| 1. Title: Return and re-admission in states' migration policies. Author: Cassarino JP Source: Forced Migration Review. 2009 Apr;(32):65. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | KNOWLEDGE | DEPORTATION | RETURN MIGRATION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 340193 |
2.  Title: Gender and migration: West Indians in comparative perspective. Author: Foner N Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):3-29. Abstract: This article explores gender issues in West Indian migration by taking a comparative -cross-national -perspective. The focus is on the three major West Indian migration movements of the mid- and late-twentieth and early twenty-first centuries -to the United States, Britain, and Canada. A comparative approach has a number of benefits for the study of West Indian migration. It not only points to similarities and contrasts in gender-related patterns among West Indian migrants in the United States, Britain, and Canada but also forces us to try to account for them. It brings out, in an especially dramatic way, the role of the context of reception and the receiving country's immigration policies in shaping male-female differences in West Indian migration flows as well as immigrant adaptation. The comparative analysis of the three migrations in this article explores the reasons for and patterns of West Indian migration as they relate to gender, including the practice of leaving children behind in the Caribbean, as well as aspects of the labour market incorporation of West Indian men and women when they have arrived and settled in the migrant destination. More specifically, the comparisons raise some intriguing questions. Why, for example, did West Indian women comprise a greater proportion of the migrations to the United States and Canada than to Britain? Why were West Indian women more likely to work in caregiving jobs in private homes in the United States and Canada than in Britain? And have the dynamics of transnational motherhood differed in the North American and British contexts? Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | CANADA | UNITED KINGDOM | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | MIGRATION POLICY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Americas | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Europe, Western | Europe | North America | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 341298 |
| 3. Title: Shortage of healthcare workers in developing countries--Africa. Author: Naicker S; Plange-Rhule J; Tutt RC; Eastwood JB Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2009 Spring;19(1 Suppl 1):S1-60-4. Abstract: The already inadequate health systems of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, have been badly damaged by the migration of their health professionals. There are 57 countries with a critical shortage of healthcare workers, a deficit of 2.4 million doctors and nurses. Africa has 2.3 healthcare workers per 1000 population, compared with the Americas, which have 24.8 healthcare workers per 1000 population. Only 1.3% of the world's health workers care for people who experience 25% of the global disease burden. The consequences for some countries resulting from loss of health workers are increasingly recognized and are now being widely aired in the public media. The health services of a continent already facing daunting challenges to the delivery of minimum standards of health care are now also being potentially overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS. There is a need for concerted political will and funding support that will allow them to do what is necessary. It may well be asked why special measures should be necessary to influence the migration of health professionals rather than engineers or football players or any other category. The answer must surely be that no other category of worker is so essential to the well-being of the population of every nation. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | MIGRATION POLICY | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 341994 |
| 4. Title: Towards an EU-wide regularisation scheme. Author: Strang A Source: Forced Migration Review. 2009 Apr;(32):63-64. Abstract: The RU immigration framework is presently based on the idea that there are two types of irregular migrants: persecuted refugees (legal) and economic immigrants (illegal). This presumption informs a policy that aggravates stigmatisation and criminalisation of refugees and migrants alike. In reality, both 'types' of migrants usually originate from countries characterised by chronic poverty, violent conflict, political instability and socio-economic deprivation which generate both refugee-producing conditions as well as other modes of (de facto) forced migration to places of greater political and economic stability. The author presents an argument for regularization and suggests policy improvements to adminster labour migration. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MIGRATION POLICY | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 340192 |
| 5. Title: Economy, ethnicity and international migration. The comparison of Finland, Hungary and Russia. Author: Forsander A; Salmenhaara P; Melegh A; Kondrateva E Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:85-114. Abstract: The focus of this paper is to compare present migration situation, history, economy and migration regulation in an European Union (EU) country (Finland), an EU accessing country (Hungary), and a major non-EU country (Russia). Our material and methods base on literature survey, policy analysis and analysis of the existing statistics and legislation. The results show that even in the era of globalisation that is often claimed to erode states' regulatory power over the flows of capital and people, some regulatory power still exists. Instead of developing their policies in accordance with the largely self-regulating migration process, according to our data, the countries sought to regain political control through reproducing economic, ethnic and national hierarchies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | HUNGARY | RUSSIA | EUROPEAN UNION | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | NATIONALITY | SOCIAL CLASS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Asia, Northern | Asia | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326070 |
| 6. Title: EU-Libya cooperation on migration: A raw deal for refugees and migrants? Author: Hamood S Source: Journal of Refuge Studies. 2008;21(1):19-42. Abstract: Libya's emergence as a key jumping-off point for entry into Europe by sea has created a sense of urgency within the EU, which seeks to prevent arrivals from this new point of departure, and has led to the initiation of EU-Libya cooperation on migration. This article argues that the EU is failing to adopt an integrated approach to migration management in Libya, despite its repeated assurances to the contrary. It examines EU-Libya cooperation, still in its early stages, and analyses the experiences of refugees and migrants in Libya and on their journeys to Europe. Both elements strongly indicate that the current approach, which focuses on border control and surveillance, is likely to meet with limited success in achieving the EU's aims of stemming the flow of irregular migrants arriving from Libya in Italy and Malta, protecting the human rights of those in transit and ensuring humanitarian outcomes for them. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LIBYA | EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324865 |
| 7. Title: Racialised sexualities: the case of Filipina migrant workers in East Malaysia. Author: Hilsdon AM; Giridharan B Source: Gender, Place and Culture. 2008 Dec;15(6):611-628. Abstract: In national narratives of 'Malayness', a specific language (Malay) and religion (Islam) have become key aspects of an identity that excludes migrants and those of 'questionable' sexualities. Consequently Filipina migrants working in the nightlife industries in East Malaysia have been subjected to disciplinary discourses of ethnicity and sexuality that underpin these national narratives. Attempts to tighten migration laws and curb nightlife activities have resulted in a racialisation of Filipina migrant sexualities. Using ethnographic methods, this article explains the impacts of dominant state and public discourses of migration, ethnicity and gender, which Filipinas encounter in their everyday lives in their destination country. In the process the article also reveals how Filipinas resist these discourses and hence participate in the formation of their subjectivity. Language: English Keywords: MALAYSIA | PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | HETEROSEXUALS | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | LABOR MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | POWER | INTERVIEWS | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 341979 |
| 8. Title: Lo siento pero usted no esta bienvenido: U.S. travel policies and immigration laws for HIV-infected persons. Author: Jones KG; Jones SG Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 Jul-Aug;19(4):325-329. Abstract: Each year, thousands of individuals from around the world seek entry into the United States for either short stays or permanent residency. Although once considered the melting pot of the world for welcoming an influx of diversity, the United States generally prohibits HIV-infected individuals from entering the country. U.S. immigration law imposes travel and immigration regulations prohibiting individuals infected with HIV from entering the country without special waivers and permanent records of the travelers' HIV status inside their passports. With approximately 1.6 million people living with HIV in Latin America (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2007), these restrictions have an impact on HIV-infected Hispanics attempting to travel or immigrate to the United States. In essence, these persons with HIV may believe that the message being sent to them is "Lo siento pero usted no esta bienvenido" ("I am sorry but you are not welcome"). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | MIGRATION POLICY | HIV INFECTIONS | LAWS AND STATUTES | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | TRAVEL DOCUMENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Permits | Legislation Document Number: 328320 |
| 9. Title: The role of emigration in foreign aid policies: The case of Spain and Morocco. Author: Lacomba J; Boni A Source: International Migration. 2008 Mar;46(1):123-150. Abstract: This article analyses the relationships between emigration and Official Development Aid (ODA) policies, taking the cases of Spain and Morocco as the backdrop to the study. It discusses the principal characteristics of both the Spanish state and non-governmental cooperation in Morocco, the underlying motivations of the principal stakeholders, and the way international cooperation policies now encompass the phenomenon of emigration. The paper compares the field of co-development, which encompasses a rather limited understanding of immigration, with ODA policies, in which immigration is an increasingly important agenda item for both the central government and the Spanish autonomous communities. The article then examines the relationship between migration and development, and considers necessary changes of perspective required to enhance the development and emigration policies in both Spain and Morocco. Lastly, we conclude with a series of recommendations, based on our analysis, aimed at Spanish and Moroccan stakeholders, both state institutions and non-governmental organizations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | MOROCCO | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Organizations Document Number: 324347 |
10.  Title: Migration from Zimbabwe: Numbers, needs, and policy options. Author: Leslie R Source: Johannesburg, South Africa, Centre for Development and Enterprise, 2008 Apr. [40] p. Abstract: On 13 November 2007 CDE hosted a workshop on the migration of Zimbabweans to South Africa. CDE took this initiative because it had become clear from media reports that increased migration flows from Zimbabwe were exacerbating and dramatising already existing inadequacies of regional migration management. By staging the workshop, and distributing this publication based on its proceedings, CDE hopes to broaden and inform the policy debate not only on the short-term pressures of crisis-driven movement of people out of Zimbabwe, but on the wider and longer-term issues of immigration policy in South Africa. Political instability and economic decline in Zimbabwe are driving migration to South Africa at an accelerating rate. This movement of people in unprecedented numbers is also fuelled by South Africa's skills shortages and comparatively robust - in regional terms at least - economic performance. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | SOUTH AFRICA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | MIGRATION | LABOR MIGRATION | BRAIN DRAIN | BORDER CROSSING | MIGRATION POLICY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | REFUGEES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | International Migration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Migrants Document Number: 325841 |
| 11. Title: [Migratory flows of women for reproductive work: the globalization of assistance] Fluxos migratorios de mulheres para o trabalho reprodutivo: a globalizacao da assistencia. Author: Lisboa TK Source: Revista Estudos Feministas. 2008 Sep-Dec;15(3):805-821. Abstract: Based on an experience as a member of the group that worked with the theme of migration of women at the Internationale Frauen Universitat (IFU) in 2000, this article presents a discussion about the migratory flows of women who work as domestic servants. There is a true globalization of assistance in this process, which even establishes chains between women of different nations, classes and ethnicities. The main causes of the migrations are linked to the struggle for survival and the opportunity to work, study and achieve independence from violence and oppression. I propose that, to contain migratory flows, public policies that meet the basic needs of the women in their countries of origin are necessary. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | DOMESTIC WORKERS | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Population Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Economic Development Document Number: 307979 |
| 12. Title: Managing migration: The global challenge. Author: Martin P; Zurcher G Source: Population Bulletin. 2008 Mar;63(1):1-22. Abstract: The number of international migrants is at an all-time high. There were 191 million migrants in 2005, which means that 3 percent of the world's people left their country of birth or citizenship for a year or more. The number of international migrants in industrialized countries more than doubled between 1985 and 2005, from almost 55 million to 120 million. However, most of the world's 6.6 billion people never cross a national border; most live and die near their place of birth. Those who cross national borders usually move to nearby countries, for example, from Mexico to the United States, or from Turkey to Germany. The largest flow of migrants is from less developed to more developed countries. In 2005, 62 million migrants from developing countries moved to more developed countries, but almost as many migrants (61 million) moved from one developing country to another, such as from Indonesia to Malaysia. Large flows of people also move from one industrialized country to another, from Canada to theUnited States, for example, and much smaller flows move from more developed to less developed countries, such as people from Japan who work in or retire to Thailand. The international community believes that international migration should be voluntary, and has tried to minimize "forced migration," whether motivated by persecution or economic deprivation at home. The United Nation's 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts that "everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country." However, the right to emigrate does not give migrants a right to immigrate, and most migrants are not welcomed unconditionally into the countries to which they move. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | GOVERNMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | REMITTANCES | BORDER CROSSING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 325289 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Pre-departure and post-arrival management of P. falciparum malaria in refugees relocating from sub-Saharan Africa to the United States. Author: Stauffer WM; Weinberg M; Newman RD; Causer LM; Hamel MJ Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008;79(2):141-146. Abstract: Plasmodium infection, often sub-clinical, is common in migrating sub-Saharan refugee populations. Refugees who subsequently develop clinical malaria suffer illness and exact a cost on state and local health care facilities. Untreated infection is also of public health concern because of the potential for local transmission. In response to increasing numbers of refugees originating in sub-Saharan Africa guidelines for the management of malaria in refugees migrating to the United States have been broadened and updated. The guidelines are based on available evidence-based literature and recent public health experience. These guidelines were critically reviewed, assessed, and approved by multiple National and State entities as well as outside experts. These consensus guidelines recommend that sub-Saharan African refugees relocating to the United States receive presumptive treatment of P. falciparum malaria before departure or during the domestic refugee medical screening after arrival. Presumptive therapy is not currently recommended for either non-falciparum malaria or for refugees relocating from areas outside sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | REFUGEES | MALARIA | MIGRATION POLICY | SCREENING | TREATMENT | MANAGEMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Africa | Developing Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration Document Number: 308037 |
| 14. Title: Towards a harmonization of European statistics on international migration. Author: Thierry X Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Feb;(442):1-4. Abstract: Immigration and emigration flows measured in the European Union vary considerably from one country to another. But statistics are not always established in the same way, making comparisons difficult. Xavier Thierry explains that these variations reflect differences between countries in the definition of what constitutes an international migrant, and in the data sources used, i.e. surveys or administrative records. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPEAN UNION | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | DATA ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MIGRANTS | POLICYMAKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | DATA SOURCES | STATISTICS | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Studies | Migration | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Data Collection Document Number: 325598 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Return migration in Africa and the relationship between educational attainment and labor market success: Evidence from Uganda. Author: Thomas KJ Source: International Migration Review. 2008 Autumn;42(3):652-674. Abstract: The return migration of skilled professionals has been suggested as a policy instrument suitable for reversing the large-scale emigration of skilled professionals from African countries. However, there are no empirical studies showing how migrant professionals from Africa are reintegrated into the labor market after they return. This study examines the relationship between educational attainment and the likelihood of employment among native-born African migrants returning home from abroad. The study focuses on the evidence from Uganda since this country has one of the longest histories of skilled migration in Africa. The results show that returning migrants with university degrees and vocational credentials are more likely to be employed than their nonmigrant and immigrant counterparts. However, this employment advantage was not observed among returning migrants with secondary schooling or below. Furthermore, the results show that returning migrants are generally more likely to be employed as district employment rates increase. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | RETURN MIGRATION | HUMAN CAPITAL | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | BRAIN DRAIN | MIGRATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328162 |
| 16. Title: Migration and transnational families in Fiji: comparing two ethnic groups. Author: Voigt-Graf C Source: International Migration. 2008 Oct;46(4):15-40. Abstract: In the past two decades, international migration patterns out of Fiji have undergone changes with important implications for the formation of transnational families. The focus of this paper is on a comparison between the formation of Indo-Fijian transnational extended families and indigenous Fijian transnational nuclear families. These are discussed within the framework of "transnational corporations of kin." For several decades, Indo-Fijians have permanently migrated to the Pacific Rim as a consequence of the economic and political situation in Fiji. They have resettled in complete nuclear family units and have subsequently attempted to sponsor the migration of their extended family members. Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of indigenous Fijians migrating temporarily for work. In contrast to Indo-Fijians, indigenous Fijian migrate as individuals, leaving their spouses and children behind in Fiji. Women migrate autonomously as caregivers and nurses while men find employment as soldiers and security officers. The main purpose of their mostly temporary migration is to send remittances. However, these economic benefits have to be contrasted with the social and psychological costs associated with the separation of nuclear families. The paper also discusses policy implications arising from the comparative analysis, especially in the light of the current situation in Fiji which is characterised by a lack of policies addressing the implications of migration. Spanish Abstract: En los últimos veinte años, los patrones de migración internacional desde Fiji han sufrido cambios que han repercutido notablemente en la conformación de familias transnacionales. En este artículo, se establece una comparación entre la conformación de familias indo-fiyianas transnacionales amplias y las familias indígenas fiyianas transnacionales nucleares. Ambas se debaten en el marco de "corporaciones transnacionales de parentesco". Durante varias décadas, los indo-fiyianos emigraron con carácter permanente a la costa del Pacífico a raíz de la situación económica y política prevaleciente en Fiji. Se reasentaron en unidades familiares nucleares completas y, ulteriormente, intentaron patrocinar la migración de sus familiares. En los últimos años, se ha observado un creciente número de fiyianos indígenas que emigran temporalmente por motivos laborales. A diferencia de los indo-fiyianos, los fiyianos indígenas emigran a título individual, dejando atrás a cónyuges e hijos. Las mujeres emigran de manera autónoma para trabajar al cuidado de personas o como enfermeras, mientras que los hombres encuentran trabajo como soldados o guardias. Su migración es mayormente de carácter temporal y tiene por finalidad el envío de remesas. Ahora bien, estos beneficios económicos tienen que examinarse a la luz de los costos sociales y sicológicos asociados con la separación del núcleo familiar. En este artículo también se debaten las consecuencias políticas resultantes del análisis comparativo, especialmente habida cuenta de la situación reinante en Fiji, que se caracteriza por la falta de políticas que encaren las repercusiones que trae consigo la migración. French Abstract: Durant ces vingt dernières années, les tendances migratoires internationales au départ de Fidji ont subi des changements qui ont eu d'importantes conséquences sur la constitution de familles transnationales. Le thème central de cette publication porte sur une comparaison entre la constitution de familles transnationales indo-fidjiennes élargies et les familles transnationales fidjiennes indigènes nucléaires. Celles-ci sont examinées dans le cadre de ce que l'on appelle les sociétés familiales transnationales. Depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années, les Indo-Fidjiens migrent à demeure vers la ceinture du Pacifique en raison de la situation économique et politique de Fidji. A partir de là, ils reprennent le schéma de la famille nucléaire complète et tentent ensuite de financer la migration des membres de leur famille élargie. Les dernières années ont mis en évidence une tendance croissante des Fidjiens indigènes àémigrer temporairement en quête de travail. A la différence des Indo-Fidjiens, les Fidjiens indigènes émigrent seuls, en laissant derrière eux femmes et enfants. Les femmes émigrent de façon autonome en quête d'un emploi d'aidante ou d'infirmière tandis que les hommes se font embaucher comme soldats ou agents de sécurité. L'objectif principal de leur migration le plus souvent temporaire est de rapatrier des fonds. Cependant, ces avantages économiques doivent être rapportés aux conséquences sociales et psychologiques découlant de la séparation des familles nucléaires. L'article examine également les répercussions politiques résultant de l'analyse comparative, surtout à la lumière de la situation actuelle à Fidji, laquelle dénote l'absence de politiques appropriées pour faire face aux conséquences de la migration. Language: English Keywords: FIJI | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MIGRATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | TEMPORARY MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | REMITTANCES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Oceania | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 341301 |
| 17. Title: Iraq: From a flood to a trickle. Neighboring states stop Iraqis fleeing war and persecution. Author: Human Rights Watch Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2007 Apr. 19 p. (Human Rights Watch No. 1) Abstract: Now that the international community is finally beginning to pay attention to the existence of an estimated 2 million Iraqi refugees in the Middle East, Iraq's neighbors are closing off escape routes, leaving another 2 million internally displaced persons and untold numbers of other war-affected and persecuted Iraqis trapped and denied the fundamental right to seek asylum in other countries. As high-level government officials meet in Geneva today for the International Conference on Addressing the Humanitarian Needs of Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons inside Iraq and in Neighboring Countries convened by the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Iraq's neighbors are refusing entry, imposing onerous new passport and visa requirements, and literally building fences to keep out further refugees. And the legal status and living conditions for those who have managed to escape the armed conflict in Iraq is becoming more precarious by the day. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | WAR | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | BORDER CROSSING | MIGRATION POLICY | UNHCR | Middle East | Developing Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | International Migration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 320245 |
| 18. Title: To date or to marry: That is the question. Author: Adelman H; McGrath S Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007 Sep;20(3):376-380. Abstract: Jim Hathaway's appeal to date rather than marry proposes a separation of the study of convention refugees from that of others who are being forcefully displaced; a separation that we find disappointing and problematic. His determination to prevent the marriage of two sets of potential lovers-forced migrants and convention refugees as well as internally displaced persons (IDPs) and refugees in flight from war-suggests a puritanical differentiation of identities that belies the potential of a supportive union. The first problem is with definitions themselves. Squeezed into one category of refugees, Hathaway confuses two very different categories: convention refugees who, in flight from persecution, cross a border to claim refugee status, and humanitarian refugees who flee across a border because of war and conflict in their homeland. Thus, when Hathaway contrasts refugees with the internally displaced, the emphasis and central defining characteristic is crossing an international border. According toHathaway, refugees are always victims of discrimination, are always at risk, and are always under the protection of the international community. This assessment simply ignores any distinction between convention and humanitarian refugees: it might fit the former on most occasions, the latter on relatively few. Whereas these unlikes (convention and humanitarian refugees) are made likes, possible likes (IDPs and refugees) never have anything in common according to Hathaway. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | MIGRATION POLICY | TREATIES | HUMAN RIGHTS | WAR | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 321332 |
| 19. Title: Iraqi refugees in Syria. Author: al-Miqdad F Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jun;:19-20. Abstract: Syria has offered Iraqi refugees care and assistance, and continues to do so, in spite of the limited nature of its material resources. At the start of 2007 UNHCR estimated that the number of Iraqi refugees in Syria exceeded 1.2 million, a huge influx to a country with a population of 18 million. This heavy number of arrivals has had an extreme effect on all facets of life in Syria, particularly on the services which the state offers to citizens. There has been a sharp increase in the cost of living and the unexpected weight of numbers has had dramatic impacts on the infrastructure and the economy. The sudden increase in the population has led to a rise in costs in all areas of life. The prices of foodstuffs and basic goods have gone up by 30%, property prices by 40% and rentals by 150%. Water consumption has increased by 21%. The additional cost to the Syrian government of supplying Iraqi refugees with drinking water and sanitation alone came to $6.8 million last year. There are so many Iraqi refugees that they have become a burden on the labour market. In 2006 Syria's unemployment rate was 18%. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | SYRIA | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | MIGRATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH SERVICES | EDUCATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | WAR | UNHCR | Developing Countries | Middle East | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 317671 |
| 20. Title: Human resources in developing countries [letter] Author: Ashorn P Source: Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):654-655. Abstract: In his Comment on human resources in developing countries Claudio Lanata states that 0-18% of nurses and midwives trained in sub-Saharan Africa are working in developed countries-mainly Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, the UK, and the USA. In view of the strict language and other licensing requirements for health professionals in Nordic countries, it is surprising to see Finland and Denmark in Lanata's list. Indeed, a review of his references gives little support to the claim. The WHO Report 2006 mentions Finland and Denmark as recipients of nurses from sub-Saharan Africa, but no numbers are given and the data source is undefined. The other reference does not mention Nordic countries at all, but describes the pivotal role of the UK in the health personnel exodus. On the other hand, a search from a comprehensive health professional register at the National Authority for Medicolegal Affairs in Finland indicated that, at the end of 2006, none of the 86 162 nurses registered in Finland andonly seven of 21 899 physicians had been trained in sub-Saharan Africa (Elisa Alanen, personal communication). Thus, Lanata's information is incorrect, at least concerning Finland. Earlier research has shown that health professionals migrate particularly to English-speaking countries with insufficient domestic training of nurses or physicians. Finland has a unique language and it currently trains about 1% of every age-group to be doctors and 4% to be nurses. The situation is similar in other Nordic countries. Thus, significant African health professional immigration into this region is highly unlikely. (full text) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MIGRANTS | HUMAN RESOURCES | BRAIN DRAIN | LANGUAGE | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | WAGES | EMPLOYMENT | Africa | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | International Migration | Communication | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319655 |
| 21. Title: Path-dependency and path-creation perspectives on migration trajectories: The economic experiences of Vietnamese migrants in Slovakia. Author: Balaz V; Williams AM Source: International Migration. 2007 Jun;45(2):37-67. Abstract: There has been only limited research on the Vietnamese diaspora, and that has mostly focussed on Western market economies. This paper explores the distinctive migration, dictated by Cold War geopolitics, from Viet Nam to the Eastern bloc countries. It examines how the intersection of migration policies and politico-economic conditions, before and after the end of state socialism in 1989, produced two distinctive migration phases. Faced with economic constraints, and mediated by their relationships with the Slovak population, most Vietnamese who stayed in, or migrated to, Slovakia after 1989 survived economically by finding a niche in market trading. This paper adopts a path-creating path-dependent perspective to examine these migration trajectories through an analysis based on in-depth interviews with Vietnamese migrants. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MIGRANTS | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIALISM | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 313639 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Theorizing migration policy: Is there a third way? Author: Boswell C Source: International Migration Review. 2007 Mar;41(1):75-100. Abstract: This article critically reviews theories of migration policy according to two criteria: methodological rigor and explanatory plausibility. It finds that political economy accounts are theoretically robust, but at the price of oversimplification. Neo-institutional theories offer more sophisticated accounts, but fall short on a number of methodological and explanatory counts. As an alternative, this article suggests a theory focusing on the functional imperatives of the state in the area of migration, which shape its responses to societal interests and institutional structures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 312089 |
| 23. Title: Brain drain potential in Botswana. Author: Campbell EK Source: International Migration. 2007 Dec;45(5):115-145. Abstract: This paper examines the prospect of emigration of skilled professional citizens from Botswana. Since 1980, international migration of skilled people from, and within, sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has surpassed anything previously witnessed in the twentieth century. One consequence of the increasing frequency of such migration is growing governmental resistance in developed countries to free movement of skilled labour. Unlike most SSA countries, Botswana's robust economy and long-standing democratic political structure make it appear an unlikely candidate for massive brain drain, but there are already indicators pointing towards its occurrence (Campbell, 2001). This study was designed primarily to determine whether professionals persist in their intention to leave the country and, if so, why they want to migrate. The results point towards a likelihood of massive brain drain in Botswana in the near future, although the prospects of this being realized cannot be ascertained by the instruments employed inthis study. Among the key findings are that: 1) the unhappiness of future professionals seems to derive from poor opportunities for professional advancement resulting in disequilibrium between income distribution and a taste for luxury goods; 2) the prospects for emigration have improved because of increased earnings and but better access to information technology, and; 3) that technology may now be a more important motivation for emigration than family members living abroad. Nonetheless, there is evidence that a vigorous and sustained economy-enhancing campaign by the government would encourage Batswana professionals to stay and work in the country. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | SURVEYS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | REMITTANCES | GOVERNMENT | MIGRATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 313989 |
| 24. Title: The EU should help Iraqi refugees. Author: Carlsson G; Billstrom T Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jun;:22-23. Abstract: There are strong humanitarian reasons and close ties that underpin a Swedish commitment to Iraq. More than 100,000 Iraqis are living in Sweden and the numbers are rising. Europe could do more to provide humanitarian assistance and assist Iraqi refugees. Despite political progress in Iraq, sectarian violence continues to claim new victims. While the eyes of the world have been on the conflict, its humanitarian consequences have largely been ignored. For quite some time now, we have witnessed an exodus of Iraqis from their own country as well as internal displacement on an unprecedented scale. The continuing influx of Iraqis to Syria and Jordan puts a heavy burden on their socioeconomic structures, particularly in the housing, education and health sectors. A worsening situation would constitute a threat to the stability of these countries and could lead to an increase in secondary movements towards Europe. A collapse of the reception capacity of receiving countries would make the refugees even more vulnerable. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAQ | EUROPEAN UNION | SWEDEN | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | WAR | MIGRATION POLICY | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | UNHCR | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Middle East | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | UN | International Agencies | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 317672 |
| 25. Title: Forced migration studies: Could we agree just to 'date'? Response to Hathaway. Author: Cohen R Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007 Sep;20(3):370-376. Abstract: Conflict situations around the world regularly compel the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) and other humanitarian organizations to become involved in assisting both refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). In West Darfur, Sudan, UNHCR is helping tens of thousands of refugees from Chad as well as hundreds of thousands of IDPs, both fleeing their homes and communities from military attacks and in desperate need of food, shelter and protection. Across the border in Chad, IDPs and refugees also face many of the same threats and problems. The similarities in the predicament of refugees and IDPs prompted UK Secretary of State for International Development Hilary Benn to ask, 'Is it really sensible that we have different systems for dealing with people fleeing their homes dependent on whether they happen to have crossed an international border?' (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | MIGRATION POLICY | TREATIES | HUMAN RIGHTS | WAR | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 321331 |
| 26. Title: Another lost decade: The failures of South Africa's post-apartheid migration policy. Author: Crush J; Dodson B Source: Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie. 2007 Sep;98(4):436-454. Abstract: Despite the political and social transformation set in motion by the collapse of apartheid and the advent of democracy in 1994, South Africa's migration policy remained mired in the past. The Aliens Control Act of 1991 continued to govern the country's policy until the passage of the Immigration Act of 2002. After amendment in 2004, the Act finally came into force in July 2005. This paper focuses on the implications for South Africa and the SADC region of persisting with a policy framework devised in the apartheid period. First, the mine migrant labour system has remained intact despite a prolonged economic crisis in the mining industry. Second, the national introspection of the first democratic government led to a major decline in legal migration and immigration to South Africa. Third, apartheid-era tactics of migration enforcement intensified through a process of 'violent othering'. Fourth, the old framework was sexist as well as racist, and while the new policy is gender neutral in language, itis not gender equal in effect. Finally, for a decade, South Africa successfully resisted SADC attempts to develop a regionally harmonised approach to cross-border migration. Recent changes in South African Government policy, particularly the new JIPSA initiative, suggest that the 'lost decade' may finally be over. However, without major policy transformation, the unseemly history of post-apartheid migration policy will continue. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | MIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | IMMIGRANTS | MIGRATION POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | RACE RELATIONS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320818 |
| 27. Title: The migration and development nexus in Southern Africa Introduction. Author: Crush J; Frayne B Source: Development Southern Africa. 2007 Mar;24(1):1-23. Abstract: The role of international and internal migration in facilitating or inhibiting development is currently attracting considerable attention globally. In southern Africa, the migration-development nexus has been researched for a number of years and policy makers in both the development and migration fields are now paying it increasing attention and increasingly recognising the significance of migration for development and poverty reduction. Much of the international debate on this nexus is hampered by the absence of sound, reliable national and local data. This collection of essays by southern African researchers combines the national with the local, the quantitative with the qualitative, and addresses several prominent themes in the global migration-development debate: remittances, the brain drain and migrant rights. It also focuses on key migration-development issues which have received less attention globally, but which are of critical importance to southern Africa: migration and HIV/AIDS, migration and food security and the rural impact of migrant retrenchments. This Introduction to the collection contextualises the essays within current international and local debates. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | BRAIN DRAIN | POVERTY | REMITTANCES | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 326673 |
| 28. Title: Migrant opportunity and the educational attainment of youth in rural China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the 2007 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 47 p. Abstract: In this paper, we investigate how reductions of barriers to migration affect the decision of middle school graduates to attend high school in rural China. Change in the cost of migration is identified using exogenous variation across counties in the timing of national identity card distribution, which made it easier for rural migrants to register as temporary residents in urban destinations. We show that timing of ID card distribution is unrelated to local rainfall shocks affecting demand for migration, and not related to proxies reflecting time-varying changes in village policy or administrative capacity. We find a robust negative relationship between migrant opportunity and high school enrollment. The mechanisms behind the negative relationship are suggested by observed increases in subsequent local and migrant non-agricultural employment of high school age young adults as the size of the current village migrant network increases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | MIGRANTS | YOUTH | SOCIAL NETWORKS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | TEMPORARY MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Records | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 318527 |
| 29. Title: Morocco's migration experience: A transitional perspective. Author: de Haas H Source: International Migration. 2007 Oct;45(4):39-70. Abstract: Using a 'transitional' perspective on migration, which combines three theoretical approaches on dynamic development-migration linkages, this paper interprets the evolution of migration within, from, and to Morocco over the twentieth century. Colonization and the incorporation of rural areas, along with a certain level of socio-economic development, have spurred internal and international wage labour migration both within Morocco and from Morocco to Europe. Migration seems to be the result of development rather than the lack of development. Populations from highly marginalized regions were less likely to participate in migration than populations from the three, moderately enclosed "migration belts" which had established traditions of pre-modern, largely circular migration. At the onset of large-scale emigration in the 1960s, the spatial patterns of labour migration were significantly influenced by colonial bonds with Spain and France, selective labour recruitment, and Moroccan selective passport issuance policies. However, the influence of such policies rapidly decreased due to the effects of migration-facilitating networks. Increasingly restrictive policies coincided with a growing reliance on family migration, permanent settlement, undocumented migration, and the exploration of new migration itineraries, and had no success in reducing migration levels. Alongside patterns of decentralizing internal migration, a spatial diffusion of international out-migration has expanded beyond the historical migration belts in response to new labour opportunities in southern Europe. Persistent demand for migrant labour, along with demographic factors and increasing aspirations, suggest that migration over formally closed borders is likely to remain high in the near future. However, in the longer term, out-migration might decrease and Morocco could increasingly develop into a migration destination for migrants from sub-Saharan Africa, a transition process which may already have been set in motion. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | HISTORICAL REVIEW | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIAL CHANGE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 313869 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Turning the tide? Why development will not stop migration. Author: de Haas H Source: Development and Change. 2007 Sep;38(5):819-841. Abstract: Restrictive immigration policies and the militarization of external border controls by the US and the EU have failed to significantly curb immigration from Latin America and Africa. Rather, they have led to greater reliance on increasingly risky and costly irregular migration and have paradoxically encouraged permanent settlement. A commonly presented 'smart solution' to curb immigration is to address the perceived root causes of migration through increasing aid or liberalizing trade with origin countries. Recently, policies to stimulate remittances and to promote temporary and circular migration have also been advocated as enhancing home country development, so that these forms of migration become a medicine against illegal and permanent migration. However, besides the limited scope and credibility of such policies, empirical and theoretical evidence strongly suggests that economic and human development increases people's capabilities and aspirations and therefore tends to coincide with an increase rather than a decrease in emigration, at least in the short to medium term. Under unfavourable conditions, trade, aid and remittances can be complements to, rather than substitutes for, migration also in the longer term. At the same time, demand for both skilled and unskilled migrant labour is likely to persist. Trade, aid, return migration and remittances are no short-cut 'solutions' to migration, and sustained immigration therefore seems likely. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | IMMIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | COMMERCE | FOREIGN AID | REMITTANCES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 322609 |
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