1.  Title: Genetic counselling and genetic testing in hereditary gastrointestinal cancer syndromes. Author: Raymond VM; Everett JN Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Gastroenterology. 2009;23(2):275-83. Abstract: Up to 10% of cancers are caused by inherited mutations in single genes. The process of genetic counselling and genetic testing allows for identification of these high-risk individuals and their at risk family members and enrolment into appropriate screening protocols. The medical impact of genetic testing is evidenced by reduced morbidity and mortality, however, the impact on a personal or psychosocial level has been more difficult to evaluate. We present a review of the current literature regarding the role of genetic counselling and testing in the setting of gastrointestinal cancers and explore several related issues including risk perception and risk communication, family communication, psychosocial factors and decision making, and family planning. We also provide guidelines for referral to cancer genetics clinics and for promoting discussions about genetic counselling and genetic testing. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CANCER | HEREDITARY DISEASES | POPULATION GENETICS | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING | COMMUNICATION | RISK FACTORS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | TESTING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Neoplasms | Diseases | Genetics | Biology | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Physiology | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 342072 |
| 2. Title: Condom failure: examining the objective and cultural meanings expressed in interviews with African American adolescents. Author: Sznitman SR; Horner J; Salazar LF; Romer D; Vanable PA Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2009 Jan 15;:1-10. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to explore the meaning and context of self-reported "condom failure" among sexually active African American adolescents. Semistructured interviews regarding methods of protection from pregnancy and sexually transmitted disease (STD) with 124 youth (ages 14-19 years) were content analyzed. The findings suggested three meanings of condom failure. First, condom failure represents a legitimate and important risk related to sexual activity. Second, it can serve as an excuse repertoire for adolescents who engaged in unprotected sex and later experienced either pregnancy or a STD. Third, it may serve as an explanation for males who deceive their partners into having unprotected sex. The findings are discussed with regard to their implications for HIV or STD prevention and research. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | BLACKS | CONDOM FAILURE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | PREGNANCY | CULTURE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Reproduction | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329664 |
| 3. Title: Low maternal concentrations of soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 in preeclampsia and small for gestational age. Author: Chaiworapongsa T; Romero R; Gotsch F; Espinoza J; Nien JK Source: Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2008 Jan;21(1):41-52. Abstract: Preeclampsia is considered an anti-angiogenic state. A role for the anti-angiogenic factors soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sVEGFR-1) and soluble endoglin in preeclampsia has been proposed. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (sVEGFR-2) has been detected in human plasma, and the recombinant form of this protein has anti-angiogenic activity. There is a paucity of information about maternal plasma sVEGFR-2 concentrations in patients with preeclampsia and those without preeclampsia with small for gestational age (SGA) fetuses. This study was conducted to determine whether: (1) plasma sVEGFR-2 concentration changes throughout pregnancy; and (2) preeclampsia and SGA are associated with abnormalities in the maternal plasma concentration of sVEGFR-2. This cross-sectional study included non-pregnant women (n = 40), women with normal pregnancies (n = 135), women with an SGA fetus (n = 53), and women with preeclampsia (n = 112). SGA was defined as an ultrasound-estimated fetal weight below the 10th percentile for gestational age that was confirmed by neonatal birth weight. Plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-2 were determined by ELISA. There was no significant difference in the mean plasma concentration of sVEGFR-2 between non-pregnant women and those with normal pregnancies (p = 0.8); patients with preeclampsia and those without preeclampsia with SGA fetuses had a lower mean plasma concentration of sVEGFR-2 than that of women with normal pregnancies (p < 0.001 for both); and there was no significant difference in the mean plasma concentration of sVEGFR-2 between patients with preeclampsia and those without preeclampsia with SGA (p = 0.9). Preeclampsia and SGA are associated with low plasma concentrations of sVEGFR-2. One interpretation of the findings is that plasma sVEGFR-2 concentration could reflect endothelial cell function. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREECLAMPSIA | INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION | BLOOD PROTEINS | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | ULTRASONICS | FETAL MEMBRANES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Congenital Abnormalities | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 323405 |
| 4. Title: Comparing explanations of polygyny. Author: Ember M; Ember CR; Low BS Source: Cross-Cultural Research. 2007 Nov;41(4):428-440. Abstract: Polygyny is common in the ethnographic record. The vast majority of cultures known to anthropology allowed at least some men to have more than one wife simultaneously. This article compares various explanations of nonsororal polygyny, by far the most common type of polygyny. Multiple regression analyses of data for the societies in the Standard Cross-Cultural Sample indicate that the two main independent cross-cultural predictors of appreciable (i.e., more than occasional) nonsororal polygyny are high male mortality in war (resulting in an excess of females) and high pathogen stress, which seems to favor nonsororal polygyny to maximize genetic variation and disease resistance in progeny. High male mortality in war predicts particularly in nonstate societies. High pathogen stress predicts particularly in more densely populated state societies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | POLYGYNY | SEX RATIO | MARITAL STATUS | WAR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322404 |
| 5. Title: Inclusion of sexuality in relationship education programs. Author: Lieser ML; Tambling RB; Bischof GH; Murry N Source: Family Journal. 2007 Oct;15(374-380) Abstract: Physical affection and sexual relations are important aspects of most couple relationships. This article examines the extent to which physical intimacy and sexuality are addressed in prominent premarital and relationship education programs in the United States. The six programs reviewed are Premarital Relationship Enhancement Program (PREP), Couples Communication (CC), The Marriage Survival Kit, Relationship Enhancement (RE), PREPARE/ENRICH, and Practical Application of Intimate Relationship Skills (PAIRS). Brief summaries of each program's attention to sexuality are provided. The authors offer recommendations for the inclusion of sexuality in relationship education programs, with particular focus on more specific attention to sexuality, and expanded consideration of sexuality for diverse forms of couples, such as same-sex or cohabitating couples. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GEORGIA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | SEXUALITY | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southwestern | Asia | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 322417 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Ancillary services and retention of youth in HIV care. Author: Naar-King S; Green M; Wright K; Outlaw A; Wang B Source: AIDS Care. 2007 Feb;19(2):248-251. Abstract: The purpose of this prospective study was to test the relationship between receipt of ancillary services (case management, advocacy, counseling) over six months and retention of youth in HIV care in the subsequent six months. Medical records of 75 youth (ages 16-25) enrolled in a comprehensive HIV care program at a university-affiliated medical center in Detroit, Michigan were reviewed for receipt of services in a 12-month period. The youth program offered medical and ancillary services in a one-stop-shopping model. The expectation for medical care for youth was at least quarterly medical appointments. A three-point scale was constructed with a score of '0' indicating no gaps (at least one medical care appointment every three months in a six-month period), a score of '1' indicating one gap (no appointment in one of the two quarters) and a score of '2' indicating two gaps (no appointments in six months). Increased receipt of ancillary services in the first six months predicted lower gap scores in the second six months, even controlling for gap scores in the first six months. Counseling appointments were the strongest predictor. Preliminary results suggest the continued need for resources allocated to ancillary services to support retention in care. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | YOUTH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS PREVENTION | TREATMENT | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | USER COMPLIANCE | CLINIC VISITS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | COUNSELING | ADVOCACY | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Clinic Activities | Communication Document Number: 311307 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Pediatric emergency department visits for diarrheal illness increased after release of undertreated sewage. Author: Redman RL; Nenn CA; Eastwood D; Gorelick MH Source: Pediatrics. 2007 Dec;120(6):e1472-e1475. Abstract: Contamination of local waterways may occur through release of partially treated sewage. The Environmental Protection Agency has recently reviewed regulatory standards for this practice. However, the health effects of these events have not been well studied. Our goal was to identify any increase in visits to a pediatric emergency department for diarrheal illness after sewage bypass into Lake Michigan. The study was conducted as a retrospective, observational time-series analysis in a tertiary care children's hospital emergency department with an annual volume of ~45 000 visits. We collected data for 2002-2004 pertaining to the daily number of emergency department visits for children (aged < 19 years) for diarrheal illness (using specified International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Edition codes as a reference). Daily diarrheal illness visits were the dependent variable in a time-series model. The primary independent variable was the occurrence of a sewage-bypass event in the 3 to 7 preceding days. Potential confounders included the season and daily rainfall. Separate models were created for visits from people living in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water and those who used other water sources. Over the 3-year study period, there was a mean of 5.0 +or- 3.8 (SD) daily visits for diarrheal illness from people who lived in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water and 1.2 +or- 1.4 (SD) from outside that area. There were 6 sewage-bypass events identified. After adjusting for the season and rainfall, there was a significant increase of 2.5 to 2.7 visits only from people who lived in zip codes that used Lake Michigan drinking water after the 2 largest of the 6 bypass events. Emergency department visits for diarrheal illness increased significantly after 2 events of release of partially treated sewage into area waterways. These data suggest a potentially harmful effect of such practices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | WATER QUALITY | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | PUBLIC HEALTH | RISK FACTORS | DIARRHEA | SANITATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Physiology | Biology | Water | Natural Resources | Environment | Health | Diseases Document Number: 322921 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Stigma scale revised: Reliability and validity of a brief measure of stigma for HIV+ youth. Author: Wright K; Naar-King S; Lam P; Templin T; Frey M Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2007 Jan;40(1):96-98. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to shorten a human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) stigma scale to make it less burdensome for HIV-positive (HIV+) youth without compromising psychometric properties. The shortened questionnaire showed good internal consistency and validity, suggesting that a 10-item measure of stigma has promise for assessing this important construct in HIV+ youth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | YOUTH | STIGMA | STRESS | VALIDITY | RELIABILITY | HIV INFECTIONS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Survey Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Measurement Document Number: 310596 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Cystic myometrial lesion in the uterus of an adolescent girl. Author: Fisseha S; Smith YR; Kumetz LM; Mueller GC; Hussain H Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2006 Sep;86(3):716-718. Abstract: The clinical course and radiographic appearance of a cystic myometrial lesion in a 13-year-old adolescent girl are described. Hormone suppression with continuous oral contraceptive (OC) pills resulted in partial regression of the lesion, as well as control of symptoms. A 13-year-old girl, who had been experiencing pelvic pain and episodic vaginal bleeding for 10 months, underwent a pelvic ultrasound scan that found a thick walled, isolated 3-cm mass in the myometrium, containing a fluid-fluid level. Pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed an enlarged uterus with a 2.1- by 2.0-cm thick-walled, hemorrhagic, round mass in the left uterine wall, with no apparent communication to the endometrial cavity, correlating with the abnormality seen on ultrasound. The lesion was considered to be a benign hemorrhagic lesion. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | CRITIQUE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | MYOMETRIUM | BLEEDING | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 304997 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Primary amenorrhea in a teenager. Author: Quint EH; Smith YR Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006 Feb;107(2 Pt 1):414-417. Abstract: A 15-year-old girl presented to her pediatrician with primary amenorrhea. She was worried because all of her friends had begun menstruating. Her pediatrician saw an abnormal vaginal opening and referred the patient to a gynecologist. The patient reported thelarche at age 11 and adrenarche at age 12. She denied vaginal spotting, unusual drainage, and either cyclical or noncyclical abdominal pain. She was otherwise healthy and on no medications. She denied (when asked in private) any sexual activity. Her family history was negative for any gynecological issues. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | AMENORRHEA | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | TREATMENT | SURGERY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 296795 |
11.  Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Michigan. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307040 |
| 12. Title: Threats to family planning services in Michigan: organizational responses to economic and political challenges. Author: Dalton VK; Jacobson PD; Berson-Grand J; Weisman CS Source: Women's Health Issues. 2005;15:117-125. Abstract: Title X is the only federal funding specifically for contraception and family planning services. This study identifies the threats and challenges Title X family planning organizations face in Michigan, and examines organizational responses to these challenges. We hypothesized that organizational responses to current challenges, including recent legislation, would differ between organizational types. We used a multiple case study design to examine safety net providers that received Title X funding in 2001. Cases were selected to represent economic and geographic diversity and included a mix of population densities. Key informants at each organization participated in face-to-face, semistructured interviews. Interviews collected data on current challenges, organizational planning processes, and organizational responses. All Title X organizations reported significant challenges, including rising costs, increasing need, and inadequate funding. Private organizations were more concerned about political challenges, especially recent Michigan legislation, than health departments. Organizational type was associated with the type of response. Health departments tended to close clinics or cut services, whereas private organizations recruited insured populations and increased patient fees. Based on these findings, the family planning safety net in Michigan appears to be undergoing significant change. These changes may decrease the availability of affordable family planning services in Michigan. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | LEGISLATION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Family Planning | Programs | Population | Financial Activities Document Number: 287706 |
| 13. Title: Resilience among urban adolescent mothers living with violence. Listening to their stories. Author: Kennedy AC Source: Violence Against Women. 2005 Dec;11(12):1490-1514. Abstract: Using a risk and resilience approach grounded in a multicultural feminist perspective, this qualitative study explores 10 urban adolescent mothers’ experiences with multiple forms of violence, the relationships between violence and school, and their resilience, all within the context of welfare reforms. The findings suggest lives rife with simultaneous, often severe violence, the impacts of witnessing parental violence, linkages between family and partner violence, and cumulative violence exposure as a barrier to positive school outcomes. Several young women emerge as resilient, with five distinct factors conceptualized as contributing to resilience. In conclusion, the implications for welfare policies and programs are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | EXPOSURE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | RECOVERY | SOCIAL WELFARE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Risk Factors | Biology | Crime | Social Problems | Health | Economic Factors Document Number: 292451 |
| 14. Title: Why do women miss oral contraceptive pills? An analysis of women's self-described reasons for missed pills. Author: Smith JD; Oakley D Source: Journal of Midwifery and Women's Health. 2005 Sep-Oct;50(5):380-385. Abstract: Inconsistent use of oral contraceptives (OCs) exposes women to risks of unintended pregnancy. This study explored women’s self-described reasons for missed OC pills. Data from diary cards completed by 141 women were studied to see how reasons for missing pills were related to patterns of pill use. The findings suggest that practitioners might improve OC use by focusing on the reasons that women miss pills, thus providing a more tailored approach that addresses individual risks based on women’s personal experiences. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | USER COMPLIANCE | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 291592 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of interpregnancy interval on birth outcomes: findings from three recent US studies. Author: Zhu BP Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2005 Apr;89 Suppl 1:S25-S33. Abstract: The relationship between interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes (i.e., low birth weight, preterm birth, and small size for gestational age) was examined in three recent studies conducted in Utah and Michigan of the United States. These studies were conducted among different populations, used different study designs (i.e., cross-sectional and retrospective cohort designs), and addressed several other methodological limitations in the previously published literature. In addition, the data were stratified by, and controlled for, several maternal reproductive risk factors. A J-shaped relationship between interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes was observed in all three studies. The risk for adverse birth outcomes is lowest when the interpregnancy interval was 18—23 months and increased when the interval departed from 18—23 months. This J-shaped relationship existed at levels of maternal reproductive risk factors and after these risk factors were controlled for using logistic regression. Based on the consistency of the findings from all three studies, it appears that the J-shaped relationship between interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes is causal. This information can be used by health care providers and public health programs to counsel and educate women who recently gave births on reducing the risk for adverse birth outcomes by means of appropriate pregnancy spacing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UTAH | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANCY | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | GESTATIONAL AGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREMATURE BIRTH | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Fetus Document Number: 288019 |
| 16. Title: Application of health promotion theories and models for environmental health. Author: Parker EA; Baldwin GT; Israel B; Salinas MA Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2004 Aug;31(4):491-509. Abstract: The field of environmental health promotion gained new prominence in recent years as awareness of physical environmental stressors and exposures increased in communities across the country and the world. Although many theories and conceptual models are used routinely to guide health promotion and health education interventions, they are rarely applied to environmental health issues. This article examines how health promotion theories and models can be applied in designing interventions to reduce exposure to environmental health hazards. Using the Community Action Against Asthma (CAAA) project as an example, this article describes the application of these theories and models to an intervention aimed at reducing environmental triggers for childhood asthma. Drawing on the multiple theories and models described, a composite ecological stress process model is presented, and its implications for environmental health promotion discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL MODELS | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | HEALTH EDUCATION | INTERVENTIONS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ASTHMA | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Policy | Education | Programs | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 280362 |
| 17. Title: Health and social services for pregnant and parenting high risk teens. Author: Sarri R; Phillips A Source: Children and Youth Services Review. 2004 Jun;26(6):537-560. Abstract: Adolescent parenting remains a serious problem despite the decline in teen pregnancy, largely because this at-risk population lacks health and social services. In this paper, we examine how a broad range of health and mid services for pregnant and parenting teens meets their needs, access, utilization and satisfaction. We surveyed a sample of at-risk young women in shelters, community-based agencies and alternative schools. Interviews revealed that their lives were chaotic and traumatic, with frequent crises for which they had few resources. A majority reported symptoms consistent with clinical depression, yet very few received mental health services. Similar patterns of unfulfilled needs, were evident in other sectors of services. Many were dissatisfied with the services they did receive and angry about frequent denial of services. We include recommendations for policy and programmatic changes as well as for future research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTS | AGE FACTORS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK FACTORS | SOCIAL WELFARE | HEALTH SERVICES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Biology | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 283938 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Consistency of self-reported sexual behavior and condom use among current sex partners. Author: Sison JD; Gillespie B; Foxman B Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2004 May;31(5):278-282. Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine concordance in sex partner reports of frequency of vaginal and oral intercourse and condom use. Self-reported behaviors among 112 women treated for urinary tract infection (UTI), sore throats, or receiving birth control at a student health service were compared with that of their current sex partner. Correlation was excellent for frequencies of vaginal intercourse (r = 0.88), cunnilingus (r = 0.72), fellatio (r = 0.76), and condom use (r = 0.86), but women with UTI compared with women without UTI reported greater frequency of sexual activity than their sex partner. This effect overwhelmed the modest increases in correlation associated with duration of relationship and marital status. Women with genitourinary symptoms may over-recall frequency of sexual behavior compared to women without these symptoms. Knowing the extent of this recall bias will assist in the interpretation of data and appropriate correction of parameters when included in prediction models. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | SEXUAL PARTNERS | STUDENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | COITAL FREQUENCY | ORAL SEX | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Infections | Diseases | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 192501 |
| 19. Title: Prisons. Condoms not a solution for sexually active HIV-positive inmates. Source: AIDS Policy and Law. 2003 Aug 29;18(16):7. Abstract: Ruling: Although HIV-positive Michigan inmates proved their punishment for sexual misbehavior was more severe than their HIV-negative counterparts, a district court ruled the diverse punishments did not violate the Americans with Disabilities Act or Rehabilitation Act. What it means: Prisons can continue to treat sexually active HIV-positive inmates differently from other sexually active inmates, simply because they pose a greater threat to the health and welfare of others. Summary: William Gibbs III, Kim Elmer and Richard Simmon are all inmates of the Michigan Department of Corrections. All are HIV-positive and all were ticketed for sexual misconduct in violation of MDOC rules. Each was put in administrative segregation as a result. They only challenged their confinement to long-term segregation. The inmates said their punishment was more severe than punishment for similar acts by HIV-negative inmates. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | PRISONERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONDOM USE | COURT DECISION | HUMAN RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Litigation | Social Problems Document Number: 277738 |
| 20. Title: State facts about abortion: Michigan. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: [New York, New York], AGI, 2003. 3 p. (State Facts about Abortion) Abstract: This article presents background information about the frequency of abortion in the United States, followed by statistics on abortion frequency, abortion services, and restrictions on abortion for the United States as a whole and Michigan specifically. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | PAMPHLETS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HEALTH FACILITIES | ABORTION LAW | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175600 Notification |
| 21. Title: Stress and social support in health care organizations. Author: Apker J; Ray EB Source: In: Handbook of health communication, edited by Teresa L. Thompson, Alicia M. Dorsey, Katherine I. Miller, Roxanne Parrott. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. :347-368. Abstract: Since 1987, research on communication and job stress has developed in several ways. Perhaps most noteworthy is the expansion of populations studied to include mental health professionals, social workers, occupational therapists, and physical therapists as well as continuing studies of physicians and nurses. Second, while broad categories of stressors are similar, the specifics that comprise them have changed. In this chapter, we first examine job stress due to 1) structural changes brought about by managed care; 2) role changes at interorganizational and interpersonal levels; 3) emotional labor; and 4) home/work conflict. We then discuss social support and how supportive communication may impact job stress in healthcare organizations. Finally, we consider implications for future research examining the relationship between job stress and social support. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | OHIO | MANUAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | ORGANIZATIONS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | STRESS | COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household Document Number: 178090 |
| 22. Title: Working along the margins: developing community-based strategies for communicating about health with marginalized groups. Author: Ford LA; Yep GA Source: In: Handbook of health communication, edited by Teresa L. Thompson, Alicia M. Dorsey, Katherine I. Miller, Roxanne Parrott. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. :241-261. Abstract: The complexities of health-related communication research and practice in community and with community are the foci of this chapter. As scholars and members of multiple communities, some marginalized and some not, we are committed to the ideology and principles of community-based health communication scholarship that we will describe in these pages. Because of these commitments, we begin with a narrative describing a community-based health communication strategy that fell short of these commitments. Our purpose in this narrative of failure is not to discourage community-based collaborative scholarship. Rather, we hope it illustrates how readily and unconsciously privilege may be enacted and marginalization experienced in such efforts. While we each have stories to tell, one of Leigh's experiences with hantavirus prevention education in the U.S.-Mexico border region (USMBR) follows. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | CALIFORNIA | MANUAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | HEALTH PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY WORKERS | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Education | Planning | Social Problems | Economic Factors Document Number: 178086 |
| 23. Title: Looking toward the future: health message design strategies. Author: Murray-Johnson L; Witte K Source: In: Handbook of health communication, edited by Teresa L. Thompson, Alicia M. Dorsey, Katherine I. Miller, Roxanne Parrott. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. :473-495. Abstract: When looking across these theories, several commonalities emerge (Witte, Meyer, & Martell, 2001). Specifically, there appear to be at least four categories of health communication variables that work together in a predictable manner. Most health communication theories focus on stimuli that trigger the motivation in an individual to perform an action (outcome variable) that is influenced by the individual's appraisal of the environment and resources. Stimuli are the materials, actions, or procedures health message designers use to get receivers to attend to their message (Atkin & Freimuth, 1989). Motivation is the internal drive derived from a person's cognitions about the message. How a person thinks about the message, coupled with the person's emotional arousal, determines the strength of the motivation that compels one to respond to the stimuli (Weinstein, 1993). The strength of the motivation affects the extent to which the person feels compelled to appraise his or her resources and environment to determine what coping mechanisms and resources are available to promote positive behavior and/or avert the potential threat. Finally, outcome variables are the concrete measures health communicators use to determine the effect the stimuli (messages) have had on an audience. Outcome variables include changes in beliefs, knowledge, attitudes, intentions, and behaviors as well as negative responses to campaigns such as reactance or denial. The most complete and effective health communication message would address at least one variable in each of these four categories to cause health protective actions. The four categories are listed in Table 21.1; along with examples as defined by the various theories. Although these four categories are conceptually distinct, a single variable can be placed into more than one category. Attitudes, for example, play a role in the appraisal of resources and environment (attitudes or evaluations of people, places, or objects influence how people view their environment), but they also can be outcomes as can occur in attitude change. These four categories provide the framework for discussing the message content variables in this chapter. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OHIO | MICHIGAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DESIGN | MOTIVATION | HEALTH | PROMOTION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 178095 |
| 24. Title: Labial agglutination in a teenager. Author: Quint EH; Opipari AW Jr Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2003 Feb;16(1):61-62. Abstract: The patient is a 14-year-old girl, who presented for evaluation of labial agglutination. Her history starts three years ago when she was diagnosed with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. She was initially treated with chemotherapy, but after a relapse she underwent radiation and a nonrelated bone marrow transplant. She was diagnosed with premature ovarian failure and has been on hormonal supplementation since age 13. She has developed graft-vs-host disease, which includes her eye, skin rashes, and mucosal changes. She has had one very light period in the last six months. She cannot use tampons. Her medications include Premarin, Cellcept, Macrodantin, and Tacrolimus. Physical examination revealed a height of 146 cm and a weight of 30.8 kg. Her breasts are Tanner stage 2–3, pubic hair Tanner 2, and she has no axillary hair. Her external genitalia reveal labial adhesions with anterior adhesion covering the clitoris, a 1-cm opening in the middle, and a thick posterior adhesion. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CANCER | COMPLICATIONS | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | ADHESIONS | ESTROGENS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Neoplasms | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 300031 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Medroxyprogesterone acetate treatment of abnormal uterine bleeding: factors predicting satisfaction. Author: Richter HE; Learman LA; Lin F; Varner RE; Hendrix SL Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Jul;189(1):37-42. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to identify the determinants of patient satisfaction with a cyclic regimen of medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) for abnormal uterine bleeding. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective cohort study of 413 premenopausal women were treated for 3 to 5 months with oral MPA 10 to 20 mg per day for 10 to 14 days per month.We assessed satisfaction with and willingness to continue MPA. Baseline characteristics hypothesized to predict treatment satisfaction were entered into logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Sixty-five percent of subjects (271) completed at least 3 months of MPA, 79% (215) filled out a satisfaction survey, and 57% (123) expressed satisfaction with MPA. Satisfaction was predicted by age 35 years or older (odds ratio [OR] 2.67, CI 1.07-6.7), desire for uterine conservation (OR 1.36, CI 1.11-1.66), perceived importance of stopping bleeding (OR 0.69, CI 0.54-0.87), and tubal sterilization (OR 0.52, CI 0.28- 0.96). Neither bleeding history nor parity predicted MPA satisfaction. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the importance of considering patient age, fertility status, attitudes about uterine conservation, and desire for definitive resolution of bleeding when deciding whether to use MPA versus other treatments for abnormal uterine bleeding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | TENNESSEE | MICHIGAN | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADULTS | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | MENORRHAGIA | METRORRHAGIA | FIBROIDS | ANEMIA | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | TREATMENT | SATISFACTION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Reproduction | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms | Neoplasms, Benign | Neoplasms | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 182316 |
| 26. Title: Using media campaigns for health promotion. Author: Salmon CT; Atkin C Source: In: Handbook of health communication, edited by Teresa L. Thompson, Alicia M. Dorsey, Katherine I. Miller, Roxanne Parrott. Mahwah, New Jersey, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 2003. :449-472. Abstract: To date, the preponderance of scholarly effort exerted on this topic has focused on developing theory "for" campaigns, i.e., new psychological and sociological theory that administrative researchers can use to guide the design of interventions in hopes of improving effectiveness (Salmon, 1992). Drawing on this substantial body of scholarship, we know that many health campaigns have attained a rather modest impact because of meager resources, poor conceptualization, and narrow strategic approaches. The limited potency of the media has several implications for campaigners. It is advisable to have realistic expectations, especially when attempting to influence fundamental behaviors in the short run. Campaigners should be prepared for the long haul, because many campaigns will take years to achieve a significant impact. More emphasis should be given to relatively attainable effects by aiming at more receptive focal segments and by creating or promoting more palatable positive products with a favorable cost-benefit ratio. Campaign designers should play to the strengths of the mass media by imparting new knowledge (e.g., a TV spot informing people about the nutritional value of soy), enhancing salience (e.g., news publicity stressing the importance of reducing drunk driving), providing instruction (e.g., a pamphlet describing protective sexual behaviors), triggering action (e.g., a radio announcement reminding drivers to buckle up during a snowstorm), and stimulating information-seeking (e.g., a radio ad prompting listeners to call a hotline or consult a physician). The relatively small set of packaged campaign stimuli can be augmented by stimulating sensitization to existing media content and by generating publicity. The quantity of messages can be increased by pursuing monetary resources to enable paid placements and by utilizing creative and political resources to generate free publicity and engineer health entertainment portrayals. Media messages should be augmented by supplementary education, persuasion and control (e.g., classroom instruction, physician advice, social influence, and environmental constraints), using the media campaign to shape and energize these forces. Through the use of these approaches, campaign effectiveness is likely to be enhanced. But the legacy of our field's overwhelmingly narrow, administrative focus on the tactical and strategic dimensions of campaigns should not deter health communication researchers from simultaneously developing theory "of" campaigns, i.e., to more systematically define and specify parameters of campaigns and to understand them as social constructions (Salmon, 1992). Campaigns are frequently the tool of choice preferred by social engineers, even when they are not necessarily the most efficient or effective. Why, and for what political and ideological motives, are they used with such frequency? Which segments of society benefit from the use of this particular approach to social change, and which suffer? What are the ethical consequences of continuing to use a strategy of social change that is known to be only modestly effective? The answers to these questions can only enhance our understanding of campaigns and, more importantly, our ability to effect positive and significant changes in the health of communities that we serve. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | CAMPAIGNS | MASS MEDIA | HEALTH | PROMOTION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | PROGRAM DESIGN | PROGRAM EVALUATION | TARGET POPULATION | MESSAGE DEVELOPMENT | TELEVISION | RADIO | NEWSPAPERS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Delivery of Health Care | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Programs | Communication | Marketing | Economic Factors | Broadcast Media | Printed Media Document Number: 178094 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Developing a community-based definition of needs for persons living with chronic HIV. Author: Sankar A; Luborsky M Source: Human Organization. 2003 Summer;62(2):153-165. Abstract: With the advent of antiretroviral therapy, HIV has become a chronic illness for those who have access to the medication. But unlike our understanding of acute disease experience which can be grasped within parameters defined by categories of medical diagnosis and treatment, understanding the experience of chronic illness requires that we expand our analytic frame to include variables and perspectives created by the beliefs, behaviors, context, and culture of the participants. Drawing on focus groups conducted among African American, Hispanic, and white people with HIV in Detroit, Michigan, we show that expressions of needs related to the lived experience of HIV vary among racial and ethnic groups and between genders, resulting in an experientially distinct set of needs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADULTS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | SELF ESTEEM | SELF-PERCEPTION | SOCIAL CLASS | CHRONIC DISEASES | ETHNIC GROUPS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Social Problems | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Cultural Background Document Number: 180485 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Treatment of vaginitis caused by Candida glabrata: use of topical boric acid and flucytosine. Author: Sobel JD; Chaim W; Nagappan V; Leaman D Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Nov;189(5):1297-1300. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to review the treatment outcome and safety of topical therapy with boric acid and flucytosine in women with Candida glabrata vaginitis. STUDY DESIGN: This was a retrospective review of case records of 141 women with positive vaginal cultures of C glabrata at two sites, Wayne State University School of Medicine and Ben Gurion University. RESULTS: The boric acid regimen, 600 mg daily for 2 to 3 weeks, achieved clinical and mycologic success in 47 of 73 symptomatic women (64%) in Detroit and 27 of 38 symptomatic women (71%) in Beer Sheba. No advantage was observed in extending therapy for 14 to 21 days. Topical flucytosine cream administered nightly for 14 days was associated with a successful outcome in 27 of 30 of women (90%) whose condition had failed to respond to boric acid and azole therapy. Local side effects were uncommon with both regimens. CONCLUSIONS: Topical boric acid and flucytosine are useful additions to therapy for women with azolerefractory C glabrata vaginitis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | ADULTS | VAGINITIS | CANDIDIASIS | TREATMENT | SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Public Health | Health Document Number: 189115 |
| 29. Title: Michigan: Cuts in Planned Parenthood financing. Source: New York Times. 2002 May 25;:13A. Abstract: This brief newspaper article reports that Michigan Governor John Engler signed legislation that reduces financing for Planned Parenthood clinics in favor of clinics that do not perform abortions. Language: English Keywords: MICHIGAN | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | POLICYMAKERS | ABORTION LAW | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 168698 |
| 30. Title: Contraception counts: Michigan. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: New York, New York, AGI, 2002 Jun. [2] p. (Contraception Counts) Abstract: This article summarizes, for the state of Michigan, the following points: pregnancy outcomes in Michigan; teen pregnancy outcomes in Michigan; women at need for contraceptive services and supplies; availability of family planning services; and impact of subsidized services. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MICHIGAN | PAMPHLETS | CONTRACEPTION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN | ADULTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | HEALTH SERVICES | NATIONAL HEALTH SERVICES | FAMILY PLANNING | NEEDS | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Adolescents | Youth | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Government Financing | Financial Activities Document Number: 175674 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |