1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Expanding access to intrauterine contraception. Author: Allen RH; Goldberg AB; Grimes DA Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun 13; Abstract: The intrauterine device is a safe, highly effective, long-lasting, yet reversible method of contraception. Expanding access to intrauterine contraception is an important measure to reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy in the United States. Clinicians should consider intrauterine contraception in appropriate candidates, including women who are nulliparous, adolescent, immediately postpartum or postabortal, and desiring emergency contraception, and as an alternative to permanent sterilization. Barriers to intrauterine contraception such as requiring cervical cancer screening before insertion, routine testing for gonorrhea and chlamydial infection in low-risk women, or scheduling insertion only during menses are unnecessary. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | IUD | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | MISINFORMATION | CONTRAINDICATIONS | INSERTION | PAIN | IUD EXPULSION | NULLIPARITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 341709 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Pill scare: communication conundrum. Author: Edouard L Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;35(2):121-2. Abstract: Adverse publicity for combined oral contraceptives (COCs) has led to pill scares on numerous occasions such as reproductive cancers in 1983 and venous thromboembolism (VTE) in 1995. Misinformation should be avoided, especially through the correct interpretation of relative risk to avoid confusion and decrease unnecessary anxiety. Reassurance is usually important, as the absolute risk is infinitely small. The popular media are very effective for the prompt dissemination of information, and authoritative statements are useful for improving communications with providers, patients and public. Language: English Keywords: ALGERIA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | MISINFORMATION | FEAR | RISK ASSESSMENT | CANCER | THROMBOEMBOLISM | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | PUBLIC HEALTH | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Health | Communication | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Evaluation | Neoplasms | Diseases | Embolism | Vascular Diseases Document Number: 341650 |
| 3. Title: Determinants of HIV knowledge and condom use among women in Madagascar: an analysis using matched household and community data. Author: Glick P; Randriamamonjy J; Sahn DE Source: African Development Review. 2009 Apr;21(1):147-179. Abstract: The authors estimated the determinants of HIV/AIDS knowledge and related behavior (use of condoms) among women in Madagascar, a country where prevalence remains low but conditions are ripe for a rapid increase in infections. In both rural and urban areas, more educated and wealthier women are more likely to know about means of preventing infection, less likely to have misconceptions about transmission, and more likely to use condoms. Community factors such as availability of health centers and access to roads also are associated with greater HIV knowledge. However, most of the large rural-urban difference in mean knowledge is due not to location per se but to differences in schooling and wealth; rather than simply being geographically targeted, AIDS education efforts must be designed to target and be understood by uneducated and poor subpopulations. Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | QUESTIONNAIRES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MISINFORMATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 341878 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Knowledge and practice among healthcare providers in rural Vietnam regarding sexually transmitted infections. Author: Lan PT; Mogren I; Phuc HD; Stalsby Lundborg C Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Jul;36(7):452-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess knowledge and reported practice regarding sexually transmitted infections (STI) among healthcare providers in rural Vietnam and to examine background characteristics possibly associated with knowledge and practice. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using a self-completed questionnaire was carried out in 2006 among 465 healthcare providers in rural Vietnam. The questionnaire included questions on providers' characteristics, STI knowledge, and case scenarios of 4 common STI syndromes. Correct answer was scored 1, "do not know" or incorrect answer was scored 0. Linear and logistic regressions were applied. RESULTS: Diseases considered as STI were gonorrhea and syphilis by 83% of the respondents, 70% believed partner treatment necessary for bacterial vaginosis or candidiasis cases. Sharing clothes/food or kissing was commonly mentioned as transmission routes (60%). Median scores of knowledge and reported practice were 29 (range: 0-50) and 2 (range: 0-20), respectively. Among the respondents, 34% had a knowledge score of less than 25 and 78% had a practice score of less than 10. Characteristics predicting higher level of knowledge were being a medical doctor, assistant medical doctor, midwife, or serving STI patients. Characteristics predicting higher level of practice were serving STI patients, being a midwife or female provider, and having participated in STI or reproductive tract infection training courses. Respondents who reported treating STI patients had a higher level of knowledge and reported practice than the others. Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | QUESTIONNAIRES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | RISK FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MISINFORMATION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 342820 |
| 5. Title: HIV/AIDS and Indian youth--a review of the literature (1980-2008). Author: Nath A Source: SAHARA J. 2009 Mar;6(1):2-8. Abstract: The main objective of this article is to provide a comprehensive overview of the situation regarding HIV/AIDS among youth in India, and explore the possible strategies that could be effective in combating the spread of this disease. India is in the grip of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, with an increasing number of infections being reported among youth, who comprise a quarter of the population but account for almost one-third of the HIV/AIDS burden. The prevalence in young women appears to be on the rise. Although the majority of youth are aware of the disease, a number of myths and misconceptions still prevail. Furthermore, or as a consequence, a higher percentage of young males report engaging in premarital sexual activity compared with females. Even though condom awareness is fairly high, condom usage is low. Of late, sex tourism and its implications for the HIV/AIDS epidemic present an increasing concern. Indian youth appear to hold negative attitudes towards HIV testing and people living with HIV/AIDS. Although a number of preventive and control programmes and policies exist, these need further strengthening and evaluation. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | HIV TESTING | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | MISINFORMATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Communication Document Number: 341417 |
6.  Title: Correlates of misperceptions in HIV knowledge and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHAs) among in-school and out-of school adolescents in Ghana. Author: Sallar AM Source: African Health Sciences. 2009 Jun;9(2):82-91. Abstract: A cross-sectional quantitative and qualitative study was conducted among adolescents ages 10-19 (n = 483; mean age, 16.6) in the Ashanti region of Ghana. When asked how to prevent acquiring AIDS, participants mentioned sexual abstinence (78.1%), condom use (72.7%), fidelity to partner (72.5%), not sharing needles (76.4%), and reducing sexual partners (56.7%). Statistically significant associations were found in high misperception scores and having negative attitudes toward PLWHAs (0.001 < p < 0.009). Out-of-school adolescents were less likely to be willing to take care of relatives with HIV/AIDS, allow PLWHAs to conceal their status, or allow PLWHAs to work with others. Out-of-school students were also more likely to provide PLWHAs with less healthcare, and they indicated that PLWHAs should be isolated. The author concludes that out-of-school adolescents constitute a hard-to-reach population, and mechanisms should be developed to help reduce their misperceptions that fuel stigma and discrimination. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | MISINFORMATION | ATTITUDES | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 339887 |
| 7. Title: People's initiative to counteract misinformation and marketing practices: the Pembo, Philippines, breastfeeding experience, 2006. Author: Salud MA; Gallardo JI; Dineros JA; Gammad AF; Basilio J; Borja V; Iellamo A; Worobec L; Sobel H; Olive JM Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2009 Aug;25(3):341-9; quiz 362-5. Abstract: The Philippines is among 42 countries accounting for 90% of under 5-year-old deaths. Only 16% of 4 to 5 month old Filipinos exclusively breastfeed. In 2006, almost $100 million was spent advertising formula in the Philippines. To counter widespread misinformation and improve breastfeeding a peer counseling intervention was developed to target mothers with infants less than 2 months of age who were not exclusively breastfeeding or had difficulty breastfeeding. Participants received 3 peer counseling visits. At baseline and 3 weeks later, 24-hour food recalls for infants were collected. The number of exclusively formula-fed infants decreased seven-fold (P < .001). Mixed-fed infants decreased 37% (P < .001). Overall, of the 148 nonexclusively breastfeeding infants, 69.5% had changed feeding methods after 3 home visits, 76% of whom to exclusive breastfeeding. Community-based peer counseling was associated with a drastic improvement of exclusive breastfeeding practices. This intervention evolved and became sustainable by engaging political figures, cities, and communities throughout the process. In 2 years, the Department of Health, World Health Organization (WHO) program has scaled up to improve health service delivery for 161,612 persons in depressed urban communities in the Philippines. Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | COUNSELING | MISINFORMATION | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | INTERVENTIONS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 342912 |
| 8. Title: Many vaginal microbicide trial participants acknowledged they had misreported sensitive sexual behavior in face-to-face interviews. Author: Turner AN; De Kock AE; Meehan-Ritter A; Blanchard K; Sebola MH; Hoosen AA; Coetzee N; Ellertson C Source: Journal of Clinical Epidemiology. 2009 Jul;62(7):759-65. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We investigated whether participants in a phase II randomized clinical trial of a candidate vaginal microbicide ever intentionally misled interviewers. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING: We used audio computer-assisted self-interviews (ACASI) to ask the South African women (n=132) participating in the trial about the accuracy of self-reported data collected during face-to-face interviews. The trial protocol recommended that women use their assigned gel (active microbicide or placebo) with condoms during each vaginal sex act. RESULTS: Nearly four-fifths of participants (n=104, 79%) reported that they had misinformed trial interviewers at least once. Motivations included politeness (n=45, 34% of ACASI participants) to avoid criticism or seek praise (n=32, 24%), and embarrassment (n=24, 18%). Participants acknowledged misreporting eligibility characteristics to enroll (11%) and, during follow-up, exaggerating their enthusiasm for the study gel (13%), applicator (13%), and the effect of the gel on sexual pleasure (13%). In general, women who were untruthful had actually used the gel with condoms less and used the gel alone more than they had reported during the trial. Women overwhelmingly found the computer survey easy. CONCLUSION: Researchers cannot assume that participants always tell the truth about sensitive behaviors in face-to-face interviews. ACASI was efficient and acceptable in this population. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | RESPONDENTS | MISINFORMATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | VALIDITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Communication | Behavior | Measurement Document Number: 342952 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Can I get pregnant from oral sex? Sexual health misconceptions in e-mails to a reproductive health website. Author: Wynn LL; Foster AM; Trussell J Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):91-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study identifies sexual and reproductive health misconceptions contained in e-mails sent to an emergency contraception website. STUDY DESIGN: From July 1, 2003, through June 30, 2004, 1134 English-language questions were e-mailed to http://ec.princeton.edu. We performed content analysis on these e-mails and grouped misconceptions into thematic categories. RESULTS: Of the questions sent during the study period, 27% (n=303, total N=1134) evinced underlying misconceptions about sexual and reproductive health issues. Content analysis revealed five major thematic categories of misconceptions: sexual acts that can lead to pregnancy; definitions of "protected" sex; timing of pregnancy and pregnancy testing; dangers that emergency contraceptives pose to women and fetuses; and confusion between emergency contraception and abortion. CONCLUSIONS: These misconceptions have several possible sources: abstinence-only sexual education programs in the US, the proliferation of medically inaccurate websites, terminology used in public health campaigns, non-evidence-based medical protocols and confusion between emergency contraception and medication abortion in the media. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERNET | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MISINFORMATION | CONTRACEPTION | SEXUALITY | INFORMATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Information Networks | Communication | Family Planning | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 341004 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The cost of silence? [editorial] Source: Nature. 2008 Dec 4;456(7222):545. Abstract: It is not often that the cost of political leaders being wrong gets quantified. It's doubly important to bring science to bear on such a question when people have paid with their lives, as happened with the AIDS epidemic in South Africa under the leadership of thenpresident Thabo Mbeki. An article from the Harvard School of Public Health AIDS Initiative published this week (P. Chigwedere et al. J. Acq. Immun. Def. Synd. 49, 410-415; 2008) provides such a service by estimating the benefits lost through underuse of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs in South Africa. Using modelling and clinical data of ARV-drug efficacy, it compares the number of people who received ARV therapy and of pregnant women who received treatment to prevent mother-to-child transmission of HIV between 2000 and 2005 with the number who could feasibly have been treated during the same period. It concludes that the lack of an ARV drug programme caused the loss of more than 330,000 lives - consistent with an estimate along different lines by the South African economist Nicoli Nattrass (N. Nattrass Afr. Affairs 107, 157-176; 2008) - and that 35,000 babies were needlessly born with HIV. The authors, by their own account, have been conservative in deriving these estimates. Mbeki was deposed in September, and his successor, Kgalema Motlanthe, moved swiftly to replace Mbeki's chief accomplice, health minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang, with Barbara Hogan. Hogan has rejected the dissident line, subscribed to by both her predecessor and Mbeki, that AIDS is not caused by HIV. Moreover, describing herself as "ashamed" about the estimates, she has declared that "the era of denialism is over completely in South Africa". This is almost certainly true. Motlanthe, who supported Mbeki's stand on HIV-AIDS at the time, has his support base in the country's trade-union movement, which was never happy about Mbeki's line on this issue. Jacob Zuma, leader of the African National Congress and a presidential contender in next year's election, also supported Mbeki's standpoint before he was fired by him. He now espouses only populist causes, and has moved on from denialism about AIDS: the South African electorate has no more appetite for it. The needless deaths that occurred in South Africa prompt reflection on Mbeki's now infamous presidential AIDS advisory panel on the link between HIV and AIDS, the fate of which was chronicled in this journal in 2000-01. Its inconclusive report enabled Mbeki and his cabinet, who must bear collective responsibility, to portray this link as "deeply contested, and contestable", to quote Nattrass. Certainly, the AIDS dissidents (much criticized by Nature in the past) couldn't wait to participate in the panel. But should orthodox scientists have signed up? Even in retrospect, this is a difficult question to answer. Once leading South African scientists, such as Malegapuru Makgoba, then president of the South African Medical Research Council and an outspoken critic of Mbeki, had agreed to do so, others were bound to follow suit in support. In turn, members from outside of the country in good faith believed that their colleagues deserved similar support, and so agreed to participate. Ultimately it became clear that these efforts were a waste of time, as there was no possibility of consensus being reached among the panel's two diametrically opposed camps. Mbeki used this lack of consensus to justify a national policy that refrained from rolling out ARV drugs until late 2003, although some of the country's nine provinces, which enjoy a level of autonomy on matters relating to health, defied this with varying degrees of success. Even as late as 2006 the South African health department's stand at the International AIDS Conference was extolling the virtues of garlic, beetroot and lemon juice as a solution to the epidemic. In retrospect, the panel, constituted as it was, should never have been supported. Yet several of the country's key scientific institutions explicitly endorsed its establishment, and also desisted from criticizing Mbeki. Along with his cabinet, they bear some culpability for the consequences that have now been documented. There is a moral to this tragic tale that may prove relevant in other contexts. In a young democracy with a historically hierarchical culture, and with attitudes often hardened by a colonial past, scientific institutions need not only to guard their independence fiercely but also to make their reasoned voices heard above the fray of political sycophancy. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | POLITICAL FACTORS | MISINFORMATION | HEALTH POLICY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Policy Document Number: 329643 |
| 11. Title: Statistical modeling provides reassurance to West African women who use the intrauterine device. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2008]. [1] p. (Research Briefs on the Intrauterine Device (IUD)) Abstract: The risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) that can be attributed to the use of an intrauterine device (IUD) is very low in West Africa, according to statistical modeling performed with support from USAID. Language: English Keywords: BENIN | BURKINA FASO | GHANA | GUINEA | MALI | SUMMARY REPORT | PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE | RISK FACTORS | IUD | MISINFORMATION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 331746 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Influence of IUD perceptions on method discontinuation. Author: Alnakash AH Source: Contraception. 2008 Oct;78(4):290-293. Abstract: The study was conducted to assess how misbeliefs and fears about intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) can influence the rate of early discontinuation of this method. This is a prospective survey conducted at the Family Planning Clinic at Al-Habibia Maternity Teaching Hospital (Baghdad, Iraq). Two hundred women presenting to the family planning clinic with requests for premature IUD removal were administered a structured questionnaire to ascertain demographic information and reasons for removal request. Careful and sympathetic questioning was essential in order to obtain correct information. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Slightly over half of the women (52.8%) gave only one reason for requesting removal, while the remaining (47.5%) women had two or three complaints. Side effects were the principal reason for request for removal in both groups (45.7% and 42.6%). In the group that offered only one reason, IUD side effects, device-related issues, fears aboutthe device and pregnancy or seeking pregnancy were the reported reasons. In the group that offered more than one reason, each had two or three complaints. IUD side effects and fears about the device were the most prevalent (42.6% and 41.8%, respectively); these fears and perceptions were reported more frequently among younger users and among those requesting early removal. Fears and misbeliefs about IUD contributed to discontinuation of use in almost half of the women requesting IUD removal. These elements were more common among younger women and, noticeably, among those who requested early removal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | IUD | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | CONTRACEPTIVE REMOVAL | FEAR | MISINFORMATION | SURVEYS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Safety | Public Health | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Sampling Studies Document Number: 328079 |
| 13. Title: Knowledge attitude to modern family planning methods in Abraka communities, Delta State, Nigeria. Author: Aninyei IR; Onyesom I; Ukuhor HO; Uzuegbu UE; Ofili MI Source: East African Journal of Public Health. 2008 Apr;5(1):10-12. Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the level of regard and misconceptions of modern family planning methods in Abraka communities. The interviewer's administered questionnaire method was used to gather the required information from 657 respondents randomly chosen from PO, Ajalomi, Erho, Oria, Otorho, Umeghe, Urhuoka and Uruagbesa communities in Abraka kingdom. Results show that 75.3% of those interviewed were aware of modern family planning but only 42.9% were using it to plan their families. Those using condom, safe periods and withdrawal constitute 32.6% of the 42.9% figure. Thus, data indicate a fairly high degree of awareness but little regard for family planning. Campaigns should be organized in order to educate Abraka communities on the benefits and need for family planning. Government should provide quality, comprehensive and subsidized family planning services. In addition, research efforts should be intensified on how to take advantage of the traditional methods of family planning to systematically introduce the modern method, so as to gradually eliminate the associated bias and misconceptions associated with modern methods of family planning. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | KNOWLEDGE | AWARENESS | ATTITUDES | MISINFORMATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 327594 |
| 14. Title: Endorsement of a genocidal HIV conspiracy as a barrier to HIV testing in South Africa [letter] Author: Bogart LM; Kalichman SC; Simbayi LC Source: JAIDS. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2008 Sep 1;49(1):115-6. Abstract: In this letter to the editor, the author's discuss the genocidal conspiracy beliefs among black Africans about the role of government and whites in causing the HIV epidemic in South Africa. Regardless of their origin, genocidal beliefs may be barriers to HIV prevention efforts. In the United States, HIV conspiracies are associated with decreased condom use among African American men. In South Africa, relationships between such beliefs and HIV prevention behaviors have not been tested quantitatively. One critical prevention behavior that may be influenced by genocidal beliefs is HIV testing. Given historical oppression under apartheid and current South African policymakers' inconsistent prevention messages, belief in genocidal conspiracies may be difficult to change. Such beliefs may tap into a deep mistrust of the government around HIV issues. Policymakers need to present a consistent and strong prevention platform about the importance of testing, which, combined with recent increases in testing services, will be essential in restoring confidence of South Africans in their government's response to HIV. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TESTING | HIV PREVENTION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | GENOCIDE | ATTITUDES | MISINFORMATION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 328212 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Secondary HIV prevention among Kothi-identified MSM in Chennai, India. Author: Chakrapani V; Newman PA; Shunmugam M Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 May;10(4):313-327. Abstract: This study explored experiences and contexts of HIV risk and prevention among HIV-positive kothi-identified men in Chennai, India. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 HIV-positive men and three service providers, recruited using purposive sampling. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed in Tamil and translated into English. Data were analysed using a narrative thematic approach and constant comparative method. Misconceptions about HIV transmission; cultural taboos around discussing sexual behaviour and HIV; stigma related to same-sex behaviour; harassment; and the criminalization of consensual sex between men present formidable challenges to HIV prevention. Frank and open discussion about male-to-male sexual behaviour and living with HIV, which may support health and HIV prevention, may be dangerous in the context of pervasive risks due to stigmatization, violence and criminalization. Instead, culturally appropriate, multi-level interventions developed in collaboration with community stakeholders are needed to support HIV prevention among kothi-identified men in South India. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MEN | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MISINFORMATION | TABOO | CULTURE | SEX BEHAVIOR | STIGMA | VIOLENCE | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 326949 |
| 16. Title: Awareness status about HIV/AIDS among Indian railway's employees and their family members. Author: Chauhan H; Lal P; Kumar V; Malhotra R; Ingle GK Source: Journal of Communicable Diseases. 2008 Dec;40(4):295-9. Abstract: A house to house survey was conducted in December 2005 in the Railway Colony of Shamli, located in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India using a semistructured questionnaire to study the awareness level regarding HIV/AIDS among Indian Railway's employees and their family members. Information regarding demographic characteristics and knowledge about various aspects of HIV/AIDS was recorded by a trained staff nurse of the local Railway Medical Unit from at least one person, aged 15 years to 59 years, from each household. Among 293 individuals interviewed, majority were males (61.8%), aged > 30 years (56.6%) and literate (85.3%). Majority were aware about existence of HIV infection in India (92.5%), AIDS is a fatal disease (92.8%) and laboratory tests are available for detecting HIV infection (89.4%). Although most of them knew the correct routes of HIV transmission viz. sexual (91.50%), parentral (90.8%), perinatal route (86.3%) and blood transfusion (86.0%), misconceptions such as transmission through shaking hands (89.1%), hugging (88.4%), sharing utensils (82.6%), mosquito bite (74.1%) and using public toilets (73.4%) were also observed. Most of them were also aware about preventive measures. Knowledge about various aspects was observed to be significantly higher among females, among individuals aged <45 years and literate individuals. The findings highlight the need of intensified health education focusing on removal of misconceptions and further improvement in awareness level of the study population. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | AWARENESS | INTERVIEWS | MISINFORMATION | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Communication | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342336 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV prevention and low-income Chilean women: Machismo, marianismo and HIV misconceptions. Author: Cianelli R; Ferrer L; McElmurry BJ Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Apr;10(3):297-306. Abstract: Socio-cultural factors and HIV-related misinformation contribute to the increasing number of Chilean women living with HIV. In spite of this, and to date, few culturally specific prevention activities have been developed for this population. The goal of the present study was to elicit the perspectives of low-income Chilean women regarding HIV and relevant socio-cultural factors, as a forerunner to the development of a culturally appropriate intervention. As part of a mixed-methods study, fifty low-income Chilean women participated in a survey and twenty were selected to participate in prevention, in-depth interviews. Results show evidence of widespread misinformation and misconceptions related to HIV/AIDS. Machismo and marianismo offer major barriers to prevention programme development. Future HIV prevention should stress partner communication, empowerment and improving the education of women vulnerable to HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIV | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | MISINFORMATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 326382 |
| 18. Title: 2008 National Youth Shadow Report: Progress Made on the 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV / AIDS. Senegal. Author: Dombou E; Diagne B Source: New York, New York, Global Youth Action Network, Global Youth Coalition on HIV / AIDS, 2008. 10 p. Abstract: The authors conducted a literature review of relevant policies, publications and reports, including activities and cases studies on youth interventions, interviews with national and international NGO workers, as well as policymakers involved in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Questionnaires were prepared on the basis of the indicators suggested by UNAIDS in the document "Guideline on Construction of Core indicators." Key findings: 1) Senegal has a national policy on HIV and AIDS to guide a multisectoral country response; 2) Only 22% of young people had accurate comprehensive knowledge on HIV, Far below the UNGASS target of 95% by 2010; 3) Youth participation in policy and programme formulation, implementation or design is almost nonexistent; and 4) A large population of adolescents and young people is out of school and very difficult to reach with information, education and services. Key recommendations: 1) An incentive policy for voluntary testing services should be instated to attract young people to get tested; 2) Public structures such as the National Centre of Blood Transfusion (CNTS) should contribute to the efforts of testing and provide advice, sensitization and training with youth; 3) The government should increase the visibility of and access to HIV awareness programs, specifically for the young sex workers, out of school youth and young people living with HIV (YPLHIV); and 4) It is necessary to employ more young people in the decision making process by granting them positions of leadership. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | SEX WORKERS | FUNDS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | MISINFORMATION | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | HIV PREVENTION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326059 |
| 19. Title: [Attitudes and knowledge on sexual matters among 16-year old teenagers] Vidhorf og thekking 16 ara unglinga a kynlifstengdu efni. Author: Gunnarsdottir K; Geirsson RT; Thorkelsson E; Einarsson JT; Ingvarsson RF; Bragadottir S Source: Laeknabladid. 2008 Jun;94(6):453-60. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Sexually transmitted diseases and unplanned pregnancies are social and health issues among Icelandic teenagers and are more prevalent than in neighbouring countries. In 2001 knowledge and attitudes to sexual education, sexually transmitted disease and contraception among 16-year olds were investigated by questionnaire. Knowledge was defective. The study was repeated in 2005-2006 in a larger sample and change over five years estimated after an educational effort on sexual issues was launched by medical students (www.astradur.is). MATERIAL AND METHODS: A survey with 69 multiple choice questions was administered in conjunction with sexual education by medical students. Changes in replies to the same questions were compared between 2001 and 2005-2006 as well as before and after teaching. RESULTS: A total of 201 teenagers were in the first and 417 in the latter study. There was a wish for sexual education in schools and by outside advisers. The parental role was relatively small. Knowledge was inadequate in both, but significant improvement was seen between periods and after the educational effort (p<0.001). Misconceptions were common, such as 13% of boys believing that oral contraceptives protected against sexually transmitted disease, that herpes infection was curable by antibiotics (70% of respondents) and that modern medicine cured HIV (10% of respondents). Attitudes to sexual behavior had not changed by 2005-6 and 66% thought it normal for 14-16 year olds to have sexual intercourse, while only 8% were ready to handle the consequences. CONCLUSION: Misconception and inadequate knowledge on various key aspects of sexuality is common, not least on serious sexually transmitted diseases, which suggests a need for improved sexual education in late primary and early secondary school. Language: Icelandic Keywords: ICELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | RESPONDENTS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | MISINFORMATION | NEEDS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Child Rearing | Communication | Economic Factors Document Number: 328921 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethiopian adolescents' attitudes and expectations deviate from current infant and young child feeding recommendations. Author: Hadley C; Lindstrom D; Belachew T; Tessema F Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2008 Sep;43(3):253-259. Abstract: Suboptimal infant and child feeding practices are highly prevalent in many developing countries for reasons that are not entirely understood. Taking an anthropological perspective, we assessed whether nulliparous youth have formulated attitudes and expectations in the domain of infant and child feeding behaviors, the extent to which these varied by location and gender, and the extent to which they deviated from current international recommendations. A population-based sample of 2077 adolescent girls and boys (13-17 years) in southwest Ethiopia answered a questionnaire on infant and young child feeding behaviors. Results indicate high levels of agreement among adolescents on items relating to infant and young child feeding behaviors. Attitudes and intentions deviated widely from current international recommendations. Youth overwhelmingly endorsed items related to early introduction of nonbreast milk liquids and foods. For girls, fewer than 11% agreed that a 5-month infant should be exclusively breastfed and only 26% agreed that a 6-month infant should be consuming some animal source foods. Few sex differences emerged and youth responses matched larger community patterns. The results indicate that attitudes and expectations deviate widely from current international child feeding guidelines among soon to be parents. To the extent that youth models are directive, these findings suggest that youth enter into parenthood with suboptimal information about infant and child feeding. Such information will reproduce poor health across generations as the largest cohort of adolescents ever become parents. These results suggest specific points of entry for adolescent nutrition education interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | INFANT NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | ATTITUDES | MISINFORMATION | PARENTING EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Education Document Number: 327993 |
| 21. Title: Oral contraceptives and breast cancer [letter] Author: Kahlenborn C; Modugno F; Severs WB Source: Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2008 Jul;83(7):849-50; author reply 850-1. Abstract: In a Concise Review for Clinicians, Casey et al' examine oral contraceptive (OC) use and the risk of breast cancer. It is noteworthy that the lead author is a consultant for Organon USA, maker of several OCs and other hormonal contraceptives; although Dr Casey disclosed this fact, a potential conflict of interest is nonetheless apparent. The authors conclude that "current evidence suggests that OCs do not play a clinically important role in the risk of breast cancer." That overly broad and inaccurate statement does not reflect the existing literature on OCs and breast cancer. Specifically, the authors fail to discuss the known differences in the epidemiology and pathology between premenopausal and postmenopausal breast cancer, including the potential differences in risk of disease associated with OC use. Instead, they treat all breast cancers as the same. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | RISK FACTORS | BREAST CANCER | MISINFORMATION | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 328469 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Human papillomaviruses (HPV) vaccines: Implementation and communication issues Author: Kane MA Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008;34(1):3-4. Abstract: The development and use of vaccines against human papillomavirus (HPV) represents one of the most important medical developments of the 21st century: these vaccines could potentially prevent 70-80% of cervical cancer, the number one or two cause of cancer death in women in most countries. HPV vaccines also prevent other significant sequelae of HPV infection including cancers of the anus, vulva, vagina, penis, and head and neck. In addition, one vaccine prevents more than 90% of genital warts, which are a major cause of suffering for millions of people and account for large numbers of medical visits and high costs. The discovery, development, clinical trials and licensure of these vaccines are great achievements, but the greatest challenge may be their delivery to the groups that need it most: women in the developing world. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN'S HEALTH | VACCINES | HPV | CERVICAL CANCER | COMMUNICATION | COUNSELING | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | IMPLEMENTATION | MISINFORMATION | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323387 |
| 23. Title: Perceptions and attitudes in relation to reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections in rural Vietnam: A qualitative study. Author: Lan PT; Faxelid E; Chuc NT; Mogren I; Lundborg C Source: Health Policy. 2008 May;86(2-3):308-317. Abstract: The objective was to explore perceptions, attitudes and health-seeking patterns for reproductive tract infections including sexually transmitted infections (RTI/STI) among men and women in rural Vietnam. Ten focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted with 46 women and 27 men aged 15-49 in Bavi district, northern Vietnam. A pre-designed discussion guide was used during the discussions. Content analysis was applied for data analysis. Each sentence/paragraph was coded. Similar codes were clustered and collapsed into sub-categories and categories. Two main themes 'community perceptions of RTI/STI' and 'attitudes towards RTI/STI' were created, based on the relationship between categories. Complex terminology with many different terms was used by participants to describe and discuss RTI/STI. "Inflammation" [RTI], Gonorrhoea, Syphilis was described as three stages of STI. Health-seeking patterns for RTI/STI were reported to differ between men and women: self-medication was mentioned as a common practice among women, while men were more likely to seek health care from private providers. Complaints were voiced about clinicians' negative attitudes towards RTI/STI patients. Rural dwellers in a district of Vietnam expressed a variety of misconceptions regarding RTI/STI. Designing health education strategies to provide comprehensive RTI/STI information to the community and improving communication between RTI/STI patients and clinicians are urgently needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | MISINFORMATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 325405 |
| 24. Title: [The knowledge of the aged about HIV/AIDS: epidemiologic study in Vale do Rio dos Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil] O conhecimento de HIV/aids na terceira idade: estudo epidemiologico no Vale do Author: Lazzarotto AR; Kramer AS; Hadrich M; Tonin M; Caputo P; Sprinz E Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2008 Nov-Dec;13(6):1833-40. Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge about HIV/AIDS in participants of companionship groups in the Vale do Sinos, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. It was a prospective cross-sectional study in a sample of 510 individuals, 17% males and 82.5% females aged between 60 and 90 years. We used the Questionnaire on HIV for the Old Aged, which comprises the general characteristics of the participants and questions concerning HIV/AIDS, organized into the elements 'concept', 'transmission', 'prevention', 'vulnerability', and 'treatment'. Nearly half of the participants (48.4 %) reported having studied 4 to 7 years and the monthly income of 52.2% was of 1 to 3 minimum wages. In the dimensions concept and transmission, 49.4% had no idea about the asymptomatic phase of the infection, and 41.4% believed HIV could be transmitted by a mosquito bite. With regard to prevention and vulnerability, 25.5% did not know about the female condom and 36.9% considered AIDS a disease confined to men who have sex with men, sex workers, and injection-drug users. Regarding antiretroviral treatment, 12.2% ignored its existence. Elderly people in companionship groups have important misconceptions about HIV/AIDS, which can increase their risk of infection. There is a need for public health programs directed to this population in order to prevent or decrease the risk of HIV transmission. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PARTICIPATION | KNOWLEDGE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | AGE FACTORS | TREATMENT | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | MISINFORMATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Public Health | Health | Research Methodology | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Communication Document Number: 330752 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Assessing attitudes about emergency contraception among urban, minority adolescent girls: A in-depth interview study. Author: Mollen CJ; Barg FK; Hayes KL; Gotcsik M; Blades NM Source: Pediatrics. 2008 Aug;122(2):e395-e401. Abstract: The purpose of this work was to explore the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of urban, minority adolescent girls about intention to use emergency contraception pills and to identify barriers to emergency contraception pill use. We conducted an in-depth, semistructured interview study of healthy, urban-dwelling, English-speaking 15- to 19-year-old black adolescents seeking care in a children's hospital emergency department. Purposive sampling was used to recruit sexually active and nonsexually active adolescents and those with and without a history of pregnancy. Enrollment continued until saturation of key themes was achieved. Participants returned after their emergency department visit for a 1-hour interview. The interview consisted of semistructured questions based on the theory of planned behavior constructs: attitudes (including knowledge), subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control, as well as demographic data collection. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. Transcripts were coded by 2 members of the study team by using a modified grounded-theory method. Thirty interviews were required for saturation. Mean participant age was 16.4 years; 53% reported being sexually active, and 17% reported a history of pregnancy. Specific knowledge gaps exist about emergency contraception pills, including misconceptions about the recommended time frame for taking the medication. Several major themes were noted for each of the constructs. Intention to use emergency contraception pills is affected by the conflicting attitudes that the emergency contraception pill works faster than birth control pills and that those who use emergency contraception pills are irresponsible; family and friends are important influences and have uninformed but generally supportive opinions; and adolescents have a perception of limited behavioral control because of their young age and concerns about confidentiality. Urban, minority adolescent girls have misconceptions about emergency contraception pills, are affected by the opinions of those close to them, and express concern about specific barriers. These findings can inform specific interventions aimed at addressing the barriers to emergency contraception pill use that are of most importance to this population of young women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | BLACKS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | MISINFORMATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Contraception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Communication Document Number: 327943 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of modern birth control methods among rural communities in Imo State, Nigeria. [L'utilisation des méthodes modernes de contrôle des naissances au sein des communautés rurales dans l'état d'Imo, Nigéria] Author: Nwachukwu I; Obasi OO Source: African Journal of Reproductive Health. 2008 Apr;12(1):101-108. Abstract: This paper studied the extent of utilization of Modern Birth Control Methods (MBCM) among rural dwellers in Imo State Nigeria. Three hundred and sixty households were randomly selected and data were obtained from them with the use of questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion. The results showed that only 30% of the respondents used MBCM while 57% of them used the traditional birth control methods. The most popular modern method was the condom (24.2%). This was followed by the IUD, used by only 2.5% of the respondents. Some of the identified factors that hindered the use of MBCM included perceived negative health reaction, fear of the unknown effects, cost, spouse's disapproval, religious belief and inadequate information. For a better understanding and utilization of MBCM, it is recommended that adequate educational campaign should be mounted in the rural areas on the advantages of MBCM. This campaign should target the men the more because they make the major decisions on MBCM use. French Abstract: L'article a étudié l'ampleur de l'utilisation des méthodes modernes de contrôle des naissances (MMCN) au sein des villageois dans l'Etat d'Imo, Nigeria. Trois-cent-soixante familles ont été sélectionnées au hasard et des données ont été obtenues à l'aide des questionnaires et des Discussions en Groupes Cible. Les résultats ont montré que seuls 30% des gens interroges utilisaient les MMCN alors que 57% d'eux utilisaient les méthodes traditionnelles de contrôle des naissances. La méthode moderne la plus populaire était le préservatif (24,2%). Le DIU venait après, utilisé par seuls 2,5% des personnes interrogées. Quelques facteurs identifies qui ont entravé l'utilisation des MMCN ont compris une réaction médicale négative perçue, la crainte des effets inconnus, le coût, la désapprobation de l'époux, la croyance religieuse et l'information insuffisante. Pour une meilleure compréhension et utilisation des MMCN, nous proposons qu'une campagne éducative adéquate soit montée dans les régions rurales sur les avantages des MMCN. Cette campagne devrait avoir comme cibles les hommes plus que les femmes parce qu'ils prennent les décisions principales sur l'utilisation des MMCN. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | RURAL AREAS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING, TRADITIONAL METHODS | CONDOMS | IUD | FEAR | MISINFORMATION | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication Document Number: 322487 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to the use of modern contraceptives and implications for woman-controlled prevention of sexually transmitted infections in Madagascar. Author: Randrianasolo B; Swezey T; Van Damme K; Khan MR; Ravelomanana N Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Nov;40(6):879-893. Abstract: Globally, unplanned pregnancies and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) persist as significant threats to women's reproductive health. Barriers to the use of modern contraceptives by women might inhibit uptake of novel woman-controlled methods for preventing STIs/HIV. Use of modern contraceptives and perceptions and attitudes towards contraceptive use were investigated among women in Antananarivo, Madagascar, using qualitative research. The hypothetical acceptability of the diaphragm - a woman-controlled barrier contraceptive device that also holds promise of protecting against STIs/HIV - was assessed. Women consecutively seeking care for vaginal discharge at a public health clinic were recruited for participation in a semi-structured interview (SSI) or focus group discussion (FGD). Audio-taped SSIs and FGDs were transcribed, translated and coded for predetermined and emerging themes. Of 46 participating women, 70% reported occasional use of male condoms, mostly for preventing pregnancy during their fertile days. Although women could name effective contraceptive methods, only 14% reported using hormonal contraception. Three barriers to use of modern contraceptives emerged: gaps in knowledge about the range of available contraceptive methods; misinformation and negative perceptions about some methods; and concern about social opposition to contraceptive use, mainly from male partners. These results demonstrate the need for programmes in both family planning and STI prevention to improve women's knowledge of modern contraceptives and methods to prevent STI and to dispel misinformation and negative perceptions of methods. In addition, involvement of men will probably be a critical component of increased uptake of woman-controlled pregnancy and STI/HIV prevention methods and improved health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MADAGASCAR | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | OBSTACLES | FEMALE ROLE | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | MISINFORMATION | VAGINAL DIAPHRAGM | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Communication | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Programs Document Number: 324380 |
| 28. Title: Revitalizing underutilized family planning methods. Using communications and community engagement to stimulate demand for vasectomy in Bangladesh. Author: Taylor J Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008. 8 p. (Acquiring Knowledge. Applying Lessons Learned to Strengthen FP / RH Services No. 9USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: The ACQUIRE Project introduced its Supply-Demand-Advocacy (SDA) Program Model for Family Planning / Reproductive Health (FP / RH) Service Delivery to coordinate and synchronize mutually reinforcing components -- supply, demand, and advocacy -- that affect the acceptance of FP services. This publication addresses ACQUIRE's country-level work on SDA components in promoting NSV in Bangladesh, focusing particularly on communications for demand and advocacy. ACQUIRE’s NSV project was successful at achieving its objectives in districts where the SDA model was operationalized. During the initiative to stimulate demand for vasectomy, the following useful lessons emerged: The potential for vasectomy acceptance is strong; an integrated SDA approach has a positive impact on acceptance and use; Advocacy among government stakeholders can help overcome provider problems; Advocacy can remove social barriers to acceptance; Resources are needed to monitor and manage activities on a continuous basis. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | VASECTOMY | NEEDS | MISINFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | CAMPAIGNS | ADVOCACY | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Organization and Administration | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Economic Factors | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs Document Number: 331568 |
| 29. Title: Revitalizing underutilized family planning methods. Using communications and community engagement to stimulate demand for vasectomy in Honduras. Author: Taylor J Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008. 8 p. (Acquiring Knowledge. Applying Lessons Learned to Strengthen FP / RH Services No. 10USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: In 2003, ACQUIRE began a collaboration with the MOH to develop public-sector capacity in no-scalpel vasectomy (NSV) service delivery and, ultimately, to increase NSV service use and prevalence. As vasectomy services were virtually nonexistent in the public sector, their introduction was a significant advance in FP efforts. The ACQUIRE Project introduced its Supply-Demand-Advocacy (SDA) Program Model for FP / RH Service Delivery to coordinate and synchronize mutually reinforcing components -- supply, demand, and advocacy -- that affect the acceptance of FP services. This publication addresses ACQUIRE's country-level work on SDA in promoting NSV in Honduras, focusing particularly on communications for demand creation and advocacy. Lessons learned were that most significant increases in demand for vasectomy correspond to campaign periods where multiple communication channels are used, that supply-side readiness determines whether demand can be met, and that communications efforts need to be sustained over time. Minimal investment and periodic media bursts should be considered to maintain demand for services. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: HONDURAS | SUMMARY REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING | MISINFORMATION | VASECTOMY | ADVOCACY | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Contraception | Communication | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Health Document Number: 331566 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Factors influencing the timing of first sexual intercourse among young people in Nyanza, Kenya. Author: Tenkorang EY; Maticka-Tyndale E Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Dec;34(4):177-188. Abstract: CONTEXT: Despite the relevance of the timing of first intercourse for the risk of HIV infection, few studies have examined postponement of first sex as a strategy to prevent infection. METHODS: Survey data collected in October 2003 from 8,183 standard six and standard seven students aged 11-17 in 160 schools in Nyanza Province, Kenya, were used in logit and log-normal hazard models to understand the factors that influence the timing of first sexual intercourse. RESULTS: Both males and females who rejected myths about HIV transmission, those who experienced less sexual pressure and those who did not know anyone who had died of AIDS, as well as males who had a stronger belief in their ability to abstain, were more likely to postpone sexual intercourse than were young people who lacked those characteristics. Although lower levels of perceived HIV risk were associated with early sexual initiation, adolescents who felt they were at no risk of HIV infection were most likely to postpone initiation. The pattern of associations across gender suggests that males are pressured into very early sexual activity to prove their maturity, although males who had confidence that they could abstain were more likely to do so. Females, however, were not able to translate belief in their ability to abstain into abstinence and were influenced to engage in intercourse by social and environmental pressures. CONCLUSIONS: To support delays in sexual initiation, HIV prevention programming and policy need to be focused on dispelling myths about HIV transmission and countering the gendered pressures that young people feel to initiate sexual activity during their early adolescence. Spanish Abstract: Contexto: A pesar de la relevancia para el riesgo de infección por VIH que tiene el momento en que ocurre la primera relación sexual, pocos estudios han examinado el efecto de posponer la primera relación sexual como una estrategia para evitar la infección. Métodos: Datos recolectados a partir de una encuesta aplicada en octubre de 2003 a 8,183 estudiantes de sexto y séptimo grados, en edades de 11 a 17 años en 160 escuelas de la Provincia de Nyanza, Kenia, fueron utilizados en modelos de riesgo logit y log-normal para comprender los factores que influyen en el momento de la primera relación sexual. Resultados: Tanto los hombres como las mujeres que rechazaron los mitos sobre la transmisión del VIH, aquellos que experimentaron menos presión sexual y quienes no conocían a alguien que hubiera muerto de SIDA, así como los hombres que tenían una gran confianza en su capacidad de abstenerse, tuvieron mayor probabilidad de posponer la primera relación sexual que la gente joven que carecía de esas características. Aunque los niveles más bajos de percepción de riesgo de contraer VIH se asociaron con la iniciación sexual temprana, las y los adolescentes que consideraron no estar en riesgo de infección del VIH tuvieron mayor probabilidad de posponer la iniciación sexual. El patrón de asociaciones respecto al género sugiere que los hombres se ven presionados a tener una muy temprana actividad sexual para probar su madurez, aunque los hombres que tuvieron confianza en que podrían abstenerse, abstenerse, así lo hicieron. Las mujeres, sin embargo, no pudieron traducir en abstención esa confianza en la capacidad de abstenerse, y se vieron influenciadas por presiones sociales y del entorno para entablar relaciones sexuales. Conclusiones: Para apoyar el retraso de la iniciación sexual, la atención de los programas y políticas de prevención del VIH debe concentrarse en disipar los mitos sobre la transmisión del VIH y contrarrestar las presiones que jóvenes de ambos géneros sienten para iniciar la actividad sexual durante su adolescencia temprana. French Abstract: Contexte:Malgré la pertinence du moment des premiers rapports sexuels en ce qui concerne le risque de contraction du VIH, peu d'études ont examiné les premiers rapports sexuels différés en tant que stratégie de prévention de l'infection. Méthodes: Les données d'enquête recueillies en octobre 2003 auprès de 8 183 élèves de niveaux 6 et 7 âgés de 11 à 17 ans dans 160 écoles de la province de Nyanza (Kenya), ont été utilisées dans des modèles de risque logit et log-normaux en vue de cerner les facteurs d'influence du moment des premiers rapports sexuels. Résultats: Tant les jeunes hommes que les jeunes femmes qui rejetaient les mythes relatifs à la transmission du VIH, qui avaient subi moins de pressions de nature sexuelle et qui ne connaissaient pas de victimes du sida, de même que les jeunes hommes plus sûrs de leur aptitude à s'abstenir, se sont avérés plus susceptibles de différer leurs rapports sexuels que les jeunes non associés à ces caractéristiques. Bien que de moindres niveaux de risque perçu de contraction du VIH soient associés à une initiation sexuelle précoce, les adolescents qui estimaient ne pas courir de risque d'infection étaient les plus susceptibles de différer cette initiation. La tendance des associations sexospécifiques laisse entendre que les garçons subissent la pression d'une activité sexuelle très précoce pour prouver leur maturité, bien que ceux confiants en leur capacité de s'abstenir étaient plus susceptibles de résister à cette pression. Côté féminin, toutefois, les filles ne sont pas aptes à concrétiser leur croyance en leur capacité d'abstinence et subissent davantage les pressions sociales et du milieu. Conclusion: Pour aider à différer l'initiation sexuelle, l'attention des programmes et politiques de prévention du VIH doit se concentrer sur la dissipation des mythes relatifs à la transmission du virus et sur la résistance aux pressions sexospécifiques qui poussent les jeunes à devenir sexuellement actifs dès les premières années de l'adolescence. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | FIRST INTERCOURSE | TIME FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | MISINFORMATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Dynamics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 330145 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |