1.  Title: Quantitative analysis of DHEA and androsterone in female urine: investigating the effects of menstrual cycle, oral contraception and training on exercise-induced changes in young women. Author: Bayle ML; Enea C; Goetinck P; Lafay F; Boisseau N; Dugue B; Flament-Waton MM; Grenier-Loustalot MF Source: Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009 Feb;393(4):1315-25. Abstract: Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and its metabolite androsterone (A) are natural steroids secreted in high quantities in human body. To assess the influence of oral contraceptives, menstrual cycle phase, and also physical exercise (acute and chronic such as training) on these metabolites excretions, a collection of 28 female urine specimens was organized. A three-extraction-step method was developed, and the analyses were performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using deuterated 19-noretiocholanolone as the internal standard. Sample hydration state was found to be of great importance for kinetic studies, as it directly influenced the concentrations. No influence of menstrual cycle and training was found for androsterone and DHEA. However, oral contraceptive intake lowered DHEA excretion in urine and A seems to be slightly affected by exercise. Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ATHLETES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FITNESS | DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE | ANALYSIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PHYSIOLOGY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Biology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 330963 |
| 2. Title: Laryngeal aerodynamics associated with oral contraceptive use: Preliminary findings. Author: Gorham-Rowan M; Fowler L Source: Journal of Communication Disorders. 2009 May 21; Abstract: The purpose of this study was to examine possible differences in laryngeal aerodynamic measures during connected speech associated with oral contraceptive (OC) use. Eight women taking an OC, and eight others not taking an OC, participated in the study. Three trials of syllable /p/repetitions were obtained using a circumferentially vented face mask and small translabial tube. All participants were recorded on or near days 7 and 14 of their menstrual cycle. Subglottal pressure (P(SG)) and average airflow rates were obtained to determine laryngeal airway resistance. Glottal airflow measures of peak flow, minimum flow, alternating flow, as well as relative sound level (RSL) were obtained. P(SG) was obtained from the pressure peak associated with/p/. All airflow parameters and RSL were obtained from the vowel portion. No significant differences were found related to day of recording or OC use, indicating that OC use does not significantly affect laryngeal airflow regulation. LEARNING OUTCOMES: The reader will better understand the effects of hormones and oral contraceptives on the female voice, as well as the specific changes in vocal function that may occur in conjunction with the use of oral contraceptives. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ESTROGENS | PROGESTERONE | ORAL EFFECTS | EDEMA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Menstruation | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases Document Number: 341750 |
| 3. Title: Estradiol valerate/dienogest: in oral contraception. Author: Hoy SM; Scott LJ Source: Drugs. 2009;69(12):1635-46. Abstract: Estradiol valerate/dienogest is an oral contraceptive for women that combines the natural estrogen estradiol with the 19-nortestosterone derivative dienogest in a four-phasic formulation. black triangle Estradiol valerate/dienogest demonstrated contraceptive efficacy in a large (n = 1377), noncomparative, multicentre study in women aged 18-50 years, with 13 pregnancies over 1797.5 women-years of exposure generating an unadjusted Pearl Index (PI) of 0.73 (upper limit of 95% CI 1.24) [primary endpoint]. Six of the pregnancies were attributed to method failure, resulting in an adjusted PI, based on 1786.5 women-years of exposure, of 0.34 (upper limit of 95% CI 0.73). black triangle In a double-blind study in 798 women aged 18-50 years, estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel demonstrated an acceptable bleeding pattern and level of cycle control, according to several co-primary endpoints. black triangle As reported in the UK manufacturer's summary of product characteristics, the unadjusted PI for women aged 18-35 years or 18-50 years in a pooled analysis of clinical studies was 1.01 (upper limit of 95% CI 1.59) and 0.79 (upper limit of 95% CI 1.23). This pooled analysis of three studies excluded those pregnancies occurring within 14 days of the cessation of therapy. black triangle Estradiol valerate/dienogest was generally well tolerated in this population, with the nature of adverse events generally similar across the studies and between estradiol valerate/dienogest and ethinylestradiol/levonorgestrel. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PHASIC | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ESTRADIOL | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | PEARL'S FORMULA | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Oral Contraceptives, Combined | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Use-Effectiveness | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 342469 |
| 4. Title: Oral contraceptive pill containing drospirenone and the professional voice: An electrolaryngographic analysis. Author: La FM; Howard DM; Ledger W; Davidson JW; Jones G Source: Logopedics, Phoniatrics, Vocology. 2009 Apr;34(2):11-19. Abstract: Few studies have been concerned with the effects of combined oral contraceptive pills (OCP) on those who use their voices as a tool of trade. A cohort study involving 20 female professional voice users was carried out assessing irregularity of vocal fold vibration, based on: 1) period-to-period frequency peaks (CFx), and 2) period-to-period amplitude peaks (CAx) in the cycle-to-cycle excitation of the vocal tract. These vocal measures and blood samples were collected at three points of the menstrual cycle, for both natural and OCP cycles. No significant differences were found in vocal parameters assessed between the natural and OCP cycles. The intake of this OCP was not found to have a systematic effect on the vocal parameters studied. Based on these results the modern OCP preparations can be considered safe medications which do not have a negative effect on voice quality in professional voice users. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ARTISTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | ANABOLIC STEROIDS | SONGS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Music | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329663 |
| 5. Title: The effects of menstrual cycle phase on clinical measures of concussion in healthy college-aged females. Author: Mihalik JP; Ondrak KS; Guskiewicz KM; McMurray RG Source: Journal of Science and Medicine In Sport. 2009 May;12(3):383-7. Abstract: The management of concussion and mild traumatic brain injury is an area of clinical uncertainty for many sports medicine professionals. While recent studies suggest sex differences in neurocognitive function may exist, our understanding of the effects of menstrual cycle phase and oral contraceptive pill (OCP) use in healthy females is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there were changes in neurocognitive function, postural stability and self-reported symptoms between the early and late stages of the menstrual cycle, and also to identify whether performance across menstrual cycle would differ between females using OCP and eumenorrheic females not using OCP. Healthy college-aged females completed a standard concussion test battery including computerised assessment of neurocognitive function, postural stability and symptom status. Participants completed the counterbalanced testing design during the early and late phases of their menstrual cycle. No significant main effects or interactions for any neurocognitive function or postural stability outcome measure were observed. Eumenorrheic females endorsed a higher number of symptoms and reported an increased symptom severity score compared to females using OCP. Menstrual cycle phase had no effect on the total severity or the number of symptoms endorsed. These results suggest preseason neurocognitive and postural stability baseline tests are stable across the menstrual cycle, regardless of OCP use. Therefore, decreased performance on these measures following a suspected concussion is likely not attributable to menstrual cycle phase or use of OCP. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | YOUTH | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | SPORTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TESTING | NEUROLOGIC EFFECTS | SENSORY EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Diseases | Measurement | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342413 |
| 6. Title: Voice onset time in women as a function of oral contraceptive use. Author: Morris RJ; Gorham-Rowan MM; Herring KD Source: Journal of Voice. 2009 Jan;23(1):114-8. Abstract: Previous studies of the effect of hormonal changes across phases of the menstrual cycle on voice onset time (VOT) have not considered the variable of oral contraceptive use. The purpose of this study was to examine both the effects of menstrual cycle phase and that of oral contraceptive use on VOT. It was hypothesized that women taking oral contraceptives would exhibit smaller VOT differences across the phases of their menstrual cycles. The study was a prospective matched-group experimental design. Participants were 10 women who were on oral contraceptives and 10 who were not. The participants were recorded over two menstrual cycles, on the 10th and 20th day to evaluate their speech during the preovulation and premenstrual phases of their menstrual cycle. Participants produced 10 repetitions of the phrase "Speak ___ to me" containing the target syllables /bae/ and /pae/. Repeated measure ANOVAs revealed no significant differences in VOT between the two groups. Statistical results showed significant interactions between the menstrual cycle phase and the 2 recording months. It is possible that month-to-month differences in hormonal levels and other factors that can affect speech may have a greater effect on VOT than either the taking of oral contraceptives or the phase differences within a menstrual cycle. Language: English Keywords: FLORIDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | MATCHED GROUPS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Control Groups | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 331291 |
| 7. Title: Why use of dienogest for the first contraceptive pill with estradiol? Author: Mueck AO; Seeger H; Buhling KJ Source: Gynecological Endocrinology. 2009 Aug 11;:1-5. Abstract: Dienogest (DNG) has the essential properties of an effective progestogen for use in a new contraceptive pill using estradiol valerate as estrogenic component - it inhibits ovulation and protects against endometrial proliferation. DNG is a derivative of norethisterone (NET), but has a cyanomethyl- instead of an ethinyl-group in C17 position which may offer a variety of benefits regarding hepatic effects. The similarity to NET is reflected in the high endometriotropy and in similar pharmacokinetics like short plasma half-live and high bioavailability. However, DNG also elicits properties of progesterone derivatives like neutrality in metabolic and cardiovascular system and considerable antiandrogenic activity, the latter increased by lack of binding to SHBG as specific property of DNG. It has no glucocorticoid and antimineralocorticoid activity and has no antiestrogenic activity with the consequence that possible beneficial estradiol effects should not be antagonized. This may be of special importance for the tolerability and safety of the first pill with estradiol valerate instead of ethinylestradiol, although well-designed postmarketing studies are still ongoing to demonstrate what can be expected on the basis of pharmacology. Language: English Keywords: GERMANY | CRITIQUE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PHASIC | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | ESTRADIOL | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | HEPATIC EFFECTS | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Oral Contraceptives, Combined | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Safety | Public Health | Health | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Central Nervous System | Menstruation | Reproduction | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342487 |
| 8. Title: Are oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase related to anterior cruciate ligament injury risk in female recreational skiers? Author: Ruedl G; Ploner P; Linortner I; Schranz A; Fink C; Sommersacher R; Pocecco E; Nachbauer W; Burtscher M Source: Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2009 Mar 31; Abstract: Oral contraceptive use and menstrual cycle phase are suggested to influence the risk of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in female athletes. However, only few data are available for recreational sports. Therefore, female recreational skiers with a non-contact ACL injury and age-matched controls completed a self-reported questionnaire relating to menstrual history, oral contraceptive use and previous knee injuries. Menstrual history data were used to group subjects into either preovulatory or postovulatory phases of menstrual cycle. Our findings suggest that oral contraceptive use did not show any protective effect against ACL injuries nor did self-reported previous knee injuries show any association with ACL injury rate in recreational alpine skiing. Analysis of menstrual history data revealed that recreational skiers in the preovulatory phase were significantly more likely to sustain an ACL injury than were skiers in the postovulatory phase. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | WOMEN | ATHLETES | SPORTS | LEISURE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | RISK FACTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Behavior | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Health | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Measurement Document Number: 330925 |
| 9. Title: Oral hormonal contraceptives affect the concentration and composition of urinary glycosaminoglycans in young women. Author: Zamboni MJ; Cabral CA; Sampaio FJ; Cardoso LE Source: International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction. 2009 Jul 4; Abstract: INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: Urinary glycosaminoglycans (uGAG) have protective effects against urinary tract disorders. Here we investigated whether oral hormonal contraceptives (OC) affect uGAG excretion. METHODS: Urine specimens were from young women regularly taking: ethinyl estradiol + drospirenone, n = 9; ethinyl estradiol + cyproterone acetate, n = 9; and ethinyl estradiol + gestodene, n = 7. Controls were from ten women not taking OC. Total uGAG was assayed as hexuronic acid/urinary creatinine. Sulfated uGAG species was determined by electrophoresis. RESULTS: Unlike controls, total uGAG in the two halves of the menstrual cycle was similar in the OC groups. Whole cycle uGAG was higher in the OC groups (p < 0.01), especially for ethinyl estradiol + cyproterone acetate (p < 0.005). The three OC produced decreases of ~50% in heparan sulfate (p < 0.02) and dermatan sulfate (p < 0.02), and a ~100% increase in chondroitin sulfate (p < 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: uGAG excretion is changed in women taking OC, and this might enhance the protective effects of these molecules against urinary tract disorders. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | INFECTIONS | CYSTITIS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Menstruation | Reproduction | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases Document Number: 341973 |
10.  Title: Advantages of the “Immediate-Start” approach to initiating hormonal contraception. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2008]. [2] p. (Research Brief on Hormonal Contraception) Abstract: A new Cochrane review suggests that the "immediate-start" approach to initiating hormonal contraception may be more acceptable to clients than a standard approach. However, women who use the immediate-start approach may have different experiences depending on the contraceptive method they choose. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DEPO-PROVERA | VAGINAL RING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Menstruation | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Document Number: 331724 |
| 11. Title: Potential market for CycleBeads: a basic model for estimating demand. Author: Georgetown University. Institute for Reproductive Health Source: Washington, D.C., Georgetown University, Institute for Reproductive Health, 2008. [13] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-07-0003-00) Abstract: The purpose of this tool kit is to provide programs with guidelines for establishing an initial supply of CycleBeads in their country or region. CycleBeads are a string of teardrop-shaped, colored beads that represent each day of a woman's menstrual cycle. They help a women know if she is on a day when pregnancy is likely or on a day when pregnancy is very unlikely. CycleBeads are based on the Standard Days Method (SDM) of family planning. This model is a tool to help program managers use generally available statistics and data to define the potential market for CycleBeads in their area. It is intended to help guide estimations for overall CycleBeads demand in a country for which there is no or little historical data on CycleBeads use. (Excerpts) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TEACHING MATERIALS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | RHYTHM METHOD, CALENDAR | NEEDS | AWARENESS | IEC | FAMILY PLANNING, TRADITIONAL METHODS | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Menstruation | Reproduction | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331671 |
| 12. Title: Oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine. Clinical aspects and response to frovatriptan. Author: Allais G; Bussone G; Airola G; Borgogno P; Gabellari IC Source: Neurological Sciences. 2008 May;29 Suppl 1:S186-90. Abstract: Oral contraceptive-induced menstrual migraine (OCMM) is a poorly defined migraine subtype mainly triggered by the cyclic pill suspension. In this pilot, open-label trial we describe its clinical features and evaluate the efficacy of frovatriptan in the treatment of its acute attack. During the first 3 months of the study 20 women (mean age 32.2+/-7.0, range 22-46) with a 6-month history of pure OCMM recorded, in monthly diary cards, clinical information about their migraine. During the 4th menstrual cycle they treated an OCMM attack with frovatriptan 2.5 mg. The majority of attacks were moderate/severe and lasted 25-72 h or more, in the presence of usual treatment. Generally an OCMM attack appeared within the first 5 days after the pill suspension, but in 15% of cases it started later. After frovatriptan administration, headache intensity progressively decreased (2.4 at onset, 1.6 after 2 h, 1.1 after 4 h and 0.8 after 24 h; p=0.0001). In 55% of patients pain relief was reported after 2 h. Ten percent of subjects were pain-free subjects after 2 h, 35% after 4 h and 60% after 24 h (p=0.003 for trend); 36% relapsed within 24 h. Rescue medication was needed by 35% of patients; 50% of frovatriptan-treated required a second dose. Concomitant nausea and/or vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia decreased significantly after drug intake. OCMM is a severe form of migraine; actually its clinical features are not always exactly identified by the ICHD-II classification. However, treatment with frovatriptan 2.5 mg might be effective in its management. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MIGRAINE | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | NAUSEA | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Menstruation Disorders | Menstruation | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms Document Number: 328667 |
| 13. Title: Facilitated acquisition of the classically conditioned eyeblink response in women taking oral contraceptives. Author: Beck KD; McLaughlin J; Bergen MT; Cominski TP; Moldow RL; Servatius RJ Source: Behavioural Pharmacology. 2008 Dec;19(8):821-8. Abstract: Although anecdotal reports suggest that associative learning processes are affected by menstrual phase, empirical evidence has been equivocal. Moreover, there is a dearth of research concerning fluctuations of artificial or exogenous female hormones on learning and memory. Therefore, in this preliminary study we assessed learning in women who take oral contraceptives and those who do not during the three phases of the menstrual cycle: early, middle, and later cycle. The behavioral assessment included short-trace eyeblink conditioning, acoustic startle reactivity, and a fine motor coordination task (grooved pegboard). Oral contraceptive users generally acquired the conditioned eyeblink response better than non-users. Similar enhancements were observed for fine motor coordination and startle responsiveness. Further research will need to distinguish whether the hormone influence is upon the associative processes or the sensory-motor pathways involved in nonassociative learning. Language: English Keywords: NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | OPHTHALMOLOGICAL EFFECTS | EYESIGHT | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | BEHAVIOR | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | SENSORY EFFECTS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Central Nervous System Document Number: 330965 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Physiologic and psychologic symptoms associated with use of injectable contraception and 20 micrograms oral contraceptive pills. Author: Berenson AB; Odom SD; Breitkopf CR; Rahman M Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008;:[12] p. Abstract: The objective of the study was to compare menstrual, physiologic, and psychologic symptoms over 2 years among women initiating use of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate or an oral contraceptive pill with a reduced pill-free interval and those not using hormonal contraception. A total of 608 women reported their experience regarding 17 symptoms prior to initiating contraception and every 6 months thereafter for 24 months. Longitudinal relationships between symptoms and contraceptives were assessed after adjusting for age, visits, and baseline status of symptoms. Oral contraceptive pills were protective against mastalgia (odds ratio [OR], 0.7), cramping (OR, 0.5), hair loss (OR, 0.6), acne (OR, 0.4), nervousness (OR, 0.5), and mood swings (OR, 0.7). Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) was protective against bloating (OR, 0.5) and mood swings (OR, 0.7) but caused weight gain (OR, 2.3), bleeding episodes more than 20 days (OR, 13.4), and missed periods (OR, 96.9). Both methods caused intermenstrual bleeding. Evidence-based data regarding beneficial and adverse symptoms associated with these methods may help clinicians counsel patients appropriately prior to contraceptive initiation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | INJECTABLES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation | Reproduction | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 327556 |
| 15. Title: Sex differences in the control of glucose homeostasis. Author: Blaak E Source: Current Opinion In Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care. 2008 Jul;11(4):500-4. Abstract: PURPOSE OF REVIEW: A markedly higher prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance has been reported in women than in men, whereas the opposite was seen for impaired fasting glucose. The present review focuses on the underlying mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS: An increased meal glucose appearance and disturbances in postprandial glucose disposal may contribute to higher glucose concentrations in women. An increased, similar or reduced insulin sensitivity has been reported in women than in men, which makes it unclear to what extent a disturbed insulin-mediated glucose disposal may contribute to increased postprandial glucose concentrations in women. This discrepancy may be explained by differences in the phase of menstrual cycle during the study, the use of oral contraceptives and different degrees of physical fitness. Nevertheless, there are consistent data indicating that women are protected against fatty acid-induced insulin resistance. Furthermore, both disturbances in endogenous glucose output and metabolic clearance of glucose may contribute to the reduced fasting glucose concentrations in women. SUMMARY: There is an urgent need for studies that test whether sex-related disturbances in glucose metabolism may be involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome, taking age, menstrual cycle, the use of oral contraceptives and physical activity into account. Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADULTS | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | TIME FACTORS | DIABETES | AGE FACTORS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | FITNESS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 328649 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Well-being, sleep, exercise patterns, and the menstrual cycle: A comparison of natural hormones, oral contraceptives and Depo-Provera. Author: Brown SG; Morrison LA; Larkspur LM; Marsh AL; Nicolaisen N Source: Women and Health. 2008;47(1):105-121. Abstract: Overall well-being, sleep and exercise patterns were investigated in women between the ages of 18 and 36 years with natural hormone profiles (n = 12), and women using oral contraceptives (n = 12) or Depo-Provera (n = 12) from January 18, 2005 to December 7, 2005. Daily questionnaires on the above variables were obtained across 3 menstrual cycles (108 cycles). Women using hormonal contraception reported more overall negative well-being than women with natural hormone profiles (p = .038). Positive well-being at mid-cycle was positively correlated with increased sleep by the natural hormone (p less than .05) and oral contraception groups (p less than .05) but not by the Depo-Provera group. Women with natural hormone profiles walked more when they reported decreased well-being. Our findings indicate that the use of Depo-Provera interferes with the natural relations between sleep, cycle phase and well-being. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HAWAII | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | DEPO-PROVERA | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | SLEEPING | FITNESS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | HAPPINESS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction | Emotions | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326422 |
| 17. Title: An open-label, multicentre trial to evaluate the vaginal bleeding pattern of the combined contraceptive vaginal ring NuvaRing. Author: Bruni V; Pontello V; Luisi S; Petraglia F Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Jul;139(1):65-71. Abstract: The objective of this multicentre, non-controlled, open-label study is the evaluation of the bleeding patterns during the use of a vaginal combined contraceptive, its safety in relation to occurrence of adverse effects, its efficacy as a contraceptive method and user compliance. Healthy female volunteers (N = 165), asking for contraception, were enrolled to participate in the study. Each subject was given seven vaginal rings, releasing an average amount of 120 microg etonogestrel (ENG) and 15 microg ethinylestradiol (EE) per day. Study period was 7 cycles. A total of 878 cycles was valid for statistical analysis. The primary parameter, (breakthrough bleeding and/or spotting), was recorded for each cycle. The subjects were asked to report any adverse effect experienced during the treatment period, general physical and gynaecological examinations were performed and haematological blood tests were taken. Breakthrough bleeding/spotting occurred in 5.01% cycles (44 out of 878 cycles, of whom 37 were breakthrough spotting only). Absence of withdrawal bleeding during the ring-free period was reported in 1.94% cycles (17 out of 878). Forty-one subjects (24.8%) reported 66 events that were potentially drug-related. The most frequently drug-related events were weight increase (10 cases), headache (9 cases), nausea (4 cases). No pregnancy was reported during the study period. Haematology and chemical chemistry tests showed no clinically significant abnormality. In the present study, NuvaRing has shown to be a valid contraceptive method to ensure optimal cycle control with low incidence of irregular bleeding and altered withdrawal bleeding. The low incidence of gastrointestinal side effects (nausea, vomiting) may be related the low hormonal dose and to the vaginal delivery of hormones which avoids the gastrointestinal tract. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | VAGINAL RING | BLEEDING | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | USER COMPLIANCE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 325789 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Cardiovascular risks and metabolic syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author: Cheung LP; Lam PM; Lok IH; Haines CJ; So WY Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(6):1431-1438. Abstract: Women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) frequently exhibit central obesity, glucose intolerance, atherogenic dyslipidaemia and hypertension which are characteristic features of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). A total of 295 premenopausal Chinese women with PCOS diagnosed by the Rotterdam criteria (mean age: 30.2 plus or minus 6.4 years) and 98 control subjects without PCOS were evaluated for prevalence of MetS and cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidaemia and dysglycaemia. Using the 2005 modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria, MetS (presence of three or more risk factors) was found in 24.9% of PCOS women compared to 3.1% of controls. The prevalence of MetS in PCOS women increased from 16.7% at under 30 years of age to 53.3% at over 40 years. MetS was also more prevalent in overweight and obese (41.3%) than normal-weight PCOS women (0.9%). However, multivariate regression analysis showed that women with PCOS had a 5-fold increase in risk of MetS (odds ratio 4.90; 95% confidence interval: 1.35-17.84) compared with women without PCOS even after controlling for age and BMI, suggesting PCOS alone is an independent risk factor for MetS. There is high prevalence of MetS in Hong Kong Chinese women with PCOS despite their relatively young age. Recognition of these cardiometabolic risk factors requires a high level of awareness in conjunction with early and regular screening. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | OVARIAN CYSTS | PREVALENCE | OBESITY | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics Document Number: 326851 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Occurrence of menses or pregnancy after cessation of a continuous oral contraceptive. Author: Davis AR; Kroll R; Soltes B; Zhang N; Grubb GS Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 May;89(5):1059-1063. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the time to return to spontaneous menses in women after 1 year of daily continuous levonorgestrel (LNG) 90 mg/ethinyl E2 (EE) 20 mg. The design used was an observational study. The setting was gynecologic and primary care practices. The patients studied were women aged 18-49 years with a history of regular menstrual cycles. After participation in an openlabel, continuous oral contraceptive (OC) trial for at least 6 months, participants agreed to enroll in a separate study of the return to menses or pregnancy. The main outcome measure was the time to return to spontaneous menses or pregnancy. The 198 subjects had a mean age of 30.4 plus or minus 6.6 years with 72% white, 13% Hispanic, and 7% African American. The mean duration of continuous LNG/EE treatment before enrollment was 349 plus or minus 41 days. Of the 187 (94%) subjects who completed this study, 181 returned to spontaneous menses and 4 became pregnant within 90 days after the last dose of LNG 90 mg/EE 20 mg.The median time to return to menses in the completer population was 32 days, and the incidence of spontaneous menses or pregnancy at day%90 was 98.9%. The duration of amenorrhea during continuous LNG/ EE use before stopping treatment was unrelated to the time to the return to menses. Spontaneous menses or pregnancy occurred in 98.9% of women after cessation of continuous LNG/EE. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | MENSTRUATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | PREGNANCY | REVERSIBILITY | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Reproduction | Population Dynamics Document Number: 326994 |
| 20. Title: New drugs in development for the treatment of endometriosis. Author: Fedele L; Somigliana E; Frontino G; Benaglia L; Vigano P Source: Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs. 2008 Aug;17(8):1187-1202. Abstract: Endometriosis is a common and enigmatic disease causing pelvic pain and infertility. Current treatment is mainly based on the use of surgery and ovarian suppressive agents. There is in particular the need for new therapeutic options able to allow a normal menstrual cycle to occur and also consent pregnancy. In the present review, we aimed to give a concise and practical overview in order to allow the clinician to clearly understand the level of development of these drugs. We have presented only treatments supported by in vivo researches with a special attention to studies in humans. Results show appealing new possibilities are emerging from agents counteracting the endometriosis-associated inflammation. Recent data also suggests that there is still the opportunity to refine the use of already available agents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | ENDOMETRIOSIS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | DRUGS | TREATMENT | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327580 |
| 21. Title: Effect of combined oral contraceptives on breast epithelial proliferation in young women. Author: Garcia y Narvaiza D; Navarrete MA; Falzoni R; Maier CM; Nazario AC Source: Breast Journal. 2008 Sep-Oct;14(5):450-5. Abstract: The mammary gland undergoes morphologic changes during the menstrual cycle. Proliferation of normal breast epithelium is most extensive during the natural luteal phase. To determine the impact of one cycle of a combined oral contraceptive (COC) on breast homeostasis, we evaluated the proliferation index (PI), determined by KI-67 expression, in normal human mammary epithelial cells and correlated it with cellular proliferation in spontaneous menstrual cycles during the same period. Normal breast tissue samples were obtained from 82 patients randomized in two groups. Forty-two women in group A received one cycle of a COC (30 mug ethinyl estradiol and 150 mug levonorgestrel) administrated daily for 21 days, beginning on the first day of the menstrual cycle. Group B patients (n = 40) experienced a natural menstrual cycle. Menstrual cycle phase characterization was based on the date of the last period and subsequent menses and on progesterone serum levels obtained at the time of biopsy. The PI (number of Ki-67-positive nuclei per 1,000 epithelial cells), was significantly larger in group A (5.47 +/- 3.87), than in group B (3.27 +/- 3.24), p < 0.01. A cyclical variation of PI was observed in COC cycles. The rise in PI in the first week of the COC cycles was significantly higher than in the natural cycle (COC = 7.02 +/- 4.94; non-COC = 1.10 +/- 0.67; p < 0.0011). There was no significant difference between the two groups during the other weeks. Additionally, there was an inverse correlation between proliferation and chronological age, irrespective of the stage of the cycle. The PI of COC (p = 0.175) and natural cycles (p = 0.466) were not statistically different in younger patients. COC users have increased proliferative activity at the beginning of the menstrual cycle. This alteration in the pattern of proliferative activity may relate to the increased risk of breast cancer that has been associated with COCs. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | BREAST EXAM | SAFETY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developed Countries | North America | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health Document Number: 329240 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: A simple screening approach for assessing community prevalence and phenotype of polycystic ovary syndrome in a semiurban population in Sri Lanka. Author: Kumarapeli V; Seneviratne RD; Wijeyaratne CN; Yapa RM; Dodampahala SH Source: American Journal of Epidemiology. 2008;168(3):321-328. Abstract: In most of South Asia, prevalences and phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) among women in the community are unknown. The authors aimed to estimate prevalence and phenotype in a community setting in Sri Lanka and to test a valid, feasible screening approach to early diagnosis. A community-based, cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005-2006. A random sample of 3,030 women aged 15-39 years was selected by cluster sampling proportionate to population size. An interviewer-administered questionnaire was utilized to screen for "probable cases" of PCOS based on menstrual history and clinical manifestations of hyperandrogenism. Selected "probable cases" underwent clinical, biochemical, and ovarian ultrasound assessment. The response rate was 96.2% (n = 2,915). A total of 220 (7.5%) "probable cases" were identified: 209 women with oligo/amenorrhea (95%) and 11 women with hirsutism (5%). Further evaluation of the 220 probable cases confirmed 164 newly diagnosed cases of PCOS based on the 2003 Rotterdam diagnostic criteria. With 19 previously diagnosed cases already present, total prevalence was 6.3% (95% confidence interval: 5.9, 6.8). Of the women with "oligo/amenorrhea and/or hirsutism," 91.1% were confirmed to have PCOS; 99.4% of women with "regular cycles in the absence of clinical hyperandrogenism" were confirmed as normal. The most common phenotypes of PCOS were oligo/amenorrhea and polycystic ovaries (91.4%) and oligo/amenorrhea and hirsutism (48.3%). Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | URBAN POPULATION | PREVALENCE | OVARIAN CYSTS | SCREENING | GENETICS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Diseases | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 327748 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Re: Intrauterine contraception as an alternative to interval tubal sterilization [letter] Author: Marasinghe JP; Wijeyaratne CN Source: Contraception. 2008 Jul;78(1):84-5; author reply 84. Abstract: We read with interest the article by Grimes and Mishell on intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUD) and tubal sterilization. They elaborate on the usefulness of IUD compared to interval tubal sterilization. However, there are some issues that need further consideration. The cost of IUD, especially the cost of levenogestrel-releasing IUD (LNG-IUS), should gather the most speculation. It is important to analyze 5-year cost of contraceptives and their effectiveness and choose the least expensive methods. Nonetheless, the initial cost of LNG-IUS, which is approximately £100, is not comparable with cost of interval tubal sterilization, in low- and middle-income countries. Due to economic constraints, LNG-IUS is yet a novel method of contraception in developing countries. There are other hindrances for effective implementation of IUD. Myths perpetuated by women regarding dangers of IUD must not be ignored. Misconception regarding IUD needs eradication by education that gains client's trust and reports of user satisfaction with IUD. Most complaints are related to cultural difficulties in accepting changes in menstrual pattern. Single-rod implantable contraceptive containing etonogestrel is another attractive method that can be offered to a variety of clients. It has high contraceptive efficacy and a satisfactory safety profile. The insertion and removal of it is an office-based procedure, is fast and is uncomplicated. The action lasts for 3 years with prompt return of fertility. Contraceptive action is mainly by inhibition of ovulation. It can be offered to a wide range of age, body weight and cultural backgrounds. Although disturbed bleeding pattern and weight gain are some known side effects, the discontinuation rates can be lowered by counseling. This method can be offered to women after child birth with a variety of clinical problems such as maternal heart disease, diabetes, hypertension and autoimmune disease. It can also be offered to a breast-feeding mother. In our institution, in which we have specialized clinics to cater to high-risk pregnancies, nearly 30 women with medical disorders have accepted this method since its introduction in October 2007. At the time of reporting, none required removal for medical reasons (unpublished data). In conclusion, single-rod implantable contraceptive containing etonogestrel is another safe option for clients, with comparable efficacy with IUD. (full text) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | IUD | TUBAL LIGATION | INTERVAL STERILIZATION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | BELIEFS | CULTURE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | IUD COMPLICATIONS | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Sociocultural Factors | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 328572 |
| 24. Title: Premenstrual asthma: prevalence, cycle-to-cycle variability and relationship to oral contraceptive use and menstrual symptoms. Author: Murphy VE; Gibson PG Source: Journal of Asthma. 2008 Oct;45(8):696-704. Abstract: The prevalence of asthma is higher in women than men of reproductive age and almost half of all hospitalisations for asthma in women occur during the perimenstrual phase of the cycle. The mechanisms of premenstrual asthma (PMA) are unknown and a definition of PMA has not been clearly presented in the literature. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of PMA using a variety of definitions, to investigate the cycle-to-cycle variation in PMA, the effects of oral contraceptive use and the relationship between PMA and premenstrual symptoms. Premenopausal women with asthma (n = 28) were prospectively followed for at least 12 weeks over 2-4 consecutive menstrual cycles. Asthma symptoms, beta(2)-agonist and inhaled corticosteroid use and morning and evening peak expiratory flow were recorded daily. The following types of PMA definitions were investigated: self-reported PMA, increased symptoms, increased medication use, decreased peak flow or a combination of changes in symptoms, medication and peak flow. Changes of more than 20%, for at least 2 consecutive days of the luteal phase (last 14 days of the cycle prior to menstruation) compared to the early follicular phase average (first 7 days after menstruation) were considered PMA. Using a composite definition where subjects experienced increased symptoms and medication use with or without a change in peak flow, 16 subjects were classified as having PMA (57%), while 12 did not have PMA. Only 4 subjects (25%) had PMA in every cycle examined. Fifty-five percent of subjects who used oral contraceptives had PMA, while 59% of subjects who did not use oral contraceptives had PMA. Women who were defined PMA using the composite definition were more likely than those without PMA to experience a 20% decrease in peak flow during the luteal phase. There was no relationship between asthma symptoms and premenstrual symptoms on day 1 of the menstrual cycle in women with PMA. PMA resulting in increased symptoms and medication use occurred in 57% of subjects studied for 2-4 menstrual cycles. The use of oral contraceptives is not protective and further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms of PMA. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | PREVALENCE | ASTHMA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 329063 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Relation between vaginal and endocervical pH in patients undergoing cold-knife conization and hysterectomy. Author: Murta EF; Perfeito PB; Oliveira TM; Michelin MA; Maluf PJ Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2008 Jan;277(1):43-46. Abstract: This study aimed to investigate the influence of endocervical pH on vaginal pH, and also the changes in these pH values following hysterectomy and cold-knife conization. Vaginal pH is important for maintaining the equilibrium of the vaginal microflora. Two groups of women were studied: the first (n = 20, median age 45, range 33-50 years-old), before and after hysterectomy (without ovariectomy) for myomatosis; the second group (n = 18, median age 38.5, range 37-65 years-old), before and after cold-knife conization for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) grade II or III. Four samples (before and 90 days after surgery) were collected from the women by means of swabs: (1) anterior vaginal fornix, (2) posterior vaginal fornix, (3) posterior wall of lower vagina, and (4) endocervix (except in cases after hysterectomy). The pH was measured using a digital pH-meter (Sentron). We observed that endocervical pH was less acidic than were all the vaginal locations measured, before both surgeries. After both surgeries, all vaginal pH measurements were higher, but without reaching statistical significance. Endocervical pH correlated with vaginal pH. We concluded that recent hysterectomy does not alter vaginal pH and that vaginal and endocervical pH values are related. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | CERVICAL EFFECTS | VAGINA | HYSTERECTOMY | SURGERY | MENOPAUSE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Menstruation Document Number: 322614 |
| 26. Title: A clinical study of transdermal contraceptive patch in Thai adolescent women. Author: Piyasirisilp R; Taneepanichskul S Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2008 Feb;19(2):137-141. Abstract: The objective was to study cycle control, compliance and safety of a transdermal contraceptive patch in adolescent Thai women. Fifty-eight healthy women were assigned to receive 3 cycles of contraceptive patch (ethinyl estradiol 20 microg and norelgestromin 150 microg /day). All participants aged 16-20 years were invited to participate from the family planning clinic at King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital. Data were collected on adverse effects, perceived advantages and disadvantages, body weight, blood pressure, patch detachments and compliance. Data were analyzed using mean, percentage and student's t-test. The participants' average age was 19.4 years, height 158.8 cm, weight 51.8 kg, BMI 20.8 Kg/m2. The most location of patch application was the abdomen and the most adverse event was breast tenderness (31.0%) followed by application site reaction, nausea vomiting and headache respectively. The breast symptom was mild in severity. The participants reported decrease in dysmenorrhea and shorter duration of bleeding. There were no significant changes in body weight and blood pressure. The improvement of their facial acne was reported. There were no pregnancies during use and the adhesion of the contraceptive patch is excellent. Partial patch detachment was reported in only 6.9%. No completed patch detachment was found. The present study found an overall positive impression of a new transdermal contraceptive patch. The good compliance and few side effects were demonstrated. The adhesive patch contraceptive was excellent. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTIVE PATCH, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | USER COMPLIANCE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Safety | Public Health | Health | Behavior | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 325419 |
| 27. Title: Young women's attitudes toward continuous use of oral contraceptives: The effect of priming positive attitudes toward menstruation on women's willingness to suppress menstruation. Author: Rose JG; Chrisler JC; Couture S Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 Aug;29(7):688-701. Abstract: The present study investigated American women's attitudes toward menstrual suppression and the effect of priming attitudes toward menstruation on women's willingness to suppress menstruation. One hundred college women randomly were assigned to either a positive priming group or a negative priming group. The positive priming group first completed the menstrual joy questionnaire (MJQ) followed by a willingness to suppress menstruation (WSM) questionnaire, the beliefs and attitudes toward menstruation (BATM) questionnaire, the menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ), and a demographic questionnaire. The negative priming group completed, in the following order: the MDQ, WSM, BATM, MJQ, and demographics. Priming affected women's reports of positive cycle-related changes on the MDQ, but not women's willingness to suppress menstruation. Higher scores on the MJQ, positive attitudes toward menstrual suppression, and previous oral contraceptive (OC) use were predictors of women's willingness to suppress menstruation. Women's primary source of information about menstrual suppression was "media," and their primary concern was "safety." Thus, researchers should continue to investigate the long-term effects of continuous OC use and to analyze information about menstrual suppression in the popular press. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | MENSTRUATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | LONGTERM EFFECTS | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health | Time Factors | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328103 |
| 28. Title: Problems related to menstruation amongst adolescent girls. Author: Sharma P; Malhotra C; Taneja DK; Saha R Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2008 Feb;75(2):125-129. Abstract: The objective was to study the types and frequency of problems related to menstruation in adolescent girls and the effect of these problems on daily routine. Girls in the age group 13-19 years who had had menarche for at least one year at the time of study. 198 adolescents girls have been studied. Data was collected by personal interviews on a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire. The questions covered menstrual problems, regularity of menses in last three cycles of menstruation and the effect of these problems on the daily routine. Analysis was done using SPSS version 12. Percentages were calculated for drawing inferences. More than a third (35.9%) of the study subjects were in the age group 13-15 years followed by 17-19 years, 15-17 years respectively. Mean age of study participants was calculated to be 16.2 years. Dysmenorrhea (67.2%) was the commonest problem and (63.1%) had one or the other symptoms of Pre-menstrual syndrome (PMS). Other related problems were present in 55.1% of study subjects. Daily routine of 60% girls was affected due to prolonged bed rest, missed social activities/commitments, disturbed sleep and decreased appetite. 17.24% had to miss a class and 25% had to abstain from work. Mothers and friends were the most common source of information on the issue. Screen adolescent girls for menstruation related problems and provide them with counseling services and relevant information on possible treatment options. Besides, there is a need to emphasize on designing menstrual health programmes for adolescents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MENSTRUATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | DYSMENORRHEA | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Diseases Document Number: 325042 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome according to age at menarche in a 1982 birth cohort in southern Brazil. Author: Silva CM; Gigante DP; Minten GC Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2008 Apr;24(4):835-844. Abstract: Premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were studied in young women who have been followed since birth. Data were collected on the intensity of four symptoms: irritability, anxiety or stress, depressed mood, and affective lability. Premenstrual syndrome was defined according to intensity of symptoms. Association between age at menarche and premenstrual symptoms and syndrome were investigated through Poisson regression. Adjusted analysis was conducted, controlling for possible confounding factors. The symptoms most frequently reported by the women from the 1982 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, birth cohort who were interviewed in 2004-2005 were: irritability (52.3%) and anxiety (40.2%). The prevalence rates for moderate and severe premenstrual syndrome were 13.4% and 5.8%, respectively. Mean age at menarche was 12.4 (plus or minus 1.5) years. Prevalence rates for symptoms and premenstrual syndrome were higher in women whose age at menarche was less than 11 years, but this difference was not statistically significant. Information on symptoms and premenstrual syndrome is scarce in other studies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | PREMENSTRUAL TENSION | PREVALENCE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 326496 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Serum antimullerian hormone levels remain stable throughout the menstrual cycle and after oral or vaginal administration of synthetic sex steroids. Author: Streuli I; Fraisse T; Pillet C; Ibecheole V Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Aug;90(2):395-400. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate whether oral or vaginal administration of contraceptive hormones might affect antimullerian hormone (AMH) levels. DESIGN: Prospective trial with women recruited by advertisement. Women who wished contraception were randomized between oral or vaginal estroprogestative contraception, and those who did not choose contraception were included in the control group. SETTING: Fertility clinic of a tertiary university hospital. PATIENT(S): Twenty-four young, healthy volunteer women with regular cycles who had received no hormonal contraception for at least 3 months before the study. INTERVENTION(S): Oral or vaginal estroprogestative contraception from day 5 to 25 of a menstrual cycle versus no contraception. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Intercycle and intracycle variations of serum AMH levels in normally ovulating volunteers and following the initiation of oral or vaginal estroprogestative contraception. RESULT(S): Fluctuations of AMH levels observed during the menstrual cycle remained within cycle-to-cycle variability in cycling controls and in women receiving oral or vaginal contraception. CONCLUSION(S): Our findings confirm that AMH levels remain steady during the menstrual cycle and indicate that they are unaffected by exogenous sex steroids used for contraception whether administered orally or vaginally. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWITZERLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL TRIALS | CONTROL GROUPS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | HORMONES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction Document Number: 328392 |
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