1.  Title: Time to deliver on maternal health and family planning best practices: White Ribbon Alliances in Asia and the Middle East make it happen. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 Jul. 12 p. Abstract: White Ribbon Alliances (WRAs) across Asia and the Middle East have become strong advocates for evidence-based strategies to reduce maternal mortality. The USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1, has helped to form alliances and support their efforts to scale up family planning (FP) and maternal, neonatal, and child health (MNCH) best practices in the region. This brief highlights the achievements of alliances from Bangladesh, India (Orissa), Indonesia, Pakistan, and Yemen. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | MIDDLE EAST | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | MOTHERS | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | AWARENESS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Puerperium | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Knowledge | Training Programs | Education | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 331562 |
| 2. Title: The long wait: reproductive health care in Haiti. Author: John Snow [JSI]. Research and Training Institute, Inc. Source: Arlington, Virginia, JSI, Research and Training Institute, Inc., 2009. 22 p. Abstract: The reproductive health status of Haiti's communities contributes to a life expectancy of 62.8 years for women in comparison to 75.5 years in neighboring Dominican Republic or 80.8 years for women in the U.S. According to Haiti's 2005-2006 Demography Health Survey, 37.5% of women have unmet family planning needs. Additionally, youth and rural area residents report greater unmet needs for family planning than the national average. Unmet family planning contributes to a high total fertility rate of 4.79 (5 in rural versus 2.8 in urban areas), a high infant morality (57 deaths per 1000 live births) and the highest maternal mortality rate in the western world-630 deaths per 100,000 live births. These alarming RH indicators prompted a team from JSI Research & Training Institute, Inc. (JSI) to visit Haiti in January 2009. The objectives of the study were: 1) to identify gaps in the availability and accessibility of comprehensive RH services including: Safer motherhood and emergency obstetric care (EmOC), Family planning, HIV/AIDS and sexually transmitted infections (STI) prevention, care and support, Gender-based violence (GBV) prevention, care and support, and Adolescent-focused RH programming for each of the above RH components. 2) to identify community-level responses and opportunities for strengthening the quality and availability of comprehensive RH services. This report presents the findings of this assessment. Language: English Keywords: HAITI | SUMMARY REPORT | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | FAMILY PLANNING | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341307 |
| 3. Title: HIV and children. Author: Population Council Source: Momentum. 2009 Jun;:1-13. Abstract: This issue of Momentum describes initiatives to increase access to low-cost, life-saving treatments to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV, help communities mobilize resources to assist families affected by HIV, train grandmothers to encourage HIV testing for orphans, and build a bank of evaluation data to guide programs and service delivery. The focus is on children 15 years of age and under. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341210 |
4.  Title: Reducing maternal mortality in Yemen: challenges and lessons learned from baseline assessment. Author: Al Serouri AW; Al Rabee A; Bin Afif M; Al Rukeimi A Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr;105(1):86-91. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The Yemen is a signatory of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) and one of 10 countries chosen for the UN Millennium Project. However, recent MDG progress reviews show that it is unlikely that the maternal health goal will be reached by 2015 and Yemen still has an unacceptably high maternal mortality of 365 per 100000 live births. Because 82% of deaths happen intrapartum, the purpose of this needs assessment was to identify and prioritize constraints in delivery of emergency obstetric care (EmOC). METHODS: Four district hospitals and 16 health centers in 8 districts were assessed for functional capacity in terms of infrastructure; availability of essential equipment and drugs; EmOC technical competency and training needs; and Health Management Information System. RESULTS: We found poor obstetric services in terms of structure (staffing pattern, equipment, and supplies) and process (knowledge and management skills). CONCLUSION: The data argue for strengthening the 4 interlinked health system elements-human resources, and access to, use, and quality of services. The Government must address each of these elements to meet the Safe Motherhood MDG. Language: English Keywords: YEMEN | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | SAFE MOTHERHOOD | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | EMERGENCY SERVICES | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine Document Number: 341376 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Seroreversion in children born to HIV-positive and AIDS mothers from Central West Brazil. Author: Alcantara KC; Pereira GA; Albuquerque M; Stefani MM Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jun;103(6):620-6. Abstract: The spread of HIV-1 infection among women of childbearing age has led to increasing numbers of children at risk of vertical transmission. This study aimed to assess child outcomes among HIV-positive (n=19) and AIDS (n=22) mothers from Central West Brazil. CD4(+) T-cell counts (FACScount, BD) and viral loads (HIV-1 RT-PCR, Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Roche) were assessed at delivery and during the first 6 months of life. Heteroduplex mobility assay identified env and gag HIV-1 subtypes. Frequencies and medians were calculated. HIV-positive and AIDS mothers did not differ with regard to age, antiretroviral prophylaxis, parity and viral load. AIDS mothers had lower CD4(+) T-cell counts. One vertical transmission and a neonatal death were observed. Gestational age, gender and oral zidovudine prophylaxis were similar regardless of maternal clinical status. Infants born to AIDS mothers had lower birthweight and shorter time to seroreversion. Eight infants were lost to follow-up, and two were breastfed due to delayed maternal diagnosis. HIV-1 B(env)/B(gag) subtype were 75.6%; discordant B(env)/F(gag) were 12.2%. Exposed uninfected infants born to AIDS mothers with lower CD4(+) T-cell counts seroreverted earlier than infants born to asymptomatic HIV-positive mothers. It is possible that maternal immunological status may impact on the time to seroreversion. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BREASTFEEDING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Transmission | Infections | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342742 |
| 6. Title: The role of education level in the intergenerational pattern of adolescent pregnancy in Brazil. Author: Almeida MC; Aquino EM Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;35(3):139-146. Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy has been associated with the early childbearing experience of the mothers of adolescents, and young people's education level is believed to be an important factor in this phenomenon. In 2002, a representative household survey collected data from 3,050 young men and women ages 20–24 in three Brazilian cities. The main measures were mother's age at first birth, daughter's age at first pregnancy, and son's age when he first impregnated a partner. Ages were dichotomized as younger than 20 and 20 or older. The distribution of respondents, by both their own and their mothers' reproductive experience, was analyzed in relation to various characteristics, and logistic regressions assessed possible associations between these variables and pregnancy experience. Thirty percent of women reported getting pregnant before age 20, and 21% of men said they were younger than 20 when they first impregnated a partner. Of these groups, 34% of women and 31% of men reported that their mothers had first given birth at the same age. Both women and men were more likely to have had an early pregnancy experience if their mother had had a child before age 20. Among women, this positive association disappeared in the final model after adjusting for their education level, whereas among men the association remained after similar adjustment. Spanish Abstract: Contexto: El embarazo durante la adolescencia se ha asociado con la experiencia de la maternidad temprana de las madres de los y las adolescentes; y se considera el nivel educativo de la gente joven como un factor importante en este fenómeno. Métodos: En 2002, una encuesta representativa de hogares recolectó datos de 3,050 hombres y mujeres jóvenes de 20-24 años en tres ciudades brasileñas. Las principales medidas fueron la edad de la madre de los encuestados en el momento de su primer parto, la edad de la joven en el primer embarazo y la edad del joven al embarazar por primera vez a una pareja; los grupos de edad se dividieron en menores de 20 y de 20 años o mayores. La distribución de las personas encuestadas (tanto por su propia experiencia reproductiva como la de su madre), se analizó en relación con varias características, y se valoró mediante regresiones logísticas las posibles asociaciones entre estas variables y la experiencia del embarazo. Resultados: Treinta por ciento de las jóvenes reportaron haberse embarazado antes de los 20 años; y 21% de los hombres dijeron que eran menores de 20 años cuando su pareja se embarazó. De estos grupos, 34% de las mujeres y 31% de los hombres reportaron que sus madres habían dado a luz por primera vez a la misma edad. Tanto las mujeres como los hombres tuvieron mayor probabilidad de experimentar un embarazo temprano si su madre había tenido un hijo antes de los 20 años (razones de momios, 2.0 y 2.3, respectivamente). En las mujeres, esta asociación positiva desapareció en el modelo final, después de ajustar por nivel de educación, mientras que entre los hombres la asociación permaneció después de un ajuste similar (1.8). Conclusiones: El nivel de educación de las hijas e hijos parece ser un factor importante en la repetición de la fecundidad adolescente a través de las generaciones. Se necesita esfuerzos para aumentar el acceso a la educación y para alentar a la gente joven a que permanezca en la escuela. French Abstract: Contexte: Les grossesses d'adolescentes ont été associées à l'expérience de la maternité précoce des mères des adolescents concernés et le niveau d'instruction des jeunes semble jouer un rôle important. Méthodes: En 2002, une enquête de ménages représentative a recueilli des données auprès de 3.050 jeunes hommes et femmes de 20 à 24 ans dans trois villes du Brésil. Les principales mesures ont porté sur l'âge de la mère à la première naissance, l'âge de la fille à la première grossesse et l'âge du fils au moment de la fécondation d'une partenaire. Les âges ont été dichotomisés entre moins de 20 ans et 20 ans ou plus. La distribution des répondants en fonction de leur propre expérience génésique et de celle de leur mère a été analysée selon différentes caractéristiques, tandis que les associations possibles entre ces variables et l'expérience d'une grossesse étaient évaluées par régressions logistiques. Résultats: Trente pour cent des femmes ont déclaré avoir été enceintes avant l'âge de 20 ans, tandis que 21% des hommes déclaraient avoir eu moins de 20 ans au moment de la fécondation de leur partenaire. De ces groupes, 34% des femmes et 31% des hommes ont déclaré que leur mère avait accouché pour la première fois à ce même âge. Tant les femmes que les hommes sont apparus plus susceptibles d'avoir connu une grossesse précoce si leur mère avait eu un enfant avant l'âge de 20 ans (rapports de probabilités, 2,0 et 2,3, respectivement). Côté féminin, cette association positive disparaît dans le modèle final après correction du niveau d'instruction; côté masculin, elle se maintient après correction similaire (1,8). Conclusions: Le niveau d'instruction des filles comme des fils semble jouer un rôle important dans la répétition de la fécondité adolescente d'une génération à l'autre. Des efforts sont nécessaires pour accroître l'accès à l'éducation et encourager les jeunes à poursuivre leur scolarisation. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | AGE FACTORS | FIRST BIRTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 343004 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Faith and child survival: the role of religion in childhood immunization in Nigeria. Author: Antai D Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jan;41(1):57-76. Abstract: This study assessed the role of mother's religious affiliation in child immunization status of surviving children 12 months of age and older in Nigeria, using data from the 2003 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey (NDHS). Guided by two competing hypotheses--the 'characteristics hypothesis' and the 'particularized theology hypothesis'--variations in the risks of child immunization in Nigeria were examined using logistic regression analysis. The results indicate that religion plays a role in the risk of non-immunization; religion was not associated with the risk of partial immunization; however, religion was significantly associated with the reduced risk of full immunization. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | IMMUNIZATION | RELIGION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture Document Number: 330568 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Growth faltering due to breastfeeding cessation in uninfected children born to HIV-infected mothers in Zambia. Author: Arpadi S; Fawzy A; Aldrovandi GM; Kankasa C; Sinkala M; Mwiya M; Thea DM; Kuhn L Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Aug;90(2):344-53. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The effect of breastfeeding on growth in HIV-exposed infants is not well described. OBJECTIVE: The objective was to evaluate the effect of early breastfeeding cessation on growth. DESIGN: In a trial conducted in Lusaka, Zambia, HIV-infected mothers were randomly assigned to exclusive breastfeeding for 4 mo followed by rapid weaning to replacement foods or exclusive breastfeeding for 6 mo followed by introduction of complementary foods and continued breastfeeding for a duration of the mother's choice. Weight-for-age z score (WAZ), length-for-age z score (LAZ), and weight-for-length z score (WLZ) and the self-reported breastfeeding practices of 593 HIV-uninfected singletons were analyzed. Generalized estimating equations were used to adjust for confounders. RESULTS: WAZ scores declined precipitously between 4.5 and 15 mo. The decline was slower in the breastfed infants. At 9, 12, and 15 mo, mean WAZs were, respectively, -0.74, -0.92, and -1.06 in infants who were reportedly breastfed and were -1.07, -1.20, and -1.31 in the weaned infants (P = 0.003, 0.007, and 0.02, respectively). No differences were observed past 15 mo. Breastfeeding practice was not associated with LAZ, which declined from -0.98 to -2.24 from 1 to 24 mo. After adjustment for birth weight, maternal viral load, body mass index, education, season, and marital and socioeconomic status, not breastfeeding was associated with a 0.28 decline in WAZ between 4.5 and 15 mo (P < 0.0001). During the rainy season, not breastfeeding was associated with a larger WAZ decline (0.33) than during the dry season (0.22; P for interaction = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Early growth is compromised in uninfected children born to HIV-infected Zambian mothers. Continued breastfeeding partially mitigates this effect through 15 mo. Nutritional interventions to complement breastfeeding after 6 mo are urgently needed. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT00310726. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | INFANT | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BREASTFEEDING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | IMPACT | NEEDS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Biology | Communication | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342426 |
| 9. Title: Postpartum traditions and nutrition practices among urban Lao women and their infants in Vientiane, Lao PDR. Author: Barennes H; Simmala C; Odermatt P; Thaybouavone T; Vallee J; Martinez-Aussel B; Newton PN; Strobel M Source: European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2009 Mar;63(3):323-31. Abstract: BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE: To assess the traditional postpartum practices, mother and child nutritional status and associated factors. SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional study in 41 randomly selected villages on the outskirts of Vientiane capital city, Lao PDR (Laos). 300 pairs of infants (< 6 months of age) and their mothers were enrolled. Information was collected about pregnancy, delivery and traditional practices through a standardized questionnaire. Dietary intake and food frequency were estimated using the 24 h recall method, calibrated bowls and FAO food composition tables. Mothers' and infants' anthropometry was assessed and multivariate analysis performed. RESULTS: Contrasting with a high antenatal care attendance (91%) and delivery under health professional supervision (72%), a high prevalence of traditional practices was found, including exposure to hot beds of embers (97%), use of traditional herb tea as the only beverage (95%) and restricted diets (90%). Twenty-five mothers (8.3%) were underweight. Mothers had insufficient intake of calories (55.6%), lipids (67.4%), iron (92.0%), vitamins A (99.3%) and C (45%), thiamin (96.6%) and calcium (96.6%). Chewed glutinous rice was given to infants as an early (mean 34.6, 95% CI:29.3-39.8 days) complementary food by 53.7% of mothers, and was associated with stunting in 10% children (OR=1.35, 95% CI:1.04-1.75). CONCLUSION: The high prevalence of traditional postpartum restricted diets and practices, and inadequate maternal nutritional intake in urban Laos, suggest that antenatal care may be an important opportunity to improve postpartum diets. Language: English Keywords: LAOS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREVALENCE | INFANT | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | DIET | CHILD NUTRITION | INFANT NUTRITION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 341041 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Mother-to-child transmission of GB virus C in a cohort of women coinfected with GB virus C and HIV in Bangkok, Thailand. Author: Bhanich Supapol W; Remis RS; Raboud J; Millson M; Tappero J; Kaul R; Kulkarni P; McConnell MS; Mock PA; McNicholl JM; Vanprapar N; Asavapiriyanont S; Shaffer N; Butera S Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul 15;200(2):227-35. Abstract: BACKGROUND: GB virus C (GBV-C) is an apathogenic virus that inhibits human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) replication in vitro. Mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of GBV-C has been observed in multiple small studies. Our study examined the rate and correlates of MTCT of GBV-C in a large cohort of GBV-C-HIV-coinfected pregnant women in Thailand. METHODS: Maternal delivery plasma specimens from 245 GBV-C-HIV-infected women and specimens from their infants at 4 or 6 months of age were tested for GBV-C RNA. Associations with MTCT of GBV-C were examined using logistic regression. RESULTS: One hundred one (41%) of 245 infants acquired GBV-C infection. MTCT of GBV-C was independently associated with maternal antiretroviral therapy (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 5.21 [95% confidence interval {CI}, 2.12-12.81]), infant HIV infection (AOR, 0.05 [95% CI, 0.01-0.26]), maternal GBV-C load (8.0 log(10) copies/mL: AOR, 86.77 [95% CI, 15.27-481.70]; 7.0-7.9 log(10) copies/mL: AOR, 45.62 [95% CI, 8.41-247.51]; 5.0-6.9 log(10) copies/mL: AOR, 9.07 [95% CI, 1.85-44.33]: reference, <5 log(10) viral copies/mL), and caesarean delivery (AOR, 0.26 [95% CI, 0.12-0.59]). CONCLUSIONS: Associations with maternal GBV-C load and mode of delivery suggest transmission during pregnancy and delivery. Despite mode of delivery being a common risk factor for virus transmission, GBV-C and HIV were rarely cotransmitted. The mechanisms by which maternal receipt of antiretroviral therapy might increase MTCT of GBV-C are unknown. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | INFANT | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Transmission | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | HIV Document Number: 342692 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos municipios de Caracol, Piaui, e Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brasil. Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-818. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piauí State, and Garrafão do Norte, Pará State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafão do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ANTENATAL CARE | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341867 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral resistance patterns and HIV-1 subtype in mother-infant pairs after the administration of combination short-course zidovudine plus single-dose nevirapine for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Author: Chalermchockcharoenkit A; Culnane M; Chotpitayasunondh T; Vanprapa N; Leelawiwat W; Mock PA; Asavapiriyanont S; Teeraratkul A; McConnell MS; McNicholl JM; Tappero JW Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul 15;49(2):299-305. Abstract: BACKGROUND: World Health Organization guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recommend administration of zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine (NVP) for HIV-1-infected women who are not receiving treatment for their own health or if complex regimens are not available. This study assessed antiretroviral resistance patterns among HIV-infected women and infants receiving single-dose NVP in Thailand, where the predominant circulating HIV-1 strains are CRF01_AE recombinants and where the minority are subtype B. METHODS: Venous blood samples were obtained from (1) HIV-infected women who received zidovudine from 34 weeks' gestation and single-dose NVP plus oral zidovudine during labor and (2) HIV-infected infants who received single-dose NVP after birth plus zidovudine for 4 weeks after delivery. HIV-1 drug resistance testing was performed using the TruGene assay (Bayer HealthCare). RESULTS: Most mothers and infants were infected with CRF01_AE. NVP resistance was detected in 34 (18%) of 190 women and 2 (20%) of 10 infants. There was a significantly higher proportion of NVP mutations in women with delivery viral loads of >50,000 copies/mL (adjusted odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-32.8, [Formula: see text] for linear trend) and in those with subtype B rather than CRF01_AE infections (38% vs. 16%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-11.8; P = .038). CONCLUSIONS: The lower frequency of NVP mutations among mothers infected with subtype CRF01_AE, compared with mothers infected with subtype B, suggests that individuals infected with subtype CRF01_AE may be less susceptible to the induction of NVP resistance than are individuals infected with subtype B. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | WHO | MANUAL | STANDARDS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | MOTHERS | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV TESTING | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 342429 |
| 13. Title: Timing and determinants of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in Nigeria. Author: Charurat M; Datong P; Matawal B; Ajene A; Blattner W; Abimiku A Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 3; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To characterize the timing and determinants of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of HIV among mothers receiving single-dose nevirapine to prevent MTCT in Nigeria. METHODS: Three hundred and seventy-one HIV-infected mothers and their infants were followed from birth, at 1 week, and at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Risks of in utero (IU), intrapartum (IP/EPP), and postnatal (PP) transmission were quantified using conditional Cox regressions. RESULTS: Maternal viral load was the only risk factor for IU transmission after controlling for known risk factors. Low birth weight, premature birth, mixed feeding, and maternal viral load were associated with IP/EPP transmission. Increased PP transmission was associated with low birth weight and mixed feeding. At 6 months, mixed-fed infants were more likely to acquire infection than formula-fed infants (hazard ratio=5.74; 95% CI, 1.26-26.2). CONCLUSION: Risk factors for IU transmission differed from those of IP and PP transmission. Reducing mixed feeding and low birth weight delivery among HIV-infected mothers can further decrease IP and PP transmission. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TRANSMISSION | TIME FACTORS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Transmission | Infections | HIV | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Health Document Number: 341465 |
| 14. Title: Reliability of reported breastfeeding duration among reproductive-aged women from Mexico. Author: Cupul-Uicab LA; Gladen BC; Hernandez-Avila M; Longnecker MP Source: Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2009 Apr;5(2):125-37. Abstract: Breastfed children have lower risk of infectious diseases, post-neonatal mortality and chronic diseases later in life. Because epidemiologic studies usually rely on reported history of previous breastfeeding, data on the accuracy and precision of recalled histories allow improved interpretation of the epidemiologic findings. We evaluated the reliability of two reported breastfeeding durations in 567 reproductive-aged women from Mexico using information obtained from nearly identical sets of questions applied at different times after weaning. We compared differences between reports, and examined the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for any and for exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the determinants of poor recall (difference between reports of >20%). The reliability of duration of any breastfeeding was high (ICC 0.94). Overall, differences between reports of duration were usually <1 month, and for 385/567, the difference was < or =0.5 months. Predictors of poorer recall were having > or =4 children, and time between reports of >2 months. The only predictor of better recall was greater age of the baby at weaning. The reliability of EBF duration was lower (ICC 0.49). In this population with a relatively long duration of breastfeeding, reliability of any breastfeeding duration was high. Age, education and previous breastfeeding were not important predictors of recall, in contrast to findings in earlier studies. Consistent with previous reports, however, parity and length of recall were associated with poorer recall of duration of any breastfeeding. Future studies that use reported breastfeeding duration may want to consider the effect of these variables on recall. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEASUREMENT | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | RELIABILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341786 |
| 15. Title: Mainstreaming early and exclusive breastfeeding for improving child survival. Author: Dadhich JP; Agarwal RK Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2009 Jan;46(1):11-7. Abstract: India is home to maximum number of under-five deaths and underweight children in the world. In 2006, for the first time, the number of children in the world dying before their fifth birthday fell below 10 million, to 9.7 million annually. South Asia's contribution to this figure was 3.1 million out of which 2.1 million deaths occurred in India i.e., 21 percent of the global burden of under five deaths. Most of these deaths occur during the neonatal period. A reduction in the number of deaths among the under-five children reflects the country's progress on the fourth Millennium Development Goal (MDG 4). About 55 million, or one-third of the world's underweight children under the age of five years, live in India. Malnutrition has been estimated to be an underlying cause of up to 50-60 percent of under five deaths. The number of young underweight children reflects the country's progress on the first Millennium Development Goal (MDG 1), which deals with eradication of extreme poverty and hunger. In India, the average annual rate of decline in malnutrition has been around 0.9% since 1990. Considerably accelerated progress is needed for India to meet its MDG target of halving the percentage of underweight children by 2015. Despite breastfeeding's numerous recognized advantages, early and exclusive breastfeeding rates in most states of the India are low. There are many gaps in policy and programs related to infant and young child feeding in India. The big challenge is how to mainstream IYCF counseling and support interventions to help women to succeed both in early and exclusive breastfeeding. The rationale for supporting a major program to protect, promote and support breastfeeding action, backed by a budgetary support, is compelling for our country. Child health and development policies should urgently address this major concern. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RECOMMENDATIONS | HEALTH SURVEYS | MOTHERS | INFANT | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | CHILD SURVIVAL | MALNUTRITION | BODY WEIGHT | TIME FACTORS | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | INTELLIGENCE | HIV PREVENTION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control Document Number: 331250 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Establishment of drug-resistant HIV-1 in latent reservoirs. Author: Dahl V; Palmer S Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 May 1;199(9):1258-60. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHERS | INFANT | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | HIV | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342358 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria-related perceptions and practices of women with children under the age of five years in rural Ethiopia. Author: Deressa W; Ali A Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 23;9(1):259. Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Malaria remains to be the major cause of morbidity and mortality among pregnant women and children in Ethiopia. The aim of this study was to investigate the local perceptions, practices and treatment seeking behaviour for malaria among women with children under the age of five years. METHODS: This community-based study was conducted in 2003 in an area of seasonal malaria transmission in Adami Tulu District, south-central Ethiopia. Total samples of 2087 rural women with children less than five years of age from 18 rural kebeles (the smallest administrative units) were interviewed about their perceptions and practices regarding malaria. In addition, focus group discussions and in-depth interviews were conducted on similar issues to complement the quantitative data. RESULTS: Malaria, locally known as busaa, is perceived as the main health problem in the study area. Mosquitoes are perceived to be the main cause of the disease, and other misperceptions were also widespread. The use of prevention measures was very low. Most mothers were familiar with the main signs and symptoms of mild malaria, and some of them indicated high grade fever, convulsions and mental confusion as a manifestation of severe malaria. Very few households (5.6%) possessed one or two nets. More than 60% of the mothers with recent episodes of malaria received initial treatment from non-public health facilities such as community health workers (CHWs) (40%) and private care providers (21%). Less than 40% of the reported malaria cases among women were treated by public health facilities. CONCLUSION: Malaria was perceived as the main health problem among women and children. The use of malaria preventive measures was low. A significant proportion of the respondents received initial malaria treatments from CHWs, private care providers and public health facilities. Concerted effort is needed to scale-up the distribution of insecticide-treated nets and improve the knowledge of the community about the link between malaria and mosquitoes. Effective antimalarial drugs should also be available at the grassroots level where the problem of malaria is rampant. Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | FOCUS GROUPS | MOTHERS | RURAL POPULATION | MALARIA | PERCEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | BED NETS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342286 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Anthropometric indices of infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers: a prospective cohort study in Lagos, Nigeria. Author: Ezeaka VC; Iroha EO; Akinsulie AO; Temiye EO; Adetifa IM Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Aug;20(8):545-8. Abstract: Numerous studies have reported that HIV-infected pregnant women are at increased risk of delivery of low birth weight (LBW) infants, of preterm deliveries and of intrauterine growth restriction. The objective of the study was to determine the effect of maternal HIV infection on the anthropometric characteristics of the babies at birth. A prospective study was carried out at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria. There were three times more LBW babies in the HIV-positive group than in the uninfected mothers (odds ratio = 3.47, 95% confidence interval = 1.69, 7.27; chi(2) = 12.99, P = 0.0003).The maternal weight (t = 15.85; P = 0.0001), maternal body mass index (BMI) (t = 15.07; P = 0.0003), birth weight of infants (t = 27.17; P = 0.0001) and birth length (t = 31.20; P = 0.001) were significantly less in HIV-positive mothers than in controls. In conclusion, poor maternal bodyweight and low BMI are significant contributors to LBW in HIV-infected women. Nutritional counselling, dietary intake and weight monitoring during pregnancy should be emphasized to improve pregnancy outcome in HIV-infected women. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHERS | INFANT | INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION | MATERNAL NUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | BIRTH WEIGHT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Congenital Abnormalities | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Nutrition | Health | Measurement | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 342221 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Infant feeding among HIV-positive mothers and the general population mothers: comparison of two cross-sectional surveys in Eastern Uganda. Author: Fadnes LT; Engebretsen IM; Wamani H; Semiyaga NB; Tylleskar T; Tumwine JK Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:124. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Infant feeding recommendations for HIV-positive mothers differ from recommendations to mothers of unknown HIV-status. The aim of this study was to compare feeding practices, including breastfeeding, between infants and young children of HIV-positive mothers and infants of mothers in the general population of Uganda. METHODS: This study compares two cross-sectional surveys conducted in the end of 2003 and the beginning of 2005 in Eastern Uganda using analogous questionnaires. The first survey consisted of 727 randomly selected general-population mother-infant pairs with unknown HIV status. The second included 235 HIV-positive mothers affiliated to The Aids Support Organisation, TASO. In this article we compare early feeding practices, breastfeeding duration, feeding patterns with dietary information and socio-economic differences in the two groups of mothers. RESULTS: Pre-lacteal feeding was given to 150 (64%) infants of the HIV-positive mothers and 414 (57%) infants of general-population mothers. Exclusive breastfeeding of infants under the age of 6 months was more common in the general population than among the HIV-positive mothers (186 [45%] vs. 9 [24%] respectively according to 24-hour recall). Mixed feeding was the most common practice in both groups of mothers. Solid foods were introduced to more than half of the infants under 6 months old among the HIV-positive mothers and a quarter of the infants in the general population. Among the HIV-positive mothers with infants below 12 months of age, 24 of 90 (27%) had stopped breastfeeding, in contrast to 9 of 727 (1%) in the general population. The HIV-positive mothers were poorer and had less education than the general-population mothers. CONCLUSION: In many respects, HIV-positive mothers fed their infants less favourably than mothers in the general population, with potentially detrimental effects on both the child's nutrition and the risk of HIV transmission. Mixed feeding and pre-lacteal feeding were widespread. Breastfeeding duration was shorter among HIV-positive mothers. Higher educational level and being socio-economically better off were associated with more beneficial infant feeding practices. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT NUTRITION | BREASTFEEDING | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control Document Number: 341408 |
| 20. Title: Need to optimise infant feeding counselling: a cross-sectional survey among HIV-positive mothers in Eastern Uganda. Author: Fadnes LT; Engebretsen IM; Wamani H; Wangisi J; Tumwine JK; Tylleskar T Source: BMC Pediatrics. 2009;9:2. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The choice of infant feeding method is important for HIV-positive mothers in order to optimise the chance of survival of their infants and to minimise the risk of HIV transmission. The aim of this study was to investigate feeding practices, including breastfeeding, in the context of PMTCT for infants and children under two years of age born to HIV-positive mothers in Uganda. METHODS: In collaboration with The Aids Support Organisation Mbale, we conducted a cross-sectional survey involving 235 HIV-positive mothers in Uganda. Infant feeding practices, reasons for stopping breastfeeding, and breast health problems were studied. Breastfeeding duration was analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method based on retrospective recall. RESULTS: Breastfeeding was initiated by most of the mothers, but 20 of them (8.5%) opted exclusively for replacement feeding. Pre-lacteal feeding was given to 150 (64%) infants and 65 (28%) practised exclusive breastfeeding during the first three days. One-fifth of the infants less than 6 months old were exclusively breastfed, the majority being complementary fed including breast milk. The median duration of breastfeeding was 12 months (95% confidence interval [CI] 11.5 to 12.5). Adjusted Cox regression analysis indicated that a mother's education, socio-economic status, participation in the PMTCT-program and her positive attitude to breastfeeding exclusively, were all associated with a reduction in breastfeeding duration. Median duration was 3 months (95% CI 0-10.2) among the most educated mothers, and 18 months (95% CI 15.0-21.0) among uneducated mothers. Participation in the PMTCT program and being socio-economically better-off were also associated with earlier cessation of breastfeeding (9 months [95% CI 7.2-10.8] vs. 14 months [95% CI 10.8-17.2] and 8 months [95% CI 5.9-10.1] vs. 17 months [95% CI 15.2-18.8], respectively). The main reasons for stopping breastfeeding were reported as: advice from health workers, maternal illness, and the HIV-positive status of the mother. CONCLUSION: Exclusive breastfeeding was uncommon. Exclusive replacement feeding was practised by few HIV-positive mothers. Well-educated mothers, mothers who were socio-economically better-off and PMTCT-attendees had the shortest durations of breastfeeding. Further efforts are needed to optimise infant feeding counselling and to increase the feasibility of the recommendations. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | HIV PREVENTION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | INFANT NUTRITION | BREASTFEEDING | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics Document Number: 341171 |
| 21. Title: A survey of mothers' comfort discussing contraception with infant providers at well-child visits. Author: Fagan EB; Rodman E; Sorensen EA; Landis S; Colvin GF Source: Southern Medical Journal. 2009 Mar;102(3):260-4. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine whether mothers feel comfortable with their infants' providers discussing contraception with them at their infants' well-child checks. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was conducted using a convenience sample of 114 mothers presenting at a community family medicine residency program for well-child visits among infants up to 17 months old. RESULTS: Almost all mothers (87%) felt comfortable talking with their infants' providers about contraception and were likely to accept the advice of their infants' providers to see their own doctors regarding contraception (83%) or to use a prescription from their infants' providers for contraception (75%). CONCLUSION: Many mothers miss or delay their postpartum visits but see their infants' doctor multiple times within the first year. Mothers are comfortable talking with infant providers about contraception. By discussing contraception with mothers at well-child visits, physicians may encourage mothers to use contraception and prevent unintended pregnancies. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | INFANT | CLINICS | PHYSICIANS | CLINIC VISITS | CONTRACEPTION | POSTPARTUM | INFORMATION | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Personnel | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Puerperium | Reproduction | Health Services Document Number: 330896 |
| 22. Title: Longitudinal growth of infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Author: Fausto MA; Carneiro M; Antunes CM; Colosimo EA; Pinto JA Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2009 Jun;12(6):783-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To prospectively evaluate growth parameters assessed by weight and length in infected and uninfected infants born to HIV-1-infected mothers and followed from birth to 18 months. METHODS: A cohort consisting of ninety-seven uninfected and forty-two infected infants born to HIV-infected mothers enrolled from 1995 to 2004, and admitted during their first 3 months of life at a referral Pediatric AIDS Clinic in Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Infants were followed until 18 months of age. Data were analysed using mixed-effects linear regression models for weight and length fitted by restricted maximum likelihood. RESULTS: Infected infants contributed to 466 weight and 411 recumbent length measurements. Uninfected infants provided 924 weight and 907 length measurements. Mean birth weight and length were similar in both groups, 3.1 (sd 0.4) and 3.0 (sd 0.5) kg, and 48.7 (sd 1.4) and 48.8 (sd 2.9) cm for uninfected and infected infants, respectively. However, HIV-1 infection had an early impact in growth impairment: at 6 months of age, HIV-infected children were 1 kg lighter and 2 cm shorter than the uninfected. CONCLUSIONS: Growth faltering in weight, but not length, in HIV-infected children in Brazil is more marked than that reported in a European cohort, probably reflecting background nutritional deficiencies and concomitant infections. In these settings, early and aggressive nutritional management in HIV-1-infected infants should be a priority intervention associated with the antiretroviral therapy. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHERS | INFANT | GROWTH | ANTHROPOMETRY | BIRTH WEIGHT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Development | Biology | Measurement | Body Weight | Physiology | HIV Document Number: 342213 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use, birth spacing, and autonomy: an analysis of the Oportunidades program in rural Mexico. Author: Feldman BS; Zaslavsky AM; Ezzati M; Peterson KE; Mitchell M Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):51-62. Abstract: Oportunidades, a conditional cash-transfer program instituted in Mexico in 1997, provides cash incentives to mothers to invest in the health and education of family members. Drawing from data gathered by Mexico's National Institute of Public Health, this study assesses the effect of the program on contraceptive use and birth spacing among titulares (female household heads) living in rural areas during the experimental period, 1998-2000, and during 2000-03, after incorporation of the control group. In 2000, titulares were more likely to use modern contraceptives than were women in the control group, although by 2003 all beneficiaries had the same probability of use. Change in autonomy was not a mediator, although baseline autonomy modified the program's influence on contraceptive use. Cox proportional hazard models produced estimates that birth spacing was similar between the beneficiaries and controls. Inconsistent findings may be the result of the way contraceptive use was defined in this study. Findings from this study may be useful for helping program planners better understand the role of conditional cash transfers in modifying family planning and fertility among poor rural women in Latin America. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | BIRTH SPACING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Households | Family Planning | Contraception | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 331287 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Evaluating nurses' implementation of an infant-feeding counseling protocol for HIV-infected mothers: The Ban Study in Lilongwe, Malawi. Author: Ferguson YO; Eng E; Bentley M; Sandelowski M; Steckler A; Randall-David E; Piwoz EG; Zulu C; Chasela C; Soko A; Tembo M; Martinson F; Tohill BC; Ahmed Y; Kazembe P; Jamieson DJ; van der Horst C Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Apr;21(2):141-55. Abstract: A process evaluation of nurses' implementation of an infant-feeding counseling protocol was conducted for the Breastfeeding, Antiretroviral and Nutrition (BAN) Study, a prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV clinical trial in Lilongwe, Malawi. Six trained nurses counseled HIV-infected mothers to exclusively breastfeed for 24 weeks postpartum and to stop breastfeeding within an additional four weeks. Implementation data were collected via direct observations of 123 infant feeding counseling sessions (30 antenatal and 93 postnatal) and interviews with each nurse. Analysis included calculating a percent adherence to checklists and conducting a content analysis for the observation and interview data. Nurses were implementing the protocol at an average adherence level of 90% or above. Although not detailed in the protocol, nurses appropriately counseled mothers on their actual or intended formula milk usage after weaning. Results indicate that nurses implemented the protocol as designed. Results will help to interpret the BAN Study's outcomes. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | EVALUATION REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | NURSES AND NURSING | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | IMPLEMENTATION | COUNSELING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | COMMUNICATION | USER COMPLIANCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Programs | Organization and Administration | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Behavior Document Number: 341680 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Influence of wasting and stunting at the onset of the rainy season on subsequent malaria morbidity among rural preschool children in Senegal. Author: Fillol F; Cournil A; Boulanger D; Cisse B; Sokhna C; Targett G; Trape JF; Simondon F; Greenwood B; Simondon KB Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Feb;80(2):202-8. Abstract: In sub-Saharan Africa, malaria and malnutrition are major causes of morbidity and mortality in children less than five years of age. To explore the impact of malnutrition on subsequent susceptibility to malaria, a cohort of 874 rural preschool children in Senegal was followed-up during one malaria transmission season from July through December. Data on nutritional status and Plasmodium falciparum parasitemia were collected at baseline. Malaria morbidity was monitored through weekly home visits. Wasted children (weight-for-height z-score < -2) were at lower risk of having at least one subsequent clinical malaria attack (odds ratio = 0.33; 95% confidence interval = 0.13-0.81, P = 0.02), whereas stunting (height-for-age z-score < -2) or being underweight (weight-for-age z-score < -2) was not associated with clinical malaria. Although non-biological explanations such as overprotection of wasted children by their mothers should be considered, immunomodulation according to nutritional status could explain the lower risk of malaria attack among wasted children. Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | CHILD CARE | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BREASTFEEDING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 330300 |
| 26. Title: Nutritional Assessment of Newborns of HIV Infected Mothers. Author: Gangar J Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;46(4):339-41. Abstract: Nutritional status of 50 newborns born to HIV infected mothers in a tertiary care hospital was compared with that of babies born to HIV seronegative mothers, as assessed by birthweight, mid arm circumference to head circumference ratio (MAC/HC), ponderal index (PI), and clinical assessment of nutritional status (CAN) score. The incidence of malnutrition in babies born to HIV infected mothers was 36%, 82%, 20%, and 44% using birth weight, MAC/HC, PI, and CAN scores, respectively, compared to 10%, 56%, 8%, and 22% incidence in babies born to HIV seronegative mothers, respectively. Rate of fetal malnutrition was significantly more in babies born to HIV infected mothers. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | INFANT | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MALNUTRITION | INCIDENCE | ANTHROPOMETRY | BIRTH WEIGHT | NUTRITION INDEXES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Measurement | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 342375 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Opportunity for natural selection among the Indian population: secular trend, covariates and implications. Author: Gautam RK Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Jul 23;:1-41. Abstract: Crow's index is widely used for indirect quantitative estimation of natural selection using birth and death rates. The present investigation is based on 179 studies among 144 different endogamous communities belonging to nineteen states and six geographical regions of India, categorized into six social groups. These studies appeared in 33 different years over six decades (1956 to 2007). The secular trend in Crow's index (It) and its mortality and fertility components (Im and If) shows a gradual decline in It and radical shift in the relative contributions of Im and If. Before 1990 the opportunity for natural selection was mainly determined by differential pre-reproductive mortality (Im), whereas after 1990 it has been determined by differential fertility (If). To find out the covariates of It, Im and If sixteen socio-demographic variables were considered, and nine were found to be significantly correlated with It: total dependency ratio, decadal growth rate 1991-2001, young age dependency ratio, crude death rate, total fertility rate, child mortality rate, under-5 mortality rate, old age dependency ratio and decadal growth rate 1981-1991. On the basis of multivariate stepwise regression analysis, female literacy emerged as one of the most important predictors of It. The declining trend of It, Im and If shows that the Indian population is passing through the demographic transition. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | TRIBES | MOTHERS | CASTE | POPULATION GENETICS | FERTILITY | MORTALITY | DEPENDENCY BURDEN | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Genetics | Biology | Population Dynamics | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 342293 |
| 28. Title: Barriers to best outcomes in breastfeeding for Maori: mothers' perceptions, whanau perceptions, and services. Author: Glover M; Waldon J; Manaena-Biddle H; Holdaway M; Cunningham C Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2009 Aug;25(3):307-16. Abstract: This research explores the perceptions of New Zealand Maori women and their whanau (customary Maori extended family) toward barriers to achieving best outcomes in infant feeding: exclusively breastfed infants at 6 months. Interviews are undertaken with 59 Maori women who have given birth in the previous 3 years and 27 whanau members. Although mothers and whanau members feel positively toward breastfeeding and generally expect to breastfeed exclusively, these expectations are unmet in many cases because of lack of support when establishing breastfeeding; lack of support when life ci |