| 1. Title: Induced abortions: still important reproduction loss in the Czech Republic? Author: Kocourkova J; Fait T Source: Neuro Endocrinology Letters. 2009 Mar;30(1):111-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of study was to evaluate the importance of induced abortions for reproduction medicine in Czech Republic. DESIGN: Demographic analysis of data published by EUROSTAT and Czech statistical office. SETTING: Department of Demography and Geodemography Faculty of Science, Charles University Prague. RESULTS: Widespread use of the liberal abortion law in socialist countries contributed to the decline of fertility rates only to the replacement level. In the Czech Republic total fertility rate dropped below 1.3 in 1995 and it did not increase above 1.5 children per woman till 2007. The increased use of modern contraceptive methods that results in a sharp decline in fertility and in a significant decrease of induced abortions can be documented. The total abortion rate fell from 1.54 abortions per a woman in 1990 to 0.34 in 2007. The proportion of women aged 15-49 years who were prescribed oral contraception increased from 4 percent in 1990 to 48 percent in 2007. An induced abortion is still used largely as a way to avoid birth of additional children by women who already have the number of children they want. This is in sharp contrast with the situation in the majority of Western European countries in which abortion is used mainly by teen-age girls whose attempts to avoid pregnancy have failed. CONCLUSION: In contrast to other demographic characteristics which classify the Czech Republic to Eastern Europe, the level of induced abortion rate is comparable with the levels observed in some Western European countries. Language: English Keywords: CZECH REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | MEDICINE | ABORTION | FERTILITY RATE | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 341822 Notification |
2.  Title: How to be reasonably sure a client is not pregnant. [Checklist]. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, FHI, 2008. [2] p. Abstract: In order to help nonmenstruating clients safely initiate their method of choice, Family Health International (FHI) developed a simple checklist for use by family planning providers. Although originally the Pregnancy Checklist was developed for use by family planning providers, it can also be used by other health care providers who need to determine whether a client is not pregnant. For example, pharmacists may use this checklist when prescribing certain medications that should be avoided during pregnancy (e.g., certain antibiotics or anti-seizure drugs). The checklist is endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and is based on criteria established by WHO for determining with reasonable certainty that a woman is not pregnant. Evaluation of the checklist in family planning clinics has demonstrated that the tool is very effective in correctly identifying women who are not pregnant. Furthermore, recent studies in Guatemala, Mali, and Senegal have shown that use of the checklist by family planning providers significantly reduced the proportion of clients being turned away due to menstrual status and improved women's access to contraceptive services. Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | MALI | SENEGAL | SUMMARY REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY TESTS | RELIABILITY | MEDICINE | DRUGS | SIDE EFFECTS | TREATMENT | FAMILY PLANNING | WHO | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331506 |
3.  Title: Education and preparation of physicians entering an international pediatric AIDS program: the Pediatric AIDS Corps. Author: Schutze GE; Ferris MG; Jones DC; Calles NR; Mizwa MB; Schwarzwald HL; Wanless RS; Kline MW Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2008 Sep;22(9):709-14. Abstract: The Pediatric AIDS Corps (PAC) are a group of physicians that were hired to provide clinical care and treatment to children and their families infected with HIV/AIDS and to help educate local health care professionals in the management of children with HIV/AIDS located in the high prevalence areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Prior to their departure the PAC were required to participate in a 4-week educational training program that included travel and tropical medicine and HIV infections in children, teaching skills, bioethics, and good clinical practice in human research training. Evaluation of the program was done using a 50-question pretest/posttest design, a standard postcourse evaluation, and a PAC focus group follow-up. Fifty-two physicians were hired who had been trained in the following specialties: pediatrics (77%), medicine/pediatrics (9%), family medicine (8%), and internal medicine (6%). Posttest scores improved by a mean of 10 points for all PAC physicians (p < 0.001) but those that had been in Africa for 5 months or more prior to the course continued to score higher than the other participants. Reviewing the results by category demonstrated significant improvement in all areas (p < or = 0.002) except for general pediatrics for the HIV/AIDS infected patients (p = 0.124) and psychosocial issues (p = 0.376). Changes for the next training were implemented based upon the information obtained from the PAC focus group. The foundation provided by this educational course was an important beginning for the PAC physicians. Other groups providing specialized care to patients in developing countries might consider a similar educational program. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | PRE-POST TESTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MEDICINE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | CHILD HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MANAGEMENT | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 328923 |
| 4. Title: Policy making and roles of health technology assessment. Author: Tantivess S Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2008 Jun;91 Suppl 2:S88-99. Abstract: The processes of policy development and implementation in the public sector are complex and dynamic as several actors with different interests are involved. To pursue their benefits, these individual and organizational participants compete with each other and those with a relatively high degree of power can lead the policy decisions. Results of and recommendations derived from economic evaluation and other forms ofhealth technology assessment (HTA) are expected to have an important role in policy making and professional practice. However, it appears that on many occasions, such scientific evidence is neglected. Complex calculations, arbitrary assumptions, debatable choices of whose perspectives to pursue, difficult-to-understand methods, research designs and underlying philosophy/concepts, and time-consuming processes are claimed as key factors discouraging policy makers and practitioners from making use of HTA findings. Ethical considerations and the perception that HTA-based clinical guidelines undermine professional autonomy are also crucial. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | MEDICINE | ETHICS | TECHNOLOGY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | IMPLEMENTATION | STANDARDS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Programs | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 330743 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: An object lesson in objection. Author: Twithbuck L Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008;34(1):66. Abstract: There's always been conscientious objection in medicine. The inherent egotistical, "this is how it's done and what you'll do, if you want to get on" attitude that medicine breeds means it's often hidden. Or it's tough to carry out your objection. I object to having to see patients - wait, I haven't finished yet - when I've got laryngitis, for instance. Most of us object to the irrational guilt we're made to feel when we phone to say we won't be coming in today because we're stuck to the toilet having been poisoned by the local takeaway. A doctor friend of mine with a broken writing arm objected to being told she could still press buttons on a computer. Of course, she was expected to come to work. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | WORKPLACE | MEDICINE | BELIEFS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Services | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 323397 |
| 6. Title: Managing medicines and supplies in child survival programs: action guide for program managers. Author: Management Sciences for Health [MSH]. Center for Pharmaceutical Management. Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus; Partnership for Child Health Care. Basic Support for Institutionalizing Child Survival [BASICS] Source: Arlington, Virginia, MSH, Center for Pharmaceutical Management, Rational Pharmaceutical Management Plus, 2007 Jan. 41 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-00-00016-00USAID Contract No. GHA-1-00-04-00002-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADJ-299) Abstract: This Action Guide is designed for those involved in child survival, IMCI, malaria, ARI, diarrhea, or nutrition programs, and provides a structured way for you to expand your role and ability to solve the most common medicine availability and use problems. The steps in the Action Guide will help you determine to what extent you can become involved in improving the supply of medicines and supplies in your program. The Action Guide will give you the opportunity of learning something new and challenging as well as to achieve improved availability and use of the medicines essential for your child survival program. The actions are organized for you to carry them out step by step. Actions range from making a phone call, meeting someone, or gathering information. You may use any resources you have available. The actions you take and their sequence may vary according to your other activities and opportunities. You can use the Action Guide on your own or with a team and divide the work. In general, we suggest that when you plan your work for the week, you also make plans to complete one step of the Action Guide per week in the context of your everyday work. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MANUAL | CHILD SURVIVAL | MEDICINE | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | MANAGEMENT | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 321116 |
| 7. Title: Sexual medicine in sub-Saharan Africa [letter] Author: Aisuodionoe-Shadrach OI Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2007 Jul;4:1080. Abstract: In September 2006, while working as a Clinical Fellow in Urology at the National University in Singapore, I was fortunate to be awarded an International Society for Sexual Medicine (ISSM) Travel Grant which enabled me to attend the 12th World Congress of the Society held at the time in Cairo, Egypt. Attending the meeting was an instructive experience following which I made two observations and a resolution. My first observation was that of the studies on the various issues in Sexual Medicine presented, not much was cited on data or studies done in sub-Saharan Africa. It appeared, therefore, that not a lot was being done in the region in this important field. Second, all of the pharmaceutical companies whose stands I visited were not receptive to partnering with and supporting researchers from the subcontinent. Without exception, they all cited low volume in sales of their products arising from drug counterfeiting in the region and some perhaps unwritten company policies as subtle reasons. Consequently, I then resolved to develop my specialty interest in Sexual Medicine and to support the ISSM plan to spread the knowledge and interest in sexual medicine to the African continent. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | MEDICINE | PARAMEDICAL PERSONNEL | PROMOTION | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Personnel | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 318707 |
| 8. Title: Primary school children's perspectives on common diseases and medicines used: Implications for school healthcare programmes and priority setting in Uganda. Author: Akello G; Reis R; Ovuga E; Rwabukwali CB; Kabonesa C Source: African Health Sciences. 2007 Jun;7(2):73-79. Abstract: Existing school health programmes in Uganda target children above five years for de-worming, oral hygiene and frequent vaccination of girls of reproductive age. The objective was to assess primary school children's perspectives on common diseases they experience and medicines used in order to suggest reforms for school healthcare programmes and priority setting. Rapid appraisal approaches, triangulated with a survey, using a semi-structured questionnaire with 80 children aged 8-15 years, were used in data collection. This was done during a three months fieldwork in one primary boarding school in Kampala. An investigation was made into perspectives of children on their recent illness experiences and medicines they used to recover. Other techniques in data collection included participant observation and eliciting children's narratives of diseases they experienced in a two weeks recall. Key informants, who included school teachers, a nurse, 2 paediatricians, 4 matrons and private health service providers in the vicinity of the school, were approached to validate children's narratives. Children named and ranked malaria as the most severe and frequently experienced disease. Other diseases mentioned included diarrhoea, skin fungal infections, flu, and typhoid. The symptoms children recognised in case of illness were high body temperature, vomiting, headache, weakness, appetite loss and diarrhoea. Children were either given medicines by the school nurse or they self-medicated using pharmaceuticals including chloroquine, panadol, flagyl, fansidar, quinine injections, capsules (amoxicillin and ampicillin) obtained from the clinics, drug shops, pharmacies, and other unspecified indigenous medicines from their home and markets. The healthcare needs and priorities of children in primary school are infectious diseases which they could readily identify. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | QUESTIONNAIRES | CHILDREN | STUDENTS | DISEASES | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH SERVICES | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | MEDICINE | SANITATION | HYGIENE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Public Health Document Number: 319276 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Market incentives, human lives, and AIDS vaccines. Author: Craddock S Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2007 Mar;64(5):1042-1056. Abstract: For many, an AIDS vaccine holds the promise of intervening in a widespread epidemic because it is not predicated on changing economic structures and social contexts underlying vulnerability to HIV for millions of individuals. Yet 20 years into the AIDS epidemic, there is still no vaccine. Based on interviews of AIDS vaccine researchers, watchdog organizations, and ethics groups from the United States, South Africa, and Kenya conducted between August and December of 2003, this paper explores possible answers to the question of why there is no vaccine, looking in particular at contradictions between a biomedical research industry increasingly driven by market incentives and a disease that primarily affects individuals living in low-income countries with little vaccine purchasing power. Producing a vaccine that could be effective in low-income regions requires new kinds of initiatives that can coordinate research nationally and globally, and circumvent current regulatory mechanisms that dictate against the development and dissemination of low-profit medical technologies. Until such initiatives are supported, however, vaccine research will continue at a devastatingly slow pace at the cost of millions of lives annually. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SOUTH AFRICA | KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | VACCINES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | AIDS | MEDICINE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Technology | Medical Procedures | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 312042 |
| 10. Title: Awakening to global health. Author: Dunavan CP Source: Health Affairs. 2007;26(4):1135-1140. Abstract: What we used to call "international health" (suggesting something that went on "over there") has now been renamed and reenergized as "global health." Travel, communications, and the resurgent power of microorganisms make the health of populations in Asia or Africa mainline concerns in the United States. Both epidemiology and humanitarianism argue for a global view of world health. In her essay, tropical medicine specialist Claire Panosian Dunavan discusses the path that led the United States to this new level of awareness about the importance of world health and the realization that, as she puts it, "the health of others touches all of us-eventually." Twenty-first-century America is the beneficiary of growing numbers of immigrants and their children, many of whom are health workers. Aisha Saad came to the United States from Egypt as a child and is now majoring in environmental health science at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Her experiences on returning to Cairo for a summer to work in a public hospital give her a new view of global health-and her role in it. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PUBLIC HEALTH | FOREIGN AID | MEDICINE | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | MALARIA | MASS MEDIA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Health | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Infections | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Communication Document Number: 318599 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: [Prevalence and determinants of medication during pregnancy by risk class among mothers of liveborn infants] Prevalencia e determinantes maternos do consumo de medicamentos na gestacao por classe de risco em maes de nascidos vivos. Author: Geib LT; Vargas Filho EF; Geib D; Mesquita DI; Nunes ML Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007 Oct;23(10):2351-2362. Abstract: In order to identify the maternal determinants of the consumption of medication during pregnancy according to risk class, we conducted a population cohort baseline cross-sectional study with 2,262 mothers of liveborn infants in Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Data were collected from the Information System on Live Births and through home interviews (an instrument adapted from the Maternity Advice Survey). The drugs were classified according to criteria. We conducted bivariate analyses and logistic regression according to the hierarchical model of determination. 80% of the mothers consumed at least one medicine during the pregnancy, distributed in risk classes as follows: A (53.4%), B (18.1%), C (24.46%), D (1.47%), X (0.06%), and V (various) (2.1%). Incomplete prenatal care and maternal age Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | PREGNANCY | MEDICINE | DRUGS | PREVALENCE | ANTENATAL CARE | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Measurement | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Diseases Document Number: 324473 |
| 12. Title: Setting standards for essential children's medicines [editorial] Author: Hill SR; Gray A; Weber M Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 Sep;85(9):650. Abstract: The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, used by many countries to guide drug procurement and supply, has been a global standard for 30 years. Although this list has included some paediatric medicines, a children's list has not been systematically developed until now. To address this shortcoming, a subcommittee of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines met in July 2007, to develop a list of essential medicines for children. In May 2007, the 60th World Health Assembly passed a resolution on Better Medicines for Children (WHA60.20) that described several strategies to improve access to essential medicines of adequate quality for children. As has been described in several reviews, the main causes of mortality in children can be treated by essential medicines such as antibiotics for infections or oral rehydration solution and zinc for diarrhoea. To apply this knowledge effectively requires that these medicines be available; yet suitable zinc tablets, for example, are still not included in many national essential medicines lists. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | CHILDREN | DRUGS | MEDICINE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | STANDARDS | WHO | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 319932 |
| 13. Title: Public health learning and practice from hygiene to community medicine, health management and beyond issues: Challenges and options. Author: Kushwah SS Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007 Apr-Jun;32(2):103-107. Abstract: We begin the journey of community health by looking back at our own past, by taking a glimpse of the present, and an insight into the future. The foundation of community medicine is set in our historical root not only through the happenings in the past but also through the ideas from primitive-to-modern that linger in our collective psyche. In other words, medical knowledge has been derived to a very great degree, from the intitutive and observational propositions and cumulative experiences gleamed from others. In course of its evolution, preceded by stages, with advances and halts, medicine has drawn richly from traditional cultures of which it is a part, and later, from biological and natural sciences, and more recently, from social and behavioral sciences. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | PUBLIC HEALTH | HYGIENE | SANITATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINE | ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Religion Document Number: 321051 |
| 14. Title: Sex, gender and health: Developments in research. Author: Lagro-Janssen T Source: European Journal of Women’s Studies. 2007;14(1):9-20. Abstract: The feminist movement was from its start in the 19th century involved in the struggle for better health care for women. The first feminists aimed at better information on birth control and sexuality. The second feminist wave focused on the unequal division of power roles between men and women. A lot of the problems women experienced could be seen as a consequence of their subordinate role in society. At the end of the 1980s and in the 1990s, the discipline women and health or women and medicine was developed. In this introduction to the theme, the developments in this discipline are described. The starting points of the new discipline followed the principles of 'women's health care'. These principles can be summarized as the emphasis on control and autonomy by the patient, demedicalization, the importance of the psychosocial context of complaints, empowerment of women and good information and communication. The central issue of the article is: what is the actual scientific state of the art and what important changes have been made on the subject gender and health? The article ends with ideas for future research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | FEMINISM | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | POWER | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | EMPLOYMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INFORMATION | COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | BIOLOGY | REPRODUCTION | MEDICINE | GENDER ISSUES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Health | Social Behavior | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Technology Document Number: 322414 |
| 15. Title: Individual constitutions vs universal physiology: Iranian responses to allopathic medicine. Author: Loeffler A Source: Body and Society. 2007;13(3):103-123. Abstract: Allopathic medicine occupies a curious position in the medical anthropological literature. On the one hand, partnered with big business and political interests, it is vilified as an arm of hegemonic Western culture. In this class of scholarship, allopathic medicine emerges as a monolithic system insensitive to local cultural contexts, in which one physician can seemingly be substituted for another at any time and any place. On the other hand, descriptions of the cultural roots of medicine and of the sociocultural basis of the doctor-patient relationship paint a picture of culture-boundedness which makes it difficult to imagine how such a system could be employed in the universalizing, culture-abnegating, transnationalist dispersal of Western culture described in the former literature. For if allopathic medicine is grounded in Western culture and the doctor-patient relationship is informed by sociocultural conditions, then logically the practice of allopathic medicine in any one location must be different, to a lesser or greater extent, from that in another cultural context. I will address this hypothesis here by exploring how the contradiction between the universalizing tendencies of Western medicine and the cultural situatedness of medical practice is played out in a particular non-Western setting, Iran. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | CRITIQUE | MEDICINE | DISEASES | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | TECHNOLOGY | KNOWLEDGE | ISLAM | SCIENCE | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Developing Countries | Middle East | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Nutrition Document Number: 322237 |
| 16. Title: The modern traditional healer: Locating 'hybridity' in modern traditional medicine, southern Tanzania. Author: Marsland R Source: Journal of Southern African Studies. 2007 Dec;33(4):751-765. Abstract: This article explores how 'modern traditional' healers, working in Kyela District in the south west of Tanzania, attempt to challenge and transcend a widely-recognised dualism that places forms of biomedicine as 'modern' and all varieties of indigenous healing as 'traditional'. Drawing on the notion of 'intentional hybridity', the article analyses conversations with healers, which reveal how their practices and aspirations operate to destabilise the boundaries that are so essential to the way that they and their medicines are imagined. Framing their practices in terms of competition for business between both mission medicine and government-employed biomedical practitioners, the healers worked to reposition themselves within this 'modern' and moral space by emphasising the similarities between their own medicines and biomedical pharmaceuticals, for instance, or claiming that biomedical personnel are jealous of their ability to attract patients (or customers). They were also prepared to support a local government initiative that, if effective, may reduce the incidence of witchcraft-related illness - a stance which in theory does not make good 'business sense', yet that places them firmly in opposition to some forms of 'tradition'. Finally, the article details the technical innovations which healers would like to appropriate from biomedicine. In conclusion, the material presented demonstrates the ability of the healers to transcend, contest and make use of the constructed categories through which they are imagined in Tanzania. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | PHYSICIANS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINE | DRUGS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Personnel | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 322710 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Indian system of medicine and women's health: A client's perspective. Author: Mazumdar PG; Gupta K Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007;39(6):819-841. Abstract: India has a strong base of ancient indigenous systems of medicine and its national health policies and programmes have consistently promoted the integration of Indian Systems of Medicine (ISM) into the country's official health system. Realizing the safety and efficacy of ISM drugs, the Department of Indian Systems of Medicine and Homoeopathy (ISM&H) has suggested their use for certain women's health problems and during pregnancy. Although the Government of India has attempted to integrate ISM through the country's contemporary health programme of Reproductive and Child Health (RCH), utilization dynamics from the clients' perspective is little understood. This study shows that, at least in urban areas, for the majority of women's health problems biomedicine is regarded as the first choice, failure of which leads clients to seek treatment from ISM as a final resort. Nevertheless, women showed a preference for ISM treatment for certain specific health problems, strongly backed by a belief in their efficacy. Of the predictors that positively influenced women's choice of ISM treatment, 'strong evidenced-based results' was found to be the most important. Women's preference for ISM is dependent on the availability of competent providers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | WOMEN | URBAN AREAS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | MEDICINE | DRUGS | SAFETY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CHILD HEALTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INDIGENOUS HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Public Health Document Number: 320857 |
| 18. Title: How not to compare western scientific medicine with African traditional medicine. Author: Tangwa GB Source: Developing World Bioethics. 2007;7(1):41-44. Abstract: In his commentary on Aceme Nyika's paper 'Ethical and Regulatory Issues Surrounding African Traditional Medicine in the Context of HIV/AIDS', 1 Godfrey B. Tangwa charges the author with inappropriately using expressions, terminology and criteria of evaluation appropriate in Western scientific medicine to judge African traditional medicine (TM). He seriously frowns on Nyika's suggestion that African TM needs to be incorporated into, and subjected to the canons of Western scientific medicine. Such a suggestion, he believes, is a prescription for invasion, colonization and exploitation so characteristic of the relationship between Africa and the Western world. However, he thinks that African TM is quite compatible with Western scientific medicine. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | PHYSICIANS | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | MEDICINE | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | EVALUATION | CULTURE | ETHICS | RACE RELATIONS | Developing Countries | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 313038 |
| 19. Title: Introduction: Why Islam, health and body? Author: Tober DM; Budiani D Source: Body and Society. 2007;13(3):1-13. Abstract: This special issue of Body & Society was initiated to: (1) provide a deeper understanding of how medical technologies, health and the body are navigated in Muslim settings, (2) stimulate discussion among Muslim scholars, social scientists, bioethicists, public health and medical professionals about how technologies are negotiated and incorporated in the Muslim world, and (3) examine how social science literature on the body can provide a theoretical framework from which to examine health, healing and technological innovations from Islamic perspectives - to explore Islamic systems of logic and how these operate in the corporeal world. Here, we emphasize the plurality of Muslim perspectives, rather than an overarching, singular 'Muslim viewpoint'. This issue broadly focuses on topics related to health and the body in Muslim countries, exploring the relationship between Islamic discourse and metaphors surrounding the body, perceptions and practices of the body, and the challenges of medicine and modernity. Differences and similarities in Sunni and Shi'a responses - including adaptations in medical law and Islamic bioethics - are discussed. Cultural and religious idioms surrounding the body are also significant in contextualizing current perceptions of body and health. Ultimately, this volume addresses how the dynamics between Islamic perceptions and practices surrounding health, illness and the body are negotiated in the face of advancing medical technologies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | ISLAM | MEDICINE | TECHNOLOGY | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | ETHICS | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SOCIAL SCIENCES | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproduction | Science Document Number: 322234 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender differences in determinants and consequences of health and illness. Author: Vlassoff C Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2007 Mar;25(1):47-61. Abstract: This paper uses a framework developed for gender and tropical diseases for the analysis of non-communicable diseases and conditions in developing and industrialized countries. The framework illustrates that gender interacts with the social, economic and biological determinants and consequences of tropical diseases to create different health outcomes for males and females. Whereas the framework was previously limited to developing countries where tropical infectious diseases are more prevalent, the present paper demonstrates that gender has an important effect on the determinants and consequences of health and illness in industrialized countries as well. This paper reviews a large number of studies on the interaction between gender and the determinants and consequences of chronic diseases and shows how these interactions result in different approaches to prevention, treatment, and coping with illness. Specific examples of chronic diseases are discussed in each section with respect to both developing and industrialized countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | GENDER ISSUES | VIRAL DISEASES | INFECTIONS | MEDICINE | HEALTH | IMPACT | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Communication Document Number: 317776 |
| 21. Title: Switching between traditional Chinese medicine and Viagra: Cosmopolitanism and medical pluralism today. Author: Zhang EY Source: Medical Anthropology. 2007 Jan;26(1):53-96. Abstract: Based on the fieldwork in China in the Viagra era, this paper examines the reluctance to embrace Viagra as well as the willingness to switch back and forth between taking Viagra and taking Chinese medicine among impotence patients. Through the notion of "switching" as a framework, this paper discovers the conflict between Viagra and herbs not only as two types of medicine but also as representing two types of economy of potency and ethics of sexuality, and the difficulty in replacing the latter by the former. Nonetheless, switching back and forth so as to absorb them together in the body creates possibilities to cross the line between the Viagra regime revolving around desire and the regime of Chinese medicine revolving around the cultivation of life. Out of switching is the possibility of hybridization of Chinese medicine and biomedicine as well as a hybridized economy of sexual potency and ethics of sexuality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MEN | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | MEDICINE | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | IMPOTENCE | DRUGS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | ETHICS | SEXUALITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 313052 |
| 22. Title: Good research practice in the National Public Health Institute. Handbook. Version 3.1. Author: Aromaa A; Huovinen P; Kantanen ML; Penttinen J; Sarjakoski M Source: Helsinki, Finland, National Public Health Institute, 2006. 119 p. (Publications of the National Public Health Institute B4/2006) Abstract: This book contains recommendations, guidelines and legislation concerning research carried out in the National Public Health Institute (KTL) and it also describes the practices to be followed. It comprises the most important international recommendations, Finnish laws and good practices to be followed in medical research. The book gives guidance on the preparation of a study plan, on ethical issues, on obtaining permits and informed consent as well as on funding issues. When a study has been performed according to this book, the researcher can state that the work has been carried out according to good research practice in KTL. The book begins with a chapter "Good research practice summarized" and ends with reviews on the characteristics of several research types. These are animal experiments, clinical sample studies (laboratory studies), clinical research, epidemiological and other population based research, health-related behavioural and social research and register-based research. In parallel with the printed book we publish an Internet version in Finnish, with links to current laws, decrees and other references. The Internet version is the official one and the Editorial Board makes every effort to keep it up-to-date. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | MANUAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BEST PRACTICES | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | PUBLIC HEALTH | LAWS AND STATUTES | MEDICINE | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | GRANTS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Health Services | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 311703 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Medicine, Medsin, and global health. Author: Garman K; Hughes R Source: Lancet. 2006 Jul 8;368(9530):103-104. Abstract: Improving health in an increasingly globalised world demands a global perspective and an internationally coordinated response. For the response to be sustainable, future leaders in health must be educated and empowered. Health-care students throughout the world respond to this challenge through the International Federation of Medical Students' Associations (IFMSA) and the UK member organisation, Medsin. These organisations provide an effective network for students to learn about and respond to global health issues. A key event in the Medsin calendar is the annual global health conference. This year's was hosted by the Guy's, King's, and St Thomas' Medsin branch (in London) at the end of March. Entitled Poverty and Health in the New Millennium, it was the biggest conference in Medsin's history, bringing together over 400 predominantly medical and health-care students for a stimulating programme of plenaries, workshops, and poster presentations by students. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MEDICAL STUDENTS | HEALTH EDUCATION | WORKSHOPS | MEDICINE | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PUBLIC HEALTH | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Health | Students | Education | Health Services Document Number: 303416 |
| 24. Title: Remote consultations and HIV / AIDS continuing education in low-resource settings. Author: Zolfo M; Lynen L; Dierckx J; Colebunders R Source: International Journal of Medical Informatics. 2006 Sep;75(9):633-637. Abstract: Telemedicine is a way to support physicians working in resource-poor settings, providing remote consultations and continuing medical education on HIV/AIDS care. A hybrid E-mail/web support telemedicine service was created in 2003 at the Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium, with a discussion forum hosting more than 170 healthcare professionals from 40 different countries, generally resource constrained. Interesting posts and recurring questions from this discussion forum have been elaborated as case studies or frequently asked questions, available on the website for consultation. Education and support are also provided through interactive quizzes, user-friendly guidelines, and policy documents with a particular focus on HIV/AIDS care in developing countries. From April 2003 to March 2005, 342 questions were sent from over 17 countries in Africa, Asia, and South America. The vast majority of these questions (93%) were patient-oriented, with only 7% being general questions. Of the patient-oriented questions, 49%were related to antiretroviral therapy, and 44% were related to the diagnosis and treatment of opportunistic infections. Telemedicine is a cheap and effective method of providing clinical support and continuing education to healthcare workers treating HIV-positive patients in resource-poor settings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PHYSICIANS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | EDUCATION | MEDICINE | HIV INFECTIONS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH SERVICES | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs Document Number: 306378 |
| 25. Title: Implementing research: a guideline for health researchers. Author: New Zealand. Health Research Council of New Zealand Source: Auckland, New Zealand, Health Research Council of New Zealand, [2005]. [13] p. Abstract: The Health Research Council of New Zealand (HRC) encourages researchers to actively disseminate their results to a range of interested audiences, and where appropriate, to work towards their implementation. The HRC recognises that many researchers are highly skilled in dissemination, implementation and working with mass media. These guidelines introduce some of the complexities of these areas for researchers who are new to them. It has been developed from interviews with a wide range of health researchers. Implementation needs to be discussed at the beginning of appropriate research projects. It requires ongoing dialogue between researchers, health service managers, communities, practitioners, service purchasers and other end users. Many policy-oriented researchers bring together an advisory group of stakeholders to guide research planning. Facilitating and acting on stakeholder feedback during the research encourages stakeholder ownership and dissemination. However, stakeholder perspectives can also narrow research questions, and researchers need to keep the larger picture in mind. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEW ZEALAND | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | CASE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | IMPLEMENTATION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | BEST PRACTICES | MEDICINE | MASS MEDIA | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | IMMUNE SYSTEM | Developed Countries | Oceania | Studies | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Programs | Health Services | Communication | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 311714 |
| 26. Title: Improving access to medicines in developing countries: application of new institutional economics to the analysis of manufacturing and distribution issues. Author: Attridge CJ; Preker AS Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Human Development Network, Health, Nutrition, and Population Family, 2005 Mar. [45] p. Abstract: The debate on improving access to medicines in developing countries has focused attention on the macroeconomic context and defining the demand side needs, based upon disease categories and purchasing power in a range of middle-income and Least Developed Countries. Far less attention has been given to understanding the diversity of supply side processes and their likely future evolution. This paper examines alternative frameworks for empirical analysis of supply side activities, namely, the manufacture and distribution of medicine, through the application of New Institutional Economics (NIE) concepts. Attention is focused particularly upon the potential utility of ideas from agency theory, transaction cost analysis and contemporary ideas from strategy theory. The major purpose of this paper is to use these theoretical frameworks to provide insight for policy makers, when faced with specific situations, whether in an international agency, or a private company, or in defining a national strategy. The analysis attempts to show the importance of distinctions between ideas of 'make' or 'buy', between 'national self sufficiency' and 'international purchasing' strategies, the limitations of contractual agreements under market governance and the crucial linkages between strategy formulation, strategy implementation and the necessary capabilities to achieve successful performance in practice. The current international situation on the investment, location and capacity of pharmaceutical manufacturing is reviewed and likely future scenarios suggested. Correspondingly current patterns of trade in medicines and their likely development within the context of the WTO and bilateral trade agreements are discussed. Against this background the promise and the pitfalls for new forms of public-private partnerships, which may offer attractive alternatives to conventional structures are evaluated. The implications of alternative future strategic options for national governments in setting the balance between health and industrial policies are examined and in particular the extent to which a national manufacturing capability should be developed or sustained. Similarly the scope for improving low cost distribution systems for medicines, based upon a mix of public and private sector channels, is assessed. We conclude with suggestions for further development of a transaction-based framework. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | MEDICINE | DRUGS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation Document Number: 299706 |
| 27. Title: Global fund gives go-ahead for new grants. [Fondos mundiales aprueban nuevos subsidios] Author: Bonn D Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2005 Jan;5:12. Abstract: The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria has agreed to call for proposals for a fifth round of 2-year grants, with funding to pay for them being pledged at a replenishment conference in the UK in September 2005. The outcome of the fund’s meeting in Arusha, Tanzania, on November 18–19, was not what many expected, since the run-up was marred by disagreements and allegations of bankruptcy. The US delegation wanted to delay round five for 6–12 months because too many grants were moving slowly and too little money was available. Many delegations disagreed with this view, and according to a Global Fund spokesman, the personal intervention of Tommy Thompson, US Secretary for Health and Human Services and current chairman of the fund, allowed the board to present a united front. “The USA had the grace and integrity to listen to the arguments”, he said. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: El Fondo Mundial para Combatir el SIDA, la tuberculosis y la malaria ha aceptado solicitar propuestas para una quinta ronda de subvenciones de dos años de duración. El financiamiento para saldarlas se garantizaría en una conferencia de reabastecimiento a realizarse en Reino Unido en septiembre de 2005. El resultado de la reunión del fondo en Arusha, Tanzania, los días 18 y 19 de noviembre, no fue el esperado, ya que el período previo se vio afectado por desacuerdos e imputaciones de quiebra. La delegación estadounidense deseaba postergar la quinta ronda por seis a doce meses debido a que demasiadas subvenciones avanzaban lentamente y la disponibilidad de dinero era escasa. Muchas delegaciones no estuvieron de acuerdo con esta posición, y, según un vocero del Fondo Mundial, la intervención personal de Tommy Thompson, Secretario de Salud y Servicios Humanos de Estados Unidos y actual presidente del fondo, permitió que el consejo presentara un frente unido. "Estados Unidos posee la gracia y la integridad para escuchar los argumentos," declaró. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | SUMMARY REPORT | LAWS AND STATUTES | MEDICINE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment Document Number: 280150 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: What's in a word? Case definitions in sexual health medicine. Author: Chan DJ; Donovan B Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2005;16:91-94. Abstract: In clinical medicine, establishing case definitions for diseases, including sexually transmitted infections, is often an inexact and arbitrary exercise. The definition is affected by the intended purpose, be it for disease surveillance, clinical care, service provision, research, or funding of services. A case must be defined precisely in order to monitor disease trends, detect outbreaks, and evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. The definition ensures consistent measurement of disease, specificity of reporting, and improves data standardization through time and across regions. The definition itself is one of the criteria used to evaluate the quality of a surveillance system. Designing definitions is fraught with problems relating to appropriate diagnostic criteria, sensitivity and specificity, context and relevance to current knowledge, and/or clinical practice. There is also the problem of reaching a consensus, especially for complex syndromes such as pelvic inflammatory disease. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | PUBLIC HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MEDICINE | Oceania | Developed Countries | Health | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 283428 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Open your eyes to Africa. Author: Clark J Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2005 Oct 1;331:[1] p.. Abstract: Africa is big, complex, and confounding. The ambivalence of looking towards a future full of promise but uncertainty is captured in our cover image—that of a child shielding his eyes in front of a Malian textile containing eyes wide open. Achieving a successful future is by no means a task for Africa alone, and the BMJ is contributing through this week’s theme issue. But can we do justice to a continent as richly diverse as Africa? We will present this theme issue to the 53 African Union health ministers at a meeting in Botswana—a country with the distinction of being one of the continent’s richest yet with a staggering HIV prevalence rate (38%).We will also launch the issue at a scientific conference in Durban—a setting bearing little resemblance to the atrocities and poverty invoked by the crises in Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Sierra Leone. In fact, we can’t capture Africa in all its multiplicity. Despite over 300 original research submissions we haven’t managed the geographical or linguistic spread we would have liked. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | CRITIQUE | POPULATION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | MEDICINE | HEALTH SERVICES | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 292458 |
| 30. Title: Preventive and social medicine: a Victorian legacy. Author: Krause RM Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2005 Oct-Dec;30(4):[8] p.. Abstract: I give this brief historical review because it leads nicely into the subject of this lecture "Preventive and Social Medicine: A Victorian Legacy." For this commentary, I have drawn on John M. Eyler's book, Victorian Social Medicine: The Ideas and Methods of William Farr. There were others, of course, but William Farr, especially, used statistics to advance the general welfare. For these reasons, Victorian statistics became a science for social reform. Later in Farr's career, he and Florence Nightingale collaborated on various initiatives for social medical reform, and the reform of the Medical Department of the War Office. Their work together will be the focus of this talk. I know full well that we owe much to France and Germany for the origins of social medicine prior to similar efforts in England. But when Victorian social medicine came into full flower during the reign of Queen Victoria, its influence spread to the far reaches of the Raj, and its former colonies such as the U. S., in all more than 25% of the globe. So I shall be more Anglophone than Francophone on this subject of social medicine. Jan Morris provides a compelling portrait of England in the 1830s; and the "symptoms of change in a count which was enduring the menopause between an agricultural and an industrial society." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MEDICINE | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL WELFARE | POLITICAL FACTORS | IMPACT | PUBLIC HEALTH | CROWDING | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | SANITATION | MORTALITY DECLINE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Economic Factors | Communication | Population Density | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 292821 |
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