1.  Title: Self-reported and P3 event-related potential evaluations of condoms: does what we say match how we feel? Author: Lust SA; Bartholow BD Source: Psychophysiology. 2009 Mar;46(2):420-4. Abstract: Research consistently reveals positive self-reported condom evaluations, yet such evaluations often do not predict condom use. Whereas positive self-reports likely reflect social norms regarding prevention of diseases and pregnancy, psychophysiological measures might better assess spontaneous condom evaluations. Here, participants completed a visual oddball task in which condoms and alcoholic beverages were infrequent targets among neutral, positive, and negative context images. Although self-reported condom evaluations were very positive, condom images presented in a negative context produced a smaller P3 than condom images presented in a neutral or positive context, suggesting that spontaneous condom evaluations were more negative than positive. The P3 elicited by alcohol images indicated positive evaluations. The findings underscore the multifaceted nature of evaluations and point to the utility of ERPs for assessing health-related attitudes. Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | UNIVERSITIES | SELF-PERCEPTION | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | VALUE ORIENTATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | PHYSIOLOGY | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Schools | Perception | Psychological Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning | Biology | Central Nervous System Document Number: 331226 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: The more obese a woman is, the greater her risk of having a stillbirth. Author: Hollander D Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2008 Mar;40(1):56-57. Abstract: Obese women are more likely than their normal-weight counterparts to have a stillbirth, and the risk appears to rise with the degree of a woman's obesity. Overall, Missouri women who gave birth between 1978 and 1997 were about 40% more likely to have a stillbirth if they were obese than if they were normal-weight; the risk of stillbirth was elevated by 30% for women at the low end of the obese range, but was nearly doubled for the extremely obese. The general pattern of increasing risk with more severe obesity held for both black and white women, but the differentials were greater for blacks in every category. Given a "persistent surge" in extreme obesity among women, and well-established connections between obesity in general and poor birth outcomes, researchers setout to explore the relationships between stillbirth risk and degrees of obesity. They used linked data files from Missouri's vital statistics system to study maternal characteristics and birth outcomes associated with singleton pregnancies of 20-44 weeks' gestation. After calculating women's prepregnancy body mass index (or BMI, defined as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters), they categorized women according to the following weight categories: normal (BMI, 18.5-24.9), class 1 obesity (30.0-34.9), class 2 obesity (35.0-39.9) and extreme obesity (40.0 or higher). (Women who were underweight or who were overweight but not obese were excluded.) Stillbirth was defined as in utero fetal death at 20 or more weeks' gestation; the researchers computed stillbirth rates, compared them across maternal characteristics by using chi-square tests and used Cox hazards regression to assess risk factors. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | FETAL DEATH | OBESITY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | VITAL STATISTICS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Population Statistics Document Number: 325199 |
| 3. Title: Failure to embrace the barrier / condom use message. Author: Griffin R; Snook WD; Hoff GL; Cai J; Russell J Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2006 Jul-Aug;17(4):24-29. Abstract: The objective of this study was to examine the consistency of barrier/condom use among men who have sex with men in the Kansas City metropolitan area. The authors sought to determine if barrier/ condom usage patterns were associated with the type of sex act and whether it was insertive or receptive, HIV testing frequency, and number of sexual partners. Data were extracted from a 2003 community health assessment of the gay, lesbian, bisexual, and transgendered community in the metropolitan area. The health assessment instrument was anonymous, self-administered, and distributed at events in that community. Responses from 623 men indicated that consistent use of a barrier/condom was low regardless of the sex act. There was no relationship between barrier/condom usage patterns and HIV testing frequency for any sex act or the number of sex partners, with the exception of anal intercourse. The authors concluded that a different approach is needed to translate the barrier/condom use message into a behavioral response. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | URBAN POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | BARRIER METHODS | CONDOM USE | HIV TESTING | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNET | ANAL SEX | COITAL FREQUENCY | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Sexual Partners | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Information Networks | Communication Document Number: 306274 |
| 4. Title: Male Hispanic immigrants talk about family planning. Author: Sable MR; Campbell JD; Schwarz LR; Brandt J; Dannerbeck A Source: Journal of Health Care for the Poor and Underserved. 2006 May;17(2):386-399. Abstract: In order to improve delivery of family planning services by better understanding the views of people affected, researchers conducted four focus groups among Hispanic men who recently migrated to a Midwestern community. Participants expressed opinions about, attitudes towards, and knowledge of such matters as family planning, birth control information and access, the influence of religion on family planning and birth control decisions, general familial relations, the prevalence of infidelity, use of and access to the health care system, and cultural differences between the U.S. and their countries of origin. The men voiced opinions and attitudes supportive of family planning and appeared knowledgeable about various methods of birth control. Understanding the attitudes held by immigrant men is important for health care providers in designing successful service interventions for this rapidly growing segment of the population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | MEN | FAMILY PLANNING | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GENDER RELATIONS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Gender Issues | Social Behavior Document Number: 307586 |
5.  Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Missouri. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307042 |
| 6. Title: Beta hemolytic streptococcus group F causing pelvic inflammatory disease in a 14-year-old girl. Author: Algren SD; Strickland JL Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2005;18:117-119. Abstract: Pelvic inflammatory disease in prepubertal and non-sexually active adolescents is rare and poorly understood. Various organisms have been named as causative agents in adolescent pelvic infections. Early diagnosis and treatment of pelvic inflammatory disease in young girls is imperative to future fertility and long term sequela. We present a 14-year-old, menarchal, non-sexually active female with a 3-week history of abdominal pain and fever. Surgical exploration and cultures revealed Stage IV pelvic inflammatory disease caused by Beta Streptococcus Group F. Various organisms including Streptococcal infections should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pelvic inflammatory disease in young girls without risk factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | ABDOMINAL CRAMPS | FEVER | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | OBSTETRICAL SURGERY | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ABSTINENCE | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Signs and Symptoms | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Surgery | Treatment | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning Document Number: 286990 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Gonorrhea and chlamydia infection among women visiting family planning clinics: racial variation in prevalence and predictors. Author: Einwalter LA; Ritchie JM; Ault KA; Smith EM Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2005;37(3):135-140. Abstract: Black women are disproportionately infected with gonorrhea and chlamydia. Because of the potential impact of these infections on women’s reproductive health, it is important to determine whether different factors are predictive of infection in women of different races. Data from 31,762 women aged 15–24 who were tested for gonorrhea and chlamydia at Missouri family planning clinics in 2001 were used to calculate the prevalence of each infection by selected variables. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with the risk of infection. Overall, 0.7% of women had gonorrhea, and 4% had chlamydia. The gonorrhea rate was 4% for blacks and 0.4% for whites; the chlamydia rate, 9% and 4%, respectively. Independent predictors of gonorrhea in both races were symptoms, recent sexual contact with a partner who had STD symptoms, and chlamydia infection. Predictors specific to whites were visiting the clinic for STD care and having a new partner or multiple partners in the past year. Being aged 15–21 was associated with an elevated risk of gonorrhea for blacks only. In both racial groups, chlamydia infection was associated with younger age, contact with a symptomatic partner, cervicitis, cervical friability and gonorrhea positivity. Additional predictors among whites were having a new partner, having multiple partners and having pelvic inflammatory disease; no other factors were significant for blacks. The prevalence and predictors of gonorrhea and chlamydia infection differ significantly between blacks and whites. Until these disparities are better understood, it will be difficult to establish screening criteria for gonorrhea. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | LOGISTIC MODEL | WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Biology Document Number: 289956 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Socioeconomic factors and adolescent pregnancy outcomes: distinctions between neonatal and post-neonatal deaths? Author: Markovitz BP; Cook R; Flick LH; Leet TL Source: BMC Public Health. 2005 Jul 25;5:[7] p.. Abstract: Young maternal age has long been associated with higher infant mortality rates, but the role of socioeconomic factors in this association has been controversial. We sought to investigate the relationships between infant mortality (distinguishing neonatal from post-neonatal deaths), socioeconomic status and maternal age in a large, retrospective cohort study. We conducted a population-based cohort study using linked birth-death certificate data for Missouri residents during 1997–1999. Infant mortality rates for all singleton births to adolescent women (12–17 years, n = 10,131; 18–19 years, n = 18,954) were compared to those for older women (20–35 years, n = 28,899). Logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for all potential associations. The risk of infant (OR 1.95, CI 1.54–2.48), neonatal (1.69, 1.24–2.31) and post-neonatal mortality (2.47, 1.70–3.59) were significantly higher for younger adolescent (12–17 years) than older (20–34 years) mothers. After adjusting for race, marital status, age-appropriate education level, parity, smoking status, prenatal care utilization, and poverty status (indicated by participation in WIC, food stamps or Medicaid), the risk of post-neonatal mortality (1.73, 1.14–2.64) but not neonatal mortality (1.43, 0.98–2.08) remained significant for younger adolescent mothers. There were no differences in neonatal or post-neonatal mortality risks for older adolescent (18–19 years) mothers. Socioeconomic factors may largely explain the increased neonatal mortality risk among younger adolescent mothers but not the increase in post-neonatal mortality risk. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | INFANT MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mortality | Economic Factors | Biology Document Number: 290185 |
| 9. Title: Sexually abstinent adolescents: an 18-month follow-up. Author: Blinn-Pike L; Berger TJ; Hewett J; Oleson J Source: Journal of Adolescent Research. 2004 Sep;19(5):495-511. Abstract: This study was a longitudinal follow-up of 697 early adolescents from 20 schools in Missouri, investigating students who, in 1997, indicated on a survey of sexual attitudes and behaviors that they had not had sexual intercourse. They completed the Reasons for Abstinence Scale (RAS) by identifying those items that were reasons why they had not had sex. In 1999, 18 months later, 568 of the same students were available to complete the RAS again. When the adolescents who remained abstinent in 1999 (n = 422) were compared with their peers who had become sexually active ( n = 146), the abstinent adolescents: a. were significantly less likely to report consuming alcohol on a regular basis; b. were significantly more likely to be male, and; c. gave more reasons for being abstinent. However, the adolescents who remained abstinent had a significant drop in the number of reasons for being abstinent over the 18 months. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ABSTINENCE | ATTITUDES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | SEX FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics Document Number: 283230 |
| 10. Title: Pregnancy outcomes of adolescents enrolled in a CenteringPregnancy Program. Author: Grady MA; Bloom KC Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2004 Sep-Oct;49:412-420. Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy remains a significant social, economic, and health issue in the United States. The unique developmental needs of the pregnant adolescent require attention when designing prenatal care services. The CenteringPregnancy model of group prenatal care provides education and support for young women in an active and developmentally appropriate environment. Thirteen groups of adolescents (N = 124) have completed the Centering program at the Teen Pregnancy Center at Barnes Jewish Hospital in St. Louis, Missouri. Evaluation data suggest that the model has encouraged excellent health care compliance, satisfaction with prenatal care, and low rates of preterm birth and low birth weight infants. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | HEALTH EDUCATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ANTENATAL CARE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PROGRAM EVALUATION | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 279218 |
| 11. Title: Vulvar venous malformations in an 11-year-old girl: a case report. Author: Herman AR; Morello F; Strickland JL Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2004 Jun;17(3):179-181. Abstract: Unlike varicosities, which result from venous insufficiency, vascular malformations are developmental errors that do not regress. While these lesions are challenging to treat in most anatomic locations, genital venous malformations are particularly difficult problems for the gynecologist, urologist, or primary care physician who may identify them. The risk of surgical treatment has led to investigation of new therapeutic options for these vascular lesions. We describe an 11-year-old premenarchal female with bilateral, symptomatic vulvar venous malformations. These lesions were successfully treated with Doppler ultrasound-guided direct injection venography and ethanol sclerotherapy. Direct injection venography with ethanol sclerotherapy is an attractive diagnostic and therapeutic option for management of vulvar venous malformations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VASCULAR DISEASES | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | ULTRASONICS | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 300139 |
| 12. Title: State facts about abortion: Missouri. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: [New York, New York], AGI, 2003. 3 p. (State Facts about Abortion) Abstract: This article presents background information about the frequency of abortion in the United States, followed by statistics on abortion frequency, abortion services, and restrictions on abortion for the United States as a whole and Missouri specifically. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | PAMPHLETS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HEALTH FACILITIES | ABORTION LAW | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175602 Notification |
| 13. Title: Adolescents' compliance with return visits for depot medroxyprogesterone initiation. Author: Ohlemeyer CL Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 Oct;16(5):297-299. Abstract: Study Objective: To determine if and when female adolescents choosing depot medroxyprogesterone would return for a second visit for initiation of the method. Design/Setting: Retrospective chart review at an adolescent clinic in an urban health department in St. Louis, MO. Participants: Female adolescents aged 12–19 years old, at the initial or annual family planning visit, who chose depot medroxyprogesterone (DMPA) as their contraceptive choice but were unable to get the initial injection on the day of the visit. Main outcome measure: Time to return visit. Results: A total of 144 subjects were included in the analysis. 92% or 133 subjects returned for a second visit. The average time to return visit was over 3 months, or 104 days (range 1–650 days). Teens who returned in less than 1 month were more likely to receive a hormonal contraceptive method. Only 68% of all returning teens received DMPA while 7% became pregnant prior to their return. Conclusions: Protocols requiring a second visit for initiation of DMPA serve as a barrier to contraceptive care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CLINIC VISITS | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INJECTABLES | CLINICAL DISTRIBUTION | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Distributional Activities | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 188860 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Amoebiasis. Author: Stanley SL Jr Source: Lancet. 2003 Mar 22;361(9362):1025-1034. Abstract: Amoebiasis is the second leading cause of death from parasitic disease worldwide. The causative protozoan parasite, Entamoeba histolytica, is a potent pathogen. Secreting proteinases that dissolve host tissues, killing host cells on contact, and engulfing red blood cells, E histolytica trophozoites invade the intestinal mucosa, causing amoebic colitis. In some cases amoebas breach the mucosal barrier and travel through the portal circulation to the liver, where they cause abscesses consisting of a few E histolytica trophozoites surrounding dead and dying hepatocytes and liquefied cellular debris. Amoebic liver abscesses grow inexorably and, at one time, were almost always fatal, but now even large abscesses can be cured by one dose of antibiotic. Evidence that what we thought was a single species based on morphology is, in fact, two genetically distinct species—now termed Entamoeba histolytica (the pathogen) and Entamoeba dispar (a commensal)—has turned conventional wisdom about the epidemiology and diagnosis of amoebiasis upside down. New models of disease have linked E histolytica induction of intestinal inflammation and hepatocyte programmed cell death to the pathogenesis of amoebic colitis and amoebic liver abscess. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PARASITIC DISEASES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HISTOLOGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Diseases | Biology Document Number: 176758 |
| 15. Title: Abnormal uterine bleeding in adolescents. Author: Strickland JL; Wall JW Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology Clinics of North America. 2003 Jun;30(2):321-335. Abstract: Abnormal uterine bleeding is a clinical problem that is encountered frequently during the adolescent years. In the first 5 years after menarche, anovulation that arises from a lack of maturity of the hypothalamic--pituitary--ovarian-axis is the most common cause of such bleeding. Other pathologic conditions, such as reproductive tract anomalies, trauma, infections, systemic illnesses, complications of pregnancy, and disorders of coagulation may closely resemble anovulatory bleeding and thus it remains a diagnosis of exclusion. Knowledge of the menstrual cycle, as well as the expected physiologic events that are associated with the perimenarchal period, is essential to develop careful diagnostic protocols and adolescent-specific treatment regimens. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | BLEEDING | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 308073 |
| 16. Title: Acute abdominal pain with a calcified pelvic mass. Author: Wright JD; Powell MA; Rader JS; Pfeifer JD; Huettner PC Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 Aug;16(4):237-241. Abstract: This young patient had been in good health until five days prior to presentation when she began to experience abdominal pain. By report, the pain was located across the lower abdomen, began insidiously, was of moderate intensity, and intermittent in nature. Over the course of the twelve hours prior to admission the pain acutely worsened, became severe and constant, most intense in the left lower quadrant, and was exacerbated by movement. The patient’s appetite was poor for the entire day prior to presentation and she reported nausea with several episodes of clear yellow emesis. The patient complained of non-shaking chills. The patient’s mother noted a temperature of 101.1ºF (38.4ºC). The patient’s last bowel movement was 24 h prior to admission. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ABDOMINAL CRAMPS | PELVIS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | GYNECOLOGIC SURGERY | LAPAROSCOPY | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | FIBROIDS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Anatomy | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Endoscopy | Neoplasms, Benign | Neoplasms Document Number: 300042 |
| 17. Title: Practice notes: strategies in health education. Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2002 Oct;29(5):517-520. Abstract: The Practice Notes section is intended to keep readers informed about health education practice around the country. It is an attempt to spread the word about exemplary strategies, initiatives, and programs and share successes in overcoming obstacles or challenges. Periodically, articles presenting perspectives on practice-related issues are also included in Practice Notes. College students engage in a number of high-risk health behaviors. For many students, college is the first time that they are primarily responsible for decisions about behaviors such as smoking, safe sex, use of alcohol and other drugs, sleep habits, and diet without close adult supervision. The Washington University Student Health and Counseling Service designed a procedure to screen students for eight high-risk health behaviors and to offer them health education information and resources targeted to those behaviors in which they were engaging. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | FLORIDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | UNIVERSITIES | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | RISK ASSESSMENT | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | INTERNET | PARENTING EDUCATION | CHILD CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Evaluation | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Information Networks | Communication | Child Rearing Document Number: 280364 |
| 18. Title: Contraception counts: Missouri. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2002 Jun. [2] p. (Contraception Counts) Abstract: This article summarizes, for the state of Missouri, the following points: pregnancy outcomes in Missouri; teen pregnancy outcomes in Missouri; women at need for contraceptive services and supplies; availability of family planning services; and impact of subsidized services. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | PAMPHLETS | CONTRACEPTION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | HEALTH SERVICES | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Youth | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 175677 |
| 19. Title: Gender-specific profiles of self-reported adolescent HIV risk behaviors. Author: Krantz SR; Lynch DA; Russell JM Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2002;13(6):25-33. Abstract: The purposes of this study were to (a) identify behaviors that put adolescents at risk for HIV infection by retrospectively comparing a cohort of HIV positive and negative young adults and (b) determine gender-specific high-risk profiles. HIV-positive (n = 61) and HIV-negative (n = 124) individuals from two midwestern cities completed a survey tool prepared by the investigators examining six areas of behavior and activity identified in the literature as high risk. Alcohol use, drug use, and gang-related behaviors were not associated with HIV status in these young adults. Early, frequent, and unprotected sex with large numbers of partners were the predictive risk factors for HIV-seropositive status. Gender profiles, however, differed. Whereas the female profile suggested that early and unprotected sex were the only reliable predictors, HIV-positive male subjects had larger numbers of partners, engaged in more risky sexual behaviors, were more likely to have experienced sexual abuse before and during adolescence, and were more likely to have used cocaine during their adolescence. Conclusions include the confirmation of a resurgence of HIV among young males having sex with males and confirmation of females as the largest growing group of HIV-positive young adults. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | TOBACCO USE | SEXUAL ABUSE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 181577 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Decision-making for termination of pregnancies with fetal anomalies: analysis of 53,000 pregnancies. Author: Schechtman KB; Gray DL; Baty JD; Rothman SM Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 Feb;99(2):216-222. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the degree to which prenatal knowledge of fetal anomalies and sociodemographic characteristics determined outcome of 53,000 pregnancies. METHODS: Pregnancies were consecutively evaluated at a university hospital between 1984 and 1997. The severity of anomalies was graded by using an ordinal scale, in which 0 was no anomalies, 1 was no impact on quality of life, 2 was little impact but possibly requiring medical therapy, 3 was serious impact on quality of life even with optimal medical therapy, and 4 was incompatible with life. RESULTS: The abortion rates for grades 1 and 3 anomalies increased from 0.9% to 72.5%, and 0.9% to 37.1% for central nervous system and non–central nervous system anomalies, respectively (P < .001). Multiple logistic regression showed that mothers without a high school education were more likely than those who completed high school to abort a normal pregnancy (odds ratio [OR] 1.62, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.07, 2.45). In the 452 pregnancies in which there was one grade 3 anomaly, logistic regression also showed that the abortion rate decreased by 6% per year as maternal age decreased (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91, 0.97). CONCLUSIONS: The severity of anomalies directly correlates with abortion rates, but at similar degrees of severity, central nervous system anomalies are more likely to lead to abortion. Maternal level of education inversely correlates with likelihood of termination of a normal pregnancy, whereas maternal age directly correlates with pregnancy termination when serious anomalies are present. Serious congenital anomalies may disproportionately affect children from families with the youngest mothers because these mothers are likely to continue these pregnancies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | FETUS | PREGNANT WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | ABORTION | KNOWLEDGE | DECISION MAKING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Evaluation | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 175285 Notification |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Characterization of a female controlled drug delivery system for microbicides. Author: Wang Y; Lee CH Source: Contraception. 2002 Oct;66(4):281-287. Abstract: In this study, the feasibility of a carbopol 934P-HPMC-based gel formulation as a vaginal drug delivery system was evaluated. A vaginal fluid simulant (VFS) was utilized to simulate human vaginal mucus. The viscosity of the carbopol-HPMC gel system and VFS was examined using a cone and plate viscometer. The surface tension of VFS was measured using a capillary rising method. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was employed to investigate the effect of carbopol gel on the conformational changes of rat vaginal membrane. The viscosity of carbopol gel increased as the pH of the system increased from 4.0 to 6.0. The viscosity of HPMC gel remained the same irrespective of pH of the system. The viscosity of the carbopol gel significantly increased, when HPMC (0.5–1.5%) was added to the system. The optimal viscosity value (1.5~2.0 poises) was achieved at 1.0~1.5% carbopol (pH 4.0) with the presence of 1.0~1.5% HPMC. There were mucin concentration dependent changes in viscosity and surface tension of VFS. The results of DSC analysis of rat vaginal membrane showed that the profiles of thermal stability for both carbopol-treated and the untreated control at the temperature ranging from 40 to 90°C were almost identical. The thermal denaturation temperatures (Td) of the carbopol-treated membrane and the untreated control were not significantly different from each other. The combination of carbopol and HPMC seems to be an ideal formulation as a vaginal delivery system. Mucin played an important role in the regulation of viscosity and surface tension of VFS. DSC study demonstrated that carbopolgel showed good biocompatibility and did not cause any conformational changes in rat vaginal membrane. (author’s) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MICROBICIDES | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 172527 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Untangling the impact of sexual abuse on HIV risk behaviors among youths in foster care. Author: Elze DE; Auslander W; McMillen C; Edmond T; Thompson R Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2001 Aug;13(4):377-89. Abstract: This study investigates the interrelationships among childhood sexual abuse, other types of child maltreatment, emotional and behavioral problems, and HIV risk behaviors in a sample of 167 adolescents, aged 15-19, participating in an independent living preparation program in one midwestern county. 33% of the youths identified as White and 67% as youths of Color. The sample was almost evenly split by gender (51% male and 49% female). 35% of the youths (n = 59) reported some form of sexual abuse; 21 reported unwanted touching, with no unwanted intercourse, and 38 reported unwanted intercourse. Multivariate analyses demonstrated a significant relationship between the severity of sexual abuse and youths' recent HIV risk behaviors, after accounting for the contribution of other childhood trauma and emotional and behavioral problems. The findings support the need for HIV prevention programs targeting sexually abused youths. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | PREVALENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | IMPACT | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK BEHAVIOR | FOSTERING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 169244 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural and urban midwestern United States contraception practices. Author: Hartlage SA; Breaux C; Gehlert S; Fogg L Source: Contraception. 2001 Jun;63(6):319-23. Abstract: To address a paucity of demographic data on rural US contraception practices, 370 randomly selected menstruating women, age 13-55 years, living in rural and urban Illinois and Missouri answered interview questions. Women with relatively few children and living in urban areas were likely to practice contraception more than those with relatively few children and living in rural areas, p < 0.01. In Illinois, more rural (23%) than urban (2%) women chose sterilization, p < 0.01. Single status was more frequent in Chicago (41%) and rural Missouri (32%) than in rural Illinois (19%), p < 0.002, and extant research links single status with risk for HIV and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Condom use did not differ significantly by locale, p > 0.05. Urban-rural differences in contraception practices may be a function of life style choices (e.g., urban women may practice contraception to postpone having children, whereas rural women may practice contraception to prevent having more children after families are complete). Results do not, strongly support that locale differences in contraception practices are a function of concern about contracting STDs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ILLINOIS | MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WOMEN | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | CONDOMS | HIV INFECTIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 159857 |
| 24. Title: Doctors prefer oral contraceptives. Capsule. Source: Western Journal of Medicine. 2000 Jan;172(1):42-a. Abstract: A nationwide survey found that women doctors in America liked oral contraceptives best, followed by condoms and diaphragms. The rhythm method was their least favored contraceptive option. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | PHYSICIANS | WOMEN | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | RHYTHM METHOD, CALENDAR | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONDOMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Barrier Methods Document Number: 172489 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors affecting contraceptive use in women seeking pregnancy tests: Missouri, 1997. Author: Sable MR; Libbus MK; Chiu JE Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2000 May-Jun;32(3):124-31. Abstract: A sample of 311 Missouri women who were seeking pregnancy tests in public health department clinics in 1997 and who said their potential pregnancy was unintended were asked about potential barriers to family planning. Factors affecting contraceptive use among these women were examined by frequency of use, insurance status, education and race. In general, the women mostly disagreed that particular factors were potential barriers to contraceptive use. For only one item--WO WOMENrry over the potential side effects of the hormonal injectable contraceptive--did a majority agree or strongly agree that it was a barrier to method use in the previous 6 months. Women who used a contraceptive infrequently were more likely than frequent users to identify 33 factors in nine areas as being potential barriers to contraceptive use. These ranged from factors involving access to services and condom-specific issues to cost-related concerns, social norms, pregnancy denial, embarrassment over discussing or obtaining birth control, worry about side effects and experience with forced sex, among others. Perceived barriers differed somewhat by insurance status in the areas of access, embarrassment, side effects and forced sex. For example, women with no insurance coverage reported a higher level of agreement that transportation problems had hindered their access to a clinic than did women with private insurance. Level of education affected agreement only in the area of side effects, with more-educated women expressing greater concern about side effects than less-educated women. The respondent's race affected agreement in six areas: access, social norms, pregnancy denial, embarrassment, forced sex and other miscellaneous concerns, such as condom use and relationship issues. Better education and improved access to and delivery of services might address several factors affecting contraceptive use that are associated with unintended pregnancy. Some barriers, however, such as those related to self-efficacy, self-esteem and fatalistic attitudes about pregnancy, would be much harder for family planning providers to resolve. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY TESTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraception | Family Planning | Economic Factors Document Number: 150325 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of perceived stress, major life events and pregnancy attitudes on low birth weight. Author: Sable MR; Wilkinson DS Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 2000 Nov-Dec;32(6):288-94. Abstract: While low birth weight is the leading cause of infant mortality and morbidity, the factors influencing low birth weight are not well understood. In particular, the relationship between stressful life events and birth outcomes is unclear. It is important for health care providers to better understand the impact of stress on health outcomes. Data from a statewide case-control study of 2378 Missouri mothers are used to examine the relationship of perceived stress, pregnancy attitudes and major life events as psychosocial risk factors on very low birth weight (i.e., birth weight <1500 g). Such births are contrasted with moderately low-birth-weight infants (those weighing 1500-2499 g) and normal-birth-weight infants (those weighing 2500 g or more). A stepwise logistic regression model is used to control for all study and control variables. The risk of very low birth weight is one and one-half times greater if the mother perceived that she "almost always" felt stress during her pregnancy. The regression model confirms that besides perceived stress, several other factors are independently associated with an increased risk of very low or moderately low birth weight. For example, getting back with a husband or partner or experiencing a major injury, accident or illness were associated with an elevated risk of low birth weight (odds ratio (OR), 1.7), as was pregnancy denial (1.4-1.6) and unhappiness about the pregnancy (1.3). On the other hand, a few factors (taking out a mortgage or loan, having a close relative die, and having a mistimed pregnancy) appear to have reduced the odds of low birth weight (OR, 0.5-0.8). Interventions with pregnant women, especially those assessing perceived stress and attitudes toward the pregnancy, have the potential to improve pregnancy outcomes. Additional prospective research with pregnant women on the origins and effects of stress, including the biological effects of stress, is needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | STRESS | WOMEN | ATTITUDES | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PREGNANT WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics Document Number: 154010 |
| 27. Title: Idiopathic calcinosis cutis presenting as labial lesions in children: report of two cases with literature review. Author: Bernardo BD; Huettner PC; Merritt DF; Ratts VS Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 1999 Aug;12(3):157-160. Abstract: Background: Calcinosis cutis is a general term for calcium deposition in the skin. It may be due to abnormal calcium or phosphorus metabolism, damage to the derma collagen, or idiopathic. It has been found in the skin of many areas of the body, including the face, extremities, penis, scrotum and mons pubis. We report two cases of calcinosis cutis presenting as lesions of the labia majora in children. Cases: A 6 ½-year-old girl presented with labial lesions of unknown etiology. There was no history of sexual abuse or trauma. Excisional biopsy was performed and histopathological evaluation showed subepithelial calcification. Follow-up laboratory evaluation revealed normal serum calcium and phosphorus levels. Screening tests for collagen vascular diseases were negative. An 8-year-old girl presented for evaluation of a "labial cyst." The lesion was first noted 6 months prior to presentation and had not resolved, despite treatment with topical creams and sitz baths. Excisional biopsy was performed and histopathological evaluation showed multiple nodules of calcified and amorphous debris surrounded by histiocytes and giant cells. Conclusion: We report two cases of idiopathic calcinosis cutis presenting as labial lesions in children. Because it can be mistaken for a sexually transmitted disease, recognition and proper diagnosis of this condition is essential. Additionally, work-up to rule out abnormalities of phosphorus or calcium metabolism and collagen vascular diseases may be indicated. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WASHINGTON | MISSOURI | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 299776 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Why abstinent adolescents report they have not had sex: understanding sexually resilient youth. Author: Blinn-Pike L Source: Family Relations. 1999 Jul;48(3):295-301. Abstract: The sample in this study consisted of 697 students from 20 schools in Missouri who indicated on a survey of sexual attitudes and behaviors that they had not had sex. The subjects completed the 18-item Reasons for Abstinence Scale and identified those items that were reasons why they had not had sex. The most frequent reasons for not having sex were related to fears of pregnancy and disease (including HIV/AIDS). The least frequent reasons were related to problems concerning the cost and availability of birth control and protection. Principal components factor analysis revealed three factors that were labeled "fear-based postponement", "emotionality and confusion," and "conservative values". Factor scores differed by gender, grades, alcohol consumption, family structure, father's education, and urbanicity. The discussion centers on the need to design different prevention strategies to build protective factors that result in "sexual resilience" in target groups of adolescents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ABSTINENCE | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 162951 |
| 29. Title: Frequency and predictors of condom use and reasons for not using condoms among low-income women. Author: Crosby RA; Yarber WL; Meyerson B Source: Journal of Sex Education and Therapy. 1999;24(1-2):63-70. Abstract: This investigation assessed the frequency and predictors of condom use for HIV prevention among low-income women, and also explored the reasons for not always using condoms for HIV prevention and predictors of these reasons. Data were collected at 27 Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) program clinics in 21 Missouri counties. To be included in the study, women had to indicate a primary relationship with a male partner. Data were subjected to univariate and multivariate analyses. The sample (N = 2010) was predominately White and rural, with median age being 25 years. Findings revealed that women surveyed in the study were unlikely to use condoms, particularly those who were living in rural communities, who were pregnant, and who were either married or cohabiting with a primary male partner. The major reason for not using condoms was a belief that their male partner was not HIV infected, either because she believed he had been tested or because she simply believed that he was HIV negative. Other reasons for not using condoms included diminished sexual pleasure from condom use for both partners, and believing that condom use after having unprotected sex is not effective. Reasons for not using condoms were predicted by several variables: length and type of relationship, urban versus rural location, beliefs about condom use, perceived risk of HIV infection, reliance on male partner income, frequency of sex, and age. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MISSOURI | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | RURAL AREAS | URBAN AREAS | CONDOM USE | BELIEFS | ATTITUDES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Culture | Psychological Factors Document Number: 174165 |
| 30. Title: Reasons why low income women in primary relationships with men do not use condoms for the prevention of HIV infection [abstract] Author: Crosby RA Source: DISSERTATION ABSTRACTS INTERNATIONAL. 1999;59(9-B):4757. Doctoral dissertation, Indiana University, 1998. Order No. AAD99-07252. Abstract: A survey was conducted to identify barriers to condom use among low-income women who had been monogamous for the past 2 months. Data were gathered from clients 18 years old or older attending 27 WIC (women, infants, and children) clinics in Missouri using a questionnaire (57% response rate, with 2190 completed). Condoms were not used because women believed that 1) their male partner was HIV-negative, 2) it was too late to prevent HIV with condom use because unprotected sex had already occurred, and 3) condoms diminish sexual enjoyment. Living in a rural location, reliance on the male partner's income, being in a long-term relationship, and number of persons in the household were positively associated with believing the male partner was HIV-negative. Being married was negatively associated with male partner-related barriers to condom use, reporting condoms ruin female sexual enjoyment, and believing it was too late to prevent HIV. Low reliance on male partner income, high perception of HIV risk, and believing condoms are needed to prevent HIV were positively associated with believing it was too late to prevent HIV. Frequency of sex was positively associated with reporting that condoms ruin sexual pleasure. Age was negatively associated with fear of abuse if condoms were suggested, believing condoms are not effective, and believing it was too late to prevent HIV. Believing the male partner was HIV-negative was the most common reason why condoms were not used. (full text, modified) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MISSOURI | SURVEYS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOMS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Culture | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 139055 |
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