1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive method switch and discontinuation among women migrants in Indonesia. Author: Liew HP Source: Population, Space and Place. 2009;15:267-276. Abstract: Using the 2000 wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS3), this study attempts to examine the relationship between migration and contraceptive method switch and discontinuation in Indonesia. The major conclusion from the multinomial logistic regression is that repeated migrants are more likely than one-time migrants to discontinue use of the same method. However, the differentials in the likelihood of discontinuing use of the same method among women migrants is eliminated after controlling for the quality of health centre/family planning programme and the degree of infrastructure development in a community. The results of this study will contribute important foundational knowledge about the extent of contraceptive use dynamics by women of different migration experiences in Indonesia. This knowledge will provide guidance to policymakers to employ effective means to incorporate migration and issues that are sensitive to women migrants in their family planning and reproductive health programmes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MIGRANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 328048 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Penile oil injection, penile implantation and condom use among Myanmar migrant fishermen in Ranong, Thailand. Author: Ohnmar -; Geater AF; Winn T; Chongsuvivatwong V Source: Sexual Health. 2009 Aug;6(3):217-221. Abstract: Background: The present study describes sexual risk behaviours including penile oil injection and implantation among migrant Myanmar fishermen in Thailand, and their determinants. Methods: A cross-sectional survey among 639 Myanmar fishermen in Ranong, Thailand was conducted in 1999 following in-depth interviews. Results: Prevalence of penile oil injection, penile implantation, and both practices were 48 (7.5%), 79 (12.4%) and nine (1.4%) respectively. Over one-third (38.6%) of those who had injected oil had various kinds of problems during sex. One-year period prevalence of sex with commercial sex workers (CSW) was higher in those with unusual practices than others (61.9% v. 22.8%, P < 0.0001). The condom use rate with CSW at all times was non-significantly lower among those with unusual practices (32.9%) than others (44.5%). From multivariate analysis, oil injections are associated with young age, low education, ethnicity, and longer stay in Thailand, whereas the duration of stay in Thailand is the only factor associated with the practice of penile implantation. Both oil injection (odds ratio 3.03, 95% confidence interval 1.39-6.60), and penile implantation (odds ratio 2.18, 95% confidence interval 1.19-3.99) have independent predictive risk of having sex with CSW in addition to other factors (younger age, single, and Walat boat type). Conclusion: These exorbitant practices were common, associated with not using condoms and probably resulted from the working environment in Thailand. Further study is needed to reduce this risk behaviour. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | MYANMAR | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | FISHING | SEX BEHAVIOR | GENITALIA, MALE | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Occupations | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Data Collection Document Number: 342418 |
| 3. Title: Comparison of maternal mortality between migrating population and permanent residents in Shanghai, China, 1996-2005. Author: Zhu L; Qin M; Du L; Jia W; Yang Q; Walker MC; Wen SW Source: BJOG. 2009 Feb;116(3):401-7. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Maternal mortality ratio (MMR) in Shanghai residents has been declining in the past two decades and has reached levels comparable to developed countries. The MMR in migrating population in Shanghai remains high, however. The objectives of this study were to compare the trends of MMR between residents and migrating population in Shanghai from 1996 to 2005 and to explore the reasons for the dramatic differences in MMR between the two groups living in the same city. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Shanghai, China. POPULATION: A total of 902,807 pregnancies with live births in Shanghai in the period of 1996-2005. METHODS: We first compared the overall MMR between migrating population and permanent residents in Shanghai and examined temporal trends of MMR in the two subpopulations. We then compared the causes and maternal characteristics of maternal deaths between the two subpopulations. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal mortality and cause of death. RESULTS: A total of 902,807 live births and 243 maternal deaths were recorded in Shanghai in the period of 1996 to 2005, with an average MMR of 26.66 per 100,000 live births. The MMR in Shanghai residents declined dramatically from 22.47 per 100,000 in 1996 to 1.64 per 100,000 live births in 2005 (P < 0.01), while the MMR in migrating population was reduced only moderately from 54.68 per 100,000 live births to 48.46 per 100,000 (P > 0.05). The main causes of maternal deaths in migrating population were postpartum haemorrhage (39.9%), pregnancy-induced hypertension (9.8%), and puerperal infection (9.3%), whereas the main causes of maternal death of Shanghai residents were chronic heart and liver diseases (20.0%), postpartum haemorrhage (12.9%), and amniotic fluid embolism (12.9%). Among the maternal death cases in migrating women, 60% had elementary education or less, 22% were unemployed, 65% had no prenatal visit, 44% gave a birth at home, and 12% of the deaths occurred at home. CONCLUSION: Lack of access to quality maternity care, especially for the effective management of postpartum haemorrhage, is the main reason for the high MMR in migrating population in Shanghai. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MIGRANT WORKERS | MIGRANTS | LIVE-BIRTH PREGNANCY RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ANTENATAL CARE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Mortality | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331166 |
4.  Title: Denied status, denied education. Children of North Korean women in China. Author: Human Rights Watch Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2008 Apr. 21 p. Abstract: In the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in eastern Jilin province, northeast China, many North Korean children and children of Chinese fathers and North Korean mothers live in legal limbo. A serious problem these children face is access to education, as Chinese schools require verification of identity for admittance and continued schooling. However, since registering a child would expose the identity of the mother, Chinese men who have had children with North Korean women are faced with an awful choice. They can register their child at the risk of exposing their mothers, who could be arrested and repatriated to North Korea as "illegal" economic migrants, or they can decide not to register the child -- leaving the child without access to education. The Chinese government?s policy of arresting and repatriating North Korean women who have children with Chinese men violates China?s obligations under both domestic and international law. To investigate these issues, Human Rights Watch traveled to Chinese towns and cities near the China-North Korea border between late November 2007 and early January 2008. Human Rights Watch urges the Chinese government to: grant all children access to education without requiring proof of legal identity, allow hukou registration for all children with one Chinese parent without requiring verification of the identity of the other parent, stop arresting and repatriating North Koreans, especially children and women who have children with Chinese men, allow UNHCR access to North Koreans in China, including children, to determine their refugee status, ratify the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children. Human Rights Watch urges the North Korean government to: stop punishing North Koreans who leave, or attempt to leave, North Korea without state permission, including North Koreans who are repatriated to North Korea, repeal all laws that criminalize leaving the country without state permission, especially the criminal law provision that defines such travel as treason, acknowledge the right to leave the country as a basic human right. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | HUMAN RIGHTS | MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | UNHCR | PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION SYSTEMS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | EDUCATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Records | Information Processing | Information | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 327388 |
| 5. Title: United Nations Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development, New York, 21-23 January 2008. Author: United Nations. Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Population Division Source: New York, New York, United Nations, 2008 Mar. 364 p. (ESA/P/WP.206) Abstract: In 2008, the world is reaching an important milestone: for the first time in history, half of the world population will be living in urban areas. Urbanization has significant social and economic implications: Historically, it has been an integral part of the process of economic development and an important determinant of the decline in fertility and mortality rates. Many important economic, social and demographic transformations have taken place in cities. The urban expansion, due in part to migration from rural to urban areas, varies significantly across regions and countries. The distribution and morphology of cities, the dynamics of urban growth, the linkages between urban and rural areas and the living conditions of the rural and urban population also vary quite substantially across countries and over time. In general, urbanization represents a positive development, but it also poses challenges. The scale of such challenges is particularly significant in less developed regions, where most of the urban growth will take place in the coming decades. To discuss trends in population distribution and urbanization and their implications, the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat organized an Expert Group Meeting on Population Distribution, Urbanization, Internal Migration and Development. The meeting, which took place from 21 to 23 January at the United Nations Headquarters in New York, brought together experts from different regions of the world to present and discuss recent research on urbanization, the policy dimensions of urban growth and internal migration, the linkages and disparities between urban and rural development, aspects of urban infrastructure and urban planning, and the challenges of climate change for the spatial distribution of the population. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED KINGDOM | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | URBAN POPULATION | URBANIZATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | UN | GROUP MEETING | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Urban Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 325697 |
| 6. Title: The demographic, economic and financial determinants of international remittances in developing countries. Author: Adams RH Jr Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Economics Department, Development Prospects Group, 2008 Mar. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4583) Abstract: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | REMITTANCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 325676 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Eager to leave? Intentions to migrate abroad among young people in Kyrgyzstan. Author: Agadjanian V; Nedoluzhko L; Kumskov G Source: International Migration Review. 2008 Autumn;42(3):620-651. Abstract: This study examines young people's intentions to migrate abroad in Kyrgyzstan, focusing in particular on differences between Asian and European-origin ethnic groups. The multivariate analyses of recent survey data show that even after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and social embeddedness Europeans are significantly more inclined to migrate than Asians. Whereas no gender differences in migration intentions among either group are detected, marriage, childbearing, and social capital exhibit distinct ethnic-specific effects. Although economic considerations are prevailing stimuli for migration in both groups, the results point to the formation of two dominant ethnic-specific migration preference types -for temporary migration among Asians and permanent migration among Europeans. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KYRGYZSTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | ASIANS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | MARRIAGE | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality Document Number: 328163 |
| 8. Title: Forced migration and HIV/AIDS risks in Angola. Author: Agadjanian V; Avogo W Source: International Migration. 2008 Aug;46(3):189-216. Abstract: This study examines HIV/AIDS-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviour of forced migrants in Luanda, Angola by comparing them with those of voluntary migrants and long-time city residents. The study uses data from a survey of 1081 men and women conducted in 2004 in two suburban municipalities of Luanda. One of the municipalities has a large share and the other a small share of the forced migrant population. The analysis detects differences between forced migrants and the other groups in HIV/AIDS-related knowledge and attitudes, but these differences are explained away by the demographic characteristics and socio-economic disadvantages of forced migrants. With respect to behaviour, we find that regardless of other characteristics forced migrant men are more likely to engage in practices that may lead to increased HIV risks than long-time male city dwellers. The differences between forced and voluntary male migrants show the same tendency but are not statistically significant. While women overall are less likely to engage in potentially risky practices than men, differences among women in the three migration-status groups are not as pronounced as among men. Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | REFUGEES | MIGRANTS | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | WAR | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX FACTORS | RURAL POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Settlement and Resettlement | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Political Factors | Population Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 328070 |
| 9. Title: Culture, Risk and HIV/AIDS among Migrant and Mobile Men in Goa, India. Author: Bailey A Source: Amsterdam, Netherlands, Rozenberg Publishers, 2008. 262 p. Dissertation of the faculty of Spatial Sciences, University of Groningen. Abstract: Within HIV and AIDS research, culture to a large extent has been relegated to the realm of beliefs and myths, i.e. culture has not been taken very seriously. This study, among migrant and mobile (truckers and fishermen) men from Karnataka in Goa, examines how HIV risk assessment and protection behaviour are culturally grounded. The study combines different theoretical insights such as the Health Belief Model (HBM), cultural schemes, cultural heuristics, cultural production of place and othering. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods was used in the data collection. A range of different qualitative methods was applied, ranging from in-depth interviews (25), focus group discussions (16), key informant interviews, analysis of media reports, observation, walk through the spaces, to visual materials. In a locally informed survey (N= 1259), results of the qualitative research have been quantified and validated. Migrant and mobile men in Goa perceived the economic consequences of being infected with the HIV virus to be more severe in comparison to the social and health consequences. Men applied cultural heuristics of gender roles, vigilance and trust and used visual cues as guides to risk assessment and decision making when they had partial or uncertain information about their sexual partner. Knowledge on HIV and AIDS is locally produced and shared through cultural narratives. The link between culture and space /place is depicted in the manner in which migrants make their places (e.g. houses, temples), are othered by the Goan host population and search for sex workers. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | MIGRANTS | MEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PREVALENCE | RESIDENTIAL MOBILITY | HIV INFECTIONS | CULTURE | RISK FACTORS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | CONDOM USE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 308678 |
| 10. Title: HIV-infected sub-Saharan migrants in Switzerland: advancing cross-cultural health assessment. Author: Bischofberger I Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 Sep-Oct;19(5):357-67. Abstract: HIV prevalence among sub-Saharan migrants in Switzerland has continuously increased in the past 2 decades. These patients present later and with more health impairments at clinical settings compared with non-Africans. Therefore, cross-cultural challenges, which are relatively new to many nurses, arise. Qualitative interview data with 10 HIV-infected and 30 noninfected sub-Saharan African migrants (including 10 who were peer educators) living in Switzerland showed that HIV infection was characterized as invisible, shameful, risky, and treatable, representing helpful and problematic factors. Thus, participants lived with contradictory realities that needed to be appropriately assessed and acknowledged by clinicians. This was particularly important because these migrants remain under treatment for an extensive period of time because of the chronic nature of HIV disease. There is a need for nurse clinicians who are able to apply cross-cultural assessment strategies and to concurrently provide a quick and sound clinical grasp of the migrants' illness needs. Language: English Keywords: SWITZERLAND | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MIGRANTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PEER EDUCATORS | NURSES AND NURSING | PREVALENCE | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329204 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Between tradition and change: Condom use with primary sexual partners among Mexican migrants. Author: Caballero-Hoyos R; Torres-Lopez T; Pineda-Lucatero A; Navarro-Nunez C; Fosados R Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4):561-569. Abstract: The frequency of male Mexico-US migration has been associated with increased HIV risk for sexual partners awaiting their return in Mexico. This study examined the association between sexual partner characteristics and condom use among a sample of 354 male migrants from two Mexican municipalities. Migrants were interviewed about their past year?s sex practices. Results indicated that migrants were more likely to use condoms with their non-spousal partners, partners with less education than the migrant, and partners with higher employment status. Condom use was greater among younger migrants and residents of the more densely populated municipality. Findings suggest the coexistence of a traditional cultural orientation that does not support condom use and another one that does provided the sex partner is formally employed. Prevention programs must strengthen the structural conditions fostering greater equality between the sexes and adapt their approaches for different population density, age and partner types. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MEN | MIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV | AIDS | CULTURE | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 327651 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Saving 'face' and 'othering': getting to the root of barriers to condom use among Chinese female sex workers. Author: Chapman J; Estcourt CS; Hua Z Source: Sexual Health. 2008 Aug;5(3):291-298. Abstract: China has one of the most rapidly expanding HIV epidemics in the world with sexual transmission between female sex workers (FSW) and clients accounting for a rising fraction of new infections. Successful HIV prevention relies on the delivery of relevant, culturally appropriate messages to influence behaviour change. However, the cultural systems that give rise to barriers to condom use among Chinese FSW have been poorly examined. A better understanding of these barriers is fundamental to global HIV prevention efforts particularly considering increasing international migration of Chinese women who go on to engage in sex work in their migrant country. We conducted semistructured interviews with 23 FSW incarcerated in a re-education and detention centre in Shenzhen, China in July to August 2004. All respondents were internal economic migrants who had entered the sex industry in pursuit of greater financial reward. Respondents explained that they would 'lose face' if they returned from their migration penniless. Women's distinction between commercial and non-commercial partners was very subtle; the nature of 'boyfriend' relationships was diverse and these were often transactional. Condom use was influenced by gender norms, familiarity, a desire to 'save' and 'give' face and, in transactional relationships, whether more money was offered. Women felt HIV was a disease of 'others'; only two women felt personally at risk. The present study has highlighted the importance of unique cultural structures in Chinese FSW sexual decision-making, an understanding of which will enhance the success of HIV-prevention efforts globally. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PRISONERS | MIGRANTS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | CONDOM USE | SELF ESTEEM | HIV PREVENTION | CULTURE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | GENDER RELATIONS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Gender Issues Document Number: 322962 |
| 13. Title: On the contribution of sectoral natural population growth to the aggregate poverty change. Author: Chatti R; El Lahga A Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):183-190. Abstract: This note extends the Ravallion and Huppi aggregate poverty change decomposition to account for the distinct contribution of migration and differential natural population growth between sectors to the aggregate poverty change. We apply our decomposition to three Least Developing countries. We find that accounting for sectoral difference in natural population growth has a considerable impact on national poverty change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | POPULATION | MIGRATION | POVERTY | POPULATION GROWTH | LABOR MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 322761 |
| 14. Title: Pachedu-Zenzele in the Diaspora: promoting sexual health amongst Zimbabweans in England. Author: Chinouya MJ; O'Keefe E Source: International Migration. 2008 Dec;46(5):71-93. Abstract: Migrants have been found to be at enhanced risk for the Human Immune Deficiency Virus (HIV) in comparison with settled populations. As they migrate, they often bring with them their traditions and cultural values, which may influence the ways they access or make sense of health promotion interventions in the host country. In the diaspora, should they experience compromised citizenship, marked by an unresolved immigration status, some may need to remain invisible and this may include not accessing or presenting late for vital health care interventions. Addressing the needs of such invisible populations is key to health promotion work and paramount to public health interests. This paper describes how ever-changing "traditions", in particular the notions of Pachedu and Zenzele, were harnessed to develop ethically grounded sexual health care interventions amongst Zimbabweans in Luton, Bedfordshire, England. These interventions were delivered in mundane settings that formed some of the key everyday networks of this population. The reinvention of "tradition" for the purposes of delivering health and social care interventions has been one of the cornerstones of health promotion interventions in Africa, where the rates of HIV are some of the highest in the world. The concept of Pachedu harnessed confidentiality in the delivery of sexual health interventions with Zenzele calling for communal involvement in such initiatives. A key point that resulted in the success of this intervention was partnership work between statutory providers and the local Zimbabwean population throughout the project's life span. Rather than being construed as passive recipients of health and social care interventions, local Zimbabweans and their statutory partners were engaged in mutual capacity building initiatives. Local Zimbabweans were also engaged and consulted throughout, from the conceptualization of the project, delivery, monitoring, and dissemination of the findings. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | ZIMBABWE | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | PEER EDUCATORS | HIV PREVENTION | CULTURE | HEALTH EDUCATION | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Ethics Document Number: 341300 |
| 15. Title: International migration and educational assortative mating in Mexico and the United States. Author: Choi KH; Mare RD Source: Los Angeles, California, University of California - Los Angeles, California Center for Population Research, 2008 Feb. 40 p. (California Center for Population Research On-Line Working Paper Series CCPR-004-08) Abstract: Using data from the 2000 U.S. and Mexican Censuses, this paper examines the relationship between migration and marriage patterns by describing how the distributions of marital statuses and assortative mating patterns vary by individual and community experiences of migration. In Mexico, migrants and those living in areas with high levels of migration are less likely to marry a spouse with the same level of education. Return migrants from the U.S. to Mexico may use their improved economic position to marry up. In the U.S., Mexican migrants are also less likely to enter into homogamous unions; however, the odds of homogamy do not vary by couple level of migration. Migrants may expand their pool of potential spouses to include non-migrants and nonmigrants tend to be better educated than Mexican migrants. With individual migration experiences, the odds of marrying outside of one's education group increase the most among the least educated. With community level of migration in Mexico, the odds of marrying outside of the group increases the most among the best educated. These findings suggest that preferences for homogamy are disrupted by migration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325784 |
| 16. Title: Gender and migration in the central valleys of Oaxaca. Author: Cohen JH; Rodriguez L; Fox M Source: International Migration. 2008 Mar;46(1):79-101. Abstract: In this paper, we examine the gendered nature of international and internal migration that originates in the central valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Our goals are to define migration patterns and outcomes for Oaxacan women from the central valleys region and note the differences that mark migrant men and women. We use ethnographic data from anthropological research in 12 of Oaxaca's central valley communities to argue that local concepts of what defines correct behaviour (for both men and women) are critical to the outcomes and the differences that exist in the practices of migrant men and women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | RURAL AREAS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | MOTIVATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324346 |
| 17. Title: All-cause mortality trends in Dikgale, rural South Africa, 1996-2003. Author: Cook I; Alberts M; Burger S; Byass P Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2008 Sep;36(7):753-60. Abstract: AIMS: The Dikgale Demographic Surveillance System (DDSS) site, established in 1995, is one of three rural surveillance sites in South Africa. This paper describes detailed mortality patterns of a rural African population in the central region of Limpopo Province. METHODS: These data were based on yearly household visits to collect data on vital events, covering 63, 873 person-years of observation over eight years. RESULTS: Crude mortality was 7.5 per 1,000 person-years (females: 6.9, males: 8.1). Under-1 year and under-5 years mortality was 15.1 and 5.8 per 1,000 person-years, respectively. Life expectancy at birth was 64.3 years (females: 68.1, males: 60.0). For the two four-year periods (1996-9 and 2000-3) under-20 years mortality risk decreased (rate ratio=0.45, 95% CI: 0.25 to 0.80) while 20-49 years mortality risk increased (rate ratio=1.55, 95% CI: 1.10 to 2.20). Multivariate mortality risk for migrants remained relatively constant (0.71, 95% CI: 0.54 to 0.94) across the two four-year periods, but has increased 2.5-fold in all DDSS +50 year-old adults across the two four-year periods. CONCLUSIONS: The DDSS mortality estimates appear to have remained relatively constant while recent mortality estimates for the Agincourt Demographic and Health Surveillance System (ADHSS) site suggest that mortality risk is higher and life expectancy is lower in ADHSS residents. Moreover, DDSS mortality estimates are substantially more favourable compared with provincial and national mortality estimates. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | HOUSEHOLDS | MIGRANTS | PREVALENCE | DEATH RATE | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | SEX FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Measurement | Mortality Document Number: 328828 |
| 18. Title: Migrant labor markets and the welfare of rural households in the developing world: Evidence from China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, 2008 Apr. 57 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4585) Abstract: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. The authors find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with outmigration, and increase more for poorer households. The authors also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. The authors do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity. Instead, increased migration is associated with two significant changes for poorer households: increases both in the total labor supplied to productive activities and in the land per capita managed by the household. In examining the effect of migration, we pay considerable attention to developing and examining our identification strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | LABOR MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | INVESTMENTS | HOUSING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325678 |
| 19. Title: A gendered assessment of the brain drain. Author: Docquier F; Lowell BL; Marfouk A Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade Team, 2008 May. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4613) Abstract: This paper updates and extends the Docquier-Marfouk data set on inter-national migration by educational attainment. The authors use new sources, homogenize definitions of what a migrant is, and compute gender-disaggregated indicators of the brain drain. Emigration stocks and rates are provided by level of schooling and gender for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000. The data set can be used to capture the recent trend in women's skilled migration and to analyze its causes and consequences for developing countries. The .findings show that women represent an increasing share of the OECD immigration stock and exhibit relatively higher rates of brain drain than men. The gender gap in skilled migration is strongly correlated with the gender gap in educational attainment at origin. Equating women's and men's access to education would probably reduce gender differences in the brain drain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BRAIN DRAIN | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326420 |
| 20. Title: Continuum of care for HIV patients returning to Mexico [letter] Author: Donohoe T; Reyes M; Armas L; Mandel N Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 Sep-Oct;19(5):335-7. Abstract: The U.S.-Mexico Border region, which includes some of the poorest counties in the country, has large rural populations with health care service shortages leading to poorer health outcomes than in the rest of the country (United States-Mexico Border Health Commission, 2008). In combination with these factors, an increase in the number of HIV cases along the border led to a request from the Health Resources and Services Administration for a collaborative effort to systematically assess the education and capacity building needs of health care providers in this region. The three AETCs geographically located along the border (Pacific AETC [California, Arizona], Mountain- Plains AETC [New Mexico], and Texas/Oklahoma AETC [Texas]) interviewed more than 75 border clinicians to determine their unique HIV-related education needs. Four broad training-related needs emerged: (a) to increase integration and coordination of HIV training activities, (b) to expand HIV training beyond AETC-targeted providers, (c) to offer site-based trainings that include cultural sensitivity themes and incentives for participation, and (d) to maintain a binational perspective by including Mexican clinicians in training activities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HISPANICS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | RETURN MIGRATION | TREATMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | BORDER CROSSING | MASS MEDIA | TRAINING PROGRAMS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | International Migration | Communication | Education Document Number: 329205 |
| 21. Title: Kids abroad: ignore them, abuse them or protect them?: lessons on how to protect children on the move from being exploited. Author: Dottridge M Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Terre des Hommes International Federation, 2008 Aug. 88 p. Abstract: This study focuses on the experience of young people who leave home in search of a better life or who are sent away from home by their parents. The authors explore initiatives that have reduced the likelihood that such children will be subjected to economic or sexual exploitation. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILDREN | MIGRANTS | STREET KIDS | CHILD LABOR | CHILD ABUSE | LABOR MIGRATION | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL ABUSE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Homeless Persons | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases Document Number: 329547 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrants as transnational development agents: An inquiry into the newest round of the migration - development nexus. Author: Faist T Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):21-42. Abstract: Migrant networks and organisations have emerged as development agents. They interact with state institutions in flows of financial remittances, knowledge, and political ideas. In the discursive dimension, the new enthusiasm on the part of OECD states and international organisations, such as the World Bank, for migrant remittances, migrant associations and their role in development, is a sign of two trends which have coincided. Firstly, community as a principle of development has come to supplement principles of social order such as the market and the state. Secondly, in the current round of the migration-development nexus, migrants in general and transnational collective actors in particular have been constituted by states and international organisations as a significant agent. In the institutional dimension, agents such as hometown associations, networks of businesspersons, epistemic networks and political diasporas have emerged as collective actors. These formations are not unitary actors, and they are frequently in conflict with states and communities of origin. The analysis concludes with reflections of how national states structure the transnational spaces in which non-state actors are engaged in cross-border flows, leading towards a tight linkage between migration control, immigrant incorporation and development cooperation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COMMUNITY | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | IMMIGRANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | REMITTANCES | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | BORDER CROSSING | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Organizations | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Policy | Social Change Document Number: 323244 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups. Author: Figueroa-Munoz JI; Ramon-Pardo P Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Sep;86(9):733-735. Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem in industrialized countries. The majority of cases occur in minority groups, particularly recently arrived immigrants from countries with high endemicity who often congregate in deprived communities within wealthy cities. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, people from the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa living in inner cities have higher rates of TB than the general population; particularly during the first years after arriving in the country. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a disproportionate impact among ethnic minorities in large industrialized cities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | TUBERCULOSIS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | BORDER CROSSING | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOMELESS PERSONS | POVERTY | BEST PRACTICES | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328068 |
| 24. Title: Economy, ethnicity and international migration. The comparison of Finland, Hungary and Russia. Author: Forsander A; Salmenhaara P; Melegh A; Kondrateva E Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:85-114. Abstract: The focus of this paper is to compare present migration situation, history, economy and migration regulation in an European Union (EU) country (Finland), an EU accessing country (Hungary), and a major non-EU country (Russia). Our material and methods base on literature survey, policy analysis and analysis of the existing statistics and legislation. The results show that even in the era of globalisation that is often claimed to erode states' regulatory power over the flows of capital and people, some regulatory power still exists. Instead of developing their policies in accordance with the largely self-regulating migration process, according to our data, the countries sought to regain political control through reproducing economic, ethnic and national hierarchies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | HUNGARY | RUSSIA | EUROPEAN UNION | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | NATIONALITY | SOCIAL CLASS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Asia, Northern | Asia | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326070 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Increasing HIV prevalence among drug users in Western Guangdong Province, China, 1995 - 2005. Author: Fu X; Wang Y; Lin P; Liu Y; He Q Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 Jul;12(4 Suppl 1):S13-S16. Abstract: Sentinel surveillance data from 1995 to 2005 for drug users in Guangdong province, China, showed an increasing prevalence of HIV in the West region while stabilizing in the East and Center. Several factors were significantly associated with HIV infection including gender, age, sharing needles, years injecting, engaging in commercial sex, and being part of the migrant population of Guangdong. Data help effectively prioritize and target HIV prevention efforts for drug users. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | IV DRUG USERS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | NEEDLE SHARING | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | MIGRANTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Biology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 328476 |
| 26. Title: Sexuality in diasporic space: rural-to-urban migrant women negotiating gender and marriage in contemporary China. Author: Gaetano A Source: Gender, Place and Culture. 2008 Dec;15(6):629-645. Abstract: Feminist geographers use the term diasporic subjectivity to emphasize the relational quality of identity as it is constructed in the dynamic in-between space occupied by the migrant and traversed by norms and practices associated with the village community, migrant peers, and urban consumer society, as well as nation-states. Using ethnographic methods, I explore how young, single rural Chinese women who migrated to Beijing in the 1990s negotiate sexuality in diasporic space, within the discursive and institutional orders of state, market and family. Though migration does not fundamentally alter these structures that construct inequality around place-based identity, gender and class, it does enable rural women to shift position within them and, significantly, to imagine that further, future change is possible. Foregrounding migrant women's agency in remaking gender identity from so-called rustic peasants to modern girls as well as in choosing marital partners and conducting courtship provides an important counterweight to the primary emphasis on structure found in much of the migration literature. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | HETEROSEXUALS | WOMEN | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | GENDER RELATIONS | MARRIAGE | SEXUALITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 341980 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility of Turkish and Moroccan women in the Netherlands: Adjustment to native level within one generation. Author: Garssen J; Nicolaas H Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 18;19(33):1249-1280. Abstract: Cohort data by generation for Turkish and Moroccan women in the Netherlands indicate that the first generation adjust their fertility levels only slowly to that of native Dutch women. These women show even higher rates than presently reported by the countries of origin, and few signs of assimilation in (fertility) behaviour. The second generation, on the other hand, are much closer to native women in this respect than to their mothers. Adjustment to the native Dutch fertility pattern is caused by intergenerational differences, rather than by cultural assimilation of the first generation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | TURKEY | MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | MIGRANTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Africa, North | Africa | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Migration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics Document Number: 327754 |
| 28. Title: EU-Libya cooperation on migration: A raw deal for refugees and migrants? Author: Hamood S Source: Journal of Refuge Studies. 2008;21(1):19-42. Abstract: Libya's emergence as a key jumping-off point for entry into Europe by sea has created a sense of urgency within the EU, which seeks to prevent arrivals from this new point of departure, and has led to the initiation of EU-Libya cooperation on migration. This article argues that the EU is failing to adopt an integrated approach to migration management in Libya, despite its repeated assurances to the contrary. It examines EU-Libya cooperation, still in its early stages, and analyses the experiences of refugees and migrants in Libya and on their journeys to Europe. Both elements strongly indicate that the current approach, which focuses on border control and surveillance, is likely to meet with limited success in achieving the EU's aims of stemming the flow of irregular migrants arriving from Libya in Italy and Malta, protecting the human rights of those in transit and ensuring humanitarian outcomes for them. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LIBYA | EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Developed Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324865 |
| 29. Title: [Migration and ruralization of AIDS: reports on vulnerability of indigenous communities in Mexico] Migracion y ruralizacion del SIDA: relatos de vulnerabilidad en comunidades indígenas de Mexico. Author: Hernandez-Rosete D; García OM; Bernal E; Castaneda X; Lemp G Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Feb;42(1):131-138. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the vulnerability for STI/HIV among Mexican indigenous women in common law marriage with men who practice sex without condom. METHODS: Ethnography study undertaken in indigenous villages of Michoacan and Oaxaca, Mexico, in February 2004 and December 2005. These rural communities are characterized by high migration rates, extreme poverty and HIV/AIDS cases. An in-depth interview was applied to transient migrants (24), indigenous women (33), local authorities (20) and health providers (14). RESULTS: Rural propagation of STI/HIV is associated to sexual female initiation and mostly to migrants' fear their concubines will have extramarital sex during their absence. Impregnating their wives and the resulting childcare is one of the men's resources for controlling their concubines. CONCLUSIONS: Return migration implies vulnerability for indigenous women in the rural communities studied whose sexuality has a strong reproductive profile. It is necessary to develop prevention campaigns against STI/HIV taking into account male sexual identities to improve women rights to sexual and reproductive health. (author's) Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MIGRANTS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | POVERTY | HEALTH PERSONNEL | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 324757 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170. Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327733 |
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