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Peer Reviewed

Title: The language of "sexual minorities" and the politics of identity: a position paper.
Author: Petchesky RP
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):105-110.
Abstract: In any highly contested political domain, language can be a potent force for change or an obstacle to understanding and coalition building across difference. This is surely the case in the global debates over sexuality and gender, where even those terms themselves have aroused heated conflicts. In this spirit, we want to challenge the uncritical use of the term “sexual minorities”, based on a number of historical and conceptual problems with which that term – like the larger thicket of identities and identity politics it signifies – is encumbered. These include: ignoring history, legitimating dubious normativity, fixing biological categories, and recreating exclusions. With this struggle, we seem caught in a modernist dilemma between two desires: to name and honour difference by signifying identities and to avoid exclusivity and hierarchy by reclaiming universals. The insistence of diverse groups on naming themselves and achieving recognition of their distinctness and variety will go on as long as aspirations for democracy exist, because that is the nature and necessity of emancipatory politics. At the same time, our language needs to reflect the fluidity and complexity of sexuality and gender expressions in everyday life and their intricate interweaving with other conditions such as class, race, ethnicity, time and place.
Spanish Abstract: En toda esfera política muy refutada, el idioma puede ser una fuerza potente para lograr cambios o un obstáculo a la comprensión y al desarrollo de coalición para saldar diferencias. Indudablemente, ese es el caso en los debates mundiales sobre la sexualidad y el género, donde incluso esos mismos términos han suscitado conflictos acalorados. En ese espíritu, queremos cuestionar el uso ciego del término “minorías sexuales”, basándonos en varios problemas históricos y conceptuales de los cuales está cargado ese término, como el matorral más amplio de identidades y política de identidades que significa. Algunos ejemplos son: hacer caso omiso de la historia, legitimar normatividad dudosa, arreglar categorías biológicas y recrear exclusiones. Con esta lucha, parecemos estar atrapados en un dilema modernista entre dos deseos: nombrar y honrar diferencias expresando identidades y evitar la exclusividad y jerarquía reclamando universales. La insistencia de diversos grupos en autonombrarse y lograr el reconocimiento de su particularidad y variedad perdurará siempre que existan aspiraciones de democracia, porque esa es la naturaleza y necesidad de la política emancipadora. A la vez, nuestro idioma debe reflejar la fluidez y complejidad de las expresiones de sexualidad y género en la vida cotidiana, así como su intrincado entrelazado con otras condiciones como clase, raza, etnia, tiempo y lugar.
French Abstract: Dans tout domaine politique très contesté, le langage peut être une force puissante de changement ou un obstacle à la compréhension et à la création de coalitions dépassant les différences. C'est sûrement le cas dans les débats mondiaux sur la sexualité et le genre, où même ces termes ont suscité des conflits houleux. Dans cet esprit, nous souhaitons remettre en question l'utilisation non critique de l'expression « minorités sexuelles », en nous basant sur les problèmes historiques et conceptuels avec lesquels ce terme, comme l'enchevêtrement d'identités et de politiques identitaires qu'il signifie, est associé. Ignorer l'histoire, légitimer une normativité douteuse, fixer des catégories biologiques et recréer des exclusions figurent au nombre de ces problèmes. Avec cette lutte, nous semblons nous trouver dans un dilemme moderniste pris entre deux désirs : désigner et honorer la différence en signifiant des identités, et éviter l'exclusivité et la hiérarchie en récupérant des normes universelles. L'insistance de divers groupes pour se nommer eux-mêmes et faire reconnaître leur différence se poursuivra aussi longtemps que les aspirations à la démocratie existeront, car telle est la nature et la nécessité des politiques émancipatoires. En même temps, notre langage doit refléter la fluidité et la complexité des expressions de la sexualité et du genre dans la vie quotidienne et leurs liens complexes avec d'autres conditions comme la classe, la race, l'origine ethnique, le temps et le lieu.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | MINORITY GROUPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | LANGUAGE | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342019

Peer Reviewed

Title: Internet death notices as a novel source of mortality surveillance data.
Author: Boak MB; M'ikanatha NM; Day RS; Harrison LH
Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;167(5):532-539.
Abstract: Concerns about bioterrorism and influenza have focused attention on identifying novel data sources to enhance public health surveillance. The authors evaluated free Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Internet death notices for Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, as a potentially timely source of mortality data. Data abstracted from Internet death notices for 1998-2001 were compared with mortality records from the Pennsylvania Department of Health. Approximately 75% (44,294/60,281) of state records had death notices, and 91% (44,294/48,651) of death notices corresponded to a state record. There was a 2-day median lag from the date of death to online death notice publication. The date of death, gender, age, and name data were nearly 90% accurate and 60-100% complete. Increasing education and age were independently associated with increased Pittsburgh Post-Gazette reporting. Being non-White, female, or a nursing home resident were independently associated with decreased reporting. The Pittsburgh Post-Gazette Internet death notices provided accurate, timely mortality data for nearly three fourths of all Allegheny County deaths. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
PENNSYLVANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | MINORITY GROUPS | NOTIFICATION | DEATH RECORDS | VITAL STATISTICS | INTERNET | MORTALITY | TIME FACTORS | NEWSPAPERS | SEX FACTORS | LENGTH OF LIFE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Statistics | Information Networks | Communication | Population Dynamics | Printed Media | Mass Media | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 324948

Title: The impact of government programs on reproductive health disparities: three case studies.
Author: Boonstra HD
Source: Guttmacher Policy Review. 2008 Summer;11(3):6-12.
Abstract: During the last several decades, the health of Americans overall has steadily improved. However, many low-income, poorly educated or disabled Americans, as well as people of color, have not benefited from many of the recent health gains for the population as a whole. Across the board, these groups are disproportionately more likely than others to struggle with diabetes, heart disease, cancer and obesity. Some groups have higher death rates from unintentional injuries and suicide than the general population, and others tend to report more anxiety, pain, sleeplessness and days of depression. Recognizing the magnitude of health inequalities in the United States, one of the goals of the Department of Health and Human Services' Healthy People 2010 is to eliminate health disparities. In the field of sexual and reproductive health, three government initiatives stand out as case studies of policies and their impact on disparities. The first examines the federally funded family planning program, which was a conscious attempt to ensure that any woman-regardless of her age, marital status, income or health insurance status-has access to the contraceptive services she wants and needs. The second highlights the Hyde Amendment, in which the government has abdicated its responsibility to poor women faced with an unintended pregnancy. And the third focuses on a Medicaid eligibility expansion for pregnant women that revolutionized how pregnancy-related care is paid for in this country. Each of these case studies presents a starkly different portrait of government policies and the lessons that can be learned about addressing inequalities in the United States. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN | INEQUALITIES | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | FAMILY SIZE | POVERTY | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | ABORTION LAW | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Planning | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Government Financing | Financial Activities
Document Number: 323168 Notification

Peer Reviewed

Title: Persistent neonatal mortality despite improved under-five survival: A retrospective cohort study in northern Vietnam.
Author: Hoa DP; Nga NT; Malqvist M; Persson LA
Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 Feb;97(2):166-170.
Abstract: The aim was to examine trends in neonatal, infant and under-five mortality rates in a northern Vietnamese district during 1970-2000, and to analyze socioeconomic differences in child survival over time. Retrospective interviews with all women aged 15-54 years in Bavi district in Northern Vietnam (n = 14 329) were conducted. Of these women, 13 943 had been pregnant, giving birth to 26 796 children during 1970-2000. There was a dramatic reduction in infant and under-five mortality rate (47%) over time. However, the neonatal mortality rate (NMR) showed a very small reduction, thus causing its proportion of the total child mortality to increase. Mortality trends followed the political and socioeconomic development of Vietnam over war, peace and periods of reforms. There were no differences in under-five and neonatal mortalities associated with family economy, while differentials related to mothers' education and ethnicity were increasing. Interventions to reduce child mortality should be focused on improving neonatal care. In settings with a rapid economic growth and consequent social change, like in Vietnam, it is important that such interventions are targeted at vulnerable groups, in this case, families with low level of education and belonging to ethnic minorities. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | INFANT MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY CHANGES | CHILD SURVIVAL | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MINORITY GROUPS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 324190

Title: Delivery care utilisation and care-seeking in the neonatal period: a population-based study in Vietnam.
Author: Malqvist M; Nga NT; Eriksson L; Wallin L; Ewald U; Persson LA
Source: Annals of Tropical Paediatrics. 2008 Sep;28(3):191-8.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: If millions of neonatal deaths each year are to be prevented, one crucial component that must be improved is adequate care-seeking behaviour and effective use of existing health care systems. We have investigated these factors in relation to delivery and the neonatal period in a province in Northern Vietnam, a setting currently in socio-economic transition. METHODS: Information on births and neonatal deaths between January and December 2005 in Quang Ninh province was collected. Narratives of the neonatal deaths were gathered and information about care-seeking in relation to delivery and illness was extracted. This information was then compared with the time and place of delivery and death. RESULTS: We registered 17,519 births and 284 neonatal deaths occurring between January and December 2005. The neonatal mortality rate varied from 7.5/1000 to 38/1000, depending on the place of delivery. A quarter of the neonatal deaths had no contact with the health-care system at the time of death. Neonatal death within 24 hours of birth was more likely when the mother did not seek care at the time of delivery, or did so at the lowest level of the system (chi2=35.5, p<0.001). Mothers of ethnic minorities were more likely to exhibit this care-seeking behaviour at delivery. CONCLUSION: Further improvement in neonatal survival can be achieved by changes in health system utilisation that aim to secure safe delivery for pregnant women. More efforts at local level are needed to encourage adequate care-seeking.
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | INFANT | ETHNIC GROUPS | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | NEONATAL MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | TIME FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Puerperium | Reproduction | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 330726

Peer Reviewed

Title: Strengthening accountability to citizens on gender and health.
Author: Murthy RK
Source: Global Public Health. 2008;3 Suppl 1:104-120.
Abstract: Accountability refers to the processes by which those with power in the health sector engage with, and are answerable to, those who make demands on it, and enforce disciplinary action on those in the health sector who do not perform effectively. This paper reviews the practice of accountability to citizens on gender and health, assesses gaps, and recommends strategies. Four kinds of accountability mechanisms have been used by citizens to press for accountability on gender and health. These include international human rights instruments, legislation, governance structures, and other tools, some of which are relevant to all public sector services, some to the health sector alone, some to gender issues alone, and some to gender-specific health concerns of women. However, there are few instances wherein private health sector and donors have been held accountable. Rarely have accountability processes reduced gender inequalities in health, or addressed 'low priority' gender-specific health needs of women. Accountability with respect to implementation and to marginalized groups has remained weak. This paper recommends that: (1) the four kinds of accountability mechanisms be extended to the private health sector and donors; (2) health accountability mechanisms be engendered, and gender accountability mechanisms be made health-specific; (3) resources be earmarked to enable government to respond to gender-specific health demands; (4) mechanisms for enforcement of such policies be improved; and (5) democratic spaces and participation of marginalized groups be strengthened. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | RECOMMENDATIONS | WOMEN | MINORITY GROUPS | CIVIL SOCIETY | PRIVATE SECTOR | GOVERNMENT | GENDER ISSUES | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | INEQUALITIES | NEEDS | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 326809

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV risk-related attitudes, interpersonal influences, and intentions among at-risk urban, early adolescent girls.
Author: Noia JD; Schinke SP
Source: American Journal of Health Behavior. 2008;32(5):497-507.
Abstract: The objective was to examine correlates of sexual experimentation and risk among urban, early adolescent girls (N = 236, 12.38 plus or minus 1.2 years). Measures of HIV risk-related attitudes, interpersonal influences, and intentions were compared based on girls' degree of sexual experimentation and risk. Girls in high sexual experimentation and risk groups scored highest on deviant peer norms; endorsements of risky behaviors; and inability to refuse unprotected sex, offset negative partner influences, avoid intercourse, and assert sexual desires. Greater experimentation occurred among girls with older versus same-age or younger partners. Risk correlates should be considered in designing HIV prevention programs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | CORRELATION STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | MINORITY GROUPS | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV | RISK FACTORS | ATTITUDES | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | PEER PRESSURE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 324350

Title: Efficacy of nurse case-managed intervention for latent tuberculosis among homeless subsamples.
Author: Nyamathi A; Nahid P; Berg J; Burrage J; Christiani A
Source: Nursing Research. 2008 Jan-Feb;57(1):33-39.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficacy of a nurse case-managed intervention was evaluated in subsamples of participants with one of the following characteristics: female gender, African American ethnicity, recruited from a homeless shelter, a history of military service, lifetime injection drug use, daily alcohol and drug use, poor physical health, and a history of poor mental health. OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a validated nurse case-managed intervention with incentives and tracking would improve adherence to latent tuberculosis infection treatment in subsamples of homeless persons with characteristics previously identified in the literature as predictive of nonadherence. METHODS: A prospective 2-group site-randomized design was conducted with 520 homeless adults residing in 12 homeless shelters and residential recovery sites in the Skid Row region of Los Angeles from 1998 to 2003. RESULTS: Daily drug users, participants with a history of injection drug use, daily alcohol users, and persons who were not of African American race or ethnicity had particularly poor completion rates, even in the nurse case-managed intervention program (48%, 55%, 54%, and 50%, respectively). However, the intervention achieved a 91% completion rate for homeless shelter residents and significantly improved latent tuberculosis infection treatment adherence in 9 of 12 subgroups tested (odds ratios = 2.51-10.41), including daily alcohol and drug users, when potential confounders were controlled using logistic regression analysis. DISCUSSION: Nurse case management with incentives appears to be a good foundation for increasing adherence to 6-month isoniazid treatment in a variety of homeless subgroups and, in particular, for sheltered homeless populations. However, additional social-structural and environmental strategies are needed to address those at greatest risk of nonadherence.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | NURSES AND NURSING | HOMELESS PERSONS | MINORITY GROUPS | IV DRUG USERS | TUBERCULOSIS | INTERVENTIONS | TREATMENT | USER COMPLIANCE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services
Document Number: 326052

10.

Title: Making schools inclusive: How change can happen. Save the Children's experience.
Author: Pinnock H; Lewis I
Source: London, United Kingdom, Save the Children, 2008. 62 p.
Abstract: "Making education more inclusive requires schools and education authorities to remove the barriers to education experienced by the most excluded children - often the poorest, children with disabilities, children without family care, girls, or children from minority groups." Also included in the text are examples of children from very remote areas, girls excluded from school, children from ethnic groups, children with language barriers, and children in countries affected by conflict.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SCHOOLS | EDUCATION | STUDENTS | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | MINORITY GROUPS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Adolescents
Document Number: 328183

11.

Title: Vietnamese health policies to improve fairness may miss ethnic minorities, study finds.
Author: Population Council
Source: Population Briefs. 2007 Dec;13(3):2-3.
Abstract: Since the 1950s, the government of Vietnam has established a vast network of primary health facilities. In addition to improving the health of individuals, this system aims to promote healthcare equity throughout the country. Services include comprehensive prenatal care and delivery services, care throughout early childhood, and services for basic health needs throughout a person's life. Evidence suggests that these services have lowered infant and child mortality rates and improved life expectancy at all ages. However, recent research by the Population Council suggests that progress has been more rapid among the ethnic majority population than among ethnic minority groups in Vietnam. The country's early health initiatives for the there are more than 50 in Vietnam-from the majority of Vietnamese. Evidence from national surveys and other studies indicates that these minority groups are generally poorer than the Kinh majority. Social indicators, such as levels of educational attainment, show that minorities are disadvantaged. Moreover, studies of health indicators demonstrate that minorities have higher morbidity and mortality rates than Kinh of equivalent ages. Population Council researchers Bussarawan Teerawichitchainan and James F. Phillips used data from the 2001-2002 Vietnam National Health Survey (VNHS) to assess parental recall of illness among their children under age 5 and analyze details of parents' care-seeking once they reported that their children were self-care. At the second visit the survey takers used the diaries to prompt discussions about the illnesses that had occurred in the past month. In the survey, respiratory infection and diarrhea-two of the biggest killers of children under age 5-were distinguished from other childhood illnesses. These maladies accounted for 31 and 11 percent respectively of all reported illnesses among under-5 children. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MINORITY GROUPS | CHILDREN | PARENTS | HEALTH POLICY | CHILD SURVIVAL | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health Services
Document Number: 324241

12.

Title: A religious oriented approach to addressing FGM / C among the Somali community of Wajir, Kenya.
Author: Abdi MS
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2007. 25 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00)
Abstract: The purpose of this approach is to educate the community on the harms of FGM/C, both religiously and medically, so that they question the rationale for its continuation. The first step in the approach is to de-link Islam and FGM/C. It is important for the community to understand the Shariah implications of this practice and be made aware of the fact that Islamic Shariah upholds human rights and dignity and that FGM/C violates these rights. As long as this practice is wrongly justified as Islamic, nothing else will make sense to the community, not even the many protocols and legislations that prohibit and outlaw the practice. These are man-made laws according to them and hence they cannot bind them. But are there any God-made laws that actually support this practice? We can answer this question by weighing the practice against Islamic teachings and prove that there is no sunnah 'cut' in Islam. Knowledge that the practice is traditional and is in conflict with Islamic principles is a sure convincingway that can help in questioning the practice. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SOMALIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | MINORITY GROUPS | COMMUNITY | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ISLAM | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | USAID | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Human Rights | Organization and Administration | Diseases
Document Number: 318978

13.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Ethnicity and risk factors in needle sharing among intravenous drug users in Sichuan Province, China.
Author: Choi SY; Cheung YW; Jiang ZQ
Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Jan;19(1):1-8.
Abstract: Combining survey and ethnographic data, this research examined differences in the risk factors associated with needle sharing amongst intravenous drug users (IDUs) in the Sichuan Province of China. A comparison was made between the province's majority Han population and its Yi minority. We developed a theoretical framework consisting of risk factors at the individual level (including risk factors such as lack of AIDS knowledge, low self-efficacy, and economic pressure), interpersonal level (having an IDU primary partner and lack of family support), and community level (social discrimination). The findings suggested that the Yi minority group was more socially disadvantaged and had a higher risk of contracting HIV than the Han group. Furthermore, the factors that put them at risk were different to those which affected the Han group. OLS regression results showed that, for Han IDUs, needle sharing was positively associated with having an IDU primary partner and with economic pressure. On the other hand, for the minority group, needle sharing was significantly associated with being male, AIDS knowledge, the lack of family support, and social discrimination. These findings highlight the need for HIV prevention work to target marginalized populations in China, such as ethnic minorities, and to tailor appropriate prevention strategies to meet the specific needs of different groups. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | IV DRUG USERS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MINORITY GROUPS | NEEDLE SHARING | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | RISK FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Risk Behavior | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Problems
Document Number: 311289

14.

Title: The psychological world of the gay teenager: Social change, narrative, and normality.
Author: Cohler BJ; Hammack PL
Source: Journal of Youth and Adolescence. 2007;36(1):47-59.
Abstract: This paper examines the application of concepts of normal adolescence pioneered by Offer and colleagues to the study of gay and lesbian youth. Adolescent development among this population demonstrates remarkable historical variability along the lines of generation-cohort, revealing the utility of a life-course approach to the study of normal adolescence. Concepts of normal adolescence appear to shift with changing narratives of identity for sexual minority youth. We contrast two narratives of gay youth identity development that have emerged since the inception of substantive research programs on gay adolescence: (1) the narrative of struggle and success that came to dominate the literature in the 1980s and 1990s and (2) the narrative of emancipation that has emerged from the work of Savin-Williams and others who argue for a recognition of the diversity of adolescent development for this population. In relating this contrast to Offer's seminal contributions to the study of adolescence, we suggest that the most normative feature of human development, particularly during adolescence, is its connection to discourses of identity through the formation of personal narratives that anchor the life course and provide meaning to conceptions of self-development. The example of shifting narratives of gay youth identity development is meant to exemplify this characteristic feature of human development. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS | MINORITY GROUPS | HOMOSEXUALS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | SELF-PERCEPTION | SEXUALITY | SOCIAL CHANGE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Biology | Perception | Personality | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 312596

15.

Title: Using focus groups with minority ethnic communities: Researching infertility in British South Asian communities.
Author: Culley L; Hudson N; Rapport F
Source: Qualitative Health Research. 2007 Jan;17(1):102-112.
Abstract: Little attention has been given to the specific methodological issues that can accompany the use of focus groups with minority ethnic communities in the United Kingdom. In this article, the authors discuss the use of this method in a study of the provision of infertility services to South Asian communities in three English cities. Focus groups are an invaluable research method for working in a diverse linguistic and cultural environment, providing interesting, rich, and complex data. However, their use can raise significant methodological and ethical challenges for researchers working with minority ethnic communities. The authors discuss key issues that arose in their exploration of ethnicity and infertility around language and cultural diversity, the role of community facilitators, access and recruitment, infertility as a "sensitive" topic, and reciprocity in research relations. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MINORITY GROUPS | INFERTILITY | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Technology | Economic Factors
Document Number: 322917

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Drug abuse, HIV / AIDS and stigmatisation in a Dai community in Yunnan, China.
Author: Deng R; Li J; Sringernyuang L; Zhang K
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Apr;64(8):1560-1571.
Abstract: The latest data indicate that between 540,000 and 760,000 people are infected with HIV in China. Although minority nationalities represent 8.1% of China's total population, they account for more than 30% of the reported HIV/AIDS cases. This study examined stigma and discrimination against drug abusers and people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) in a Dai minority nationality community in Yunnan, China. The study used qualitative research methods, which included participatory observations, in-depth interviews, focus-group discussions, transect walking and community mapping. A combination of different sampling strategies was used to maximise diversity of the initially selected sample. The data revealed deeply entrenched stigma and overt discrimination against drug abusers and PLHA that manifested in familial, work, civil and institutional contexts. The stigma reflected pre-existing cultural, religious sanctions against "deviant behaviours". Intervention programmes that were insensitive to the local culture and religion may have also contributed in part to the stigmatisation of drug abusers and PLHA. The major impact of stigma was that it created a vicious cycle of social isolation, marginalisation and thus addiction relapse. This in turn reinforced the stigmatisation and discrimination against drug abusers and thus hindered efforts towards prevention and control of HIV/AIDS. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | KAP SURVEYS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ETHNIC GROUPS | MINORITY GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | CULTURE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | SUBSTANCE ADDICTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Religion
Document Number: 313301

17.

Title: Save the Children. Child Survival 18 - Vietnam. Building Partner Capacity for Child Survival of Vietnamese Ethnic Populations, Dakrong and Huong Hoa Districts, Quang Tri Province, North Central Region, Vietnam. Cooperative Agreement Number: HFP-A-00-02-00044-00, 1 October 2002 - 30 September 2007. Final evaluation report.
Author: Fullerton JT; Marsh D; Tran Thi Kiem; Pham Bich Ha; Vu Ngoc Khanh
Source: Westport, Connecticut, Save the the Children / US, 2007 Dec. [297] p.
Abstract: Building Partner Capacity for Child Survival of Vietnamese Ethnic Minority Populations was a five-year (2002-2007) Child Survival-18 (CS-18) project conducted by Save the Children (SC) in Dakrong and Huong Hoa Districts, Quang Tri Province, North Central Region, Vietnam. The project site predicated in the proposal and in the DIP included all 34 communes in the two rural mountainous districts, with a population, at baseline, of 87,070, including 13,931 children under five years of age and 20,897 women of reproductive age. The project scope expanded to include a total of 36 communes over the life of the project, due to government redistricting. The population of these communities increased to 99,253 over the life of the project. Some of the service sites are geographically located in urban/peri-urban areas (15.7%); the majority (84.3%) are in rural settings. A community profile is provided in Appendix F of this report. The goal of the project was to achieve sustained reductions in maternal and under-five mortality. Key objectives of the project were to: increase use of maternal, newborn and child care services; increase practice of key household behaviors; increase service delivery; improve service quality; and improve sustainability of all activities through development and further strengthening of the key project partners. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | EVALUATION REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | CHILDREN | ETHNIC GROUPS | MINORITY GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | CHILD SURVIVAL | CAPACITY BUILDING | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Cultural Background | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Management
Document Number: 326014

18.

Title: Using edutainment to reach sexual minority people.
Author: Graham T
Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2007 Winter;(4):25-26.
Abstract: South Africa is the only country on the African continent to explicitly offer legal protection for sexual minorities like lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) people. Hate crimes against sexual minority people are common, and range from verbal assault to rape and even murder. Physical and sexual assault is of particular concern for young LGBT people living in townships -- sprawling, often low-income suburbs -- or rural areas where there is little or no support for them. Organizations working for and within the LGBT community are responding with increasingly creative and innovative strategies. The Gay and Lesbian Archives of South Africa (GALA) and Community Media for Development/CMFD Productions, both based in Johannesburg, have recently initiated two multidisciplinary communications projects that are raising awareness and discussion around LGBT rights, health and HIV/AIDS. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | HOMOSEXUALS | MINORITY GROUPS | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | MIGRATION | LEGISLATION | MARRIAGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Political Factors | Nuptiality
Document Number: 314309

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Predictors of STD among Asian and Pacific islander young adults.
Author: Hahm HC; Lee J; Ozonoff A; Amodeo M
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2007 Dec;39(4):231-239.
Abstract: Limited information is available on factors associated with STDs among Asian and Pacific Islander young adults. Such information is vital to developing effective interventions to reduce STDs within this group. Data were derived from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, Wave 3; the sample consisted of 605 female and 578 male Asian and Pacific Islander young adults. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess factors associated with ever having had an STD. Thirteen percent of females and 4% of males had ever had an STD. Among those who had had an STD, 75% were female, 9% had ever been paid for sex, 31% had had sex before age 15 and 55% had had multiple sex partners in the previous 12 months. Being female (odds ratio, 4.1), being Indian (compared with being Filipino; 4.8), having ever been paid money for sex (4.7) and having had more than one sex partner in the past 12 months (2.5) were associated with increased odds of having had an STD diagnosis. The more respondents believed that STDs were responsive to treatment, the greater their odds of having had an STD (2.3); the more they believed that STDs had negative consequences for a relationship, the lower their odds of having had an STD (0.7). Asian and Pacific Islander women and Indians are priority groups for both research and clinical attention; prevention efforts to reduce STDs should be tailored to these groups. Clinicians working with Asians and Pacific Islanders need to focus on clients' number of sexual partners and health-related beliefs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ASIANS | YOUTH | MINORITY GROUPS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Biology
Document Number: 323075

20.

Title: Reducing the social exclusion of girls.
Author: Hallman K; Roca E
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2007 Sep. [4] p. (Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief No. 27)
Abstract: Across the globe, girls are systematically excluded from participation in social, economic, and political life. The absence of girls in these arenas has implications not only for the young women themselves but also for society as a whole, exacerbating poverty and perpetuating disparities in health, education, and economic achievement. Internationally, this marginalization makes it difficult or impossible for some countries to achieve society-wide goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals identified by the United Nations as benchmarks to reduce poverty. Female social exclusion begins early in life and is especially notable at life transitions such as puberty and marriage. Exclusion is also evident in many of the obstacles girls encounter during the transition to adulthood. Adolescent girls encounter barriers to entering and staying in school, finding work, making friends, learning life skills, accessing health services, and participating in civic life. In some parts of Asia, sex-selective abortion and female infanticide reduce girls' chances of even starting life. For a number of years, the Population Council has been studying the causes and effects of girls' social exclusion in developing countries, with projects in Asia, Africa, and Latin America. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MINORITY GROUPS | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SAFETY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors
Document Number: 326788

21.

Title: Romantic anarchism and pedestrian liberalism.
Author: Herzog D
Source: Political Theory. 2007 Jun;35(3):313-333.
Abstract: Emma Goldman's stance toward anarchism was oddly mystified, even loving. Precisely this enchantment led her to see clearly the deep vices of Soviet Russia, when so many on the sane and sober Left were blind to them. So pedestrian liberals ought to relish having the extreme likes of Goldman in their midst. They-we-can faithfully recite their lessons from Mill about free speech, eccentrics, and the proliferation of viewpoints. But more recent liberals and deliberative democrats, insisting on the political centrality of reasonableness, would have problems embracing her. That should give us pause at the politics of reasonableness. And Goldman's infatuation with her own politics offers a tweak on Aristotle: a bad person can make a good citizen. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
RUSSIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | INFLUENTIALS | MINORITY GROUPS | POLITICAL FACTORS | DEMOCRACY | LIBERALISM | CAPITALISM | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Social Problems
Document Number: 322910

22.

Title: Nutritional status of low-birthweight ethnic minority infants in Backan province, Vietnam.
Author: Hien NT; Ushijima H
Source: Pediatrics International. 2007 Apr;49(2):266-272.
Abstract: Birthweight and length have been reported to be important determinants of infant growth and future nutritional status. The study aims to describe the weight and length growth patterns during the first year of life of low-birthweight (LBW) ethnic minority infants in the mountainous province Backan, Vietnam. A total of 64 LBW and normal birthweight infants of ethnic minority mothers were recruited from 2001 to 2002 into a prospective cohort study. The weight and length of infants were measured monthly for 1 year. Data on nutritional status and feeding practices of the infants were collected from monthly health records and face-to-face interviews with mothers while their infants were 6 and 12 months of age. Most of the increase in weight, length and catch-up to the 10th percentile for LBW infants occurred during the first 3 and 6 months for boys and for girls, respectively. After these ages, the mean weight and length diverged from National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) reference curves to below the 10th percentile. LBW infants' weight-for-age z-scores was below the NCHS standard at birth (-2.16 SD), caught up after birth, became sustainable by 4 months, fell rapidly from the sixth month, then decreased to -2 SD at 12 months of age. LBW infants' length-for-age z-scores increased in the first month after birth, decreased in the second month and sharply increased again until 5 months of age before decreasing. For LBW infants, it is difficult to achieve the same weight or length curves at 12 months of age as the NCHS standard. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | INFANT | MINORITY GROUPS | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | MEASUREMENT | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | NUTRITION INDEXES | GROWTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Birth Weight | Nutrition | Health | Child Development
Document Number: 313384

23.

Title: More than just vaginal intercourse: Anal intercourse and condom use patterns in the context of "main" and "Casual" sexual relationships among urban minority adolescent females.
Author: Houston AM; Fang J; Husman C; Peralta L
Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2007 Oct;20(5):299-304.
Abstract: Receptive anal intercourse has long been recognized as a risk factor for the transmission of HIV and STIs. Most HIV/STI prevention messages continue to emphasize penile-vaginal transmission, so many teens do not recognize anal intercourse as risky sexual behavior. This purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of anal intercourse, and to describe the relationship between types of sexual relationships (main vs. casual), types of sexual behaviors (vaginal vs. anal sex), and types of contraception used among inner-city sexually experienced adolescents. Reproductive health histories were obtained from 350 sexually experienced adolescent females aged 12-18 years participating in a 5-year STI acquisition study at an urban health center. Baseline sexual behavior data was analyzed and described using frequencies, percentages and chi-square tests. 41% of teens and 86.5% of teens reported engaging in sexual activity with casual and main partners respectively. Sixteen percent of teens with main partners and 12% of those with casual partners engaged in receptive anal intercourse (P = 0.31). Condom use is more prevalent for both vaginal (61% vs. 32.4%, P Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | URBAN POPULATION | MINORITY GROUPS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANAL SEX | PREVALENCE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 320403

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Rapid health impact appraisal of eviction versus a housing project in a colony-dwelling Roma community.
Author: Kosa K; Molnar A; McKee M; Adany R
Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2007 Nov;61(11):960-965.
Abstract: During implementation of a community development project involving a severely disadvantaged Roma community, the community was threatened with eviction. Two scenarios, eviction with placement on the waiting list for social housing versus a replacement housing development, were identified and specified. A health impact assessment (HIA) was carried out to inform subsequent negotiations. The objectives were to assess the health effects of eviction in comparison with that of a housing project for a Roma community; to make recommendations on short-term and long-term benefits of the two scenarios in order to inform the local government; and to develop a demonstration HIA that can act as a model for other disadvantaged Roma populations. A prospective assessment, based on a broad model of health, was carried out to assess health effects of a housing project compared with eviction. By design, it ensured full involvement of members of the community, local decision makers and relevant stakeholders. This HIA identified numerous positive and some probable negative health effects of a housing project. Despite the uncertainty around some of its predicted effects, the overall health benefit of a housing project clearly outweighed that of eviction. Although the immediate financial advantages of eviction for the municipal government are clear, this example provides further evidence to support the adoption of a statutory requirement to assess both economic and health outcomes. It also provides an example that other Roma communities can emulate. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | SURVEYS | MINORITY GROUPS | PUBLIC HEALTH | RISK ASSESSMENT | HOUSING | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Evaluation | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Development | Financial Activities
Document Number: 321246

25.

Title: Malnutrition improvement for infants under 18 months old of Dai minority in Luxi, China.
Author: Li Y; Hotta M; Shi A; Li Z; Yin J
Source: Pediatrics International. 2007 Apr;49(2):273-279.
Abstract: Child malnutrition and thiamine deficiency remain a matter of public concern in Dai children under 5 years old in Southwest areas of China. The aim of the present study was to understand the status and correlates of malnutrition and thiamine deficiency in Dai children under 18 months old in Yunnan, China, and to explore an effective intervention for improving their nutritional status and decreasing the prevalence of malnutrition and thiamine deficiency in Dai children. Well-trained investigators completed a baseline evaluation survey, including questionnaire survey by maternal interviews, child physical measurements, lab examination of thiamine, and group discussions in a cross-sectional study. An intervention plan was constructed by a group consisting of the city governor, government officers, maternal and child health workers, community leaders, and villagers etc. A comprehensive community-based intervention was carried out for 352 children born after July 2001 and their mothers or caregivers inhalf of the baseline survey villages by the end of 2003. The intervention included participatory intervention, community nutrition education, child growth monitoring and distributing thiamine to new mothers just before or after delivery. The baseline evaluation survey in 2000 indicated that the prevalence of moderate and severe protein-energy malnutrition was 19.5% for underweight, 16.4% for stunting, and 6.7% for wasting, respectively. With increasing age, the prevalence increased, peaking at 12 -15 months. The prevalence of underweight in girls was higher than in boys. A total of 10.5% of children suffered from thiamine deficiency, and 5.7% of the children were insufficient in thiamine supply. Low Kaup target (<25%) was significantly associated with lack of guidance by doctors, lack of nutrition knowledge, lack of knowledge of causes of malnutrition and local culture food taboos. The status of child nutrition has been improved significantly since the intervention measure implementation. The change of prevalence of underweight children aged 6 -17 months prior to and after the intervention was significant: 20.5% before and 13.7% after the intervention in infants aged 6 -11 months, and 39.0% before and 26.4% after the intervention in young children aged 12 -17 months. Prevalence of girls was higher than that of boys. Some women began to eat vegetables and pork from the market, which were forbidden by the culture food taboos. There is no case report of child thiamine deficiency in project villages. The prevalence of moderate and severe protein-energy malnutrition is high in Dai infants and young children. However, based on the local situation, participatory community-based comprehensive nutrition intervention effectively reduces the prevalence of child malnutrition and thiamine deficiency. It is highlighted that population nutritional intervention can produce better results with participation at a community level. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INFANT | MINORITY GROUPS | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | GROWTH | NUTRITION | INTERVENTIONS | MALNUTRITION | MORTALITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Child Development | Biology | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 313385

26.

Title: The importance of ethnicity: fertility and ethnicity in West Africa. Draft.
Author: Nahmias P
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 43 p.
Abstract: Africa is often the neglected stepchild of Eurocentric demographic transition theory. The weak nation-state, extended kinship networks and lasting socio-cultural supports for elevated fertility have often challenged demographers. This paper addresses the lack of Africa-specific fertility research, and examines the importance of ethnicity in determining current fertility in West Africa. Utilizing recent DHS surveys, I look at the fertility behavior of ethnic groups spanning more than one country in the region, with current fertility as the dependent variable. I fit models for each country separately in the first analysis, followed by pooled fixed effects models for all countries in the second analysis. The results point to the relative importance of the nation-state rather than ethnicity in determining fertility levels. However, ethnicity is still an important determinant within countries and for certain ethnic groups. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, WESTERN | LITERATURE REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MINORITY GROUPS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | KINSHIP NETWORKS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Economic Factors
Document Number: 317725

27.

Title: The MDGs as a communication tool for development.
Author: Pagliani P
Source: Oslo, Norway, United Nations Development Programme [UNDP], Oslo Governance Centre, Democratic Governance Fellowship Programme, 2007 Nov. 51 p.
Abstract: This paper intends to look at the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as a communication tool instead of an object of communication. The MDGs possess the potential to make development more understandable to people at the centre of development policies: the poor, vulnerable and socially excluded. The potential to make development interventions more effective and, ultimately, to achieve the MDGs, lies in improving the capability of these people to use information about development to claim their rights and to hold authorities accountable for their commitments. Based on the available literature and international conventions, the paper will elaborate a framework for the application of communication for development in promoting the MDGs at the country level. The framework will be used to examine the Albanian experience in using the MDGs to mobilize participation around national and local development strategies. It will also highlight the contribution that communication can make in Serbia to the social inclusion of marginalized groups such as Roma, refugees, internally displaced persons and people with disabilities. The proposed framework can be used to identify gaps, opportunities and entry points in each country. It can help make the best use of the MDGs at the national level through including excluded groups in the policy debate, which will enhance transparency, accountability and responsiveness to their needs. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ALBANIA | SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO | CRITIQUE | LOW INCOME POPULATION | COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL | MINORITY GROUPS | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | GOALS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Planning | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 325180

28.

Title: Fertility and religiousness among European Muslims.
Author: Westoff CF; Frejka T
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 24 p.
Abstract: There seems to be a popular belief that Muslim fertility in Europe is much higher than that of non-Muslims. Part of this belief stems from the general impression of high fertility in some Muslim countries in the Middle East, Asia and Africa. This notion is typically transferred to Muslims living in Europe with their increasing migration along with concerns about numbers and assimilability into European society. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | MIDDLE EAST | ASIA | AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CENSUS | MINORITY GROUPS | ISLAM | RELIGION | FERTILITY | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FAMILY RESEARCH | VALUE ORIENTATION | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Family and Household | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 317354

29.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Determinants of breastfeeding initiation in Xinjiang, PR China, 2003 - 2004.
Author: Xu F; Binns C; Yu P; Bai Y
Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2007 Feb;96(2):257-260.
Abstract: The aim was to identify the prevalence of breastfeeding initiation and the determinants of the breastfeeding initiation in Xinjiang, PR China, 2003-2004. A cohort study of infant feeding practices was undertaken in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, PR China. A total 1219 mothers were randomly recruited in five hospitals or institutes located in urban and rural areas during 2003 and 2004. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors associated with breastfeeding initiation. Before discharge from hospital, 92.2% of the mothers were breastfeeding including 66.2% who were exclusively breastfed. A total of 88 mothers (7.8%) were not breastfeeding on discharge from hospital. Breastfeeding before discharge was positively associated giving breastmilk as the first feed (OR 4.05, CI 1.30-12.65) feeding on demand (OR 4.33, CI 1.69-11.08), when the mother felt she had been given enough information about breastfeeding, belonging to a minority ethnic group (OR 3.13, CI 1.21-5.05) and giving birth in spring or summer. This study has documented breastfeeding initiation rate and associated factors with it in Xinjiang, PR China. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | MINORITY GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | PREVALENCE | BREASTFEEDING | POSTPARTUM | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Puerperium | Reproduction | Measurement | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health
Document Number: 324839

30.

Title: Beyond denomination: new tests of whether and how religion matters for family planning.
Author: Yeatman SE; Trinitapoli J
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 30 p.
Abstract: The sub-Saharan African AIDS epidemic has prompted new discussions about the role of religious doctrine and religious institutions in shaping sexual behavior. However the importance of religion for other forms of reproductive behavior has been comparatively neglected in recent years. Since religion and fertility are two of the dominant features of the rural African landscape, questions about how these two phenomena are related are relevant to developing better understandings of the cultural and demographic features and futures of this region. In this paper, we ask about how religion and religious involvement are associated with fertility behavior in rural Malawi. To do so we draw on unique individual and congregational-level data that allow us to move beyond the status-quo of demographic studies on religion and fertility, which has been to identify and explain differences in fertility patterns between broad denominational categories. In focusing our attention at the congregational level - the level of direct interaction with both religious authority (leaders) and lay people (fellow congregation members) - we examine characteristics that are both more relevant to the lives of rural Malawian women and more sociologically interesting for testing and improving theories of religious influence on sexual behavior. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | MINORITY GROUPS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COUPLES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FERTILITY | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | DECISION MAKING | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Religion | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Behavior
Document Number: 317355


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