1.  Title: El Salvador. Young mothers' clubs promote reproductive health. El Salvador. Los clubes de madres jóvenes fomentan la salud reproductiva. Author: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. School of Medicine. Program for International Training in Health [INTRAH]. PRIME Project Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, INTRAH, PRIME, 2001 Jul 16. [2] p. (Prime Voices No. 3USAID Grant No. HRN-A-00-99-00022-00) Abstract: As part of an effort to develop an adolescent-friendly approach to reproductive health care, the PRIME II Project has helped maternity hospitals in three rural districts of El Salvador to form young mothers’ clubs in which pregnant adolescents learn how to knit. Enabling young women to make clothes for their babies, the clubs also provide a forum where nurses and doctors can discuss reproductive health issues with the adolescents and answer their questions. The goals of the clubs—in addition to healthy deliveries and well-swaddled infants—include the prevention of future unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections and the promotion of birth spacing. For the majority of participants, the clubs provide the first education in sexual and reproductive health they have ever received. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: El Proyecto PRIME II ha colaborado con las maternidades de tres zonas rurales de El Salvador para formar clubes de madres jóvenes en los que las adolescentes embarazadas aprenden a tejer como parte de un esfuerzo para desarrollar un enfoque sobre el cuidado de la salud reproductiva que resulte atractivo para las adolescentes. Además de capacitar a las jóvenes para que confeccionen ropa para sus bebés, los clubes también actúan como foros donde las enfermeras y los médicos pueden analizar los temas de salud reproductiva con las adolescentes y responder a sus preguntas. Los objetivos de los clubes, además de lograr partos sanos y niños con vestimenta adecuada, incluyen la prevención de futuros embarazos no planificados y de enfermedades de transmisión sexual y la promoción de intervalos de tiempo entre los nacimientos. Para la mayoría de los participantes, los clubes constituyen la primera posibilidad de educación en salud sexual y reproductiva que se les presenta. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: EL SALVADOR | SUMMARY REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS' CLUBS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX EDUCATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Group Meeting | Communication | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Health Document Number: 182386 |
| 2. Title: Social networks and the diffusion of fertility control in the Republic of Korea. Author: Montgomery MR; Chung W Source: In: Dynamics of values in fertility change, edited by Richard Leete. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1999. :179-209. Abstract: In this chapter, we specify a social learning perspective in which individuals draw upon peers, reference groups, and others in an effort to clarify the costs and benefits of new and innovative reproductive strategies. This social learning perspective is a fundamental and perhaps the defining feature of models of ideational change and diffusion of innovations, l Diffusion need not play the dominant role in fertility decisions; rather, we argue that it will often reinforce the effects of conventional social or economic determinants and serve to amplify their influence over time and across social groups. We will use statistical methods appropriate to diffusion models to test for interpersonal diffusion in a sample of rural villages in the Republic of Korea in 1973. The tests are made possible by information rarely encountered in demographic work: social network data measured at the individual level. We first describe the various fertility-related networks in which rural Korean women participate, and examine the overlaps and points of contact among the networks. We then ask whether the social network variables exert any independent influence on individual contraceptive use, net of the effects of other socio-economic factors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | DIFFUSION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Group Meeting | Economic Factors Document Number: 183783 |
| 3. Title: [Mothers' clubs: a place for women's health interventions] Clube de maes: espaco para intervencao em saude da mulher. Author: de Senna PA; da Fonseca RM Source: REVISTA DA ESCOLA DE ENFERMAGEM DA USP. 1995 Apr;29(1):34-46. Abstract: Mothers integrated into mothers' clubs (MCs) in the health districts of Perus, in the regional administration of Pirituba, Brazil, were the subjects of this study. This was a development project of the School of Nursing of the University of Sao Paulo and the municipality of Sao Paulo. Data were collected by asking direct questions contained in a pre-tested schedule. The variables were related to the institution, the participants, and the health of the mothers. The work was realized in several stages: identification of MCs in the region, data collection, transcription and tabulation of data, and a final report. 7 mothers were interviewed, representing 7 MCs in the district of Perus who were in the age range of 15-70 years with a major concentration in the 40-50 age group. All clubs were linked to the Roman Catholic Church and mainly promoted actions directed at alleviating poverty, changing the role women, and involving them in politics, extending throughout all sectors of society where the rights of women were stressed. These objectives were realized by means of bazaar sales as well as by painting and sewing courses. Priority action was also focused on supporting schools and kindergartens in terms of health care including regional health care units. These institutions lasted from 2 months to 16 years. All MCs held meetings once a week, when they could do handiwork. Some of the difficulties pertained to finances, lack of innovation, and lack of means of spreading development information. Successes included the increase of the knowledge and friendship and the transportation of medical specialist units to the region. Two of the interviewed women said that the concept of women's health was related to hygiene, prevention of female diseases, and undergoing Pap tests and regular health checkups. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL HEALTH CENTERS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH | WOMEN | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Group Meeting | Communication | Social Development | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 121720 |
| 4. Title: Impact of a mother's club upon community health, Port-au-Prince, Haiti. Author: Palmer EL; Bellande ML Source: [Unpublished] 1995. Presented at the 123rd Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association [APHA], San Diego, California, October 29 - November 2, 1995. 2 p. Abstract: In Haiti, International Child Care has trained mothers to be health educators working through Mother's Clubs in eight communities. In each community, the Mother's Club consists of 10-30 women who discuss health issues, reinforce good health practices, and provide a support network. Each trained mother is responsible for motivating 20-25 households on a voluntary basis. The project has resulted in an increase in the number of children under the age of 2 years vaccinated from less than 15% to more than 80% and in use of family planning methods from 9% to 27%. The Mother's Clubs have played a key role in the improvement of the health status of the communities. Language: English Keywords: HAITI | CRITIQUE | MOTHERS' CLUBS | COMMUNITY | HEALTH EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Group Meeting | Communication | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Education Document Number: 114928 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Association between maternal education and infant diarrhea in different household and community environments of Cebu, Philippines. Author: Dargent-Molina P; James SA; Strogatz DS; Savitz DA Source: Social Science and Medicine. 1994 Jan;38(2):343-50. Abstract: Maternal education is one of the strongest determinants of infant survival in developing countries. However, questions remain regarding the extent to which its effects vary as a function of contextual variables. In this study, a multi-level interactive model is used to assess whether the protective effect of maternal education on the risk of infant diarrhea is modified by 3 aspects of the mother's familial and community environment: household assets, community economic resources, and the availability of mothers' clubs. 2484 study participants were interviewed in 1984 as part of the Cebu Longitudinal Infant Health and Nutrition Study. The findings suggest that the protective effect of maternal education on infant diarrhea varies according to the socioeconomic environment in which the mother lives: maternal education protects against infant diarrhea in the more economically and socially advantaged communities but has no effect in the more disadvantaged communities. The results also indicate that the protective effect of maternal education is smaller in the wealthier households. These data suggest that improvement in maternal education level alone may not always have the expected beneficial effects on infant health. Corollary measures to improve access of mothers and children to basic community resources and efforts to help mothers be more effective in their various social roles may be necessary preconditions for higher levels of maternal education to result in improved infant health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | SURVEYS | DIARRHEA, INFANTILE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | WOMEN | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Diarrhea | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Group Meeting | Communication | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 094868 |
| 6. Title: [Building a practical policy. Focusing on work with the women of La Paz city's Eastern District] Construyendo una practica politica. Abordaje de trabajo con mujeres del Distrito Este de la ciudad de La Paz. Author: Jimenez Bullain M Source: La Paz, Bolivia, Fundacion San Gabriel, 1994. 91 p. Abstract: The evolution is traced of the San Gabriel Foundation's activities with low-income women in the eastern district of La Paz beginning in 1973 with organization of mothers' clubs for recipients of food donations. The work describes the Foundation's research on the status and problems of women in the area, and the objectives and structure of its program to promote the status and participation of women. Spanish Abstract: Se traza la evolución de las actividades de la Fundación San Gabriel con las mujeres de bajos ingresos en el distrito oriental de La Paz, que comenzaron en 1973 con la organización de los clubes de madres para los beneficiarios de alimentos donados. El trabajo describe la investigación de la Fundación sobre la situación y los problemas de las mujeres en el área, como también los objetivos y la estructura de su programa para mejorar la situación y participación de las mujeres. Language: Spanish Keywords: BOLIVIA | SUMMARY REPORT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS' CLUBS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | PARTICIPATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Programs | Organization and Administration | Group Meeting | Communication | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 168157 |
| 7. Title: Nepal launches new projects. Source: CEDPA NETWORK. 1993 Oct;:8. Abstract: The CEDPA Nepal Country Office (NCO), directed by Mana Rana (WIM 5 and S&E 13), has launched an expanded leadership training program for women's NGOs and new service delivery projects under a 5-year grant extension from USAID. With additional support from the UNFPA, the NCO will undertake a new project with the Mothers' Club, a national women's NGO. The project will mobilize women and women's organizations to address grassroots needs. The CEDPA ACCESS Project recently funded the Nepal Red Cross and Family Planning Association of Nepal to begin community-based family planning projects. Trained volunteers will distribute nonclinical contraceptives from their homes, provide services through home visits, and refer clients to clinics. Nancy Russell, a nonprofit manager with 20 years of experience, has been appointed CEDPA resident coordinator for Nepal. (full text) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | MOTHERS' CLUBS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | ORGANIZATIONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Group Meeting | Communication | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Education Document Number: 092228 |
| 8. Title: Nobody asked the mother: women and maternity on Simbo, western Solomon Islands. Author: Dureau C Source: OCEANIA. 1993 Sep;64(1):18-35. Abstract: This article's focus is on the role of mothers in Simbo, one of the New Georgia islands in the western Solomon Islands. Mother's role is examined from the standpoint of the actual experiences of motherhood and mother's perceptions and reactions to child rearing, child care, burdensome tasks, and social participation. Anthropological studies emphasize non-Western notions of maternity or romanticize the primitive. Obscured in the process is who these women really are. Western feminist accounts of Third World women emphasize the oppression and uniformity of the "natural" mother. This characterization of Simbo women is presented as a single non-Western view and is unrelated to a global vision. Simbo women as mothers feel oppressed and are envious of Western notions of parenting, yet at the same time feel that Western child rearing deprives the child. Maternity is a state of ambivalence, where women feel both love for and oppression by children, spouses, and other women. The tasks and responsibilities of childbearing are more difficult because of increased fertility and changes in social practices. Women without children are viewed with sympathy and mild condescension. Changes in social practices are in part due to the presence of missionaries after 1903 and the over 200 year involvement of the islands in world trading. The most significant impact on women post-Christianity is the change from the emphasis on female-child relationships to male-female relationships. Pre-Christianity, marriage ceremonies stressed equality of spouses and their kin groups. New customs emphasize brideprice and the husband's authority over women's bodies. The change in power affects fertility levels, child care, women's work, and contraception. Men today do less labor relative to women and, when husbands are absent due to temporary labor migration, women may not have any help. The nuclear family is responsible for all labor. Women specifically tend the gardens and house, care for children, and care for ill members of the family. The concept of maternity changes with the stage in the life cycle. The first child is the easiest because grandmothers help with infant care. Children are both indulged and then resented when the demands interfere with activities or the children are too difficult. Language: English Keywords: SOLOMON ISLANDS | CRITIQUE | PERCEPTION | FEMALE ROLE | CHILD REARING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PARENTS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | WOMEN'S GROUPS | Developing Countries | Oceania | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Economic Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Group Meeting | Communication | Interest Groups | Political Factors Document Number: 092375 |
| 9. Title: The relationship of child survival intervention programs to the practice of contraception: a case study in Indonesia. Author: Wilopo SA; Mosley WH Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins Population Center, 1993 Feb. v, 75 p. (Papers on Population WP 93-08) Abstract: In Indonesia, researchers analyzed data from the Timor Child Survival Study conducted in the Province of Nusa Tenggra Timur on West Timor Island to examine whether government health and family planning interventions have a synergistic effect on promoting child survival and fertility decline. They looked at the following child survival interventions: family planning, nutrition services, immunizations, and diarrheal disease control. A strong link between contraceptive use and use of all child survival interventions existed (p < .01), supporting the hypothesis that development brings on reduced desired family size, a desire for healthier children, and both partner deciding to use modern practices to reach their goal. Membership in a social organization, especially the Family Welfare Movement, had the same strong positive effect on contraceptive use as it did no use of all child survival interventions (p < .01). This clear association suggested that a social organization plays a significant role in promoting health and family planning practices as well as in supporting users. Coverage levels of child survival interventions in communities and mother's health knowledge were significant determinants of contraceptive use (p < .01), indicating that effective child survival programs in communities do promote contraceptive use. Wife's education had a positive effect on both contraceptive use and use of child survival interventions. Husband's occupation, urban residence, and access to health centers were strong determinants of use of child survival interventions (p < .01), but had no effect on contraceptive use, suggesting the need to strengthen the child survival program to overcome these barriers. These findings clearly demonstrate the significance of integrate health and family planning programs to improve child survival. Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMMUNITY SURVEYS | CASE STUDIES | CHILD SURVIVAL | FERTILITY DECLINE | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | IMMUNIZATION | DIARRHEA | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MOTHERS' CLUBS | PROMOTION | KNOWLEDGE | DECISION MAKING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CHANGES | WOMEN | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Contraception | Group Meeting | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Behavior | Social Change Document Number: 084522 |
| 10. Title: Empowering the women of the Sahel. Author: Pradervand P Source: PEOPLE AND THE PLANET. 1992;1(1-2):22-5. Abstract: A representative of the Naam movement, a grass-roots organization of women in Burkina Faso, Ramata Sawadogo, speaks about her work as a health educator. She had worked in the health system but became disillusioned because most health problems of her clients were related to poverty. Now she works with the Naam movement to help spread the acceptance of family planning. Within the last 1 or 2 generations, women are having twice as many children because the traditional birth-spacing customs are in decline. Ms. Sawadogo explains the effect of large families by analogy with the local custom of planting only 2 millet seeds per hill. She also emphasizes to people that family planning includes treatment for infertility, sexually transmitted diseases, and menstrual problems. Now even mothers-in-law are beginning to realize the need for family planning. Marked changes in attitudes are evident because people can discuss and even laugh at sexual issues, which were formerly taboo even between spouses. Men are helping women with their work to some extent, or lending them bicycles to go to market. Another dramatic success of the Naam movement is the soap-making enterprise, with soap sales totaling US$135/week, the equivalent of a civil servant's salary. Women are trading vegetables and their labor to pay back loans for soap-making equipment. Ms. Sawadogo urged clinic staff to treat local farmers with extreme courtesy, since their reception will influence whole villages about the motivation of those offering family planning. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | CLIENT-STAFF RELATIONS | PUBLIC OPINION | FEMALE ROLE | MOTHERS' CLUBS | INFERTILITY | HOUSEWORK | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Decision Making | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Group Meeting | Communication | Reproduction | Microeconomic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Change Document Number: 073949 |
| 11. Title: Help for breastfeeding mothers. Support groups. Source: DIALOGUE ON DIARRHOEA. 1991 Sep;(46):2-3. Abstract: Many people including some health workers and physicians believe bottle feeding is just as good as breast feeding, even though bottle feeding poses some dangers to infants. Further, health workers in hospital often are too busy to counsel new mothers in breast feeding or are simply not trained to do so. Moreover, young women often live in areas away from their family and friends thus not living close to women with whom they are familiar and who could guide them in mastering breast feeding skills. So new mothers who want to breast feed have no support, lack confidence, and/or feel they cannot do so because they work or have other responsibilities. Support groups for new breast feeding mothers can provide them with the needed confidence to breast feed by allowing them to discuss concerns with other new mothers and an experienced leader and to learn the advantages of breast feeding, e.g., a breast fed infant is never constipated. A confident experienced woman in breast feeding is best suited to start a support group in a community. She needs to promote the group by talking to health workers and physicians and advertising at maternity hospitals, women's organizations, and health centers. Once the support group has become successful, several mothers can undergo training to start and lead new support groups. If no national breast feeding promotion organization exists to offer advice on starting a support group, the article provides addresses of international organizations. At support group meetings, mothers learn how to breast feed, how to express and store breast milk, breast feed inconspicuously in public, how their bodies work, and about child growth and development. Support group members from the Philippines, Belize, Trinidad and Tobago, Australia, and singapore share their experiences. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | BELIZE | TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO | AUSTRALIA | SINGAPORE | CRITIQUE | BREASTFEEDING | MOTHERS' CLUBS | OBSTACLES | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Caribbean | Developed Countries | Oceania | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Group Meeting | Communication | Organization and Administration Document Number: 069221 |
| 12. Title: Integration of family planning activities with the Community Development Program. Author: Ahn KC Source: In: Korean experience with population control policy and family planning program management and operation, edited by Nam-Hoon Cho, Hyun-Oak Kim. [Seoul], Korea, Republic of, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 1991 Sep. :189-202. Abstract: This chapter from the text on the Korean family planning (FP) experience is devoted to FP activities as integrated with the community development program, or the Saemaul (new village) movement. The history of the interrelationship, the description of the before and after feasibility study with controls to test the effectiveness with other existing programs and as the most feasible method of integration, the major findings of the study, and the organizational and administrative problems in the field. The Saemaul program under the Ministry of Home Affairs was begun in 1970 and included FP activities, while the FP program under the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs (MOHSA) was initiated in 1962. Experimental integration took place between January 1978-June 1980. Integration was construed to mean the functional linkages of activities at all levels of local administration and the integration of activities of health workers among themselves. An organizational chart is provided to provide visual help in understanding the linkages in the hierarchical structure. Personnel are identified from the top on down to the grass roots level. The major findings were that at the village level there was indeed an increase in the coordination between women's association leaders and other village leaders, but there weren't demonstrative differences among Myun officials in general. The evaluation of effectiveness involved evaluating health care and FP knowledge and attitudes, and few differences were found in this short term project (17 months). The methodological problems in the field which may have affected the evaluation were as follows: 1) the target system for health workers was included in the experimental design, and as a consequence, once the quota was reached, no further activity was undertaken. 2) Qualified nurses could not be located to handle the maternal and child health component, and the long processing time of 3 months compounded recruitment problems. Positions went unfilled which meant a heavier work load. 3) The section chief of health administration restricted planned activities of health workers. 4) Health workers tended to emphasize the area of most familiarity (FP versus MCH) and continued to work together rather than singly as planned. 5) The health center director was new at the project onset. 6) Health services were a low priority. 7) There was lack of understanding about the objectives of the project. Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MOTHERS' CLUBS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Family Planning | Programs | Economic Factors | Group Meeting | Communication | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household Document Number: 073429 |
| 13. Title: Family planning IEC planning and management. Author: Park DE; Lee YJ Source: In: Korean experience with population control policy and family planning program management and operation, edited by Nam-Hoon Cho, Hyun-Oak Kim. [Seoul], Korea, Republic of, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 1991 Sep. :247-64. Abstract: Information, education, and communication (IEC) for family planning (FP) in Korea is discussed based on the characteristics (geography, language, low adult illiteracy rate, religion, traditional though patterns, communication channels), trends in IEC themes, FP constraints, unmet FP needs to be covered by IEC, IEC goals, and strategies (6 are outlined). The communication channels include interpersonal and organizational approaches and approaches through the mass media. The Saemaul Women's Association or FP Mothers' Clubs have contributed to FP since 1968 particularly in rural areas. 700,000 were members in 1976. There was direct linkage with male field workers in every county, who supervised activities and published a monthly magazine. The Homeland Reserve Forces, men 25-35 who have completed their military service, attend regular FP training courses. 3.5 million reservists are presently in this group. Bansanghoe or neighborhood meeting is scheduled for the 25th of every month and there is discussion of what persons will do for community development. FP workers may make presentations. Mass media approaches deal with the boy preference belief, population problems, and an image of happy home life with 1-2 children. Materials are provided regularly to TV and radio stations. 9.5 million households own at least 1 television (TV) set. There are 82 daily newspapers which contain feature articles, special reports and advertising. Other periodicals are provided on population and FP, sex education, and family welfare. Happy Home magazine is published by Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea (PPFK) and is devoted to FP issued. Monthly publication is 50,000 copies. PPFK also runs a video studio and distributes tapes to its 12 chapters, 266 Health Centers, 90 maternal and child health (MCH) centers and others. In the early 1960's the messages were directed toward middle aged rural couples with many children, and stressed economic impacts with the slogan of "let's have the proper number of children and bring them up well." In the late 1980's, the message emphasized MCH and sex education for newlyweds and youth and the general public. Slogans were "fewer children, a bright life" and "healthier mother, healthier children." The IEC goal is to establish the small family as a norm and improve the quality of life, and provide appropriate materials. Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PLANNING | IEC | MOTHERS' CLUBS | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | MASS MEDIA | INFORMATION NETWORKS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Activities | Group Meeting | Communication Document Number: 073433 |
| 14. Title: Rural Nigerian women with highest education get best maternity care. Author: Turner R Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 1991 Dec;17(4):155-6. Abstract: The digest of research results from a study of rural Udi area, Nigeria in 1988 is presented. 498 women (150 from Amaokwe, 144 from Umuabi, 120 from Obinagu, and 84 from Akpakwume) who had been pregnant between 1986-88 were interviewed. The 25 community area is served by 2 hospitals and 6 maternity centers, which do not have hemoglobin or urine analysis or intravenous infusion capability. 68% of the 459 usable interviews registered with a qualified prenatal care service for their last pregnancy (54% with traditional birth attendants, TBAs, and 35% with maternity centers). The rest used untrained practitioners. 93% used TBAs in order to obtain a solution for weight reduction and hence normal versus cesarean delivery. 96% using TBAs had a secondary or higher education, 58% with a primary education, and 67% with Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | ANTENATAL CARE | WOMEN'S STATUS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | MOTHERS' CLUBS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | INTERVIEWS | SURVEYS | STATISTICS | WOMEN | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Group Meeting | Communication | Socioeconomic Status | Employment Status | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies Document Number: 069495 |
| 15. Title: Integration of family planning program. Author: Yang JM Source: In: Korean experience with population control policy and family planning program management and operation, edited by Nam-Hoon Cho, Hyun-Oak Kim. [Seoul], Korea, Republic of, Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs, 1991 Sep. :215-33. Abstract: Integration of family planning (FP) with Korean Mothers' Clubs, with the maternal and child health (MCH) program, with the medical care insurance plan, with the Homeland Reserve Army Project, and with the Youth Program are discussed in terms of their history and problems encountered. Some brief background information is provided on government policy and the history of the Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea (PPFK) as the 1st organized effort. Characteristics are that the government has economic development as the top priority and FP has been accepted and integrated into the Economic Development Plan. Organizations responsible for the growth in FP were MOHSA, PPFK, university research teams, and foreign aid groups. MOHSA had ministerial responsibility but no direct line of authority; the Home Affairs Ministry directed the health center network in the implementation of policy. Demographic goals were translated into contraceptive and sterilization targets, which has since changed to a more quality oriented approach. Mothers' clubs were instrumental at the grass roots level for mobilization. Fertility declines were evident, but further integration of FP with MCH was still needed to fulfill the larger objectives. FP began with the junta government in 1961 with the planning and establishment of a FP Counseling Post at headquarters followed by the training of 29,000 community leaders in FP. 45,000 village level classes in MCH and FP were conducted in 1963. 2 million villages are estimated to have received FP during this time. As a result of a Yonsei University study of Mothers' Classes in promoting IUD acceptance, funding was received from the Population Council for a nationwide organization of mothers' clubs in 1968 in 18 counties. FP Mothers' Clubs funded by USAID were also organized at the village level in 9 provinces. In 1971, FP Mothers' Clubs merged with the Saemaul Movement and were supported by President Park. In 1977, all village level organization was unified under the Saemaul Movement in principal and the integration was left to local personnel. Managerial problems were encountered, but with MOHSA's efforts program targets were reached 8 years earlier than expected. 6 recommendations are made: to conduct a national survey of Mothers' Clubs, to solicit continued support for FP/MCH, to establish links with the professional private health sector, to revise the insurance plan, to institute a computerized management information system, and to remember that there are no assurances in FP. Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | CRITIQUE | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | PRIVATELY SPONSORED PROGRAMS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Group Meeting | Communication | Social Development | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 073431 |
| 16. Title: [Papers from the meeting of the German Society for Demography's working group on "Demography of Developing Countries" held on October 20-21, 1988, in Kiedrich] Vortrage auf der Tagung des Arbeitskreises "Demographie der Entwicklungslander" der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Bevolkerungswissenschaft am 20./21. Oktober 1988 in Kiedrich. Author: Germany, Federal Republic of. Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung Source: Wiesbaden, Germany, Federal Republic of, Bundesinstitut fur Bevolkerungsforschung, 1990. 110 p. (Materialien zur Bevolkerungswissenschaft No. 64) Abstract: This publication contains five papers presented at a meeting held in 1988 to examine the demography of developing countries. Topics covered include women's groups in Bangladesh, family planning in East Africa, the concept of developing countries, socioeconomic aspects of reproductive behavior in Java and Bali, and demographic effects of the AIDS epidemic. Some brief reports on research projects in the third world are also included. (ANNOTATION) Language: German Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | BANGLADESH | AFRICA, EASTERN | INDONESIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WOMEN'S STATUS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | FAMILY PLANNING | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | AIDS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Asia, Southeastern | Economic Factors | Group Meeting | Communication | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 232140 |
| 17. Title: Women's involvement in community development: the story of Korea's Family Planning Mothers' Club. Author: Bong Soo Kang Source: INTEGRATION. 1990 Apr;(23):28-31. Paper presented at the First American Workshop on Women's Participation in Community Development held in Acapulco, Guerrero State, Mexico, on June 5-9, 1989 Abstract: Women's participation in Korea's economic and community development programs has increased since the early 1960s. The Family Planning (FP) Mothers' Club was organized by Planned Parenthood Federation of Korea (PPFK) in rural villages. Early in 1968, PPFK recruited 139 county field officers. They were put into county health centers, one in each county. They helped set up the Mothers' Clubs. Women wanted to have these clubs, but husbands and village elders did not want them to get together and talk about family planning. 12,650 Mothers' Clubs were established in the 1st year; about 2000 clubs were organized annually after that. In 1976, there were 27,292 village-level Mothers' Clubs with 750,000 members. Some 2000 clubs have been disbanded. The purposes of the clubs are to promote practice, to make FP part of everyday life, to foster a cooperative spirit among members, and to push active participation in community development so that productivity is increased and optimal surroundings created. The Mothers' Clubs were classified into: 1) the village and grass roots clubs; 2) their chairpersons, who constituted the Eup and Myon clubs; and 3) the county federation of Mothers' Clubs. Membership is open to all married village women, aged 20 to 45. Each village club has 1 elected chairperson, 1 vice chairperson, and 1 secretary. There was an average of 23 members per club in 1968, but this grew to 30 in 1972. Club programs include social activities, community development, cooperative work, income- generation projects, a Mothers' Bank, and FP. PPFK supports the clubs by financial aid, material aid, technical aid, training, and awards and acknowledgements. Mothers' clubs have promoted FP and served as distribution points for contraceptives. Environments were drastically changed in many villages through the community development work of the Mothers' Clubs. The traditional role of Korean women was early marriage and the production of at least 1 son. The Mothers' Clubs accelerated changes in women's status. Reasons for the success of Mothers' Clubs are women's readiness, good leadership, self-financing, PPFK support, community support, and individual benefits. Language: English Keywords: KOREA | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS' CLUBS | GROUP MEETING | FAMILY PLANNING | COUNTIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | FEMALE ROLE | WOMEN'S STATUS | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | ACHIEVEMENT | CHANGES | Economic Factors | Social Development | Communication | Administrative Districts | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Change Document Number: 067988 |
| 18. Title: Big things start in small ways. Author: Rawlings N Source: INTEGRATION. 1990 Dec;(26):8. Abstract: This statement from the President of the 31st December Women's Movement in Ghana was part of a larger text presented at the World NGO Conference in Tokyo, July 1-4, 1990. The women's movement in Ghana strives to achieve equal opportunity, social justice, and sustainable development against social discrimination for women. Planning and development have focused on women in socioeconomic development. Specific projects at the core of creating positive conditions for socioeconomic growth, raising the standard of living, and expanding the economy, involve cover food and cash-crop production, food processing, food preparation, and small scale industrial activities such as ceramics and crafts. Income supplementation helps parents to send children to school instead of work. Daycare centers operating near work places benefit mothers in terms of providing a vacation, adult literacy programs, and family counseling sessions. The Movement actively mobilizes women to have children vaccinated. Access to credit for women and utilization of technology enriches life for women, and reduces backbreaking labor. The Movement is building wells in rural areas to reduce parasitic infection and creating easy access to a water supply. 252 projects have been completed and 100 are in process. The Movement provides a development model for integrating the resources of government, NGO's, and members of the community. Self-confidence of women has assured the success of projects. The Sasakawa Foundation has contributed technology and Japanese volunteers to improve the cultivation of food crops and by example express humble, respectful, hard working, and happy models of big things staring in small ways. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | MOTHERS' CLUBS | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL HEALTH CENTERS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Group Meeting | Communication | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Facilities | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning Document Number: 067149 |
| 19. Title: How to improve MCH-FP programme in Bangladesh. Author: Adhikary HN Source: IN TOUCH 1989 Mar;13(90):14-6. Abstract: In Bangladesh the government health program and population control programs have been running separately on the upazila (county) level in order to make an appropriate policy for the maternal child health (MCH) and family planning (FP) program to reduce mortality and fertility. During 1981 and early 1982 they were kept separately from the district level upwards, and since 1982 the government integrated health and family programs from the upazila level downwards. There are constraints on the MCH/FP program in rural areas where women are considered capable of only childbearing and household work, girls are not educated, and their nutritional status is low from childhood and in pregnancy. This results in higher neonatal and infant mortality for girls. The doctors involved in programs have to attend to primary health care (PHC) MCH, and expanded program of immunization (EPI) monitoring, but often they neglect these duties in favor of their private practice. Private health workers are not trained in family health care, although they occasionally have field experience with vaccination rounds and high potency vitamin A capsule distribution during epidemics. However, they fail to keep proper records, and they lack motivation and program orientation. Family planning assistants (FPAs) do not go to the field to supervise family welfare workers (FWAs). FWAs have minimum education lacking basic knowledge about MCH/FP programs and FP motivation techniques. MCH/FP workers have been trained in motivation, different FP methods, recordkeeping, and supervision, and registry of neonates. FWAs and primary health workers were also trained in PHC, EPI, MCH/FP, and FP motivation techniques, treatment of minor ailments, diarrhea treatment with oral rehydration salt (ORS), and malaria eradication. The grass roots approach has to be utilized for the success of these 2 programs instead of ministerial directives. Women require involvement in social work, women's clubs and societies; they have to receive proper education to comprehend that a lower birth weight child is more at risk of infant mortality; and they have to be educated about malnutrition to lessen the suffering of mothers and children. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | IMMUNIZATION | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | DIARRHEA | ORAL REHYDRATION | MALNUTRITION | VITAMIN A | MALARIA | POPULATION EDUCATION | RECORDS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning | Programs | Organization and Administration | Diseases | Treatment | Nutrition Disorders | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Parasitic Diseases | Education | Information Processing | Information | Group Meeting | Communication Document Number: 057334 |
| 20. Title: Delivery of nutrition services under primary health care. Author: Chowdhury MM; Bhuyan MA Source: IN TOUCH 1989 Mar;13(90):11-3. Abstract: Nutrition is the most important of primary health care (PHC). The concept of PHC emerged at an international conference sponsored by the World Health Organization and United Nations Children's Fund held at Alma Ata, USSR in September 1978. PHC is essential health care universally accessible to the community at an affordable cost. PHC promotes proper nutrition and safe water supplies; basic sanitation; maternal and child care including family planning; immunization against major infectious diseases; control of endemic diseases; and appropriate treatment of diseases and injuries. In Bangladesh health care delivery is through an integrated health services involving the Upazila Health Complex. The National Nutrition Council plays a vital role. The technical committee collects census reports, vital statistics, and nutrition survey reports. Feasibility studies are suitable to assess local cooperation regarding fertilizer or insecticide programs; the relevance of schools, clinics, mothers' club, farmers' club to the program; indigenous drugs, and local personnel (school teacher, agricultural extension staff, rural development workers). The village head as well as representatives of mother's clubs, farmer's clubs, relevant ministries, and program staff engender community participation. Rural Nutrition Volunteers (RNVs) recruited from the community cover about 2000 inhabitants and provide nutrition services to pregnant and lactating women. RNVs are trained in taking and charting weights, identifying kwashiorkor, marasmus, severe anemia, gross vitamin deficiency, assessing malnutrition, correct age, and recordkeeping of vital events. They refer acutely ill children and mothers to the nearby health center. Mothers' clubs are organized to educate about food hygiene, weaning, diet for pregnant and breastfeeding women, sanitation, and child care. Farmers' clubs provide improved cultivation methods. Health records collected routinely help regular evaluation of the program. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | BREASTFEEDING | RURAL HEALTH CENTERS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | RECORDS | HYGIENE | IMMUNIZATION | KWASHIORKOR | MALNUTRITION | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | SANITATION | WATER SUPPLY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health Facilities | Organization and Administration | Information Processing | Information | Public Health | Deficiency Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Group Meeting | Communication | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 057333 |
| 21. Title: Mary wants only six children. Family planning in Malawi. Author: Krugmann-Randolf I Source: DEVELOPMENT AND COOPERATION. 1989;(2):4-7. Abstract: In Malawi traditional values that foster large families have slowed the adoption of a population policy: contraception is being promoted only for child spacing. Malawi has a child mortality rate of about 33%, one of the highest maternal mortality rates in Africa, a growth rate of 3.7%, a population density of 125. sq. km. in the fertile south, and a population of 8 million, expected to double in 20 years. It is likely that the consensus and encouragement of the UN Economic Commission for Africa, and the UN Fund for Population Activities influenced the government of Malawi to adopt a child spacing policy. Child spacing was officially integrated into the maternal and child health system in 1982, and implemented in 1984 for the purpose of reducing child and maternal mortality. Malawi has 141 child spacing clinics attached to hospitals so women can attend without neighbors suspecting they are using contraception. The contraceptive methods used in Malawi are the pill by 41.7%, condoms by 26.6%, injectables by 20.7%, IUDs by 6% and sterilization by 2.5%. Injectables are rising in popularity, but are only given to women with 5 or more children. One of the agencies helping to spread knowledge of child spacing is the District Development Committee which held a workshop for party leaders, traditional chiefs, and parliamentarians. The agenda covered health, social and economic advantages of small families, and an exploration of traditional cultural methods of birth spacing. Other agents working to change peoples attitudes are agricultural extension agents who teach male farmers, the CCAM, or women's organization health information officers, and the school system, which is considering population education for the curriculum. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | BIRTH SPACING | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | MOTHERS' CLUBS | INFLUENTIALS | RADIO | MISINFORMATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | CONDOMS | IUD | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | HOSPITALS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Group Meeting | Communication | Knowledge Sources | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Barrier Methods | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 060706 |
| 22. Title: Breastfeeding: a guide for the medical profession. Author: Lawrence RA Source: St. Louis, Missouri, C.V. Mosby, 1989. xvi, 652 p. Abstract: Health professionals and mothers are again recognizing the physical, emotional, and psychological advantages of breast feeding. To assist health professionals in promoting breast feeding, Dr. Lawrence has written this reference on clinical management of the mother-infant nursing couple. The reference orients the health professional by providing a historical background on breast feeding, which leads to a discussion of the frequency and duration of breast feeding among different groups, and morbidity and mortality studies in breast fed and bottle fed infants. It also covers the anatomy of the human breast and physiology of lactation. The host resistance factors and immunologic significance of human milk, and its role as a prophylactic against allergy is also covered. Dr. Lawrence highlights psychologic bonding, such as the mother-infant interaction, and presents reasons why some women do not breast feed their infants. Even though health professionals recognize that not all mothers can breast feed because of a contraindication (e.g, breast cancer) or a disadvantage, as perceived by the mother, they should support those that want to breast feed by learning management techniques of the mother-infant nursing couple. Good maternal nutrition is especially important to breast feeding and recommendations to support maternal nutrition are listed. Health professionals should guide the breast feeding mother when weaning the infant so as not to wean in such a manner that the child becomes ill or malnourished. The health care professional and mother must 1st discuss taking drugs during lactation and their effect on the breast fed infant. Other topics discussed include infant growth, employment of the breast feeding mother, breast feeding special infants (e.g., preterm infants), and community support groups. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TRAINING TECHNIQUES | BONDING | MOTHERS' CLUBS | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | INFANT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MOTHERS | GALACTORRHEA | PUERPERAL DISORDERS | POSTPARTUM AMENORRHEA | DRUGS | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | ANATOMY | BREASTFEEDING | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | WEANING | GROWTH | LACTATION | HUMAN MILK | CONTRAINDICATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Training Activities | Training Programs | Education | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Group Meeting | Communication | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Diseases | Puerperium | Reproduction | Treatment | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Child Development | Maternal Physiology Document Number: 057950 |
| 23. Title: Indonesia's successful family planning stems population growth: education is the key. Source: INDONESIA DEVELOPMENT NEWS. 1988 May-Jun;11(5):6-7. Abstract: The success of the Indonesian Family Planning Program, which has reduced fertility 41% between 1967 and 1985, is largely due to effective education. Motivation is built into all aspects of life, for example discount cards for those using contraception for 3 years continuously, a happy family depicted on coins, family life education designed into the scout program, community meetings, mothers clubs, and even Muslim religious practice. Rather than encourage sterilization, which is against Moslem teachings ("cutting the body"), Indonesia has provided a chance on a free pilgrimage to Mecca to Muslims who are long-term family planning acceptors, stressing the goal of family health. The national strategy has a strategy that is flexible and able to absorb mistakes without faltering from the course. The national norm of a small, happy and prosperous family is culturally acceptable to this highly organized society, which places group values over those of the individual. 20,000 family planning field workers and 100,000 volunteers help with psychological acceptance as well as educational aspects of the program. Contraceptives are available free everywhere, in Government clinics, armed forces hospitals, and private clinics, and the contraceptive prevalence is estimated at 67%. Language: English Keywords: POPULATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | BEHAVIOR | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | GROUP PROCESSES | COMMUNITY RELATIONS | IEC | COMMUNICATION | GROUP MEETING | MOTHERS' CLUBS | EDUCATION | HEALTH EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | MEDICINE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | INCENTIVES | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Decision Making | Social Behavior | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Family Planning | Policy Document Number: 054672 |
| 24. Title: Workshop jointly held by the Ghanaian Association for Women's Welfare and the Ghana Red Cross Society at Amasaman, greater Accra rural headquarters for traditional birth attendants (TBAs), community health workers, public health nurses, and mothers clubs leaders, 19th to 23rd December, 1988. Author: Ghanaian Association for Women's Welfare; Ghana Red Cross Society Source: [Unpublished] 1988. [2], 12, [30] p. Abstract: This report describes a training workshop conducted for community health workers, public health nurses, traditional birth attendants, and mothers' clubs leaders in Accra, Ghana, over 5 days in 1988. The workshop aimed to encourage women to promote the end of female genital mutilation (FGM) and other harmful traditional practices (HTPs). The workshop was supported by the Inter-African Committee and sponsored by the Ghanaian Association for Women's Welfare (GAWW) and the Ghana Red Cross Society (GRCS). Opening addresses were made by the sponsoring agencies. The first morning session was devoted to emphasizing the responsibility of participants to actively inform themselves about HTPs, educating about the dangers of HTPs, and advocating an end to these practices. Participants were willing to conduct training workshops in their locale but needed resource people. The afternoon session emphasized the importance of prenatal care, identification and referral of women with serious complications of pregnancy, and promotion of healthy diets among mothers. The next day was devoted to first aid and personal and community hygiene. The following days' issues were childhood diseases, immunization, and abnormal labor and nutrition, food taboos, food hygiene, sexually transmitted diseases, and AIDS. The last day was spent addressing family planning issues, FGM, and program evaluation. The appendices include a summary of the history and principles of GRCS, the history of the GAWW, an overview of family planning in Ghana, the first aid lecture, and participant and resource lists. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | SUMMARY REPORT | WORKSHOPS | RURAL POPULATION | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY WORKERS | NURSES AND NURSING | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | MOTHERS' CLUBS | FAMILY PLANNING | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Education | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Training Programs | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Group Meeting | Communication | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture Document Number: 135210 |
| 25. Title: Bolivian mothers clubs as media: building on community-based networks. Author: Aguilar AM; Schaeffer C; Spain PL Source: JOURNAL OF RURAL HEALTH. 1988 Jan;4(1):23-8. Abstract: In an effort to combat the excessively high infant mortality rate in Bolivia, health officials conducted a campaign geared towards a more effective distribution of oral rehydration theory (ORT) throughout the country. "Mothers clubs", once viewed primarily as distributors of surplus food, were designed instead to become more active participants in the dissemination of public health education. These "Mothers clubs", totalling some 1,800 clubs throughout the country, consisted of 30-40 members and were originally established to distribute food provided to Bolivia by the United States Agency for International Development. With the shift in emphasis of these clubs to a broader view of health education, these clubs have aligned themselves with PRITECH, a project of the Agency for International Development (AID) and are providing health care for children, mother, both club members and non-members. In the training course for mothers, packets of oral-rehydration salts were distributed to them along with instructions in their use. A major problem in the distribution of ORT has been communication adequately designed to reach mothers with this essential information. PRITECH devised a system of communication including the technologies and approaches of various media specialists, such as local artists and painters, radio and print personnel, and journalists. Early results of this new approach appears successful. First year evaluations of the program show that more than 7 out of 10 mothers club members were discovered to be aware of ORT packets, with only 2 in 10 non-members being aware of ORT. One half of the club members were aware ORT cured diarrhea compared to one tenth of non-members. Overall advantage of club member's understanding of ORT as used for rehydration was a mere 9% to 4.9%. In essence, more informed club members were discovered to more willingly share their knowledge with non-members. More strategies for further educational development in ORT therapy is stressed as the ultimate goal of rehydration therapy. Language: English Keywords: BOLIVIA | INFANT MORTALITY | ORAL REHYDRATION | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | PUBLIC HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | MASS MEDIA | PRINTED MEDIA | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MOTHERS' CLUBS | USAID | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Education | Communication | Group Meeting | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 058926 |
| 26. Title: La Leche League: its origin, programmes, and development. Author: Countryman BA; Cahill M Source: In: Programmes to promote breastfeeding, edited by Derrick B. Jelliffe and E.F. Patrice Jelliffe. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1988. :173-9. Abstract: La Leche League, an educational and support group for breastfeeding mothers, was established in 1956 and now has offices in 43 countries. It is essentially a mutual aid group that meets in members' homes or community centers with a volunteer leader who has herself breastfed an infant for at least a year and has completed an intensive accreditation program. In the group meetings, new mothers have the opportunity to get sound answers to their questions and to see mothering and breastfeeding in action. La Leche League had its origins in a Chicago suburb with the support of a local physician who encouraged mothers who wanted to resist the trend away from breastfeeding to informally contact each other. The group spread rapidly as a result of publication of a manual, "The Womanly Art of Breastfeeding," and the support of natural childbirth advocate Grantley Dick-Read. By 1980, more than 4000 La Leche League groups were in existence, 640 of which were outside the US. To keep pace with this rapid growth, the League's structure became increasingly sophisticated and includes administrative divisions focused on Leader Applicants, Professional Liaisons, Human Relations Training Programs, and a Professional Advisory Board. Plans are being made for structural reorganization to more effectively meet the needs of the modern breastfeeding mother and to incorporate a number of new programs. The League's newest publication, the quarterly "Breastfeeding Abstracts," carries new and pertinent information on breastfeeding and maternal-infant care. A Research Review Committee has just been established to evaluate requests for human milk for research projects. In the 31 years since its inception, La Leche League has been a powerful force in the worldwide revival of breastfeeding. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | GLOBAL | BREASTFEEDING | INFANT NUTRITION | NUTRITION | ORGANIZATIONS | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | MOTHERS' CLUBS | GROUP MEETING | COMMUNICATION | IEC | MOTHERS | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROMOTION | Developed Countries | Americas | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 055462 |
| 27. Title: Brazil: Mothers' Group Subprogramme. Author: Dalcomo MN; Gomez CM Source: In: Programmes to promote breastfeeding, edited by Derrick B. Jelliffe and E. F. Patrice Jelliffe. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1988. :195-8. Abstract: The organizational structure and experience of the Brazilian Legion of Assistance Mothers' Group Subprogramme on breastfeeding is presented. This institution, which has been active in urban slums for 40 years, was delegated to work with mothers on breastfeeding by the National Brazilian Programme to Motivate Breastfeeding (PIAM). The Subprogramme began in 1982 with collaboration of the La Leche League and UNICEF. Existing mothers' groups were termed Breastfeeding Mothers' Support Groups, and experienced breastfeeding mothers were recruited to be Breastfeeding Counselling Mothers. These counsellors work voluntarily at their own pace, meet monthly with liaison personnel and go over he national breastfeeding newsletter, attend seminars twice yearly, and are awarded a badge. They are supervised regularly by the National Coordinating Group. There are 616 active counselling mothers and 1345 support groups, reaching 16,000 women in 6 cities, aided by 484 health professionals. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | FIELD REPORT | SLUMS | HEALTH EDUCATION | MOTHERS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | PEER GROUPS | BREASTFEEDING | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | PROGRAM DESIGN | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Education | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Group Meeting | Communication | Knowledge Sources | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Programs Document Number: 055307 |
| 28. Title: [Effect of breast preparation for feeding during pregnancy on the duration of the breastfeeding] Wplyw ciazowego przygotowania piersi do karmienia na czas trwania karmienia naturalnego. Author: Doraczynski H; Sendecka A Source: WIADOMOSCI LEKARSKIE. 1988;41(3):165-8. Abstract: Group E consisted of 300 women who were prepared for delivery in birthing classes and Group K included 200 women who were not prepared. In Group E only 1.7% failed to prepare the breasts for feeding vs. 47.5% in Group K, which difference was statistically highly significant. The frequency of preparation of the breasts was as follows: once a day in 69.6% in Group E and 25% in Group K; every 2 days in 86.3% of women in Group E s. 38% in Group K. In Group E, 65.6% of those who breast fed longer than 12 weeks prepared the breasts twice a day vs. 44.8% of those who did it less frequently. 79.9% of those who prepared at least every 2 days nursed longer vs. 34.% of those who did it less frequently. Among those who nursed longer, 67.3% of women in both groups started breast preparation in the 6th month of pregnancy vs. 46.3% of those who prepared in another month or not al all. Among those starting in the 6th month, 60% in Group E also breast fed longer than 12 weeks vs. 44.9%. The respective figures for Group K were 77.3 and 50.6%. In Group E, 71.5% of women started preparation in the 7th month when they started attending birthing classes. The preparation of the breasts during pregnancy extends the duration of breast feeding. The optimal time of preparation is the 6th month, and performing it twice a day significantly prolongs the duration of breast feeding. Language: Polish Keywords: POLAND | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | BREASTFEEDING | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | MOTHERS' CLUBS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Group Meeting | Communication Document Number: 063081 |
| 29. Title: Ammehjelpen, Norway: small is beautiful. Author: Helsing E Source: In: Programmes to promote breastfeeding, edited by Derrick B. Jelliffe and E. F. Patrice Jelliffe. Oxford, England, Oxford University Press, 1988. :189-94. Abstract: The development and scope of Ammehjelpen, Norway's answer to the La Leche League, is presented. Ammehjelpen began in 1968 as a group of 10 mothers helping others to breastfeed. It was intended to be an independent national organization. The founders envisioned a female-dominated organization without a male type of hierarchy. Counselors had to have some breastfeeding experience, to have read some standard Norwegian literature, and were selected after completing a tedious questionnaire. Ammehjelpen grew to about 500 counselors, each seeing 5-10 new mothers, covering about 5-10% of all births in Norway. In Norway, breastfeeding fell from 70-80% of mothers in 1945 to 30% in 1968, then rose to 70-80% in 1983. Factors influencing the return to breastfeeding include availability of written information, support the public maternal child health system and Ammehjelpen, 18 weeks paid maternity leave and 2 weeks postpartum paternity leave, improved routines in maternity wards, conformity to WHO guidelines by marketers of formula, and the Norwegian feminist movement which encourages breastfeeding as a source of pride for women. Now Ammehjelpen receives the support and some funding from the Norwegian health ministries. In 1983, on the 15th anniversary of Ammehjelpen, there are breastfeeding mothers' support groups in 50 countries. Language: English Keywords: NORWAY | FIELD REPORT | VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES | ORGANIZATIONS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | MOTHERS' CLUBS | PEER GROUPS | HEALTH EDUCATION | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | PROGRAM DESIGN | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Group Meeting | Communication | Knowledge Sources | Education | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 055306 |
| 30. Title: The "Land of Abundance" seeks balance. Author: Jian Z Source: In: Inside perspectives on China's population programme, [compiled by] International Council on Management of Population Programmes [ICOMP]. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, ICOMP, 1988 Mar. :28-33. (ICOMP Occasional Paper No. 4) Abstract: The population situation in the province of Sichuan, China, is described, along with implementation of policies to stabilize the population at 120 million by 2000. Sichuan is a large fertile province, but has suffered loss of farm land because of population pressure. The population has grown by 31 million in 28 years, reducing the arable land per capita to 0.96 mu, compared to 1.5 mu in China overall and 3.9 in India. Most of the people, 70 million, are concentrated at a density of 700 per sq. km. in the central basin. As a result of surplus labor, the productivity of Sichuan is lower than average for China. The policy of "One Child for One Couple" is being promoted by multi-level campaign. Middle and high school classes, premarital education booklets, Women's HOme clubs, Cadre making friends with married couples, Chain services (health services including infertility treatment), and Civility contests are some of the methods of promoting family planning. Vasectomy has been encouraged by starting with medical staff and cadres, and mounting a research project on 20,000 subjects which showed that vasectomy does not cause coronary heart disease. Induced abortion is not advocated, but is available as a woman's right if she requests. These strategies have lowered the birth rate to 1.88 in 1985, from 5.3 in the 1960s. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | DEMOGRAPHICS | COUNTIES | POPULATION DENSITY | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | GROUP PROCESSES | MODERNIZATION | ONE CHILD POLICY | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | CONTACTING CLIENTS | MOTHERS' CLUBS | HOME VISITS | SCHOOLS | VASECTOMY | ABORTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demography | Social Sciences | Administrative Districts | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Distribution | Decision Making | Behavior | Social Behavior | Social Change | Antinatalist Policy | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Education | Communication | Clients | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Group Meeting | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 050528 Notification |
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