are at a lower risk of cervical cancer than other women.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | YOUTH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MEN | MALE CIRCUMCISION | HPV | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Biology
Document Number: 328586

Peer Reviewed

Title: Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic.
Author: Barrington C; Latkin C; Sweat MD; Moreno L; Ellen J; Kerrigan D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(11):2037-2044.
Abstract: Male partners of female sex workers are rarely targeted by HIV prevention interventions in the commercial sex industry, despite recognition of their central role and power in condom use negotiation. Social networks offer a naturally existing social structure to increase male participation in preventing HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network norms and condom use among male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Male partners (N =318) were recruited from 36 sex establishments to participate in a personal network survey. Measures of social network norms included 1) perceived condom use by male social network members and 2) encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Other social network characteristics included composition, density, social support, and communication. The primary behavioral outcome was consistent condom use by male partners with their most recent female sex worker partner during the last 3 months. In general, men reported small, dense networks with high levels of communication about condoms and consistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression revealed consistent condom use was significantly more likely among male partners who perceived that some or all of their male social network members used condoms consistently. Perceived condom use was, in turn, significantly associated with dense networks, expressing dislike for condoms, and encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Findings suggest that the tight social networks of male partners may help to explain the high level of condom use and could provide an entry point for HIV prevention efforts with men. Such efforts should tap into existing social dynamics and patterns of communication to promote pro-condom norms and reduce HIV-related vulnerability among men and their sexual partners.
Language: English
Keywords:
DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331004

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection among children with severe malaria.
Author: Berkley JA; Bejon P; Mwangi T; Gwer S; Maitland K; Williams TN; Mohammed S; Osier F; Kinyanjui S; Fegan G; Lowe BS; English M; Peshu N; Marsh K; Newton CR
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Aug 1;49(3):336-43.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, malnutrition, and invasive bacterial infection (IBI) are reported among children with severe malaria. However, it is unclear whether their cooccurrence with falciparum parasitization and severe disease happens by chance or by association among children in areas where malaria is endemic. METHODS: We examined 3068 consecutive children admitted to a Kenyan district hospital with clinical features of severe malaria and 592 control subjects from the community. We performed multivariable regression analysis, with each case weighted for its probability of being due to falciparum malaria, using estimates of the fraction of severe disease attributable to malaria at different parasite densities derived from cross-sectional parasitological surveys of healthy children from the same community. RESULTS: HIV infection was present in 133 (12%) of 1071 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% confidence interval [CI], 11%-15%). Parasite densities were higher in HIV-infected children. The odds ratio for admission associated with HIV infection for admission with true severe falciparum malaria was 9.6 (95% CI, 4.9-19); however, this effect was restricted to children aged 1 year. Malnutrition was present in 507 (25%) of 2048 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% CI, 23%-27%). The odd ratio associated with malnutrition for admission with true severe falciparum malaria was 4.0 (95% CI, 2.9-5.5). IBI was detected in 127 (6%) of 2048 consecutive parasitemic admitted children (95% CI, 5.2%-7.3%). All 3 comorbidities were associated with increased case fatality. CONCLUSIONS: HIV, malnutrition and IBI are biologically associated with severe disease due to falciparum malaria rather than being simply alternative diagnoses in co-incidentally parasitized children in an endemic area.
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | MALARIA | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | MALNUTRITION | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | CASE FATALITY RATE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Infections | Death Rate | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342633

Peer Reviewed

Title: Determinants of nonadherence to a single-dose nevirapine regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in Rwanda.
Author: Delvaux T; Elul B; Ndagije F; Munyana E; Roberfroid D; Asiimwe A
Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Feb 1;50(2):223-30.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To describe experiences, and identify factors associated with nonadherence to a single-dose nevirapine (SD-NVP) regimen for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) of HIV in Rwanda. METHODS: In April to May 2006, using a case-control design at 12 PMTCT sites, we interviewed HIV-infected women who did not adhere (n = 111) and who adhered (n = 125) to the PMTCT prophylaxis regimen. Nonadherence was defined as mother and/or infant not ingesting SD-NVP at the recommended time or not at all and adherence as mother-infant pairs who ingested it as recommended. RESULTS: Only 61% of nonadherent women had received SD-NVP during pregnancy or delivery. Among nonadherent women who received SD-NVP, 80% ingested it at the recommended time, representing 49% of all nonadherent women. Only 7% of their newborns ingested SD-NVP. Multivariate logistic regression showed that unmarried women, less educated women, women who made 2 or less antenatal care visits, and those offered HIV testing after their first antenatal care visit were more likely to be nonadherent to PMTCT prophylaxis. Not disclosing one's HIV status to someone aside from a partner was also associated with nonadherence in mother-infant pairs. CONCLUSIONS: Sociodemographic factors, health services delivery factors, and a lack of communication and social support contributed to nonadherence to PMTCT prophylaxis in Rwanda.
Language: English
Keywords:
RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | USER COMPLIANCE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PREVALENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ANTENATAL CARE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 330370

Peer Reviewed

Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines.
Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371.
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement
Document Number: 341085

10.

Title: Birth weight of offspring, maternal pre-pregnancy characteristics, and mortality of mothers: the Jerusalem perinatal study cohort.
Author: Friedlander Y; Manor O; Paltiel O; Meiner V; Sharon N; Calderon R; Hochner H; Sagy Y; Avgil M; Harlap S; Siscovick DS
Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;19(2):112-7.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To explore the association between birth weight in offspring, a marker of the intrauterine environment, and mortality in their mothers, taking into account maternal pre-pregnancy characteristics, including maternal body mass index (BMI), smoking, and socioeconomic status. Distinguishing the effects of offspring's birth weight and pre-pregnancy characteristics on maternal outcome may provide clues regarding mechanisms underlying the association between birth weight and maternal mortality. METHODS: We studied long-term total mortality (average follow-up period, 29.1 years) in a population-based cohort of 13,185 mothers, aged 15 to 48 years at their offspring's birth, who delivered in West Jerusalem during 1974 through 1976. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate Cox-proportional hazard models used to estimate the hazard of overall mortality among mothers indicated a nonlinear relationship with birth weight of offspring when introduced into the models as a continuous variable, and a linear positive association with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Inclusion of maternal BMI and other pre-pregnancy characteristics in the model did not alter the association between offspring's birth weight and mothers' all-cause mortality. When birth weight was introduced as a categorical variable, higher mortality was observed among mothers who gave birth to babies with birth weight less than 2500 g (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.90; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.23-2.94) as compared to mothers whose offspring had birth weight between 3000 and 3499 g. The HR for mothers who gave birth to babies with birth weight 4000 g or more was 1.30 (95%CI, 0.88-1.91). CONCLUSIONS: Independent of pre-pregnancy maternal BMI and other characteristics, birth weight of offspring was associated with mortality in their mothers, suggesting that intrauterine metabolic events reflected by birth weight and not explained by maternal obesity, smoking, and socioeconomic status have remote consequences for maternal health. These findings underline the need to explore specific genetic and/or environmental mechanisms that account for these associations.
Language: English
Keywords:
ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | INFANT | PREGNANT WOMEN | BIRTH WEIGHT | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | MATERNAL HEALTH | Developed Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health
Document Number: 331228

11.

Title: Circumcision and sexual behavior: factors independently associated with human papillomavirus detection among men in the HIM study.
Author: Giuliano AR; Lazcano E; Villa LL; Flores R; Salmeron J; Lee JH; Papenfuss M; Abrahamsen M; Baggio ML; Silva R; Quiterio M
Source: International Journal of Cancer. 2009 Mar 15;124(6):1251-7.
Abstract: There is growing interest in understanding human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and related disease among men. To date there have been numerous studies reporting HPV DNA prevalence among men from several different countries, however, few have incorporated multivariable analyses to determine factors independently associated with male HPV detection. The purpose of this study was to assess the factors independently associated with HPV detection in men ages 18-70 years residing in Brazil (n = 343), Mexico (n = 312), and the United States (US) (n = 333). In samples combined from the coronal sulcus, glans penis, shaft, and scrotum, we evaluated factors associated with any, oncogenic, and nononcogenic HPV infections. In multivariable analyses, detection of any HPV infection was significantly associated with reported race of Asian/Pacific Islander, lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. Oncogenic HPV detection was independently associated with lifetime and recent number of sexual partners, and having sex in the past 3 months. NonOncogenic HPV infection was independently associated with lifetime number of sexual partners. Circumcision, assessed by clinical examination, was associated with reduced risk of HPV detection across all categories of HPV evaluated. HPV detection in men in the current study was strongly related to sexual behavior and circumcision status. Interventions such as circumcision may provide a low-cost method to reduce HPV infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
LATIN AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MEN | ASIANS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREVALENCE | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | HPV | Americas | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Measurement | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 330377

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Self-medication prevalence for sexually transmitted diseases: meta-analysis and meta-regression of population level determinants.
Author: Gomez GB; Garnett GP; Ward H
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Feb;36(2):112-9.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Estimated prevalence of self-medication for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) in observational studies differs between studies and it may vary according to population characteristics. METHODS: We investigated the extent of self-medication use for STD and explored population and study level factors correlated to the variability observed between populations. Medical databases were systematically searched for published studies. Crude prevalence data were extracted. Pooled estimates were calculated using random effects models. Univariate and multivariate meta-regression models with categorical population level covariates were constructed. RESULTS: Of the 35 studies that met the inclusion criteria for all self-medication use, 20 were also included in the analysis of antibiotic only use. There was significant heterogeneity present across prevalence estimates for all self-medication, Q = 3954.82, P <0.001; and among antibiotic only self-medication, Q = 3797.94, P <0.001. In meta-regression analyses, publication year seemed to explain 22.5% of variation among studies of self-medication with antibiotic only. No other significant associations with population or study characteristics were found. CONCLUSIONS: No population level factors leading to high levels of self-medication use for STD were identified. Publications before year 2000 seem to present a higher prevalence of antibiotic use for self-medication. Greater risk awareness of antibiotic misuse and improved control of antibiotic availability at population level might explain this result. An analysis of individual level characteristics should indicate which are influential and whether their local prevalence can explain the observed heterogeneity better.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | TARGET POPULATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PREVALENCE | SELF CARE | ANTIBIOTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Population
Document Number: 330365

13.

Title: Factors associated with increased prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of HIV-infected Brazilian women.
Author: Grinsztejn B; Veloso VG; Levi JE; Velasque L; Luz PM; Friedman RK; Andrade AC; Moreira RI; Russomano F; Pilotto JH; Bastos FI; Palefsky J
Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jan;13(1):72-80.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for cervical disease. Using baseline data from the HIV-infected cohort of Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute at Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, factors associated with an increased prevalence of HPV were assessed. METHODS: Samples from 634 HIV-infected women were tested for the presence of HPV infection using hybrid capture II and polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression analysis with robust variance. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 48%, of which 94% were infected with a high-risk HPV. In multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with infection with high-risk HPV type were: younger age (<30 years of age; PR 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.1), current or prior drug use (PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.6), self-reported history of HPV infection (PR 1.2, 95% CI 0.96-1.6), condom use in the last sexual intercourse (PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7), and nadir CD4+ T-cell count <100cells/mm(3) (PR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1). CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of high-risk HPV-infection among HIV-infected women from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was high. Close monitoring of HPV-related effects is warranted in all HIV-infected women, in particular those of younger age and advanced immunosuppression.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PREVALENCE | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HPV | HIV | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 329678

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing health status and health expectancies among older adults in China: gender differences from 1992 to 2002.
Author: Gu D; Dupre ME; Warner DF; Zeng Y
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(12):2170-9.
Abstract: Numerous studies document improvements in health status and health expectancies among older adults over time. However, most evidence is from developed nations and gender differences in health trends are often inconsistent. It remains unknown whether changes in health in developing countries resemble Western trends or whether patterns of health improvement are unique to the country's epidemiologic transition and gender norms. Using two nationally representative samples of non-institutionalized adults in China aged 65 years and older, this study investigates gender differences in the improvements in disability, chronic disease prevalence, and self-rated health from 1992 to 2002. Results from multivariate logistic regression models show that all three indicators of health improved over the 10-year period, with the largest improvement in self-rated health. With the exception of disability, the health of women improved more than men. Using Sullivan's decomposition methods, we also show that active life expectancy, disease-free life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy increased over this decade and were patterned differently according to gender. Overall, the findings demonstrate that China experienced broad health improvements during its early stages of the epidemiologic transition and that these changes were not uniform by gender. We discuss the public health implications of the findings in the context of China's rapidly aging population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | GENDER ISSUES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DISEASES | LIFE STYLE | QUALITY OF LIFE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342740

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among men, transgenders and women selling sex in two cities in Pakistan: a cross-sectional prevalence survey.
Author: Hawkes S; Collumbien M; Platt L; Lalji N; Andreasen A; Chow J; Muzaffar R; ur-Rehman H; Siddiqui N; Hasan S; Bokhari A
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 2):ii8-ii16.
Abstract: Objectives: The extent and possibilities of spread of the HIV epidemic are not fully understood in Pakistan. A survey was conducted among men, women and transgender populations selling sex in Rawalpindi (Punjab) and Abbottabad (North West Frontier Province) in order to inform evidence-based programme planning. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was performed with participants recruited through respondent-driven sampling. Male and transgender sex workers were analysed in three gender groups; women were analysed as one group. Behavioural surveys were conducted and clinical specimens collected. Laboratory tests looked for evidence of acute infection (gonorrhoea, Chlamydia, syphilis, Trichomonas) and infection over the lifetime (HIV, herpes simplex virus-2, syphilis). Predictors of infection were explored using univariable and multivariable logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of HIV was low in 917 male and transgender sex workers and absent in 533 female sex workers in the study. High levels of current sexually transmitted infections were found, predominantly among transgender sex workers. Risk behaviours were common and knowledge of HIV was extremely low. Multivariable analysis found a large number of factors associated with higher levels of infection, including experience of forced first sex. Protection against risk was low, but those sex workers who reported using condoms at last sex had lower rates of infection. Conclusions: The HIV epidemic is currently in its early stages among people who sell sex, but there may be potential for a much greater spread given the levels of other sexually transmitted infections found and the concomitant low levels of both protective knowledge and risk-reducing behaviours. Action is needed now to avert an epidemic. Framing interventions by upholding the recognition and protection of human rights is vital.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | PREVALENCE | PROGRAM DESIGN | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | SEX FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Data Analysis | Behavior | Measurement | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 340118

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sub-Saharan African university students' beliefs about condoms, condom-use intention, and subsequent condom use: a prospective study.
Author: Heeren GA; Jemmott 3d JB; Mandeya A; Tyler JC
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):268-276.
Abstract: This study examined whether certain behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs, and control beliefs predict the intention to use condoms and subsequent condom use among 320 undergraduates at a university in South Africa. The students completed confidential questionnaires on two occasions separated by three months. Participants' mean age was 23.4 years, 47.8% were women, 48.9% were South Africans, and 51.1% were from other sub-Saharan African countries. Multiple regression revealed that condom-use intention was predicted by hedonistic behavioral beliefs, normative beliefs regarding sexual partners and peers, and control beliefs regarding condom-use technical skill and impulse control. Logistic regression revealed that baseline condom-use intention predicted consistent condom use and condom use during most recent intercourse at three-month follow-up.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | BELIEFS | UNIVERSITIES | CONDOMS | CONDOM USE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SAFER SEX | PEER PRESSURE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Schools | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors | Psychosocial Factors
Document Number: 340124

17.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Association Between Testing for Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Changes in Risk Behaviors Among Injecting Drug Users in Southern China.
Author: Jin X; Smith K; Sun Y; Ding G; Yao Y; Xu J; Chang D; Wang G; Zhu Y; Wang N
Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 May 18;
Abstract: BACKGROUND:: There is growing need for research in China regarding posttest risk behavior differences among injecting drug users that explores the effect of various testing modes (nonvoluntary vs. voluntary) and other related factors on changes in posttest risk behaviors. METHODS:: One hundred seventy-two study subjects self-reported human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related personal risk behaviors including condom use rates and needle-sharing habits. Fisher exact test and multivariate regression analysis compared the impact of HIV testing mode on ongoing risk behaviors for HIV transmission. RESULTS:: The study found that those who received positive test results were 5.37 times more likely to increase condom use with regular sexual partners, that men were 8.8 times more likely than women to increase posttest condom use in commercial sexual activities. Needle-sharing behavior was significantly lower for subjects who tested HIV-positive (odds ratio [OR]: 4.5), who notified sexual partners of test results (OR: 0.03), and who had tested voluntarily (OR: 0.04). CONCLUSION:: Based on the study results this report concludes that voluntary HIV testing and encouragement of partner notification of test results should be incorporated into China's national testing strategy.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV TESTING | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | HIV TRANSMISSION | CONDOM USE | NEEDLE SHARING | SEX FACTORS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | NOTIFICATION | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Interpersonal Relations
Document Number: 341498

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among sex workers in Madagascar.
Author: Khan MR; Turner AN; Pettifor A; Van Damme K; Rabenja NL; Ravelomanana N; Swezey T; Williams D; Jamieson D; Behets F
Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):221-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The study was conducted to investigate past and future pregnancy preferences and contraceptive need among Malagasy sex workers. STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed data on pregnancy and contraceptive use collected during the baseline visit of a randomized, prospective formative trial which assessed diaphragm and microbicide acceptability among sex workers. To be eligible, women could not be pregnant or planning pregnancy for the next 2 months. RESULTS: Women (N=192) from four cities (Antananarivo, Antsiranana, Mahajanga and Toamasina) reported a median of 10 sex acts per week. Fifty-two percent reported a prior unwanted pregnancy, 45% at least one induced abortion and 86% that preventing future pregnancy was moderately to very important. During the last sex act, 24% used a hormonal method, 36% used a male condom, 2% used a traditional method and 38% used no method. Nearly 30% of participants reported that pregnancy prevention was moderately or very important but used no contraception at last sex; these women were categorized as having "unmet need" for contraception. In multivariable binomial regression analyses, factors associated with unmet need included low knowledge of contraceptive effectiveness [age- and site-adjusted prevalence ratio (PR): 2.1; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.4-3.0] and low self-efficacy to negotiate condom use (age- and site-adjusted PR: 2.0; 95% CI: 1.4-3.0). CONCLUSIONS: Among these women, prior unwanted pregnancy and induced abortion were common and preventing future pregnancy was important, yet gaps in contraceptive use were substantial. Contraceptive knowledge and self-efficacy should be improved to promote contraceptive use by sex workers.
Language: English
Keywords:
MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | ABORTION RATE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Evaluation | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Control, Postconception | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 330055 Notification

19.

20.

Title: Estrogens, oral contraceptives and hormonal replacement therapy increase the incidence of cutaneous melanoma: a population-based case-control study.
Author: Koomen ER; Joosse A; Herings RM; Casparie MK; Guchelaar HJ; Nijsten T
Source: Annals of Oncology. 2009 Feb;20(2):358-64.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Multiple studies showed conflicting results on the association between oral contraceptive (OC) use and the development of cutaneous melanoma (CM). We investigated the association between estrogen use and CM incidence. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data from PHARMO Pharmacy database and PALGA, the pathology database in The Netherlands, were linked. Women, >or=18 years, with a pathology report of a primary CM from 1 January 1991 to 14 December 2004 and >or=3 years of follow-up before CM diagnosis were eligible cases. Controls were matched for age and geographic region. Multivariate logistic regression was used to calculate adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for the association between CM incidence and estrogen use, OCs and hormonal replacement therapy (HRT), separately. RESULTS: In total, 778 cases and 4072 controls were included. CM risk was significantly associated with estrogen use (>or=0.5 year; adjusted OR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.19-1.69). This effect was cumulative dose dependent (P trend < 0.001). CM risk was also significantly associated with the use of HRT (>or=0.5 year: OR = 2.08; 95% CI 1.37-3.14) and OC (>or=0.5 year: OR = 1.28; 95% CI 1.06-1.54). CONCLUSION: Our study suggests a cumulative dose-dependent increased risk of CM with the use of estrogens.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ESTROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | PREVALENCE | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CANCER | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Measurement | Neoplasms | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Drugs
Document Number: 331000

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The role of controlling behaviour in intimate partner violence and its health effects: a population based study from rural Vietnam.
Author: Krantz G; Nguyen Dang V
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 May 14;9(1):143.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: It has been proposed that intimate partner violence is not a single phenomenon but consists of two distinct types of violence, defined conceptually in terms of the presence or absence of controlling behaviour in the violent member of the couple. Studies performed in high income countries support this hypothesis but no studies are available from a low income country. This study wanted to test this hypothesis in a low income setting focusing on men's use of physical/sexual violence with and without control tactics and resulting health effects in rural Vietnam. Of particular interest was whether men's controlling behaviour acted synergistically with physical/sexual violence to aggravate the health outcome. METHODS: In this cross sectional study data was collected among 883 married or partnered women aged 17-60. Structured interviews following a questionnaire developed for violence research were used. Control tactics were assessed by six items combined into a scale with Cronbach alfa of .80. Bi- and multivariate analyses were performed, including effect modification analyses. RESULTS: Of the participating women, 81 (9.2 per cent) had been exposed to physical and/or sexual violence in the past 12 months and of these, 26 had experienced one or more control tactics by their partner. Physical/sexual violence was highly associated with women's pain and discomfort (OR 3.40 (1.85-6.27) and with sadness and depression (OR 4.06 (2.40-6.88), while for suicidal thoughts control tactics were the strongest risk factor (OR 4.41; 1.95-10.02) when controlling for possible confounders. The combined effect of controlling behaviour and physical/sexual violence considerably elevated the risk of ill-health and synergy was present. Controlling men differed in terms of psychosocial characteristics and used more severe violence as compared to men not employing any control tactics. CONCLUSIONS: Physical and/or sexual violence is a serious threat to health in Vietnamese women, especially when combined with controlling behaviours. Health policy and programmes in Vietnam need to address the issue of violence as a most serious violation of gender equity ideas and as an unacceptable part of normal family life.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DISEASES | HEALTH | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341485

22.

Title: Risk-taking behaviour is more frequent in teenage girls with multiple sexual partners.
Author: Kuortti M; Kosunen E
Source: Scandinavian Journal of Primary Health Care. 2009;27(1):47-52.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations between sexual behaviour and risk-taking health behaviour among adolescent females in our changing sexual culture. DESIGN: A questionnaire study. Girls who had had multiple sexual partners (at least five in their lifetime or four during the last six months) were compared with those with fewer partners. Logistic regression was applied. SETTING: The Adolescent Clinic, a primary healthcare unit in the city of Tampere, Finland. SUBJECTS: A sample of 247 female clients aged 15-18 years who had experienced sexual intercourse. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Contraceptive practices, substance use, and sexual attitudes. RESULTS: Girls with multiple sexual partners (n = 69) and the reference group (n = 178) did not differ from each other significantly by age, age at menarche, or educational status. In univariate analysis, age at sexual debut, contraceptive practices, and various substance uses were strongly associated with having multiple sexual partners. Ever-use of emergency contraception was marginally associated, while ever-use of conventional hormonal contraception or condoms was not. In multivariate analysis, low age at sexual debut (OR 8.75 for age 11-13), omitting contraception at the most recent intercourse (OR 3.48), ever-use of withdrawal as a contraceptive method (OR 2.34), and repeated use of drugs (OR 4.10) were associated with having multiple sexual partners. CONCLUSION: Different types of risk-taking behaviour are still interlinked. In discussions with adolescents showing one type of risk behaviour health service providers should make an effort to identify other modes of risk-taking.
Language: English
Keywords:
FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ATTITUDES | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 330352

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of maternal multimicronutrient supplementation on the mental development of infants in rural western China: follow-up evaluation of a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.
Author: Li Q; Yan H; Zeng L; Cheng Y; Liang W; Dang S; Wang Q; Tsuji I
Source: Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;123(4):e685-92.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigated the benefits of maternal multimicronutrient supplementation during gestation on the mental and psychomotor development of infants. METHODS: In a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial, pregnant women (N = 5828) in 2 rural counties in western China were assigned randomly to receive multimicronutrient (5 minerals and 10 vitamins at levels approximating the recommended daily allowance), folic acid plus iron, or folic acid supplementation daily from approximately 14 weeks of gestation until delivery. We assessed a subset of the newborns (N = 1305) from the 3 supplementation groups by measuring their mental and psychomotor development with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development, at 3, 6, and 12 months of age. Multilevel analyses were used to compare the mental development and psychomotor development raw scores at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: Multimicronutrient supplementation was associated with mean increases in mental development raw scores for infants at 1 year of age of 1.00 and 1.22 points, compared with folic acid only and folic acid plus iron supplementation, respectively. However, supplementation did not increase significantly the psychomotor development raw scores up to 1 year of age. CONCLUSION: Compared with iron and folic acid supplementation, the administration of multimicronutrients to pregnant women improved the mental development of their children at 1 year of age.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | INFANT | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | INTELLIGENCE | ANTENATAL CARE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services
Document Number: 331245

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Behavioral and psychosocial predictors of condom use among university students in Eastern China.
Author: Ma Q; Ono-Kihara M; Cong L; Pan X; Xu G; Zamani S; Ravari SM; Kihara M
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):249-59.
Abstract: In China the HIV epidemic has started to infiltrate into a broader population through heterosexual contact and particularly to impact young people. The purpose of this study was to identify behavioral and psychosocial correlates of condom use among Chinese university students. A self-administered questionnaire survey with cross-sectional design was conducted among all classes of undergraduate students at two universities in one municipality of Eastern China, 2003. Data obtained from 1850 sexually active students who answered the question on condom use during the previous year were used for analysis. Frequent (always/often) condom use during the previous year was reported by only about 40% of both men and women. Multivariate analysis revealed that condom use during the first sexual experience, oral contraceptive use in the previous year and higher condom self-efficacy score in both genders were potent predictors of frequent condom use, while frequent condom use was less likely practiced by men who ever had non-vaginal sex, by those with higher risk-awareness for pregnancy/HIV/sexually transmitted diseases and by women with lower scores for perceived condom benefits. Safe sex education for Chinese students should be urgently introduced and should not be limited to knowledge provision but should also address psychosocial factors, such as condom self-efficacy and gender differences adequately to effectively encourage safer behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | YOUTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENDER ISSUES | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | KNOWLEDGE | SEX EDUCATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 330225

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Early initiation of sexual activity: a risk factor for sexually transmitted diseases, HIV infection, and unwanted pregnancy among university students in China.
Author: Ma Q; Ono-Kihara M; Cong L; Xu G; Pan X; Zamani S; Ravari SM; Zhang D; Homma T; Kihara M
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:111.
Abstract: This study explored any association between the timing of the initiation of sexual activity and sexual behaviors and risks among university students in China. Data were derived from a cross-sectional study on sexual behavior among university students conducted in Ningbo municipality at the end of 2003. Students completed a self-administered, structured questionnaire. Of 1,981 sexually active male students, 1,908 (96.3%) completed the item for timing of the initiation of sexual activity and were included in analyses to compare the association between this timing and sexual behavior and risks. Compared with late initiators, male early sexual initiators had a significantly higher risk profile, including a significantly higher proportion reporting non-regular partners (i.e., casual or commercial partners), multiple partners, diagnosis with an STI, partner history of pregnancy, partner history of induced abortion, and less condom and oral contraceptive use. Multivariate analyses confirmed the increased likelihood of these risks in early initiators versus late initiators, other than partner type during the last year. The authors conclude that sex-education strategies should be focused on an earlier age, should include advice on delaying the age of first sexual activity, and should target young people who continue to take sexual risks.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | MEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | UNIVERSITIES | FIRST INTERCOURSE | RISK FACTORS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Schools | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 341409

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Factors associated with HIV testing among sexually active South African youth aged 15-24 years.
Author: MacPhail C; Pettifor A; Moyo W; Rees H
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):456-467.
Abstract: The authors explored the correlates of HIV testing using data from youth aged 15-24 years old who reported being sexually experienced during a national survey conducted in South Africa in 2003 (N=7,665). Among sexually experienced youth, 32.7% of females and 17.7% of males reported having been tested for HIV. In multivariable analysis, ever being pregnant, ever starting a conversation about HIV/AIDS, and urban residence were independent correlates of HIV testing among sexually experienced females. Among sexually experienced males, HIV-positive status, personally knowing someone that died of AIDS, being aged 20-24 years, and having completed high school were independent correlates of HIV testing. The following factors were significantly associated with HIV testing among both men and women: ever talking to parents about HIV/AIDS, ever participating in a loveLife program, a higher frequency of visits to a clinic in the past 12 months, and non-black race (p<0.05).
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 340179

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Rates of follow-up and repeat pregnancy in the 12 months after first-trimester induced abortion.
Author: Madden T; Westhoff C
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Mar;113(3):663-8.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the proportion of women who returned for a routine follow-up visit after elective abortion and to identify factors associated with repeat pregnancy in the subsequent year. METHODS: We performed a historical cohort study of 865 women who underwent first-trimester surgical abortion at a hospital-based family planning clinic between March 2003 and February 2004. We collected demographic and clinical data from procedure notes and a computerized hospital patient database. We used univariable and multivariable logistic regression to analyze associations between patient characteristics and repeat pregnancy within 1 year. RESULTS: There were a total of 865 women in our cohort. Of these, 753 (87%) returned to the medical center for care; 485 women returned on time, 268 women returned late, and 112 had no further visit. There were 161 repeat pregnancies; 87 (17.9%) in the on-time group and 74 (27.6%) in the late group (P<.001). There were 85 repeat abortions; 42 (8.7%) in the on-time group and 43 (16.0%) in the late group (P<.001). Multivariable analysis demonstrated that on-time follow-up was associated with a reduction in repeat pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 0.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.37-0.77) and repeat abortion (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.33-0.86). A total of 130 women received injectable depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) at the time of abortion. The rates of repeat pregnancy and abortion in these women were 13.7% and 6.2%, respectively. Women who received DMPA had a decrease in rates of repeat pregnancy (OR 0.41, 95% CI 0.23-0.73) and repeat abortion (OR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20-0.99). CONCLUSION: Timely follow-up and immediate administration of DMPA are associated with a decrease in repeat pregnancy in the 12 months after first-trimester elective abortion.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | POSTABORTION CARE | TIME FACTORS | PREGNANCY RATE | DEPO-PROVERA | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs
Document Number: 331068

28.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in sexual experience, contraceptive use, and teenage childbearing: 1992-2002.
Author: Manlove J; Ikramullah E; Mincieli L; Holcombe E; Danish S
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 May;44(5):413-23.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To examine how cohort trends in family, individual, and relationship characteristics are linked to trends in adolescent reproductive health outcomes to provide a better understanding of factors behind recent declines in teenage birth rates. METHODS: We examine a sample of three cohorts of females and males aged 15-19 in 1992, 1997, and 2002, based on retrospective information from the 2002 National Survey of Family Growth. We identify how family, individual, and relationship characteristics are associated with the transition to sexual intercourse, contraceptive use at first sex, and the transition to a teen birth. RESULTS: Cohort trends and multivariate analyses indicate changes in family and relationship characteristics among American teens have been associated with positive trends in reproductive health since the early 1990s. Factors associated with improvement in adolescent reproductive health include positive changes in family environments (including increases in parental education and a reduced likelihood of being born to a teen mother) and positive trends in sexual relationships (including an increasing age at first sex and reductions in older partners). These positive trends may be offset, in part, by negative changes in family environments (including an increased likelihood of being born to unmarried parents) and the changing racial/ethnic composition of the teen population. CONCLUSIONS: Recent increases in the U.S. teen birth rate highlight the continued importance of improving reproductive health outcomes. Our research suggests that it is important for programs to take into consideration how family, individual, and relationship environments influence decision-making about sex, contraception, and childbearing.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURV