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Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Montana.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307030

3.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Awareness, prior use, and intent to use emergency contraception among Montana women at the time of pregnancy testing.
Author: Spence MR; Elgen KK; Harwell TS
Source: Maternal and Child Health Journal. 2003 Sep;7(3):197-203.
Abstract: Objectives: To identify factors associated with awareness of emergency contraception (EC), prior use of EC, and intent to use EC in the future among women at the time of pregnancy testing. Methods: A convenience sample of women presenting for pregnancy testing and being found to be pregnant in 38 primary health care facilities completed a self-administered, anonymous questionnaire. Information regarding demography, pregnancy intentions, use of any contraception, awareness of EC, prior use of EC, and intent to use EC in the future was collected. Results: Of the 583 women that completed the questionnaire, 62% were aware of EC, 4% had previously used EC, and 13% considered using EC in the future. Women aware of EC were more likely to be white, have >/= 12 years of education, and report use of birth control prior to the current pregnancy. Younger women, those with < 12 years of education, and those not currently living with a partner were more likely to have previously used EC. Women who considered using EC in the future were more likely to be younger, non-white, have < 12 years of education, not currently living with a partner, and their usual source of care was a public clinic. Women who considered using EC in the future were also more likely to not want to be pregnant now or ever (21%) compared to women who wanted to be pregnant now or sooner (12%), or with those who were unsure of their current pregnancy (7%). Conclusion: Strategies need to be developed to increase the awareness of EC and determine the factors that would assist in enhancing its utilization. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
MONTANA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADULTS | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE HISTORY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | KNOWLEDGE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 184994

5.
Title: Consequences of population change for retail/wholesale sector employment in the nonmetropolitan Great Plains: 1950-1996.
Author: Adamchak DJ; Bloomquist LE; Bausman K; Qureshi R
Source: RURAL SOCIOLOGY. 1999 Mar;64(1):92-112.
Abstract: This study examined the relationship between population decline in 438 counties and local retail and wholesale (R/W) sectors during 1950-90 in the nonmetropolitan Great Plains states of North and South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, Nebraska, Oklahoma, New Mexico, and Colorado. The focus was on the impact of population change in a region where the R/W trade sector has been a major source of employment for nonmetropolitan residents post-1945. Population declined over the long term. Analysis was based on economic restructuring views and central place theory. Data were obtained from the Censuses of Population (1950-90) and from the County and City Data Books (1947-94). The choice of few control variables was based on Lieberson's (1985) methods. Analysis included tests for multicollinearity. Findings are reported for counties adjacent to a metro area (AM), urban nonadjacent (UN) counties, and rural nonadjacent (RN) counties. Findings indicate that the 1980s had the greatest population loss (84% of counties), despite the population increases of the 1970s. AM counties followed the regional pattern. UN counties followed the regional pattern only in recent decades. RN counties lost population throughout the period and had the greatest percentage of counties losing population. Population change had a positive significant effect on R/W employment throughout the period and in all types of counties. Trade became more concentrated in larger, more diverse, and fewer trade centers, especially in UN counties. Gains occurred in the 1990s. Four anomalies were identified. Findings support the work of Drabenstott and Smith (1996).
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH DAKOTA | SOUTH DAKOTA | MONTANA | WYOMING | NEBRASKA | OKLAHOMA | NEW MEXICO | COLORADO | RESEARCH REPORT | NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION | POPULATION DECREASE | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | URBANIZATION | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Human Resources
Document Number: 142219

6.
Title: Physician assistant as abortion provider: lessons from Vermont, New York, and Montana.
Author: Schirmer JT
Source: HASTING LAW JOURNAL. 1997 Nov;49(1):253-88.
Abstract: The introduction to this article, which questions assumptions that patient interests are served by excluding licensed mid-level health care providers from performing abortions, notes that 1) the US is experiencing an increasing shortage of physicians who provide abortions; 2) this situation led a 1990 symposium of the National Abortion Federation and the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology to recommend that mid-level clinicians provide abortions; 3) use of mid-level providers for abortion would be efficient, increase provider choice for patients, and reduce costs; and 4) such a change is currently legally ambiguous or illegal in most states. The article then begins with a section covering the history of US abortion laws from 1848-1900, the movement to criminalize abortion, the legalization of abortion following the Roe vs. Wade decision, whether Roe gave women the right to have or physicians the right to perform an abortion, the "undue burden" standard in the Casey decision, and the 1997 Mazurek vs. Armstrong decision upholding a Montana statute prohibiting physician assistants from performing abortions. Part 2 describes the debate over this issue, the mixed response of pro-choice groups to legalizing mid-level abortion providers, and the medical competency of mid-level providers to perform abortion. The third part reviews barriers to legal abortion caused by the diminishing provider pool, Roman Catholic hospital mergers, scheduling, and cost. Part 4 reviews abortion and physician assistant laws in Vermont, New York, and Montana, and the final part proposes using state constitutions to challenge prohibitive state legislation and protect privacy and abortion rights.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | VERMONT | NEW YORK | MONTANA | CRITIQUE | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | HEALTH PERSONNEL | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | POLITICAL FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health
Document Number: 138421 Notification

7.
Title: Measures mandating information on abortion and breast cancer "link" pose new threat to reproductive health.
Source: REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM NEWS. 1996 Apr 5;5(7):4.
Abstract: Pushed by opponents of abortion, legislative bills are pending this year in at least nine US states which would require that women seeking abortions receive information about an increased risk of breast cancer. Rather than presenting credible scientific data, however, many of these measures are simply intended to scare women from having abortions by providing them with false information. Over the past three years, the National Cancer Institute, the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, and the American Cancer Society have concluded that there is insufficient evidence to support a link between breast cancer and abortion. To date, only Mississippi and Montana have enacted statutes requiring women to be informed of a link between abortion and breast cancer. The 1995 Montana mandatory delay and biased counseling law has been enjoined by a state trial court.
Language: English
Keywords:
MISSISSIPPI | MONTANA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ABORTION LAW | MISINFORMATION | ABORTION | BREAST CANCER | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Communication | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases
Document Number: 112893 Notification

8.
Title: Montana physician assistant can again provide abortions.
Source: REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM NEWS. 1996 Nov 22;5(19):2.
Abstract: Susan Cahill, a physician assistant who performed abortions under a doctor's supervision for 18 years, has been allowed to resume her abortion practice in Montana under an injunction issued November 4, 1996, by Judge Paul Hatfield, of the U.S. District Court for the District of Montana. The injunction prohibits the state from enforcing a statute banning physician assistants from performing abortions. Cahill and several other health care providers had requested a preliminary injunction before the law took effect in October 1995, claiming that the ban violated "Planned Parenthood vs. Casey" by creating an undue burden for women seeking abortions. The judge had refused to grant the injunction at that time on the basis that the plaintiffs probably would not prevail on their claim. The judge further ruled that it was unlikely that the statute would be shown to be a "bill of attainder" written specifically for Cahill or for abortion providers as a group. However, a three-judge panel of the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit found that the district court erred when it refused to block implementation of the law, and Judge Hatfield was asked to review whether the statute serves a legitimate purpose. The full appellate court denied the state's request for reconsideration of the ruling of the panel. The new injunction applies specifically to Cahill and will remain in effect until Montana officials petition the U.S. Supreme Court for review of the holding of the appellate court. If the High Court denies the appeal, Judge Hatfield is expected to set a date for hearing the plaintiff's outstanding request for a preliminary injunction against the law.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | COURT DECISION | ABORTION LAW | HEALTH PERSONNEL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Litigation | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 119047

9.
Title: Hospital mergers and reproductive health care.
Author: Donovan P
Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1996 Nov-Dec;28(6):281-4.
Abstract: In the US, when one of the two hospitals involved in a merger is a Catholic hospital, comprehensive reproductive health care tends to suffer. The Catholic Church forbids its hospitals from providing and making direct referrals for many reproductive health services (i.e., reversible contraception, infertility treatments, male and female sterilization, abortion, condoms for HIV prevention, and emergency contraception). These mergers are especially severe in small towns and rural areas. Several groups have formed to address this hidden crisis. In Troy, New York, a settlement was reached about 12 months after a law suit was filed against the conditions of a merger between a Catholic hospital and a nonsectarian hospital. After a long fight, the settlement essentially guaranteed that patients who are dependent on religious institutions obtain the contraceptive and sterilization services they need and want, but abortion services and referrals continued to be denied. The state of Montana considered the impact of a merger of a Catholic institution and a nonsectarian institution, yet continued availability of all reproductive health services was not guaranteed. The American Civil Liberties Union asked the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to investigate the merger's impact on reproductive health care, since the merger created a monopoly on acute care in Great Falls. FTC took no action. Key factors to provision of reproductive health services other than abortion in cases of mergers between a Catholic hospital and a nonsectarian hospital include the type of association the two hospitals enter into, the local bishop's willingness to accept a creative solution, and the willingness of the state to consider the implications of such a merger and take steps to guarantee the continued availability of services. State reproductive health care advocacy groups (e.g., MergerWatch in New York) are increasing public awareness of the risks these mergers pose and helping residents ensure that reproductive health services remain available. Pressures to reduce costs will likely require Catholic hospitals to continue to merge with nonsectarian hospitals.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | MONTANA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | HOSPITALS | CATHOLICISM | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | ABORTION | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Christianity | Religion | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Program Activities
Document Number: 119500 Notification

10.
Title: A profile of anesthesia provision in rural Washington and Montana.
Author: Dunbar PJ; Mayer JD; Fordyce MA; Lishner DM; Hagopian A
Source: Seattle, Washington, University of Washington, Seattle Population Research Center, 1996 May. [35] p. (Seattle Population Research Center Working Paper No. 96-15)
Abstract: Background. The provision of anesthesia services is essential to the performance of surgery and, in many cases, obstetrics. Little is known about the availability of anesthesia services in rural areas, nor is it known whether a shortage of anesthesia personnel impedes accessibility to surgery in rural communities. We addressed this question empirically based on a survey of rural hospital administrators. Methods. We developed a survey that we mailed to the administrators of 92 rural hospitals in the states of Washington and Montana. Information was collected on types of anesthesia providers and types and volumes of surgery performed in rural hospitals. The survey ascertained the degree to which problems with anesthesia coverage and other factors limited the availability of surgical services. The inclusion of some open-ended questions allowed for maximum flexibility in gaining primary information and eliciting anesthesia-related concerns. Results. The response rate for the rural hospital administrators was 86 percent. Surgery was performed in 77 percent of the rural hospitals in the two states. The nonavailability of anesthesia personnel and other problems with anesthesia personnel were infrequently cited as limiting surgery in both the hospitals performing and not performing surgery. Likewise, only a few administrators expressed concerns over adverse anesthesia-related issues within their hospitals. Overall, only 12 percent of the 79 responding administrators felt that the lack of anesthesia personnel limited surgery in their hospitals. Administrators clearly indicated that reimbursement issues related to the costs and revenues from surgery and the lack of surgeons were much more important problems. In addition, smaller and more rural hospitals were more likely to have anesthesia availability problems and to have more certified registered nurse anesthetists (CRNAs) as opposed to anesthesiologists than larger and more urban hospitals. Conclusions. The shortage of anesthesia providers in rural areas was less of a limiting factor for the availability of surgery than were economic issues and the availability of surgeons. While there was some concern expressed about a shortage of anesthesiologists and CRNAs in rural areas, this was not perceived by most administrators as a major issue. It is uncertain how many anesthesiologists and CRNAs will enter the field in the future, but there currently appears to be an adequate supply of anesthesia personnel in rural Washington and Montana. The extent to which this is true for the rest of the nation needs to be determined. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WASHINGTON | MONTANA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | ANESTHESIA | HOSPITALS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | SURGERY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Facilities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 282577

11.
Title: New abortion parental involvement laws continue trend toward modified requirements.
Author: Donovan P
Source: STATE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MONITOR. 1995 Sep;6(3):3-6.
Abstract: During 1995, more than 50 bills introduced in state legislatures pertained to parental consent for a minor's abortion. Six of 22 abortion bills enacted in the first nine months of the year contained requirements for parental consent or notification. This represents a sharp increase over the number of such bills enacted in recent years. Currently, 26 states have a parental involvement law in effect (an additional three are under injunction). Most statutes waive the requirement if the minor has been abused by a parent, and the Supreme Court has required that a minor have a confidential alternative to parental involvement. The new laws share only the judicial bypass requirement and the fact that they require the involvement of only one parent. In Delaware, notification is required if the minor is under 16. Illinois requires notification of an adult family member. Louisiana authorizes a judge to personally notify parents of a minor when the court determines said minor is not able to make an abortion decision unaided. This statute is under injunction. A statute in Montana, which requires notification of one parent and contains judicial bypass provisions is also under injunction. In North Carolina, the consent of a parent or custodial grandparent is required with certain exceptions. Tennessee replaced a one-parent notification statute with a one-parent consent law. Anti-abortion groups view mandatory parental involvement as a measure to reduce the number of abortions performed. Opponents of the measures feel that forced communication of this nature may be disastrous for teenagers, that many minors are capable of making such a decision for themselves, and that such laws violate the confidentiality guaranteed to minors seeking medical services.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | DELAWARE | ILLINOIS | LOUISIANA | MONTANA | NORTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | LEGISLATION | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PARENTAL CONSENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 109438 Notification

12.
Title: 2 states sued for not paying for abortions for poor.
Author: Denniston L
Source: BALTIMORE SUN. 1994 Apr 5;:3A.
Abstract: Planned Parenthood clinics in Michigan and in Montana filed lawsuits in Kalamazoo and Billings, respectively, requesting the federal judges to direct the states to pay for abortion in cases of rape and incest. Officials in Michigan and Montana as well as Arkansas, Kentucky, North and South Dakota, and Utah refuse to abide by the rule, which took affect March 1994 and calls for states that receive Medicaid funds for health care of the poor to pay for abortions of poor women whose pregnancy was result of rape or incest. State officials argue that, in December 1993, Congress made using Medicaid funds to pay for abortion i cases of rape or incest optional. It appears that, in the short term, the Clinton administration does not plan to object strongly to the states' refusal to pay. Yet, Planned Parenthood Federation of America is not willing to wait. The 2 lawsuits brought by the clinics in Michigan and Montana maintain that the law requires any state receiving Medicaid funds to pay for those abortions for which federal funds are available. Regardless of the states' unwillingness to pay for such abortions, Planned Parenthood clinics accept incest and rape cases anyway. They will receive private funds to pay for their abortion care. Some officials in Colorado and Oklahoma are also thinking about resisting payment for abortions for incest and rape cases.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | MONTANA | ABORTION | TITLE 19 MEDICAL ASSISTANCE | LEGISLATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Assistance | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 094009 Notification

13.
Title: Physician-only and physician assistant statutes: a case of perceived but unfounded conflict.
Author: Lieberman D; Lalwani A
Source: JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN MEDICAL WOMENS ASSOCIATION. 1994 Sep-Oct;49(5):146-9.
Abstract: In the US, abortion is the most common surgical procedure for women, but the number of providers is steadily shrinking. This results in obstacles which make abortion impossible for many women who would have to travel long distances and spend a great deal of money to obtain an abortion. To remedy this situation, The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recently recommended that nonphysicians be trained to provide abortions in collaborative settings. This discussion centers on the legal authority for supervised physician assistants (PAs) to perform abortions. PAs are licensed to practice medicine under the supervision of a physician in every state except Mississippi. However, the legal framework which surrounds their work and abortion is ambiguous. In New York, for example, there is a perceived but unfounded statutory conflict which arises from the law which legalized abortion if provided "by a duly licensed physician." Despite the fact that this conflict is resolved by the PA statute which states that "notwithstanding any other provision of the law, a physician assistant may perform medical services. . . when under the supervision of a physician," the New York City public hospital system prohibits PAs from performing abortions. In Montana, which has no PA enabling law which supercedes all others, the ambiguity was resolved recently by a federal court judgment in favor of a broad scope of practice for PAs. In Vermont, there is no physician-only abortion law, and PAs have been performing abortions since 1973. In conclusion, the demand to expand the type of qualified abortion provider will cause the interplay between physician-only abortion and PA statutes to undergo increased scrutiny. The medical profession can ill afford to allow the shortage of abortion providers to place women's lives and health in jeopardy.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NEW YORK | MONTANA | VERMONT | ABORTION LAW | LEGISLATION | ABORTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 100697 Notification

14.
Title: An Act to amend Code Section 17-10-15 of the Official Code of Georgia Annotated, relating to HIV testing of persons who commit AIDS transmitting crimes, so as to provide procedures for such tests on persons arrested for certain offenses [11 April 1991].
Author: United States. Georgia
Source: GEORGIA LAWS. 1991;1:974-7. Act No. 411.
Abstract: This Act authorizes the victim of a sexual offense or other crime involving significant exposure to HIV to request that the person arrested for the offense submit to a test for HIV. If the person arrested refuses, a judge may order the test on a showing of probable cause. In addition, in cases in which there is a verdict of no contest or guilty with respect to an AIDS transmitting crime, the court shall order the defendant to be tested for HIV. On 31 July 1991, the state of Louisiana authorized a court to order the testing of persons indicted for sex offenses. On 5 August 1991, the state required persons convicted of sex offenses to be so tested. See State of Louisiana, Acts of the Legislature, 1991, Acts Nos. 316 and 419, pp. 1199-1200 and 1461-1462. On 1 March 1991, the state of South Dakota authorized the victim of a sexual assault to request the testing of the defendant and a judge to order the testing if probable cause is shown. See South Dakota Session Laws, 1991, Chapter 203, pp. 250-251. On 12 March 1991, the state of Tennessee required a court, at the request of a victim of a sex offense, to order the testing of the person convicted of that offense. See Public Acts, 1991, Chapter 25, pp. 27-28. On 21 March 1991, the state of Mississippi required the testing of persons convicted of a sex offense and sentenced to prison. See General Laws of the State of Mississippi, 1991, Chapter 425, pp. 349-350. On 20 April 1991, the state of Montana required all persons convicted of a sex offense to be tested for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV infection. See Montana Session Laws, 1991, Chapter 504, pp. 1612-1613. On 9 October 1991, the state of California extended the operation of state law on the testing of prisoners for HIV infection until 1994, required law enforcement agencies to file yearly reports on requests made for testing of prisoners and ensure confidentiality in these reports, and narrowed the circumstances in which testing can be ordered if no request is made. See Deering's California Codes Annotated, Advance Legislative Service, Chapter 768, 1991.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SOUTH DAKOTA | TENNESSEE | CALIFORNIA | MISSISSIPPI | MONTANA | LOUISIANA | GEORGIA (UNITED STATES) | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | TESTING | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RAPE | CRIME | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Measurement | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Social Problems
Document Number: 086696

15.
Title: An Act to generally revise the AIDS Prevention Act [22 April 1991].
Author: United States. Montana
Source: MONTANA SESSION LAWS. 1991;:1737-46. Chapter No. 544.
Abstract: This legal act amends the Montana AIDS Prevention Act to do the following: a) clarify the kind of counseling that a health care provider is required to give in administering an HIV-related test; b) allow next-of-kin, a significant other, or designated individual to consent to testing for an unconscious or mentally incapacitated person; c) require health care providers not providing anonymous testing to inform those wishing to be tested that such testing is available elsewhere; d) require insurance companies to inform applicants of positive test results and allow them access to negative test results; e) clarify when consent for testing is not required, including when patients have potentially infected health care personnel and blood has already been drawn; f) allow health care providers to release health care information without consent when disclosure will avoid or minimize danger to the health or safety of a person; g) make it a misdemeanor for a person to unlawfully disclose confidential health care information; and h) increase civil penalties for violation of the provisions of the AIDS Prevention Act.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | LAWS AND STATUTES | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | HEALTH INSURANCE | INFORMED CONSENT | MENTAL DISORDERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Ethics | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 086703

16.
Title: Assessing the reproductive behavior of on- and off-reservation American Indian females: characteristics of two groups in Montana.
Author: Warren CW; Goldberg HI; Oge L; Pepion D; Friedman JS; Helgerson S; La Mere EM
Source: SOCIAL BIOLOGY. 1990 Spring-Summer;37(1-2):69-83.
Abstract: The reproductive behavior of two groups of American Indian females is compared with that of other ethnic groups in the United States. "Using data from the 1987 Montana American Indian Health Risk Assessment, we found that the fertility of American Indians in Great Falls and on the Blackfeet Reservation was similar to blacks in the U.S. and relatively high when compared with fertility of whites in the United States. The influence of the direct determinants of fertility (nuptiality, contraceptive use, and lactation) was very different for the populations examined in this study." Comparisons are made of age at first sexual intercourse, breast-feeding, family planning, and contraceptive use. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | NATIVE AMERICANS | BLACKS | WHITES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | NUPTIALITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | AGE FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | BREASTFEEDING | FAMILY PLANNING | ETHNIC GROUPS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Behavior | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 232827

17.
Title: Chapter 472 of the Laws of 1989, 8 April 1989.
Author: United States. Montana
Source: ANNUAL REVIEW OF POPULATION LAW. 1989;16:17. From: Montana Code Annotated, Chapter 37-2-104.
Abstract: This Montana legislation authorizes registered nurses employed by a family planning clinic under contract with the department of health and environmental sciences to dispense factory prepackaged oral contraceptives if such dispensing is in accordance with 1) a physician's written protocol specifying the circumstances under which dispensing is appropriate, and 2) the drug labeling, storage, and recordkeeping requirements of the board of pharmacy.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | LAWS AND STATUTES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | NURSES AND NURSING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel
Document Number: 078480

18.
Title: Social indicators and infant mortality: a regional study of South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana, 1980.
Author: DeWitt DC
Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International, 1989. 198 p. Publication order number DA9007440
Abstract: "This research was an investigation of the relationship of selected social indicators to variations in the rates of infant mortality in the region comprising the states of South Dakota, North Dakota, and Montana. In addition to regional and state considerations special attention was given to variations in infant mortality rates with respect to the racial compositions of counties within the area under examination. Quality-of-life factors also were examined in the research....Counties with high proportions of Indians were found to have higher rates of infant mortality. Moveover, it was found that the greater the racial heterogeneity of a state's population the more statistically significant the association between individual measures of quality-of-life and the infant mortality rate." This work was prepared as a doctoral dissertation at South Dakota State University. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SOUTH DAKOTA | NORTH DAKOTA | MONTANA | INFANT MORTALITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | HETEROGENEITY | QUALITY OF LIFE | NATIVE AMERICANS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Social Welfare | Economic Factors
Document Number: 233184

19.
Title: Single females in rural energy-impacted counties: the effects of rapid growth and a male marriage-market squeeze.
Author: Hooper DA; England JL
Source: RURAL SOCIOLOGY. 1988 Spring;53(1):87-95.
Abstract: "There are two hypotheses concerning how rapid growth affects women in rural communities: (1) women are more adversely affected than men, and (2) growth liberates women from their traditional sex roles. We used a specific subgroup of the [U.S.] female population--single, never-married females of marriageable age--to examine these two hypotheses. This paper focuses on how a male marriage-market squeeze caused by the influx of a large number of single, never-married males of marriageable age affects these females. The hypotheses, combined with proposals drawn from the demographic literature on marriage markets, are tested using data from counties in Montana and Utah impacted by energy development in the mid- and late 1970s. The measures used are changes in nuptiality rates and age patterns of first marriages." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | UTAH | RURAL POPULATION | POPULATION GROWTH | SEX ROLE | MARRIAGE AGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | NUPTIALITY | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SEX RATIO | SEX DISTRIBUTION | SEX FACTORS | WOMEN | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Economic Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 227926

20.
Title: Nutrition within a family planning clinic.
Author: Shovic AC
Source: JOURNAL OF APPLIED NUTRITION. 1986 Spring-Fall;38(1-2):3-12.
Abstract: Nutrition classes were conducted by a dietitian in the Family Planning Clinic of South Central Montana, for 23 obese or overweight clients and 2 hypertensive clients. Controls were taken at random from clients who chose not to participate. Classes were held weekly for 7 weeks and included behavior modification, nutrition education in the basic 4 food groups, exercise, problem solving and lifestyle choices. 23 women completed the course and lost an average of 5.2 pounds. Women who attended more classes lost more weight than those who attended fewer classes. Controls gained an average of about 4 pounds. 6 women including 2 targeted as hypertensive lowered their systolic blood pressure by mean 16 mm Hg, and diastolic blood pressure by mean 12 mm Hg. Obesity and hypertension are endemic in the U.S. and adversely affect women and their offspring: Statistics show that obese women are more likely to have Cesarean sections, glucosuria, wound infections, obstetric complications, miscarriage and higher neonatal mortality.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | BODY WEIGHT | HYPERTENSION | OBESITY | FAMILY PLANNING CLINIC ATTENDANCE | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | HEALTH EDUCATION | IEC | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MATERNAL NUTRITION | NUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | Americas | Developed Countries | Physiology | Biology | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 044965

21.
Title: Accounting for migration in cohort-component projections of state and local populations.
Author: Smith SK
Source: Demography. 1986 Feb;23(1):127-35.
Abstract: 3 different models of migration for cohort-component projections are developed, each using a different base, i.e., denominator, for migration rates. These models are used to produce 3 sets of population projections for a number of states in the US, using identical data and assumptions for each, except for the different formulations of migration rates. The differences in the resulting projections are analyzed, and several conclusions are drawn about the construction of migration rates for use in cohort-component population projections. A number of different approaches can be taken when projecting migration in cohort-component projection models. This study considers three. Model I uses gross inmigration and outmigration rates for each age group. The outmigration rates are based on the population of the state being projected. The inmigration rates are based on the population of the rest of the US. Model II uses the same gross inmigration and outmigration data as Model I but combines them to form net migration data. Age-specific net migration rates are made by dividing the net migration numbers by the state population in each age group. Model III also uses net migration data by age but calculates age-specific net migration rates by using the US population as a base, rather than the population of the state being projected. Projections were made from 1980 to 2030 for each of the 10 states covered -- Nevada, Wyoming, Arizona, Florida, New York, Massachusetts, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Kentucky, Montana. For rapidly growing states, large differences among the 3 migration models are apparent. Model I produced the lowest population projections and Model II produced the highest. The differences were huge. For the 2 most rapidly growing states (Nevada and Wyoming), the Model II projections were twice as large as the Model I projections by 2010 and 4 times as large by 2030. For Arizona, the Model II projections were almost 50% larger by 2010, more than twice as large by 2030. Even for Florida, a large state with a considerably lower growth rate than the other three, the Model II projection was more than 50% larger than the Model I projection by 2030. Model III projections were also uniformly higher than Model I projections but not nearly as high as Model II projections. Large differences among the migration models also can be found for the slow growing states. Of the 2 net migration models covered by this study, Model III appears to be a better model for rapidly growing areas and Model II for slowly growing or declining areas. If it is accepted that Model I is superior to either Model II or Model III, this provides additional evidence that Model III provides more realistic projections for rapidly growing areas than Model II, while for slowly growing areas the opposite is the case.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEVADA | WYOMING | ARIZONA | FLORIDA | NEW YORK | MASSACHUSETTS | PENNSYLVANIA | ARKANSAS | KENTUCKY | MONTANA | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION PROJECTION | MIGRATION | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | POPULATION GROWTH | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 034557

22.
Title: Who's to blame: adolescent sexual activity.
Author: Kornfield R
Source: Journal of Adolescence. 1985 Mar;8(1):17-31.
Abstract: In response to the Billings, Montana debate of whether or not the presence of Planned Parenthood clinics encourages adolescent women to be sexually active, this article claims that the increase in adolescent sexual activity is a response to societal changes in values and social mores, rather than a response to contraceptive availability. Using data collected in 1980 and 1981, and involving subjects 13 - 17 years of age, the author interviewed adolescents whose parents were from all educational and socioeconomic levels. The findings show that although there is no direct relationship between the initiation of sexual activity and the availability of contraceptives, the persistence of sexual activity, once initiated, may be influenced by this availability at the time that the adolescent realizes she wants to continue her sexual activity but not become pregnant. 5 characteristics of the adolescents interviewed are: 1) they have already had sexual intercourse before coming to the clinic for the 1st time; 2) they tend to have unprotected intercourse anywhere from a few months to 4 years before coming to Planned Parenthood; 3) they know the kind of contraceptive they want to use before they come to the clinic; 4) they have established a pattern of their social-sexual life; and 5) they come to the clinic after they have made a conscious decision to continue their sexual activity but do not want to become pregnant. The act of coming to the clinic is a declaration for 96% of the teenagers interviewed that they are going to continue to be sexually active; before this time, they were willing to take a very high risk of undesired pregnancy. Phenomena other than contraceptive availability and use, such as social definitions and networks, emotional states, and particular individual circumstances, determine the decision of the adolescent to have intercourse for the 1st time; in this study, all instances were unplanned occasions.
Language: English
Keywords:
ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES | MONTANA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | NORTH AMERICA | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | MARKETING | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | IPPF | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Organizations | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Management | Organization and Administration | Programs | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | International Agencies
Document Number: 032470

23.
Title: Induced terminations of pregnancy: reporting states, 1981.
Author: Prager K
Source: Monthly Vital Statistics Report. 1985;34(4):1-36.
Abstract: The report is based on 1981 data reported by 12 states: Colorado, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont and Virginia. Detailed reports are included which show data on all abortions in the reporting area. The induced abortion ratio for the 12-State area in 1981 was 391.0 abortions/1000 live births, an increase of less than 1% from the previous year. 28% of the 1981 induced abortions were to women under 20 years of age, and 35% to woman between 20 and 24 years. The pattern of abortions by age for white and black women has remained similar since 1978. In 1981, as in previous years, a larger proportion of white women who had abortions (64%) were under 25 years, compared with 59% of black women. All states except New York (only New York City) collected information on marital status. Of the abortions occurring in this reporting area in 1981, 23% were for married women and 77% for unmarried women. The former (median age 27.6) were older than the latter (median age 22.0). Black women who had abortions were older than white women, regardless of marital status. Among married women the abortion ratio was was more than twice as high for black as for white women. However, among unmarried women the relationship by race was reversed. For all races combined, the abortion ratio for married women decreased by 5% from 1980 to 1981 and by 4% for unmarried women. Abortion rates are presented in this report for the 1st time; they express the probability of abortion among women in the reproductive ages. The rate of abortions was more than twice as high for black as for white women. Among both race groups, women aged 20-24 showed the highest abortion rate. Rates for black women were higher at every age than were rates for white women. The abortion rate per 1000 unmarried women aged 15-44 was 34.6 compared with 7.4 for married women. For white women abortion ratios generally decreased with increasing educational attainment. For black women in contrast, ratios generally increased with increasing education. Black women having abortions were more likely to have had previous live births at every age than white women. In each age group, a larger proportion of black women had experienced a prior abortion. The median gestational period for black women and for younger ones tended to be longer than for white and for older women. Suction curettage was the most frequently reported method (90%), followed by saline instillation (3.5%). Relative frequency of induced abortions per 1000 live births was more than twice as high for residents of metropolitan (460.8) than for nonmetropolitan areas (188.7). A technical note covers the nature and sources of data, item completeness, data classification, explanation of rates, ratios, % and medians and result generalizability to the country as a whole.
Language: English
Keywords:
NORTH AMERICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COLORADO | KANSAS | MISSOURI | MONTANA | NEW YORK | OREGON | RHODE ISLAND | SOUTH CAROLINA | TENNESSEE | VERMONT | VIRGINIA | ABORTION | MEASUREMENT | ABORTION RATE | AGE FACTORS | ETHNIC GROUPS | BLACKS | WHITES | MARITAL STATUS | DATA ANALYSIS | VITAL STATISTICS | RESEARCH REPORT | CURRENTLY MARRIED | UNMARRIED | TABLES AND CHARTS | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Nuptiality | Population Statistics
Document Number: 268269 Notification

27.
Title: 1980 census of population. Vol. 1: characteristics of the population. Chapter D: detailed population characteristics. Part 28: Montana
Author: United States. Bureau of the Census
Source: Washington, D.C, United States. Bureau of the Census, 1983. vi, 363 p. (no. PC80-1-D28)
Abstract: This is one of a series of 1980 U.S. census reports presenting detailed cross-classifications of sample data on social and economic characteristics of the population. A separate report is being published for each state, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, outlying areas, and the United States as a whole. The data are "cross-classified by age, race, Spanish origin, and other characteristics. Each subject is shown for the State or equivalent area, and some subjects are also shown for rural residence at the State level. Most subjects are shown for SMSA's of 250,000 or more inhabitants, and a few are shown for central cities of these SMSA's." Data are included on nativity, place of birth, citizenship, year of immigration, language spoken at home and ability to speak English, residence in 1975, school enrollment and years of school completed, veteran status, marital status and marital history, household relationship, group quarters, family characteristics, children ever born, labor force status, occupation, industry, place of work, income, and poverty status. (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | CENSUS | POPULATION STATISTICS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | ETHNIC GROUPS | HISPANICS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PLACE OF BIRTH | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION | LANGUAGE | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | HOUSEHOLDS | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE | LABOR FORCE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | OCCUPATIONS | INDUSTRY | INCOME | POVERTY | GOVERNMENT PUBLICATION | STATISTICS | TABLES AND CHARTS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Cultural Background | Population Dynamics | Communication | Socioeconomic Status | Nuptiality | Family and Household | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors
Document Number: 246151

28.
Title: Nonmetropolitan migration in the context of cultural change and social structure
Author: Downing BJ
Source: Seattle, Wash, University of Washington, 1983. 390 p. Publication Order Number DA8308611, University Microfilms International.
Abstract: "The primary question of this dissertation is why in the seventies and eighties are rural areas [of the United States] growing when only a decade ago researchers were propounding increasing urbanization resulting in the amalgamation of immense megalopolises?" The focus is on understanding the motivations for moving away from places of concentration and into places of low density. The study is based on interviews conducted among 72 migrant households in nonmetropolitan areas of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana. "The findings, in the form of simple frequencies, demonstrate that migrants are moving away from centers of culture and toward nature, not only in search of Jefferson's pastoral ideal, but also to find more 'nature' in an overly civilized or 'culture'-oriented society." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WASHINGTON | OREGON | IDAHO | MONTANA | TURNAROUND MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | CULTURE | SOCIAL CHANGE | NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | MIGRANTS | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Geographic Factors
Document Number: 245523

29.
Title: Marital choice in a marriage market squeeze
Author: Hooper DA
Source: Provo, Utah, Brigham Young University, 1983. 113 p. Publication Order Number DA8403818, University Microfilms International.
Abstract: "This dissertation examined the effects of a male marriage market squeeze on age patterns of first marriages for both brides and grooms. The marriage markets under consideration were...counties in Montana and Utah which experienced rapid growth in the latter half of the 1970's due to energy development. A theory of marital choice in a marriage market squeeze was developed from Blau's theory of heterogeneity and Henry's theory of marriage circles. Six propositions concerning marital choice were derived from the past literature and the theory." The results do not support the six propositions. "The major reason was the delay of marriage by females; a result not expected....As constructed, the theory was a one-sex theory; it only needs to be expanded to take into account independent female behavior in a male marriage market squeeze." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MONTANA | UTAH | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE AGE | MATE SELECTION | MARITAL STATUS | POPULATION THEORY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | MEN | WOMEN | SEX FACTORS | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demography | Social Sciences | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 246749


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