| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Political insanity. Mad leadership [editorial] Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 Jul;98(7):489. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | IMMIGRANTS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | AIDS PREVENTION | POLITICAL FACTORS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | VIOLENCE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | HIV | Social Problems | Behavior Document Number: 328512 |
2.  Title: Evaluation of Senegalese plants used in malaria treatment: Focus on Chrozophora senegalensis. Author: Benoit-Vical F; Soh PN; Salery M; Harguem L; Poupat C Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Feb 28;116(1):43-48. Abstract: An ethnobotanical study was conducted in the Dakar area of Senegal to investigate the species used in the treatment of malaria. Seven plants are principally used: Cissampelos mucronata, Maytenus senegalensis, Terminalia macroptera, Bidens engleri, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chrozophora senegalensis and Mitracarpus scaber. From a bibliographic study, it had been shown that the Cissampelos mucronata, Maytenus senegalensis and Terminalia macroptera have already been studied by several authors, and so only Bidens engleri, Ceratotheca sesamoides, Chrozophora senegalensis and Mitracarpus scaber were evaluated in the present study. For each plant, extracts were prepared with different solvents and tested in vitro on two chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strains. Crude extracts from the leaves and the stems of Chrozophora senegalensis showed the best in vitro results. The IC/50 value of an aqueous extract of Chrozophora senegalensis was 1.6 microg/ml without cytotoxicity. The in vivo antiplasmodialactivity of Chrozophora extracts was determined by both the oral and the intraperitoneal ways. The stages of Plasmodium cycle targeted by Chrozophora were then studied in vitro. These results could justify the traditional use of this plant in malaria treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MALARIA | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures Document Number: 325337 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Issues surrounding the use of herbal therapies for AIDS in endemic regions. Author: Bessong PO Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2008 Mar;102(3):209-210. Abstract: Herbal preparations are rampantly used in the treatment of AIDS in endemic regions. Despite beneficial effects from the use of some plant preparations, the issues that still have to be addressed comprise the interaction between herbal preparations and antiretrovirals, lack of conclusive clinical trials of widely used plants, and ethical issues surrounding the practices of traditional healers. The burden presented by AIDS requires an urgent need for closer collaboration among scientists, medical practitioners and traditional systems of medicine to evaluate promising herbal preparations rigorously, and develop policies and guidelines for the judicious use of herbs with proven clinical benefit. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | AIDS PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | DRUG INTERACTIONS | ETHICS | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | HIV | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324762 |
| 4. Title: Ethnopharmacology and malaria: New hypothetical leads or old efficient antimalarials? Author: Bourdy G; Willcox ML; Ginsburg H; Rasoanaivo P; Graz B Source: International Journal for Parasitology. 2008 Jan;38(1):33-41. Abstract: New treatments are urgently needed to curb and eradicate malaria in developing countries. As most people living in malarial endemic areas use traditional medicine to fight this disease, why have new treatments not emerged recently from ethnopharmacology-oriented research? The rationale and limitations of the ethnopharmacological approach are discussed in this paper, focusing on ethnopharmacology methodologies and techniques used for assessing botanical samples for their antimalarial properties. Discrepancies often observed between strong ethnopharmacological reputation and laboratory results are discussed, as well as new research perspectives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MALARIA | TREATMENT | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MEDICINAL PLANTS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | Studies | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 326255 |
| 5. Title: Impact of traditional medicinal plant extracts on antiretroviral drug absorption. Author: Brown L; Heyneke O; Brown D; van Wyk JP; Hamman JH Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Oct 28;119(3):588-92. Abstract: ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Traditional herbal medicines are often used for the treatment of different diseases in developing countries, especially in the rural areas where a lack of an efficient primary health care system is usually experienced. Many patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are taking traditional herbal medicines in conjunction with their modern antiretroviral medication and drug-herb interactions can occur in these cases. AIM OF THE STUDY: To investigate the effect of water extracts of two traditional medicinal plants, Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens as well as l-canavanine (a constituent of Sutherlandia frutescens) on the transport of nevirapine across human intestinal epithelial cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nevirapine transport in the apical to basolateral and basolateral to apical directions across Caco-2 cell monolayers was determined alone (normal control) and in the presence of verapamil (positive control), water extracts of Hypoxis hemerocallidea and Sutherlandia frutescens and an aqueous solution of l-canavanine. The cumulative transport and apparent permeability coefficient (P(app)) values were calculated and compared. Results: Nevirapine alone was substantially effluxed in the basolateral to apical direction across the intestinal epithelial cell monolayers, which was statistically significantly (p < or = 0.05) decreased by addition of verapamil, Hypoxis hemerocallidea extract and the l-canavinine solution. The effect of Sutherlandia frutescens on nevirapine transport was not statistically significantly different from the control. CONCLUSIONS: Hypoxis hemerocallidea and l-canavanine interact with the efflux of nevirapine across intestinal epithelial cells and therefore can potentially increase the bioavailability of this antiretroviral drug when taken concomitantly. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | TREATMENT | IMPACT | Geographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Communication Document Number: 329677 |
| 6. Title: The in vitro anti-plasmodial and in vivo anti-malarial efficacy of combinations of some medicinal plants used traditionally for treatment of malaria by the Meru community in Kenya. Author: Gathirwa JW; Rukunga GM; Njagi EN; Omar SA; Mwitari PG Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Jan 17;115(2):223-231. Abstract: The use of herbal drugs as combinations has existed for centuries in several cultural systems. However, the safety and efficacy of such combinations have not been validated. In this study, the toxicity, anti-plasmodial and antimalarial efficacy of several herbal drug combinations were investigated. Lannea schweinfurthii, Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea, used by traditional health practitioners in Meru community, were tested for in vitro anti-plasmodial and in vivo anti-malarial activity singly against Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium berghei, respectively. Methanolic extract of Turraea robusta was the most active against Plasmodium falciparum D6 strain. Aqueous extracts of Lannea schweinfurthii had the highest anti-plamodial activity followed by Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea. D6 was more sensitive to the plant extracts than W2 strain. Lannea schweinfurthii extracts had the highest anti-malarial activity in mice followed by Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea with the methanol extracts being more active than aqueous ones. Combinations of aqueous extracts of the three plants and two others (Boscia salicifolia and Rhus natalensis) previously shown to exhibit anti-plasmodial and anti-malarial activity singly were tested in mice. Marked synergy and additive interactions were observed when combinations of the drugs were assayed in vitro. Different combinations of Turraea robusta and Lannea schweinfurthii exhibited good in vitro synergistic interactions. Combinations of Boscia salicifolia and Sclerocarya birrea; Rhus natalensis and Turraea robusta; Rhus natalensis and Boscia salicifolia; Turraea robusta and Sclerocarya birrea; and Lannea schweinfurthii and Boscia salicifolia exhibited high malaria parasite suppression (chemo-suppression greater than 90%) in vivo when tested in mice. The findings are a preliminary demonstration of the usefulness of combining several plants in herbal drugs, as a normal practice of traditional health practitioners. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | PARASITE CONTROL | TOXICITY | SAFETY | IN VITRO | ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 325606 |
| 7. Title: The inhibitory effects on adult male reproductive functions of crude garlic (Allium sativum) feeding. Author: Hammami I; Nahdi A; Mauduit C; Benahmed M; Amri M Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jul;10(4):593-601. Abstract: Aim: To investigate the effects of crude garlic on adult male rat reproductive functions. Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into five groups: group 1 (untreated) and groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed for 30 days with 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% crude garlic, respectively. Testes and accessory organs were weighed and some markers were assessed. Light and electron microscopy observations were also performed. Results: A significant decrease was observed in the body weight of groups 4 (14%; P < 0.01) and 5 (20%; P < 0.01); of the prostate weight in group 5 (29.1%; P < 0.05) and of seminal vesicle weight in groups 3 (14.4%; P < 0.01), 4 (18.3%; P < 0.01) and 5 (27.3%; P < 0.01). In contrast, testis and epididymis weights were unchanged. In epididymis tissue, the alpha glucosidase activity and the spermatozoa density were unchanged. The treatment resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone serum levels in groups 3 (77.3%; P < 0.01), 4 (77.3%; P < 0.01) and 5 (90.9%; P < 0.01), associated with a significant increase in LH serum levels (P < 0.01). Testicular histology showed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of empty seminiferous tubules. Moreover, testicular function was affected; a significant decrease in phosphatase acid activity (P < 0.01) and testosterone (P < 0.05) contents were observed. Conclusion: Crude garlic consumption during 1 month reduced testosterone secretion and altered spermatogenesis at 10%, 15% and 30% doses. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MEN | MEDICINAL PLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | BODY WEIGHT | PROSTATE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | TESTIS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TESTOSTERONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins Document Number: 327404 |
8.  Title: Immunomodulatory effect of Tinospora cordifolia extract in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patients. Author: Kalikar MV; Thawani VR; Varadpande UK; Sontakke SD; Singh RP Source: Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2008 Jun;40(3):107-110. Abstract: The objective of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy of TCE in human immuno-deficiency virus positive patients. Efficacy of Tinospora cordifolia extract (TCE) in HIV positive patients was assessed in randomized double blind placebo controlled trial. 68 HIV positive participants were randomly assigned to two groups to receive either TCE or placebo for six months. After clinical examination TLC, DLC, ESR, platelet count, hemoglobin and CD4 count were done. The hematological investigations were repeated at bimonthly intervals and CD4 count was repeated at the end of the study. Patients were clinically reviewed at monthly intervals for compliance, refill and ADR monitoring. The drugs were decoded at the end of the trial. TCE treatment caused significant reduction in eosinophil count and hemoglobin percentage. 60% of patients receiving TCE and 20% on placebo reported decrease in the incidence of various symptoms associated with disease. Some of the common complaints reported by patients onTCE were anorexia, nausea, vomiting and weakness. Tinospora cordifolia extract, a plant derived immunostimulant, significantly affected the symptoms of HIV. This was validated by clinical evaluation. However, not all of the objective parameters studied by us back this up. Tinospora cordifolia could be used as an adjunct to HIV/AIDS management. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | HIV INFECTIONS | TREATMENT | IMMUNE SYSTEM | RISK ASSESSMENT | SAFETY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Physiology | Biology | Evaluation | Public Health Document Number: 327980 |
| 9. Title: Antimalarial activity of crude extracts from nine African medicinal plants. Author: Kaou AM; Mahiou-Leddet V; Hutter S; Ainouddine S; Hassani S Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Feb 28;116(1):74-83. Abstract: An ethnobotanical study was conducted in Comores (Ngazidja) about plant species used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases, including malaria. Antimalarial activity of 76 vegetal extracts obtained from 17 species traditionally used to treat malaria symptoms, was evaluated in vitro using Plasmodium falciparum chloroquine-resistant strain (W2). Antiproliferative activity was evaluated on human monocytic THP1 cells and the selectivity index of the plant extracts was calculated. The results showed that 10 plant extracts had a moderate activity (5 less than IC/50 less than or equal to 10microg/ml), and 6 a good in vitro activity with IC/50 value less than or equal to 5miocrog/ml. The highest antiplasmodial activity was found for the MeOH/H2O leaves extract of Flueggea virosa (Roxb. Ex Willd.) Voigt subsp. virosa (Euphorbiaceae) (IC/50 = 2microg/ml), for roots decoction of Flueggea virosa (IC/50 = 3microg/ml) and for chloromethylenic roots extract of Vernonia colorata (Willd.) Drake subsp.grandis (DC.) C. Jeffrey (Asteraceae) (IC/50 = 3microg/ml). Three other extracts showed moderate antiplasmodial activity (IC/50 less than 5microg/ml): Vernonia colorata (aerial part), Piper capense L.f. (Piperaceae), and Leptadenia madagascariensis Decne (Asclepiadaceae) chloromethylenic extracts (IC/50 = 6microg/ml; 7 microg/ml and 9 microg/ml, respectively). All the plants tested displayed a low cytotoxicity on THP1 cells. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | MALARIA | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | IN VITRO | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Medical Procedures Document Number: 325338 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Rwandan female genital modification: Elongation of the labia minora and the use of local botanical species. Author: Koster M; Price LL Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Feb;10(2):191-204. Abstract: The elongation of the labia minora is classified as a Type IV female genital mutilation by the World Health Organization. However, the term mutilation carries with it powerful negative connotations. In Rwanda, the elongation of the labia minora and the use of botanicals to do so is meant to increase male and female pleasure. Women regard these practices as a positive force in their lives. This paper aims to assess whether Rwandan vaginal practices should indeed be considered a form of female genital mutilation and whether the botanicals used by women are detrimental to their health. Research was carried out in the northeast of Rwanda over the course of 13 months. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with thirteen informants. Two botanicals applied during stretching sessions were identified as Solanum aculeastrum Dunal and Bidens pilosa L. Both have wide medicinal use and contain demonstrated beneficial bioactive compounds. We suggest that it is therefore more appropriate to describe Rwandan vaginal practices as female genital modification rather than mutilation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | GENITALIA, FEMALE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | MEDICINAL PLANTS | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | SEXUALITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324325 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Who's talking? Communication between health providers and HIV-infected adults related to herbal medicine for AIDS treatment in western Uganda. Author: Langlois-Klassen D; Kipp W; Rubaale T Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2008 Jul;67(1):165-176. Abstract: Communication between patients and physicians about herbal medicine is valuable, enabling physicians to address issues of potential herb-drug interactions and ensuring appropriate medical care. As seemingly harmless herbal remedies may have detrimental interactions with various HIV antiretroviral drugs, the importance of communication is intensified, but often stifled around the use of herbal medicine in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. In western Uganda, 137 HIV-infected adults attending conventional HIV/ AIDS treatment programmes (67 of whom were receiving antiretroviral therapy) shared their experiences and perceptions about traditional herbal medicine and related patient-physician communication issues through interviews and focus group discussions. Although close to 64% of respondents reported using herbal medicine after being diagnosed with HIV, only 16% of these respondents had informed their conventional medical practitioners about using these herbs. Furthermore, only 13% of antiretroviral therapy recipients had inquired about concurrent herb-antiretroviral drug use with their HIV/AIDS treatment providers, largely because they perceived a low acceptance and support for herbal medicine by conventional medical practitioners. Importantly however, almost 68% of HIV-infected adults indicated they would be willing to discuss herbal medicine use if directly asked by a conventional medical practitioner, and the overwhelming majority (91%) said they were amenable to following physician advice about herbal medicine. As such, improved patient-physician communication about herbal medicine is needed, and we recommend that herbal medicine histories be completed when patient histories are taken. Also, HIV/AIDS treatment programmes should be encouraged to develop specific patient-physician communication standards and best practice guidelines to ensure that patients can make informed decisions about herb and pharmaceutical drug co-therapy based on known risks, particularly in the case of AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Communication about herbal medicine usage should be viewed as a timely and cost-effective component of antiretroviral therapy programmes, one which may contribute to the overall success of AIDS treatment in Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medicine | Health Services | Medical Procedures | HIV Document Number: 327253 |
| 12. Title: Screening of anti-HIV-1 inophyllums by HPLC-DAD of Calophyllum inophyllum leaf extracts from French Polynesia Islands. Author: Laure F; Raharivelomanana P; Butaud JF; Bianchini JP; Gaydou EM Source: Analytica Chimica Acta. 2008 Aug 22;624(1):147-53. Abstract: Various pyranocoumarins, calophyllolide, inophyllums B, C, G(1), G(2) and P, from Calophyllum inophyllum (Clusiaceae) leaves of French Polynesia (Austral, Marquesas, Society and Tuamotu archipelagos) have been determined in 136 leaf extracts using a high pressure liquid chromatography-UV-diode array detection (HPLC-UV-DAD) technique. Results show a wide range in chemical composition within trees growing on eighteen islands. The use of multivariate statistical analyses (PCA) shows geographical distribution of inophyllums and indicate those rich in HIV-1 active (+)-inophyllums. Inophyllum B and P contents (0.0-39.0 and 0.0-21.8 mg kg(-1), respectively) confirm the chemodiversity of this species within the large area of French Polynesia. The study suggests the presence of interesting chemotypes which could be used as plant source for anti-HIV-1 drugs. Language: English Keywords: FRENCH POLYNESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SCREENING | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | HIV INFECTIONS | DRUGS | TREATMENT | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | Oceania | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 328524 |
| 13. Title: Traditional practices, beliefs and uses of medicinal plants in relation to maternal-baby health of Criollo woman in central Argentina. Author: Martinez GJ Source: Midwifery. 2008 Dec;24(4):490-502. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to present information on traditional practices and medicinal uses of plants for treating health diseases related to the reproductive cycle of Criollo women living in the hills of the province of Cordoba; and to interpret these uses in the context of this population's folk medicine. DESIGN: data were collected during several field trips to the study area based on the guidelines of a research project that included ethnographic and ethnobotanical aspects of the study area. SETTING: a rural community of central Argentina. PARTICIPANTS: a total of 62 peasants were interviewed on the basis of a semi-structured system. Repeated open and extensive interviews were also undertaken with seven women who had previously worked as midwives in areas of difficult access. FINDINGS: this study found that 12 different female diseases and complaints are treated using a total of 48 plant species belonging to 27 botanical families, with 71 different medicinal uses. The traditional beliefs and practices associated with maternal-baby health care in rural areas highlights the existing combination of principles reformulated from humoral medicine, the use of analogical reasoning, and ontological and functional interpretations of morbid processes. The principle of Hypocratical opposition and hot-cold categorisation are significant criteria that rule over the practices of mother and child health care during birth and puerperium. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: consequences of traditional knowledge on the health care of peasant women are discussed, based on the analysis of traditional practices from a peasant's point of view. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLASSIFICATION | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | MEDICINAL PLANTS | BELIEFS | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | ETHICS | CHILDBIRTH | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Pregnancy Outcomes Document Number: 330297 |
| 14. Title: In vitro anti-HIV-1 properties of ethnobotanically selected South African plants used in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Author: Tshikalange TE; Meyer JJ; Lall N; Munoz E; Sancho R; Van de Venter M; Oosthuizen V Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2008 Oct 28;119(3):478-81. Abstract: ETHOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: The plants selected in this study are used traditionally in the treatment of sexually transmitted diseases and traditional healers interviewed claimed these plants can also help AIDS patients. AIM: To evaluating the in vitro anti-HIV properties of selected plants in various bioassays. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The extracts were evaluated for their inhibition against alpha-glycohydrolase, reverse transcriptase and viral proteins (NF-kappaB and Tat) which play a significant role in the HIV life cycle. RESULTS: Terminalia sericea extract (IC(50)=92mg/ml) exhibited a considerable alpha-glucosidase inhibitory activity which was better than acarbose (IC(50)=131mg/ml) under our assay conditions. In the reverse transcriptase assay, T. sericea also showed good inhibitory activity (IC(50)=43mg/ml), which was higher than that of the reference drug, Adriamycin (IC(50)=100mg/ml). The ethyl acetate extract of Elaeodendron transvaalense exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity in both the NF-kappaB and Tat assays with inhibitory activity of 76% and 75% respectively at a concentration of 15mg/ml. The acetone and chloroform extracts of E. transvaalense and Zanthoxylum davyi also showed good activity in the NF-kappaB and Tat assays. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | IN VITRO | MEDICINAL PLANTS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Medical Procedures Document Number: 329702 |
| 15. Title: Antiretroviral therapy abandoned for herbal remedies. Author: Ahmad K Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2007 May;7(5):313. Abstract: In Zambia, widespread promotion of claims that herbal remedies can cure HIV/AIDS have been making individuals with HIV/AIDS abandon their antiretroviral therapy for ineffective drugs, the Network of Zambian People Living with HIV and AIDS has warned. Miriam Banda of the Network told journalists that both print and electronic media in the country have been persistently carrying advertisements and news stories that bring false hope to people living with HIV/AIDS. It is unclear how many people have been leaving antiretroviral programmes in the country as a result of these claims. At least 1.1 million people of Zambia's 11.6 million population have HIV/AIDS, which has devastated the economy and decreased life expectancy at birth to less than 40 years. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | GAMBIA | HIV INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | WHO | TREATMENT | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 315522 |
| 16. Title: Postnatal development and reproductive performance of F1 progeny exposed in utero to ayurvedic contraceptive: Pippaliyadi yoga. Author: Balasinor N; Bhan A; Paradkar NS; Shaikh A; Nandedkar TD Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007 Feb;109(3):406-411. Abstract: Pippaliyadi yoga or pippaliyadi vati is an ayurvedic contraceptive used in India since ancient times. It is a combination of powdered fruit berries of Embelia ribes Burm.f. (Myrsinaceae), Piper longum L. (Piperaceae) and borax in equal proportion. Though the contraceptive potential is known since ancient times, no systematic developmental toxicity studies have been carried out. The present study was carried out to evaluate the postnatal developmental toxicity and the reproductive performance of the progeny exposed in utero to pippaliyadi. Pippaliyadi yoga was obtained from National Institute for Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), India and the developmental toxicity was studied by administering three doses, viz. 140, 300 and 700 mg/(kg day) to gravid females from day 6 to day 16 of gestation. Pippaliyadi did not have any adverse developmental effects with low doses, however, with the five times higher dose, a decrease in body weight of the pups was observed. The reproductive performance of the progeny born to mothers treated with pippaliyadi was not significantly affected. The present study suggests that in utero exposure to pippaliyadi does not have any adverse effect on the postnatal development and reproductive performance of the F/1 progeny. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | TOXICITY | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | REPRODUCTION | GROWTH | CONTRACEPTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Physiology | Biology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Child Development | Family Planning Document Number: 314467 |
| 17. Title: In search of cyclooxygenase inhibitors, anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis and anti-malarial drugs from Thai flora and microbes. Author: Gale GA; Kirtikara K; Pittayakhajonwut P; Sivichai S; Thebtaranonth Y Source: Pharmacology and Therapeutics. 2007 Sep;115(3):307-351. Abstract: Malaria continues to be a major infectious disease of the developing world and the problem is compounded not only by the emergence of drug resistant strains but also from a lack of a vaccine. The situation for tuberculosis (TB) infection is equally problematic. Once considered a "treatable" disease for which eradication was predicted, TB has re-emerged as highly lethal, multi-drug resistant strains after the outbreak of AIDS. Worldwide, the disease causes millions of deaths annually. Similarly, treatments for chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis have been impeded due to the potentially lethal side effects of the new and widely prescribed non-steroidal anti-inflammatory compounds. Thais have utilized bioresources from plants and some microorganisms for medicine for thousands of years. Because of the need for new drugs to fight malaria and TB, with radically different chemical structures and mode of actions other than existing drugs, efforts have been directed towards searching for new drugs from bioresources. This is also true for anti-inflammatories. Although Thailand is considered species-rich, only a small number of potential bioresources has been investigated. This article briefly describes the pathogenesis of 2 infectious diseases, malaria and TB, and modern medicines employed in chemotherapy. Diversities of Thai flora and fungi and their chemical constituents with antagonistic properties against these 2 diseases are described in detail. Similarly, anti-inflammatory compounds, mostly cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors, are also described herein to demonstrate the potential of Thai bioresources to provide a wide array of compounds for treatment of diseases of a different nature. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ANALYSIS | POPULATION AT RISK | MALARIA | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | TUBERCULOSIS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | DRUG RESISTANCE | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 321430 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Lead poisoning as a result of infertility treatment using herbal remedies. Author: Geraldine M; Herman DS; Venkatesh T Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Apr;275(4):279-281. Abstract: Lead poisoning remains a major problem in our society due to the lack of awareness of its ill effects among the clinical community. The non-availability of blood lead levels at primary health centers results in many lead-poisoned cases being treated symptomatically, without the diagnosis being sought. We report a case here, presenting with colicky abdominal pain receiving symptomatic treatment initially; lead poisoning was confirmed following the estimation of blood lead levels. The consumption of unbranded herbal medicines as a causative factor for lead poisoning was confirmed by high lead content in the medicines. Surely, this demands public health programs to disseminate strategies to the medical personnel about the clinical implication of lead poisoning, as well as the general public for awareness and to prevent lead poisoning. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | LEAD | POISON | TOXICITY | MEDICINAL PLANTS | INFERTILITY | TREATMENT | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Reproduction | Medical Procedures Document Number: 313025 |
| 19. Title: Herbal care for reproductive health: Ethno medicobotany from Uttara Kannada district in Karnataka, India. Author: Hegde HV; Hegde GR; Kholkute SD Source: Complementary Therapies in Clinical Practice. 2007 Feb;13(1):38-45. Abstract: Traditional herbal medicine is predominantly practiced by the rural people of India, especially remote areas such as the Uttara Kannada District in Western Ghats of Karnataka. Local traditional healers play an important role in the management of reproductive health problems of the native population due to socioeconomical and geographical factors. In the present study, 92 traditional medicine practitioners/healers from various regions of Uttara Kannada district were interviewed to collect information on the use of herbal treatments for a range of female and male reproductive disorders. Information was also collected on the method of preparation, dose and duration along with the botanical names, family and local names of the medicinal plants. The plants were then collected and identified. A total of 18 formulations from 25 plant species belonging to 17 families were identified, which are commonly used to treat 12 different reproductive ailments. This study identifies herbal remedies not previously documented, that are used by indigenous people in the treatment of reproductive disorders. Additionally, the paper highlights the need to retain and explore the rich biodiversity associated with Indian rain forests that may result in the discovery of new medical treatments. Finally, this paper notes the continuing reliance on herbal medicines and healing traditions by local people in remote areas. Understanding and working with local healers and tribes provides a unique opportunity to learn about the use of potentially new herbal and plant medications. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | WOMEN | MEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | TREATMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Traditional Medicine | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures Document Number: 314445 |
| 20. Title: Medicinal plants used in some gynaecological morbidity ailments in western Uganda. Author: Kamatenesi-Mugisha M; Oryem-Origa H; Olwa-Odyek Source: African Journal of Ecology. 2007 Mar;45 Suppl 1:34-40. Abstract: Gynaecological morbidity is one of the most severe conditions under reproductive health. Healthcare providers and planners in Uganda have not taken it seriously among rural communities. This study was carried out mainly to document indigenous knowledge on medicinal plants used by traditional healers in the treatment of some gynaecological morbidity ailments in reproductive healthcare in western Uganda. In addition, the methods of preparation and administration of herbal medicines including the plant parts utilized were established. The research methods used included informal conversations, semi-structured interviews and discussions, and field excursions. The documented conditions under gynaecological morbidity discussed in this paper include excessive-bleeding (hypermenorrhea), painful menstruation (dysmenorrhoea), irregular menstruation and prolapsed uterus. Fifty-two medicinal plants have been documented as being used in the treatment of these ailments and conditions. Leaves are the most commonly harvested plant parts and the most common growth forms harvested are the herbs 51.9%, followed by trees 25% and shrubs 17.3%. Over 50% of these herbal remedies are harvested from the wild ecosystems. The main methods of herbal remedies preparation were boiling, squeezing and pounding and the medicines are administered orally. The nutritional status of individuals plays a vital role in the well-being and in fighting diseases as some medicinal plants are used as foodstuffs like Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., Mangifera indica L., Carica papaya L., Cucurbita pepo L., Physalis minima L., Rumex abyssinicus Jacq., Daucus carota L., Zingiber officinale Roscoe and Ananas comosus (L.) Merr. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | WOMEN | GYNECOLOGY | MORBIDITY | MEDICINAL PLANTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TREATMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | BLEEDING | DYSMENORRHEA | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Traditional Medicine | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Drugs | Medical Procedures | Signs and Symptoms | Menstruation Disorders Document Number: 317450 |
| 21. Title: Medicinal plants used to induce labour during childbirth in western Uganda. Author: Kamatenesi-Mugisha M; Oryem-Origa H Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007 Jan;109(3):1-9. Abstract: Traditional medicine usage in rural Ugandan population for day-to-day health care needs is close to 90%.Women and children form the bulk of the people reliant on herbal medicine. This study was undertaken to document how ethnomedical folklore aids childbirth in rural western Uganda by conducting field surveys, discussions and interviews with the resource users (mothers) and health providers (traditional birth attendants). Health surveys revealed that over 80% of childbirths are conducted at home by using herbal remedies in Bushenyi district. Seventy-five plants have been recorded for usage in inducing labour and some of these plants may be oxytocic. The dilemma lies in the toxicity levels and the unspecified dosages that may threaten the life of the unborn baby and the mother. The high population growth rate, high total fertility rate coupled with high maternal mortality and morbidity in Uganda calls for rethinking in gendered health provision policies and programmes for which herbal medicine integration in health care systems seems viable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | TRADITIONAL BIRTH ATTENDANTS | CHILDBIRTH | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | OXYTOCIN | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Medicine | Health Services | Pituitary Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 314466 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Chenopodium album seed extract: A potent sperm-immobilizing agent both in vitro and in vivo. Author: Kumar S; Biswas S; Mandal D; Roy HN; Chakraborty S Source: Contraception. 2007 Jan;75(1):71-78. Abstract: Aqueous decoction of Chenopodium album seeds (CAD) was assessed for its sperm-immobilizing and contraceptive efficacy in laboratory mammals. Spermicidal efficacy was evaluated in vitro by a modified Sander-Cramer test. The mode of spermicidal action was assessed by (a) supravital and double fluoroprobe staining of sperm, (b) hypoosmotic swelling tests and (c) transmission electron microscopy. Contraceptive efficacy was evaluated by intrauterine and vaginal application of CAD in rats and rabbits, respectively, followed by their mating and evaluation of pregnancy outcomes. The minimum effective concentration of CAD that induced instantaneous immobilization of rat spermatozoa in vitro was 2 mg/mL. The mechanism of CAD action involved disintegration of sperm plasma membrane and dissolution of acrosomal cap causing sperm death. Fertilization of oocytes and establishment of implantation were prevented in the uterine horn that was administered with CAD, while these events occurred unhindered in the untreated contralateral side. In rabbit, intravaginal application of CAD significantly blocked the establishment of pregnancy. CAD possesses appreciable spermicidal potential, which may be explored as an effector constituent of vaginal contraceptive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | VAGINAL SPERMICIDES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 310442 |
| 23. Title: Asian traditional medicine for erectile dysfunction. Author: Low WY; Tan HM Source: Journal of Men's Health and Gender. 2207 Sep;4(3):245-250. Abstract: Asian cultures have different belief systems and health seeking behaviors and they believe strongly in the holistic approach to medicine and health. Asian traditional medicine emphasizes the importance of prevention of illnesses and development of natural resistance to disease, and thus believes in the promotion of general well-being. Asian traditional medicine predominates in the Asian countries, and it is used for the treatment of various physical and mental illnesses. It has also been used for the treatment of sexual dysfunction, namely erectile dysfunction (ED) in men. However, the majority of research into the safety and efficacy of medicinal plants or herbs are mainly based on animal models and very limited studies on humans, probably due to negative clinical trial results, drug interactions or toxic reactions. It is generally very difficult to identify the actual ingredient of a herbal medication that is effective for the treatment of ED. Various traditional medicines, such as herbal medicine or animal products, which are used for the treatment of ED are discussed in this paper. It is important for physicians treating ED to know about the various traditional medicines and the perception and beliefs of ED sufferers regarding traditional therapies. Physicians should understand the potential associated health risks of various traditional medicines because of possible adverse events, drug interactions, contamination or adulteration of the medicine. Finally, practitioners treating ED should recognize and emulate the emphatic and approachable qualities of traditional therapists. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MEN | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | MEDICINAL PLANTS | SAFETY | IMPOTENCE | TREATMENT | DRUG INTERACTIONS | DRUGS | PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Public Health | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 321323 |
| 24. Title: Traditional health practitioner and the scientist: Bridging the gap in contemporary health research in Tanzania. Author: Mbwambo ZH; Mahunnah RL; Kayombo EJ Source: Tanzania Health Research Bulletin. 2007 May;9(2):115-120. Abstract: Traditional health practitioners (THPs) and their role in traditional medicine health care system are worldwide acknowledged. Trend in the use of Traditional medicine (TRM) and Alternative or Complementary medicine (CAM) is increasing due to epidemics like HIV/AIDS, malaria, tuberculosis and other diseases like cancer. Despite the wide use of TRM, genuine concern from the public and scientists/biomedical heath practitioners (BHP) on efficacy, safety and quality of TRM has been raised. While appreciating and promoting the use of TRM, the World Health Organization (WHO), and WHO/Afro, in response to the registered challenges has worked modalities to be adopted by Member States as a way to addressing these concerns. Gradually, through the WHO strategy, TRM policy and legal framework has been adopted in most of the Member States in order to accommodate sustainable collaboration between THPs and the scientist/BHP. Research protocols on how to evaluate traditional medicines for safety and efficacy for priority diseases in Africa have been formulated. Creation of close working relationship between practitioners of both health care systems is strongly recommended so as to revamp trust among each other and help to access information and knowledge from both sides through appropriate modalities. In Tanzania, gaps that exist between THPs and scientists/BHP in health research have been addressed through recognition of THPs among stakeholders in the country's health sector as stipulated in the National Health Policy, the Policy and Act of TRM and CAM. Parallel to that, several research institutions in TRM collaborating with THPs are operating. Various programmed research projects in TRM that has involved THPs and other stakeholders are ongoing, aiming at complementing the two health care systems. This paper discusses global, regional and national perspectives of TRM development and efforts that have so far been directed towards bridging the gap between THPs and scientist/BHP in contemporary health research in Tanzania. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | PHYSICIANS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | SAFETY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | WHO | STANDARDS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Personnel | Public Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 320315 |
| 25. Title: Evaluation of the flora of northern Mexico for in vitro antimicrobial and antituberculosis activity. Author: Molina-Salinas GM; Perez-Lopez A; Becerril-Montes P; Salazar-Aranda R; Said-Fernandez S Source: Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 2007 Feb 12;109(3):435-441. Abstract: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the potential antimicrobial activity of 14 plants used in northeast Mexico for the treatment of respiratory diseases, against drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae type b and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Forty-eight organic and aqueous extracts were tested against these bacterial strains using a broth microdilution test. No aqueous extracts showed antimicrobial activity, whereas most of the organic extracts presented antimicrobial activity against at least one of the drug-resistant microorganisms tested. Methanol-based extracts from the roots and leaves of Leucophyllum frutescens and ethyl ether extract from the roots of Chrysanctinia mexicana showed the greatest antimicrobial activity against the drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis; the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) were 62.5, 125 and 62.5 µg/mL, respectively; methanol-based extract from the leaves ofCordia boissieri showed the best antimicrobial activity against the drug-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MIC 250µg/mL); the hexane-based extract from the fruits of Schinus molle showed considerable antimicrobial activity against the drug-resistant strain of Streptococcus pneumoniae (MIC 62.5µg/mL). This study supports that selecting plants by ethnobotanical criteria enhances the possibility of finding species with activity against resistant microorganisms. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | ADULTS | TUBERCULOSIS | PNEUMONIA | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | IN VITRO | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology Document Number: 314468 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Traditional healers and the management of malaria in Kisumu district, Kenya. Author: Orwa JA; Mwitari PG; Matu EN; Rukunga GM Source: East African Medical Journal. 2007 Feb;84(2):51-55. Abstract: Objective: To document the ethnobotanical information on malaria treatment with the goal of eventually testing the medicinal plant extracts for antiplasmodial activity. Design: A prospective study. Setting: Informants from Kisumu city and its environs were gathered at the Kenya Medical Research Institute, Centre for Vector Biology Control Research, Kisian, Kisumu. Interventions: Semi-structured Questionnaires were administered to 16 traditional health practitioners (THPs) to evaluate the THPs' perceptions and practice relating to causation and treatment of malaria. Main Outcome Measures: The THPs described the signs, symptoms and cause of malaria. Details of the preparation and use of plants for management of malaria were recorded. Results: Of the 16 respondents 12 (75%) knew that malaria is transmitted by mosquito bite and 12 (75%) recognized the main symptoms as fever. Of the 36 medicinal plants, claimed to treat malaria in Kisumu, 19 plants were identified at the East African Herbarium, National Museums of Kenya. Conclusion: The ethnomedical and ethnobotanical data generated form the basis for pharmacological evaluation of the medicinal plants collected to establish their potential in the treatment of malaria. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | CLASSIFICATION | TRADITIONAL HEALERS | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | MEDICINAL PLANTS | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | FEVER | KNOWLEDGE | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Traditional Medicine | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Body Temperature | Physiology | Biology | Infections Document Number: 325867 |
| 27. Title: A randomized comparison of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. Author: Pongrojpaw D; Somprasit C; Chanthasenanont A Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2007 Sep;90(9):1703-1709. Abstract: The objective was to study the efficacy of ginger and dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy. A double blind randomized controlled trial was used to collect the data. The setting used was the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Thammasat Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Thammasat University. Between January 2005 and December 2005, 170 pregnant women who attended at antenatal clinic Thammasat University Hospital with the symptoms of nausea and vomiting in pregnancy were randomly allocated into group A (n = 85) and group B (n = 85). The patients in group A received one capsule of ginger twice daily (one capsule contained 0.5 gm of ginger powder) while the patients in group B received the identical capsule of 50 mg dimenhydrinate twice daily. The visual analogue nausea scores (VANS) and vomiting times were evaluated at day 0-7 of the treatment. There was no significant difference in the visual analogue nausea scores (VANS) between group A and group B in day 1-7 of the treatment. The vomiting episodes of group A were greater than group B during the first and second day of the treatment with statistically significant difference. No difference in vomiting episodes during the day 3-7 of treatment was found in both groups. There was a statistically significant difference in the side effect of drowsiness after treatment in group B greater (77.64%) than group A (5.88%) (p < 0.01). From the presented data, ginger is as effective as dimenhydrinate in the treatment of nausea and vomiting during pregnancy and has fewer side effects. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | PREGNANT WOMEN | NAUSEA | VOMITING | DRUGS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | SIDE EFFECTS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 321310 |
| 28. Title: Antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activities of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves. Author: Sasidharan S; Latha LY; Zuraini Z; Suryani S; Sangetha S Source: Indian Journal of Pharmacology. 2007 Oct;39(5):245-248. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the antidiarrheal and antimicrobial activity of the extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis leaves. The methanolic extract of leaves of S. jamaicensis was prepared, with successive extraction in soxhlet apparatus with 300 ml of methanol for 24 h. The methanol extract of the leaves of S. jamaicensis (250 and 500 mg/kg) was studied for antidiarrheal activity using castor oil and magnesium sulphate-induced diarrhea models in mice. The antimicrobial activity of the extract (10 mg/ml) was determined by disk diffusion method. At the doses of 250 and 500 mg/kg, the methanol extract showed significant antidiarrheal activity (P < 0.05). When tested for antibacterial activity, the methanol extract displayed moderate inhibitory activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, with an MIC value of 5.00 mg/ml. On the basis of these findings, it can be assumed that S. jamaicensis leaves could be a potential source for novel 'lead' discovery for antidiarrheal drug development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MEDICINAL PLANTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | DIARRHEA | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ANIMALS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Diseases | Infections | Natural Resources | Environment | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 322631 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Spermicidal activity of extract from Cestrum parqui. Author: Souad K; Ali S; Mounir A; Mounir TM Source: Contraception. 2007 Feb;75(2):152-156. Abstract: The leaf extract of Cestrum parqui was examined for its effects on sperm motility in vitro. Washed sperm were prepared by discontinuous buoyant density gradient centrifugation and incubated with varying concentrations of extract from C. parqui (40-250 µg/mL) at 37°C and 5% CO/2. Sperm motility and viability were assessed at different intervals ranging from 5 to 240 min. Morphological changes in human ejaculated spermatozoa after exposure to the extract were evaluated under transmission electron microscope. A dose- and time-dependent effect of this extract on sperm motility and viability was observed. The maximal spermicidal effect was observed with a 250-µg/mL dose of the extract. Transmission electron microscope revealed a significant damage to sperm membrane in both head and acrosomal membranes, notable swelling and disruption. The present study indicates that this natural extract has potential spermicidal effect in vitro. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | SPERM IMMOBILIZING AGENTS | MEDICINAL PLANTS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 311554 |
| 30. Title: From HIV AIDS, TB to H. pylori and other infections in Africa [editorial] Author: Tumwine JK Source: African Health Sciences. 2007;7(3):123. Abstract: In this issue we bring you very interesting papers on infectious diseases in Africa. Not that that is what is the bread and butter of medical practice in this continent but because the situation seems to be getting out of hand. Thus Damalie Nakanjako and coworkers from Uganda report a very disturbing trend. Half the presenting at the emergency medical ward in Mulago, Uganda' referral and teaching hospital tested positive for HIV. This is a country with national HIV sero-prevalence of between 6 and 10%. Seventy one percent of those testing positive for HIV WHO stage 3 and 4 and two thirds had not had any prior HIV testing. There is no need to continue this litany for it highlights the ever increasing need for care for those infected with HIV. You will find the results of this study disturbing but very revealing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | MEDICINAL PLANTS | VIRAL DISEASES | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | Developing Countries | Africa | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 321608 |
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