1.  Title: PRISM tools for assessing, monitoring, and evaluating RHIS performance. Author: Aqil A; Lippeveld T Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Mar. [32] p. (MS-09-34USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: PRISM Framework and its tools applications have expanded since 2004. Now it has been applied in Pakistan, Uganda, South Africa, Mexico, Paraguay, Honduras, Haiti, China and Cote d'Ivore for assessment and evaluation. It has been applied in diverse countries of Africa, Asia, Latin America and Carribean continents. While these applications showed the strengths and appropriateness of PRISM Framework and its tools in identifying strengths and weaknesses of the routine information systems, they brought some challenges to attention. First, to make a distinction between RHIS performance indicators -accuracy, timeliness and completeness, from their counterpart processes. Second, to keep minimum variables in various tools for triangulation of information to avoid respondent's burden of filling the details. Third, better measurement of use of information. Thus, there was a need to revise the PRISM tools. Uganda PRISM evaluation in 2007 for testing its reliability and validity also helped to make the revisions. PRISM tools version 3.0 meets old and new challenges in assessing, monitoring and evaluation of RHIS. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | MEXICO | HONDURAS | HAITI | CHINA | PARAGUAY | SOUTH AFRICA | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | INFORMATION PROCESSING | DATA COLLECTION | MANAGEMENT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | North America | Americas | Central America | Latin America | Caribbean | Asia, Eastern | South America, Central | South America | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Information | Research Methodology | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 339994 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Parent-adolescent communication about sex in Morelos, Mexico: does it impact sexual behaviour? Author: Atienzo EE; Walker DM; Campero L; Lamadrid-Figueroa H; Gutierrez JP Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):111-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality has been shown to influence adolescents' sexual behaviour. This study aims to describe communication about sex between Mexican parents and adolescents, and its relation to age at first intercourse and condom use. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with self-administered questionnaires of first year students at 23 high schools. Communication was divided into three themes: biological aspects, risks associated with sexual behaviour, and prevention. For sexually active adolescents, discussion timing was determined to have occurred prior to, or after sexual initiation. Analysis included logistic regression models stratifying by discussion timing. RESULTS: Overall 5,461 questionnaires were analysed. Among male respondents 24.3% and among females 10.6% stated that they were sexually active. As many as 83.1% reported having spoken with parents about sexual relations. Communication was more common with mothers. Discussions about risk and prevention prior to sexual initiation was associated with condom use at first intercourse (Odds ratio [OR] = 2.05); late discussion was associated with younger age (<15) at first intercourse (OR = 3.51). CONCLUSIONS: Communication before onset of sexual activity about risk and prevention is associated with safe sex practices. Improving parent-adolescent communication is a poorly studied strategy to influence adolescents' behaviour. Interventions should promote early parent-adolescent communication. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341614 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Pharmacy worker practices related to use of misoprostol for abortion in one Mexican state. Author: Billings DL; Walker D; Mainero del Paso G; Clark KA; Dayananda I Source: Contraception. 2009 Jun;79(6):445-51. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pharmacies are important sites for access to health information and medications in Mexico. Most workers are not trained in health issues and may provide inaccurate information to consumers. Misoprostol is used by women throughout Mexico for early abortion and often is purchased from pharmacies. This study aims to understand the practices of pharmacy workers when asked for advice about and medications for abortion, in particular misoprostol. STUDY DESIGN: A random sample of pharmacies in both urban and rural areas of one state of Mexico included both chain and independent pharmacies (n=169). Two mystery clients (MCs) visited the pharmacies, requesting medication for "bringing down the period" and then asking for misoprostol. MCs recorded information about the interactions following each visit in standardized formats. Bivariate comparisons were made between spontaneous and prompted discussions of misoprostol. Associations were considered statistically significant at alpha<.05. RESULTS: Ninety percent of pharmacy workers attending to the MCs discussed misoprostol as an abortifacient, either spontaneously or after being prompted by the MCs. Misoprostol was for sale in most (61%) of these pharmacies. The majority of pharmacy workers (75%) did not request a prescription. Over 75% of all pharmacy workers provided the MCs referral to trained medical providers with whom they could seek a follow-up visit. Sixteen percent of pharmacy workers suggested a regimen consistent with evidence and recommendations for using misoprostol for early abortion. Regimens that were underdosages were common, and few workers recommended a potentially harmful overdosage. Instructions about side effects and risks were rare. The price of misoprostol ranged from 900 to 1800 pesos (US$83-167) for a bottle of 28 tablets (200 mcg each) or US$4.07 per tablet, on average. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacy workers in both urban and rural areas of Mexico are increasingly becoming aware of misoprostol as an effective abortifacient and are willing to provide the information to consumers. However, their information is limited and often inaccurate. Strategies need to be developed so that they receive timely and correct information, consistent with evidence-based recommendations. The legal context of abortion in Mexico (with restrictions in every state, except Mexico City), the restricted registration of misoprostol as a therapeutic agent only for gastric ulcers and the fact that the majority of pharmacy workers are not considered to be health workers are among the most important barriers to advances in training pharmacy workers in the correct application of misoprostol. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | MISOPROSTOL | ABORTION | INFORMED CHOICE | INFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 342599 Notification |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Exposure to maternal and paternal tobacco consumption and risk of spontaneous abortion. Author: Blanco-Munoz J; Torres-Sanchez L; Lopez-Carrillo L Source: Public Health Reports. 2009 Mar-Apr;124(2):317-22. Abstract: Conclusive evidence shows that maternal tobacco consumption increases the risk of infertility, subfertility, ectopic pregnancy, preterm birth, low birthweight, and stillbirth. Nevertheless, evidence with respect to the risk of spontaneous abortion (SA) (i.e., miscarriage) is inconsistent. In a case-control study, Kline et al. identified an increase in miscarriages in women who were smokers. In Canadian women, Armstrong et al. found a 20% increase in the risk of SA for every 10 cigarettes consumed daily. Other authors have also shown a positive association between cotinine levels in urine and SA. On the other hand, in Rasch's study, after adjusting for other risk factors, women who smoked 10 to 19 cigarettes and 20 or more cigarettes per day did not have significantly increased odds ratios (ORs) for having SAs. The role of paternal tobacco exposure in adverse reproductive effects has been scarcely evaluated. Some reports in the literature assert that tobacco consumption in men is associated with morphological alterations in sperm, a decrease in sperm density and motility, and a reduction in semen volume,11 which could have implications for male fertility and embryo viability. However, the scarce studies that to date have evaluated the association between exposure to paternal tobacco and SA are also contradictory. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | COUPLES | ABORTION RATE | RISK FACTORS | TOBACCO USE | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases Document Number: 331257 |
| 5. Title: Targeted screening and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection using QuantiFERON-TB Gold is cost-effective in Mexico. Author: Burgos JL; Kahn JG; Strathdee SA; Valencia-Mendoza A; Bautista-Arredondo S; Laniado-Laborin R; Castaneda R; Deiss R; Garfein RS Source: International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2009 Aug;13(8):962-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the cost-effectiveness of screening for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) using a commercially available detection test and treating individuals at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in a middle-income country. DESIGN: We developed a Markov model to evaluate the cost per LTBI case detected, TB case averted and quality-adjusted life year (QALY) gained for a cohort of 1000 individuals at high risk for HIV infection over 20 years. Baseline model inputs for LTBI prevalence were obtained from published literature and cross-sectional data from tuberculosis (TB) screening using QuantiFERON-TB Gold In-Tube (QFT-GIT) testing among sex workers and illicit drug users at high risk for HIV recruited through street outreach in Tijuana, Mexico. Costs are reported in 2007 US dollars. Future costs and QALYs were discounted at 3% per year. Sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate model robustness. RESULTS: Over 20 years, we estimate the program would prevent 78 cases of active TB and 55 TB-related deaths. The incremental cost per case of LTBI detected was US$730, cost per active TB averted was US$529 and cost per QALY gained was US$108. CONCLUSIONS: In settings of endemic TB and escalating HIV incidence, targeting LTBI screening and treatment among high-risk groups may be highly cost-effective. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | SCREENING | TUBERCULOSIS | COST EFFECTIVENESS | TREATMENT | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infections | Diseases | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 342957 |
| 6. Title: Frequency of Mycobacterium bovis as an etiologic agent in extrapulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-positive and -negative Mexican patients. Author: Cicero R; Olivera H; Hernandez-Solis A; Ramirez-Casanova E; Escobar-Gutierrez A Source: European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;28(5):455-60. Abstract: Mycobacterium bovis can be an important etiological agent for extrapulmonary (EP) manifestations of tuberculosis, especially in HIV-infected persons. From January 2000 to December 2003, M. bovis as a cause of EP tuberculosis was investigated at the Pneumonology Service, Hospital General de Mexico, Mexico City. Eighty HIV-positive (HIV+) patients and 83 HIV-negative (HIV-) with EP involvement (ganglionar, genitourinary, meningeal, cutaneous, peritoneal, and pericardial) were analyzed using clinical, immunological, bacteriological, histopathological, and molecular biology methods. Mycobacterium species were identified by hsp65-RFLP analysis and species of M. tuberculosis complex isolates by spoligotyping. M. bovis was present in 6 HIV- cases (7.2%; 3 with lymphadenitis and 3 genitourinary) vs 11 in HIV+ cases (13.75%; 7 with lymphadenitis, 3 genitourinary, and 1 meningeal). Favorable response to retroviral and specific M. bovis chemotherapy was observed. Spoligotyping showed a unique profile in each isolate, 16 belonging to BOV1 lineage and 1 to BOV2 lineage. M. bovis is an significant re-emerging cause of EPTB in Mexico. Consumption of unpasteurized dairy products is the most likely source of transmission. Successful treatment depends on the adequate and opportune identification of the agent responsible. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | ANTIBIOTICS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DRUG RESISTANCE | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 341794 |
| 7. Title: Reliability of reported breastfeeding duration among reproductive-aged women from Mexico. Author: Cupul-Uicab LA; Gladen BC; Hernandez-Avila M; Longnecker MP Source: Maternal and Child Nutrition. 2009 Apr;5(2):125-37. Abstract: Breastfed children have lower risk of infectious diseases, post-neonatal mortality and chronic diseases later in life. Because epidemiologic studies usually rely on reported history of previous breastfeeding, data on the accuracy and precision of recalled histories allow improved interpretation of the epidemiologic findings. We evaluated the reliability of two reported breastfeeding durations in 567 reproductive-aged women from Mexico using information obtained from nearly identical sets of questions applied at different times after weaning. We compared differences between reports, and examined the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for any and for exclusive breastfeeding (EBF). Logistic regression was used to evaluate the determinants of poor recall (difference between reports of >20%). The reliability of duration of any breastfeeding was high (ICC 0.94). Overall, differences between reports of duration were usually <1 month, and for 385/567, the difference was < or =0.5 months. Predictors of poorer recall were having > or =4 children, and time between reports of >2 months. The only predictor of better recall was greater age of the baby at weaning. The reliability of EBF duration was lower (ICC 0.49). In this population with a relatively long duration of breastfeeding, reliability of any breastfeeding duration was high. Age, education and previous breastfeeding were not important predictors of recall, in contrast to findings in earlier studies. Consistent with previous reports, however, parity and length of recall were associated with poorer recall of duration of any breastfeeding. Future studies that use reported breastfeeding duration may want to consider the effect of these variables on recall. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEASUREMENT | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | RELIABILITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 341786 |
| 8. Title: [Analysis of the mortality due to diarrhea in younger children, before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine] Mortalidad por enfermedad diarreica en menores, antes y despues de la Author: Esparza-Aguilar M; Bautista-Marquez A; Gonzalez-Andrade Mdel C; Richardson-Lopez-Collada VL Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2009 Jul-Aug;51(4):285-90. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the mortality due to acute diarrhea in children younger than five years old, before and after the introduction of rotavirus vaccine in Mexico. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Number of deaths and mortality rates due to acute diarrhea were compared by children's age and states' vaccine status using annual percentage differences before (2000-2005) and after (2006-2007) the introduction of the HRV. RESULTS: From 2000-2007, deaths due to acute diarrhea in children under five years of age dropped 42%. In those states that received the HRV early in 2006, diarrhea mortality decreased between 2006-2007 15.8% in children younger than one year old and 22.7% in children 1-4 years old. DISCUSSION: The observed reduction in mortality due to acute diarrhea in children under five years of age after 2005 can be, in part, attributed to the HRV. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | DIARRHEA | ROTAVIRUS | CHILD MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342523 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Contraceptive use, birth spacing, and autonomy: an analysis of the Oportunidades program in rural Mexico. Author: Feldman BS; Zaslavsky AM; Ezzati M; Peterson KE; Mitchell M Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):51-62. Abstract: Oportunidades, a conditional cash-transfer program instituted in Mexico in 1997, provides cash incentives to mothers to invest in the health and education of family members. Drawing from data gathered by Mexico's National Institute of Public Health, this study assesses the effect of the program on contraceptive use and birth spacing among titulares (female household heads) living in rural areas during the experimental period, 1998-2000, and during 2000-03, after incorporation of the control group. In 2000, titulares were more likely to use modern contraceptives than were women in the control group, although by 2003 all beneficiaries had the same probability of use. Change in autonomy was not a mediator, although baseline autonomy modified the program's influence on contraceptive use. Cox proportional hazard models produced estimates that birth spacing was similar between the beneficiaries and controls. Inconsistent findings may be the result of the way contraceptive use was defined in this study. Findings from this study may be useful for helping program planners better understand the role of conditional cash transfers in modifying family planning and fertility among poor rural women in Latin America. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | BIRTH SPACING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Households | Family Planning | Contraception | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 331287 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Acceptability and reliability of an adolescent risk behavior questionnaire administered with audio and computer support. Author: Gutierrez JP; Torres-Pereda P Source: Revista Panamericana de Salud Publica. 2009;25(5):418-422. Abstract: Answers to sensitive behavior-related questions were obtained using ACASI systems and compared with answers to the same questions obtained through face-to-face interviews (FFIs) among adolescents in Mexico. Focus groups were conducted to explore ACASI's acceptability among adolescents and ASCASI's potential for obtaining better self-reported data on sensitive behaviors. ACASI was adolescents' preferred method for reporting risk behaviors, particularly sexual behavior. Also, more risk behaviors were reported through ACASI than FFIs. The authors conclude that using ACASI systems in disadvantaged households to obtain data on adolescent risk behavior is not only feasible but may also improve data quality in the case of complex questionnaires, compared with FFIs. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | RELIABILITY | ADOLESCENTS | TESTING | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | INFORMATION PROCESSING | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Ethics | Sociocultural Factors | Information Document Number: 339854 |
| 11. Title: Strategies and ethical considerations for the recruitment of young men who have sex with men: challenges of a vaccination trial in Mexico. Author: Gutierrez-Lund A; Angeles-Llerenas A; Wirtz VJ; Del Rio AA; Zamilpa-Mejia L Source: Clinical Trials. 2009;6(4):365-372. Abstract: The aim of this study was to describe and analyze recruitment strategies, ethical considerations, and recruitment outcomes from a study to evaluate the efficacy the human papilloma virus vaccine in young men who have sex with men (MSM). The recruitment settings were university and community sites in the state of Morelos, Mexico. To be eligible, participants had to be men between 18 and 23 years old who were free of anal-genital lesions as confirmed by clinical exploration, HIV negative, with no history of sexual relations with female partners, and with fewer than five male lifetime sexual partners. Recruitment goals were 25 study participants in a four and a half month period. In addition to traditional recruitment strategies (flyers and media advertising, specific training of the recruitment team, and adequate choice of recruitment sites), local leaders in the MSM community were engaged in the process. In total, 723 MSM were initially contacted, 243 filled out the recruitment questionnaire, of which 151 met the criteria to be invited to the clinical examination. After clinical examination and interviews with the recruitment team, 131 fulfilled the inclusion criteria, of whom 73 were enrolled in the study. Attending meetings with MSM activist organizations was the most successful recruitment strategy (326), followed by recruitment at bars and dance clubs (107). Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | YOUTH | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | VACCINATION | HPV | ETHICS | PARTICIPATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Immunization | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Social Problems Document Number: 339912 |
| 12. Title: Cost-effectiveness analysis of alternative first-trimester pregnancy termination strategies in Mexico City. Author: Hu D; Grossman D; Levin C; Blanchard K; Goldie SJ Source: BJOG. 2009 May;116(6):768-79. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess the comparative health and economic outcomes associated with three alternative first-trimester abortion techniques in Mexico City and to examine the policy implications of increasing access to safe abortion modalities within a restrictive setting. DESIGN: Cost-effectiveness analysis. SETTING: Mexico City. POPULATION: Reproductive-aged women with unintended pregnancy seeking first-trimester abortion. METHODS: Synthesising the best available data, a computer-based model simulates induced abortion and its potential complications and is used to assess the cost-effectiveness of alternative safe modalities for first-trimester pregnancy termination: (1) hospital-based dilatation and curettage (D&C), (2) hospital-based manual vacuum aspiration (MVA), (3) clinic-based MVA and (4) medical abortion using vaginal misoprostol. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Number of complications, lifetime costs, life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy. RESULTS: In comparison to the magnitude of health gains associated with all safe abortion modalities, the relative differences between strategies were more pronounced in terms of their economic costs. Assuming all options were equally available, clinic-based MVA was the least costly and most effective. Medical abortion with misoprostol provided comparable benefits to D&C, but cost substantially less. Enhanced access to safe abortion was always more influential than shifting between safe abortion modalities. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that the provision of safe abortion is cost-effective and will result in reduced complications, decreased mortality and substantial cost savings compared with unsafe abortion. In Mexico City, shifting from a practice of hospital-based D&C to clinic-based MVA and enhancing access to medical abortion will have the best chance to minimise abortion-related morbidity and mortality. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | ABORTION | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | HEALTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Public Health Document Number: 342068 Notification |
| 13. Title: A case study of reproductive health supplies in Mexico. Author: Indacochea CM Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. 36 p. Abstract: This paper, together with five additional case studies from other countries and information from other sources, provides an evidence base for national level advocacy. Each case study is written with generalist advocates in mind. These can include, but are not limited to, civic leaders, parliamentarians, faith-based leaders, and community leaders.This report provides overview of how RH supplies, specifically contraceptives and condoms, are programmed, managed and funded in Mexico. It presents a distillation of information on policies, systems, budgets and key actors to help raise awareness of experienced advocates -- who may lack technical knowledge about contraceptives -- so that they strategically choose advocacy actions and targets. This information should also facilitate collaboration and coordination with advocacy efforts at the global and regional levels. Information and issues from one country may be useful to other countries facing similar challenges. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | FUNDS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 331429 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex work in Mexico: vulnerability of male, travesti, transgender and transsexual sex workers. Author: Infante C; Sosa-Rubi SG; Cuadra SM Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):125-37. Abstract: In Mexico, male sex workers (MSW) and travesti, transgender and transsexual (TTT) sex workers are among the groups most affected by HIV. They suffer from stigma and discrimination, yet are often absent from the design of programmes and HIV prevention campaigns. The objective of this study was to provide an account of the social context in which MSW and TTT sex workers live, by focusing on their sexual identities, sexual practices and vulnerability to HIV. Data collection took place in Mexico City and involved observational work together with 36 in-depth interviews. Findings reveal a differentiation of vulnerability by sub-group. In general, vulnerability is influenced by the social context, stigma related to homosexuality and sex work, as well as sex workers' access to scarce social capital and the lack of response in terms of social and health programmes. In order to diminish the vulnerability of MSW and TTT sex workers and reduce their risk of HIV infection, preventive measures are needed which take into account their specific health and social needs, promote meaningful participation and the encourage respect for human rights. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | MEN | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | LIFE STYLE | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 341619 |
| 15. Title: Reproductive health supplies in six countries: themes and entry points in policies, systems and financing. Author: Leahy E Source: Washington, D.C., Population Action International, 2009 Jun. [45] p. Abstract: This report identifies the challenges faced by reproductive health programs in Bangladesh, Ghana, Mexico, Nicaragua, Tanzania, and Uganda. Funding constraints, combined with a weak commitment to prioritize the purchase of reproductive health supplies on the side of the recipient countries and a limited capacity for distribution, have created an unstable environment for supplies worldwide. The report, and its six associated case studies, calls for renewed attention to reproductive health supplies to avoid putting the health of millions of women at risk. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | GHANA | MEXICO | NICARAGUA | TANZANIA | UGANDA | SUMMARY REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC SECTOR | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | LOGISTICS | MANAGEMENT | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | AWARENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | North America | Americas | Central America | Latin America | Africa, Eastern | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Organization and Administration | Social Change | Knowledge | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 331426 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploring the costs and economic consequences of unsafe abortion in Mexico City before legalisation. Author: Levin C; Grossman D; Berdichevsky K; Diaz C; Aracena B; Garcia SG Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):120-132. Abstract: An assessment of abortion outcomes and costs to the health care system in Mexico City was conducted in 2005 at a mix of public and private facilities prior to the legalisation of abortion. Data were obtained from hospital staff, administrative records and patients. Direct cost estimates included personnel, drugs, disposable supplies, and medical equipment for inducing abortion or treating incomplete abortions and other complications. Indirect patient costs for travel, childcare and lost wages were also estimated. The average cost per abortion with dilatation and curettage was US $143. For manual vacuum aspiration it was US $111 in three public hospitals and US $53 at a private clinic. The average cost of medical abortion with misoprostol alone was US $79. The average cost of treating severe abortion complications at the public hospitals ranged from US $601 to over US $2,100. Increasing access to manual vacuum aspiration and early abortion with misoprostol could reduce government costs by 62%, with potential savings of up to US $1.6 million per year. Reducing complications by improving access to safe services in outpatient settings would further reduce the costs of abortion care, with significant benefits both to Mexico's health care system and women seeking abortion. Additional research is needed to explore whether cost savings have been realised post-legalisation. Spanish Abstract: En 2005, antes de la legalización del aborto en el Distrito Federal de México, se realizó una evaluación del impacto y los costos del aborto en el sistema de salud del D.F., en diversos establecimientos públicos y privados. Se obtuvieron datos de personal hospitalario, registros administrativos y pacientes. Los cálculos de costos directos incluían personal, medicamentos, suministros desechables, y equipo médico para inducir el aborto o tratar abortos incompletos y otras complicaciones. También se calcularon los costos indirectos de las pacientes en viajes, cuido de nińos y sueldos perdidos. El costo promedio por cada aborto con dilatación y curetaje fue de US $143. Para la aspiración manual endouterina (AMEU), fue de US $111 en tres hospitales públicos y US $53 en una clínica privada. El costo promedio del aborto inducido con misoprostol solo fue de US $79. El costo promedio de tratar las complicaciones graves del aborto en los hospitales públicos varió de US $601 a más de US $2,100. Al ampliar el acceso a la AMEU y al aborto precoz con misoprostol, se podrían disminuir los costos gubernamentales en un 62%, un posible ahorro de hasta US $1.6 millones al ańo. Al disminuir las complicaciones tras mejorar el acceso a los servicios seguros en ámbitos ambulatorios, disminuirían también los costos de la atención del aborto, lo cual sería un gran beneficio tanto para el sistema de salud de México como para las mujeres que buscan servicios de aborto. Aún se necesitan más investigaciones para explorar si se han logrado ahorros en costos post-legalización. French Abstract: En 2005, avant la légalisation de l'avortement, on a évalué les résultats et le coűt de l'avortement sur le systčme sanitaire ŕ Mexico, dans des établissements publics et privés. Les données ont été obtenues auprčs du personnel hospitalier et des patientes, et dans les dossiers administratifs. Les estimations directes des coűts incluaient le personnel, les médicaments, les consommables et l'équipement médical pour provoquer l'avortement ou traiter les avortements incomplets et d'autres complications. Les frais indirects de déplacement, de garde d'enfants et de perte de gain des patientes ont aussi été calculés. Le coűt moyen par avortement avec dilatation et curetage était de $US143. Par aspiration manuelle, il était de $US 111 dans trois hôpitaux publics et $US 53 dans une clinique privée. Le coűt moyen de l'avortement médicamenteux avec du misoprostol seul était de $US 79. En moyenne, le traitement des complications graves de l'avortement dans les hôpitaux publics allait de $US 601 ŕ plus de $US 2100. Un accčs élargi ŕ l'aspiration manuelle et ŕ l'avortement précoce au misoprostol permettrait de réduire de 62% les coűts gouvernementaux, avec des économies potentielles se chiffrant ŕ $US 1,6 million par an. En réduisant les complications par l'amélioration de l'accčs ŕ des services ambulatoires sűrs, on diminuerait encore le coűt des soins de l'avortement, avec de nets avantages pour le systčme de santé mexicain et les femmes souhaitant avorter. Il faut mener des recherches supplémentaires pour déterminer si des économies ont été réalisées aprčs l'adoption de la légalisation. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | URBAN AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | EXPENDITURES | FEES | CERVICAL DILATATION | CURETTAGE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Program Evaluation | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 342021 Notification |
| 17. Title: [The experience of the Mexican maternal health care program Arranque Parejo en la Vida] Participacion social en salud: la experiencia del programa de salud materna Author: Orozco-Nunez E; Gonzalez-Block MA; Kageyama-Escobar LM; Hernandez-Prado B Source: Salud Publica De Mexico. 2009 Mar-Apr;51(2):104-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of its participative strategies and the creation of support networks for poor pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative and comparative evaluation was carried on in four states. RESULTS: Coordination and community participation were relevant in relation with major resources allocation and availability, particularly housing and transportation. Governmental actors involvement and leadership favoured linking and coordination. Pregnant women used to valuate as the major support source the one provided by their kinship networks. CONCLUSIONS: To strengthen and to stimulate participative strategies is fundamental in zones with high maternal mortality rates. The wide appreciation of kinship networks, midwives and voluntaries' support to pregnant women in housing and transportation, suggests that these actors are a functional component of the support network; it is insufficient focusing the support network on health services and municipal authorities. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | LEADERSHIP | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Organization and Administration | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342075 |
| 18. Title: Barriers and facilitators of HIV prevention with heterosexual Latino couples: beliefs of four stakeholder groups. Author: Perez-Jimenez D; Seal DW; Serrano-Garcia I Source: Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology. 2009 Jan;15(1):11-7. Abstract: Although HIV prevention interventions for women are efficacious, long-term behavior change maintenance within power-imbalanced heterosexual relationships has been difficult. To explore the feasibility, content, and format of an HIV intervention for Latino couples, the authors conducted 13 focus groups with HIV/AIDS researchers, service providers, and heterosexual men and women in Puerto Rico, the Dominican Republic, and Mexico. Reasons that participants thought that men should be involved in prevention efforts included promotion of shared responsibility, creation of a safe environment for open conversation about sex, and increased sexual negotiation skills. Perceived barriers to men's involvement included cultural taboos, sexual conservatism associated with Catholicism and machismo, and power-imbalanced relationships. Participants stressed the need for recruitment of men within naturally occurring settings or by influential community leaders. Participants indicated that couples-level interventions would be successful if they used strong coed facilitators, included both unigender and mixed-gender discussion opportunities, and addressed personally meaningful topics. Implications of these findings are discussed. Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | PUERTO RICO | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | HETEROSEXUALS | MEN | HIV PREVENTION | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Culture Document Number: 330815 |
| 19. Title: The harm inside: injection during incarceration among male injection drug users in Tijuana, Mexico. Author: Pollini RA; Alvelais J; Gallardo M; Vera A; Lozada R; Magis-Rodriquez C; Strathdee SA Source: Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2009 Jul 1;103(1-2):52-8. Abstract: Limited access to sterile syringes and condoms in correctional facilities make these settings high risk environments for HIV transmission. Although incarceration among injection drug users (IDUs) is common, there is limited information regarding specific IDU risk behaviors inside. We examined correlates of incarceration, injection inside and syringe sharing inside among male IDUs recruited in Tijuana, Mexico, using respondent driven sampling (RDS) (n=898). An interviewer administered survey collected data on sociodemographic, behavioral and contextual characteristics. Associations with (a) history of incarceration, (b) injection inside, and (c) syringe sharing inside were identified using univariate and multiple logistic regression models with RDS adjustment. Seventy-six percent of IDUs had been incarcerated, of whom 61% injected inside. Three quarters (75%) of those who injected shared syringes. U.S. deportation [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=1.61; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.07, 2.43] and migration (AOR=1.81; 95% CI: 1.12, 2.95) were independently associated with incarceration. Injection inside was independently associated with recent receptive syringe sharing (AOR=2.46; 95% CI: 1.75, 3.45) and having sex with a man while incarcerated (AOR=3.59; 95% CI: 1.65, 7.83). Sharing syringes inside was independently associated with having sex with a man while incarcerated (AOR=6.18; 95% CI: 1.78, 21.49). A majority of incarcerated IDUs reported injecting and syringe sharing during incarceration, and these IDUs were more likely to engage in sex with other men. Corrections-based interventions to reduce injection and syringe sharing are urgently needed, as are risk reduction interventions for male IDUs who have sex with men while incarcerated. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IV DRUG USERS | MEN | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PRISONS | NEEDLE SHARING | HIV INFECTIONS | QUESTIONNAIRES | AGE FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics Document Number: 342796 |
| 20. Title: Maternal MTHFR polymorphisms and risk of spontaneous abortion. Author: Rodriguez-Guillen Mdel R; Torres-Sanchez L; Chen J; Galvan-Portillo M; Blanco-Munoz J; Anaya MA; Silva-Zolezzi I; Hernandez-Valero MA; Lopez-Carrillo L Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2009 Jan-Feb;51(1):19-25. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To asses the association between intake of folate and B vitamins and the incidence of spontaneous abortion (SA) according to the maternal methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) polymorphisms (677 C>T and 1298 A>C). MATERIAL AND METHODS: We conducted a nested case-control study within a perinatal cohort of women recruited in the state of Morelos, Mexico. Twenty-three women with SA were compared to 74 women whose pregnancy survived beyond week 20th. Intake of folate and B vitamins respectively, was estimated using a validated food frequency questionnaire. Maternal MTHFR polymorphisms were determined by PCR-RFLP and serum homocysteine levels by HPLC. RESULTS: Carriers of MTHFR 677TT and 1298AC genotypes respectively showed an increased risk of SA (OR 677TT vs. CC/CT=5.0; 95% CI: 1.2, 20.9 and OR 1298 AC vs. AA=5.5; 95% CI: 1.1, 26.6). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the role of MTHFR polymorphisms as a risk factor for SA, regardless of dietary intake of B vitamins. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | INCIDENCE | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 330500 |
| 21. Title: Dengue virus antibodies in blood donors from an endemic area. Author: Rodriguez Rodriguez D; Garza Rodriguez M; Chavarria AM; Ramos-Jimenez J; Rivera MA; Tamez RC; Farfan-Ale J; Rivas-Estilla AM Source: Transfusion Medicine. 2009 Jun;19(3):125-31. Abstract: We evaluated the incidence of anti-Dengue virus (DENV) antibodies and dengue viremia in a region of Mexico with a high prevalence of dengue. DENV is the most important arthropod-borne virus in terms of human morbidity and mortality in America We tested 800 blood donors from a tertiary care teaching hospital that provides care in Northeast Mexico, to identify anti-DENV IgM and IgG antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and DENV genome by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, routine tests for donors including Brucella, Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Venereal Disease Research Laboratory (VDRL), HIV-1 and HBsAg identification were performed. We found that 59% of donors were reactive for anti-DENV IgG and none of them had reported recent DENV infection; however, 16 (2%) were reactive for anti-DENV IgM antibodies. None of them were viremic at the time of donation. Routine tests showed that the prevalence of anti-Brucella was 0.71%, anti-HCV 0.71%, anti-HIV-1-2 0.14%, HBsAg 0.14% and VDRL test 0.57%. Although DENV transmission by blood transfusion had not been confirmed in Mexico, the finding of a high prevalence of anti-DENV IgM-positive donors with asymptomatic manifestations and the recent viremia reported in blood donors suggests that this route of transmission might be possible. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | TESTING | PREVALENCE | DENGUE | BLOOD DONORS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | ANTIBODIES | TRANSMISSION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Infections Document Number: 342973 |
| 22. Title: Prevalence of HIV antibodies in pregnant women with increased risk for AIDS. Author: Romero-Gutierrez G; De Luna-Ortega FR; Horna-Lopez A; Ponce-Ponce De Leon AL Source: Health Care For Women International. 2009 Aug;30(8):720-7. Abstract: The prevalence of Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies in pregnant women varies widely between industrialized and developing countries. There is a lack of information about the status of HIV-infected pregnant women with increased risk for AIDS. Our objective was to determine the prevalence of HIV antibodies in pregnant women with increased risk at the Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology of the Mexican Institute of Social Security, Leon, Mexico, from December 18, 2003, through February 28, 2006. In a cross-sectional study, 2,257 pregnant women with at least one risk factor for AIDS were recruited. In these women, a sample of blood to determine HIV antibodies was taken. There were two women with positive HIV antibodies; therefore, the HIV seroprevalence was 0.8 per 1,000. Of the two HIV-positive women, one of them had a history of chronic sexually transmitted diseases; she was married to a man who was working outside of our country for about 10 months, and also he had tattoos. The other HIV-positive woman had a history of chronic sexually transmitted diseases, and her husband had intercourse with different women. The risk factors of use of tattoos, migration to foreign countries, and use of injectable drugs were more frequent among the male partners than in the pregnant women (P < .001). We concluded that in our country as well as in other developing countries, the prevalence of HIV antibodies in pregnant women with risk factors is low but still present. Because a significant number of risk factors for AIDS also were found in their male partners, HIV testing should be performed in all pregnant women as well as in their male partners. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIBODIES | PREVALENCE | HIV TESTING | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 342817 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Unintended consequences: exploring the tensions between development programs and indigenous women in Mexico in the context of reproductive health. Author: Smith-Oka V Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;68:2069-2077. Abstract: This article offers a case study of the politics of reproduction present between development programs, medical practitioners, and population policies in Mexico. It particularly explores how these policies have shaped indigenous women's family planning choices. It analyzes the unintended consequences that emerge from the interaction between indigenous women, medicine, and an economic development program-Oportunidades. The study was based on participant observation and in-depth interviews carried out between 2004 and 2007 with 53 women, as well as doctors and nurses, in northern Veracruz. Results show that the close association of government policies with medical practitioners serves to constrain women's reproductive decisions. Medical practitioners use this association to promote the state's concern for family planning, unintentionally disempowering their target population. This article uses a political economy of fertility framework to look at broader processes affecting women's choices beyond thepersonal or domestic level. Such a framework allows us to analyze these connections and place women's reproductive rights within a larger struggle for human rights and dignity. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POLITICAL FACTORS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Rights | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 340202 |
| 24. Title: [Universal access, six years results in the Mexico City HIV/AIDS Program] Acceso universal al Programa de VIH/SIDA de la Ciudad de Mexico: resultados a Author: Soler Claudin C Source: Salud Publica de Mexico. 2009 Jan-Feb;51(1):26-33. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results of the Free Antiretroviral Medication Program of the Mexico City HIV/AIDS Program among the affected population in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of medical attention, antiretroviral treatment and specialized laboratory results data from 2001 to 2006 from patients who sought services from the Mexico City HIV/AIDS Program. RESULTS: Data from 5 146 patients who were undergoing ARV are presented. At the end of the period studied, 74% were current, 12.2% were not found for follow-up and 13.9% had died. CONCLUSIONS: During the period evaluated, wider coverage was achieved in Mexico City as well as increased efficiency in ARV treatment and increased patient survival. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH SERVICES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | HIV Document Number: 330499 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of sexual risk reduction among Mexican female sex workers enrolled in a behavioral intervention study. Author: Strathdee SA; Mausbach B; Lozada R; Staines-Orozco H; Semple SJ; Abramovitz D; Fraga-Vallejo M; Torre Ade L; Amaro H; Martinez-Mendizabal G; Magis-Rodriguez C; Patterson TL Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 May 1;51 Suppl 1:S42-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We recently showed efficacy of an intervention to increase condom use among female sex workers (FSWs) in Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez, situated on the Mexico-United States border. We determined whether increases in condom use were predicted by social cognitive theory and injection drug user status among women randomized to this intervention. METHODS: Four hundred nine HIV-negative FSWs aged >or=18 years having unprotected sex with clients within the prior 2 months received a brief individual counseling session integrating motivational interviewing and principles of behavior change (ie, HIV knowledge, self-efficacy for using condoms, and outcome expectancies). RESULTS: Increases in self-efficacy scores were associated with increases in percent condom use (P = 0.008), whereas outcome expectancies were not. Female sex workers who inject drugs (FSW-IDUs) increased condom use with clients but not to the same extent as other FSWs (P = 0.09). Change in HIV knowledge was positively associated with change in percent condom use among FSW-IDUs (P = 0.03) but not noninjection drug users. CONCLUSIONS: Increases in self-efficacy significantly predicted increased condom use among FSWs, consistent with social cognitive theory. Increased HIV knowledge was also important among FSW-IDUs, but their changes in condom use were modest. Enhanced interventions for FSW-IDUs are needed, taking into account realities of substance use during sexual transactions that can compromise safer sex negotiation. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | IV DRUG USERS | CONDOM USE | HIV | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERVENTIONS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Drug Use and Abuse | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341322 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Education gender gaps in Pakistan: Is the labor market to blame? Author: Urquieta J; Angeles G; Mroz R; Lamadrid-Figueroa H; Hernandes B Source: Economic Development and Cultural Change. 2009 Apr;57(3):539-558. Abstract: Oportunidades (formerly PROGRESA) is a conditional cash transfer program ran by the Mexican federal government designed to break the intergenerational cycle of poverty. Among other activities, it provides free delivery attendance for women enrolled in the program. Skilled attendance at delivery has been identified as an effective strategy to reduce maternal mortality, an important health problem in Mexico. In this paper we assess the impact of Oportunidades on skilled attendance at delivery taking advantage of the experimental design implemented for the evaluation of this program in rural areas and using a variety of analytical techniques. The main results of the study indicate that Oportunidades had, at best, only a small effect on skilled attendance at delivery in treatment communities. The program had larger effects on those women who had one birth just prior to the experimental treatment and another birth subsequent to the experimental treatment. These results should lead to a review about the strategies used by Oportunidades to increase skilled attendance at delivery. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILDBIRTH | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POVERTY | INTERVENTIONS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341096 |
| 27. Title: Dental school deans' and dentists' perceptions of infection control and HIV/AIDS patient care: a challenge for dental education in Mexico. Author: Vazquez-Mayoral EE; Sanchez-Perez L; Olguin-Barreto Y; Acosta-Gio AE Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 Jul;23(7):557-62. Abstract: HIV/AIDS patients face unique oral diagnostic and treatment challenges. The aim of this investigation among dental school deans (DSD) and graduate school applicants (GSA) who had qualified from 30 different dental schools was to assess their perceptions on dental education relevant to infection control (IC) and HIV/AIDS patient care. The questionnaire included Likert-type scale evaluations of agreement with statements. Of 158 questionnaires, 23 DSD (68% response rate), and 123 GSA (100% response rate) returned valid questionnaires. Fifteen (65%) DSD and 89 (72%) GSA ranked as "very strong" their perception that infection control prevents the transmission of blood borne viruses. However, the perception prevailed, among DSD and GSA, that HIV infection was a "very strong" to "strong" occupational hazard. Special reprocessing of instruments used on HIV patients was frequently reported. Many considered "very strong" to "strong" that HIV/AIDS patients must be treated in specialized clinics, and nearly half (48%) of the DSD and one third (35%) of the GSA stated that their school does refer HIV/AIDS patients to dental treatment in specialized clinics. These results indicate that many dental schools in Mexico must provide better education on IC and HIV/AIDS patient care to enhance attitudes toward HIV/AIDS patients. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | DENTISTS | PERCEPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | STAFF ATTITUDE | IEC | NEEDS | RISK FACTORS | FEAR | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Attitudes | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Emotions Document Number: 342982 |
| 28. Title: The Mexico City Policy / Global Gag Rule: its impact on family planning and reproductive health. Hearing before the Committee on Foreign Affairs, One Hundred Tenth Congress, First Session, October 31, 2007. Author: United States. Congress. House of Representatives. Committee on Foreign Affairs Source: Washington, D.C., United States Government Printing Office, 2008. 132 p. (Serial No. 110-121) Abstract: Witnesses testifying on the impact of the Mexico City Policy / Global Gag Rule on family planning and reproductive health included: The Honorable Nita Lowey, a Representative in Congress from the State of New York, The Honorable Marilyn Musgrave, a Representative in Congress from the State of Colorado, Duff G. Gillespie, Ph.D., Professor and Senior Scholar, Gates Institute for Population and Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Ejike Oji, M.B.B.S., Country Director, Ipas Nigeria, Joana Nerquaye-Tetteh, Ph.D., Former Executive Director, Planned Parenthood Association of Ghana, Jean Kagia, M.D. (Kenya), Consultant, Obstetrician & Gynecologist. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | COURT DECISION | LITIGATION | FAMILY PLANNING | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | IMPACT | HEALTH POLICY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | ABORTION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Communication | Policy | Human Rights | Fertility Control, Postconception Document Number: 331436 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual violence and proximate risks: a study on trafficked women in Mexico City. Author: Acharya AK Source: Gender Technology and Development. 2008;12(1):77-99. Abstract: Trafficking in humans is an integral part of the social and economic fabric in Mexico as in other parts of the world. This practice causes intolerable degradation and suffering for the girls and young women involved and are treated as a commodity. The process results in a risk to their physical and mental health, and in particular, to their sexual health, which I have explored in this research. Sixty trafficked women currently working as commercial sex workers were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire, and 13 in-depth interviews were conducted in the La Merced red-light area of Mexico City. Trafficked women in Mexico are basically young women, have little education and are mostly unmarried. The women I interviewed were working in cheap hotels and were living with a pimp. In the week prior to the interviews, 70 percent were beaten with objects, 100 percent were abused verbally, 28 percent were burned by lighting cigarettes, 36 percent were threatened with being killed and 22 percent were raped by clients and traffickers. Unwanted pregnancies and forced abortions were common; 65 percent had had at least one abortion. Almost all women had been infected by sexually transmitted diseases. The present research concluded that sexual violence has serious physical and mental health risks on trafficked women and it needs an urgent response from the government not only to provide health facilities to these women but also to eradicate women trafficking in Mexico. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL ABUSE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | MENTAL HEALTH | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Violence | Behavior | Health Document Number: 329255 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Quality of life in obese pregnant women: A longitudinal study. Author: Amador N; Juárez JM; Guízar JM; Linares B Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Feb;198(2):203.e1-203.e5. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to assess the contribution of obesity on quality of a woman's life during pregnancy. At the Hospital of Gynecology and Obstetrics in Leon, Mexico, we followed-up 220 pregnant women (110 obese and 110 nonobese) who completed the 12-item short-form health survey at the beginning and during the third trimester of pregnancy. The mental component score was lower in obese than in nonobese women at the beginning of gestation and at the third trimester but increased in the entire group during pregnancy. The physical component score (PCS) decreased during pregnancy and was lower in obese than in nonobese pregnant women (43.5 vs 47.2; P = .01) at the third trimester. Baseline body mass index, weight gain, and complications during pregnancy were associated negatively with PCS (R/2 = 0.11; P less than .001 for the model). Baseline body mass index, weight gain, and complications during gestation are associated negatively with PCS of quality of life. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | OBESITY | BODY WEIGHT | QUALITY OF LIFE | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Diseases Document Number: 323987 |
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