1.  Title: No association between maternal recurrent genital herpes in pregnancy and higher risk for congenital abnormalities. Author: Acs N; Banhidy F; Puho E; Czeizel AE Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87(3):292-299. Abstract: The objective was to study the possible links between recurrent symptomatic genital herpes during pregnancy and risk for congenital abnormalities (CAs). The occurrence of prospectively and medically-recorded recurrent genital herpes during pregnancy in the mothers of cases with different congenital abnormalities and in the mothers of matched controls without CAs was compared in the population-based large data set of the Hungarian Case-Control Surveillance System of Congenital Abnormalities. Of 22,843 cases with CAs, 59 (0.26%) were born to mothers with recurrent symptomatic genital herpes, while of 38,151 control newborns without CAs, 86 (0.23%) were born to mothers with recurrent genital herpes during the study pregnancy (adjusted OR: 1.1, 95% CI: 0.8-1.6). Pregnant women with clinically recognised recurrent genital herpes in the first trimester of pregnancy are not linked with a higher risk for any CAs. Recurrent genital herpes during pregnancy does not associate with a higher risk of CAs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | HERPES GENITALIS | PREVALENCE | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 324949 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: The role of transplacental microtransfusions of maternal lymphocytes in HIV transmission to newborns. Author: Biggar RJ; Lee TH; Wen L; Broadhead R; Kumwenda N; Taha TE; Busch MP Source: AIDS. 2008 Nov 12;22(17):2251-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Perinatal HIV transmission could occur via microtransfused maternal blood during delivery. If so, detecting maternal cells in umbilical cord blood should correlate with infection risk. OBJECTIVE: To develop sensitive assays for maternal DNA in infant's blood stored as dried blood spots (DBS) and examine the correlation between microtransfusion and perinatal HIV infection risk. METHODS: Blood-in-blood serial dilutions were prepared as DBS. Extracted DNA was amplified for unique minor-population sequences using 24 allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assays. Using newborns born to HIV+ mothers, paired mother-infant samples were similarly examined to identify unique maternal sequences targeted by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction of DNA extracted from cord blood DBS. Cord-blood PCR-negative infants were categorized as uninfected or perinatally infected by HIV PCR on samples collected 4-8 weeks after birth. RESULTS: Sequences from added cells were detected at less than 1: 1000 dilutions in 19 of 20 aliquots, and less than 1: 10 000 dilutions in seven of 20 aliquots; the median limit of detection (probit analysis) was one added genomic sequence in 9500 background sequences of amplifiable DNA. Maternal sequences were detected in cord-blood DBS of 50% of infected infants (N = 18) and 44% of uninfected infants (N = 43). Infection did not correlate with more frequent detection of maternal sequences. CONCLUSION: This semiquantitative assay reliably detected maternal DNA sequences in DBS at levels of less than 1: 1000 cells. Maternal sequences were frequently detected but did not correlate infection risk with detection or level of maternal DNA in umbilical cord blood. Therefore, we could not demonstrate that microtransfusions at parturition were responsible for perinatal HIV transmission. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FETUS | PREVALENCE | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | HIV TRANSMISSION | GENETICS | CHILDBIRTH | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Measurement | Transmission | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Biology | Pregnancy Outcomes Document Number: 330280 |
| 3. Title: Traditional practices, beliefs and uses of medicinal plants in relation to maternal-baby health of Criollo woman in central Argentina. Author: Martinez GJ Source: Midwifery. 2008 Dec;24(4):490-502. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: to present information on traditional practices and medicinal uses of plants for treating health diseases related to the reproductive cycle of Criollo women living in the hills of the province of Cordoba; and to interpret these uses in the context of this population's folk medicine. DESIGN: data were collected during several field trips to the study area based on the guidelines of a research project that included ethnographic and ethnobotanical aspects of the study area. SETTING: a rural community of central Argentina. PARTICIPANTS: a total of 62 peasants were interviewed on the basis of a semi-structured system. Repeated open and extensive interviews were also undertaken with seven women who had previously worked as midwives in areas of difficult access. FINDINGS: this study found that 12 different female diseases and complaints are treated using a total of 48 plant species belonging to 27 botanical families, with 71 different medicinal uses. The traditional beliefs and practices associated with maternal-baby health care in rural areas highlights the existing combination of principles reformulated from humoral medicine, the use of analogical reasoning, and ontological and functional interpretations of morbid processes. The principle of Hypocratical opposition and hot-cold categorisation are significant criteria that rule over the practices of mother and child health care during birth and puerperium. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE: consequences of traditional knowledge on the health care of peasant women are discussed, based on the analysis of traditional practices from a peasant's point of view. Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CLASSIFICATION | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | MEDICINAL PLANTS | BELIEFS | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | ETHICS | CHILDBIRTH | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Pregnancy Outcomes Document Number: 330297 |
| 4. Title: Comparison of maternal and cord blood nucleated red blood cell count between pre-eclamptic and healthy women. Author: Aali BS; Malekpour R; Sedig F; Safa A Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2007 Jun;33(3):274-278. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of pre-eclampsia on the cord and maternal nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) count. Immediately after delivery, 1 mL of maternal venous blood and 1 mL of cord blood from 50 pre-eclamptic and 150 healthy pregnant women were collected separately in tubes containing 1.5 mg ethylene diamine tetra-acetic acid. Blood smears were prepared and stained using the Giemsa method. The number of NRBC per 100 leukocytes in maternal and cord blood was counted and compared between the two groups using SPSS software package for Windows. Any correlation of the NRBC count in maternal and umbilical cord blood was also evaluated. P-values < 0.05 were considered significant. The mean (_SD) NRBC per 100 white blood cell (WBC) level in cord blood of newborns in the pre-eclamptic group (18.2 ± 31.8, range 0-142) was significantly greater than in the control group (6.2 ± 8.1, range 0-36). Low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction showed a statistically significant relationship with abnormal NRBC count in pre-eclamptic patients. A significant correlation was found between the maternal and cord blood NRBC count in the pre-eclamptic group. Fetal response to utero-placental insufficiency in pre-eclampsia leads to elevated NRBC in the cord blood, particularly in the presence of low birth weight and intrauterine growth restriction. The positive correlation between maternal and cord blood NRBC counts in pre-eclamptic patients indicates that maybe the hypoperfused placenta plays a role in the correlated alteration of the maternal and fetal NRBC count. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREECLAMPSIA | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS | INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Congenital Abnormalities | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Birth Weight | Body Weight Document Number: 317818 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Intrapartum maternal glucose infusion and fetal acid -- base status. Author: Jamal A; Choobak N; Tabassomi F Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Jun;97(3):187-189. Abstract: The objective was to compare the effects of an intrapartum infusion of a lactated Ringer solution or a glucose-boosted saline solution on the acid-base status of umbilical arterial blood. In a prospective clinical trial 178 women in labor were randomized to receive intravenously either a lactated Ringer solution or a saline solution boosted with 5% glucose. Umbilical arterial blood was then assessed for acid-base status. There were significant differences between the lactated Ringer group and the glucose group in umbilical artery pH values (7.25 ± 0.07 vs. 7.28 ± 0.06; P = 0.008), pCO/2 values (44.8 ± 5.6 mm Hg vs. 41.6 ± 4.1 mm Hg; P = 0.001), and base excess (-7.3 ± 2.1 mEq/L vs. -6.6 ± 1.8 mEq/L; P = 0.02). Intrapartum intravenous fluid containing a 5% glucose solution reduces umbilical cord acidemia and hypercarbia. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FETUS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | HUMAN MILK | Developing Countries | Middle East | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Physiology | Biology | Lactation | Maternal Physiology Document Number: 316676 |
| 6. Title: Bone marker status in mothers and their newborns in Iran. Author: Maghbooli Z; Hossein-Nezhad A; Nikoo MK; Shafei AR; Rahmani M Source: Journal of Maternal-Fetal and Neonatal Medicine. 2007 Sep;20(9):639-643. Abstract: The contribution of maternal skeletal calcium metabolism in pregnancy is evidenced in changes in the markers of bone formation and bone resorption. Changes in maternal bone markers could affect fetal bone mineralization. The aim of this study was to determine the association between maternal and cord blood bone markers. Five hundred and fifty-two pregnant women were recruited from Tehran University educating hospitals in the winter of 2002. Maternal and cord blood samples were taken at delivery. The serum was assayed for osteocalcin and crosslaps, calcium, and parathyroid hormone. There was significant correlation between maternal and cord blood serum osteocalcin and crosslaps levels, and the mean cord blood levels of osteocalcin and crosslaps were significantly higher at about 1.59- and 1.62-fold maternal levels, respectively. Serum calcium levels strongly correlated with osteocalcin and crosslaps in mothers (r = 0.21, p = 0.001 and r = 0.25, p = 0.001, respectively). Skeletal calcium release mayplay a major role in calcium homeostasis during pregnancy. Because of this, calcium supplements could have an important role in pregnant women in decreasing the risk of subsequent complications such as osteoporosis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SKELETAL EFFECTS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | CALCIUM | METABOLIC EFFECTS | HOMEOSTASIS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals Document Number: 319652 |
7.  Title: Relationship between the iron status of pregnant women and their newborns. Author: Paiva AD; Rondo PH; Pagliusi RA; Latorre MD; Cardoso MA Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2007 Jun;41(3):321-327. Abstract: The objective was to determine the relationship between iron nutritional status of pregnant women and their newborns using a combination of hematological and biochemical parameters for the diagnosis of iron deficiency. A cross-sectional study was conducted in Jundiaí, Southeastern Brazil, in 2000. Venous blood samples collected from 95 pregnant women and from their umbilical cord and used for the determination of complete blood count, serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, serum ferritin, zinc protoporphyrin, and transferrin saturation. Women were classified into three groups: anemic, iron deficient and non-iron deficient. Statistical analysis included the Tukey-HSD test, Pearson's correlation coefficient and multiple linear regression analysis. Among pregnant women, 19% were anemic (97.9% mildly anemic and 2.1% moderately anemic) and 30.5% were iron deficient. No significant difference was seen in mean values of any parameter studied between newborns in the three groups (p>0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis showed weak association between neonatal and maternal parameters. The iron nutritional status of pregnant women with iron deficiency or mild anemia does not seem to have a significant impact on the iron levels of their children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SERUM IRON LEVEL | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | ANEMIA | SERUM TOTAL IRON BINDING CAPACITY | PREVALENCE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 319758 |
| 8. Title: ABO blood group phenotypes influence parity specific immunity to Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Malawian women. Author: Senga E; Loscertales MP; Makwakwa KE; Liomba GN; Dzaamalala C Source: Malarial Journal. 2007;6:102. Abstract: Blood group O has been significantly associated with increased placental malaria infection in primiparae and reduced risk of infection in multiparae in the Gambia, an area with markedly seasonal malaria transmission. This study analyses the association between ABO blood group phenotypes in relation to placental malaria pathology and birth outcomes in southern Malawi, an area with perennial malaria transmission. A cross-sectional study of 647 mother/child pairs delivering in Montfort Hospital, Chikwawa District between February-June 2004 and January-July 2005 was undertaken. Maternal peripheral and cord blood samples were obtained at delivery. Placental tissue was obtained and malaria histology classified as active, past or no malaria infection. Birth anthropometry was recorded. ABO blood group was measured by agglutination. In primiparae, blood group O was significantly associated with increased risk of active placental infection (OR 2.18, 95% CI 1.15-4.6, p = 0.02) and an increased foetal-placental weight ratio compared to non-O phenotypes (5.68 versus 5.45, p = 0.03) In multiparae blood group O was significantly associated with less frequent active placental infection (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.36-0.98, p =0.04), and a higher newborn ponderal index compared to non-O phenotypes (2.65 versus 2.55, p = 0.007). In multivariate regression parity was independently associated with increased risk of placental malaria (active and past infection) in primiparae with blood group O (p = 0.034) and reduced risk in multiparae with the same phenotype (p = 0.015). Parity related susceptibility to placental malaria is associated with the mothers ABO phenotype. This interaction influences foetal and placental growth and could be an important modifying factor for pregnancy outcomes. The biological explanation could relate to sialic acid dependent placental membrane differences which vary with ABO blood group. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MALARIA | GENETICS | BLOOD | PARITY | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Hemic System | Physiology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 319096 |
| 9. Title: Paraurethral cysts in female newborns: Role of maternal estrogens. Author: Soyer T; Aydemir E; Atmaca E Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2007 Aug;20(4):249-251. Abstract: Paraurethral or Skene's duct cyst is a rare cause of introital mass in neonates. We report two female newborn cases with paraurethral cysts associated with vaginal bleeding and breast enlargement. These associations raise the question of whether maternal estrogens play a role in the development of paraurethral cysts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE STUDIES | CHILD, FEMALE | INFANT | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | ESTROGENS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | CYSTITIS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 319057 |
| 10. Title: Reproductive outcomes following environmental exposure to DDT. Author: Cocco P; Fadda D; Melis M Source: Reproductive Toxicology. 2006 Jul;22(1):5-7. Abstract: We used official statistics of births and stillbirths in 1945--1954 to evaluate reproductive outcomes in the general population following use of DDT during a 1946--1950 anti-malarial campaign in the Italian region of Sardinia. Due to the disruption of registration systems in the World War II years, data in the pre-DDT years were available only for 1945--1946. Such a short period of observation, and social conditions in the war and post-war years, do not allow exclusion of adverse effects of DDT on birth rate; however, we did not observe an effect. The stillbirth rate, infant mortality rate, and male/female ratio in newborns were apparently unaffected following widespread but focused use of DDT in Sardinia, Italy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PERIOD ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | PESTICIDES | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | VECTOR CONTROL | MALARIA PREVENTION | FETAL DEATH | BIRTH RATE | INFANT MORTALITY | SEX RATIO | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Ingredients and Chemicals | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors Document Number: 306636 |
| 11. Title: [Perinatal outcome in the different clinical forms of hypertension during pregnancy] Efetividade do tratamento de gestantes hipertensas. Author: Ferrao MH; Pereira AC; Gersgorin HC; de Paula TA; Correa RR Source: Revista da Associacao Medica Brasileira. 2006 Nov-Dec;52(6):390-394. Abstract: The objective was to compare the maternal-fetal clinical intercurrences and the effectiveness of treatment in the different clinical forms of hypertensive syndromes during pregnancy (HSP). Medical records of 200 pregnant women with HSP were reviewed to appraise fetal intercurrences, classification of the hypertensive syndrome and use of antihypertensives. Of the 200 patients analyzed, 85 (42.5%) were controls; 32 (16%) presented gestational hypertension (GH), 67 (33.5%) had Pre-eclampsia (PE), 6 (3%) had chronic hypertension and 10 (5%) cases had PE superimposed chronic hypertension (PSCH). The lowest values for gestational age, weights of the newborn and for the Apgar index were observed in the patients with PE and PSCH. Treatment did not alter the Apgar index in relation to control and non-treated GH patients. Patients with PE presented the lowest gestational age and the smallest Apgar index when compared to controls. Introduction of an antihypertensive therapy during gestation was of fundamental importance for health improvement and pressure control of the pregnant woman with HSP. Nevertheless, it has been of little help for prevention of perinatal intercurrences. This was substantiated by the absence of improvement in the gestational conditions between the treated group when compared to the non-treated. Medication did not significantly improve the maternal-fetal blood flow and consequently in the birth condition of the child. (author's) Language: Portuguese Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLASSIFICATION | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | PREECLAMPSIA | HYPERTENSION | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | GESTATIONAL AGE | PREVALENCE | DRUGS | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Measurement | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 316304 |
| 12. Title: Maternal genital bacteria and surface colonization in early neonatal sepsis. Author: Kerur BM; Bhat BV; Harish BN; Habeebullah S; Kumar CU Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2006 Jan;73(1):29-32. Abstract: Objective: The study was intended to evaluate the role of maternal genital bacteria and baby's surface colonization in early onset neonatal sepsis. Methods: Babies (born in the hospital of Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research) who developed clinical signs of sepsis were studied. Swabs were collected for culture from baby's umbilicus, ear, throat in addition to gastric aspirate and blood culture. The genital tract of the mother was also studied for bacterial colonization. The organisms isolated from the maternal genital tract and baby's surface colonization were correlated with those isolated from blood culture by calculating Phi correlation coefficient. Results: Esch coli was the most common organism isolated from maternal genital tract and surface cultures of babies, but Klebseilla-Spp was the most common organism isolated from blood. There was a significant correlation between surface colonization of babies and maternal genital bacteria, so also was baby's surface culture and blood culture. However, correlation between maternal genital bacteria and baby's blood culture was not significant. Conclusion: Surface colonizing bacteria and not maternal genital bacteria are important in early onset neonatal sepsis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL DISEASES | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | SCREENING | RESPIRATORY INFECTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 297523 |
| 13. Title: Neonatal morbidity and placental pathology. Author: Mehta R; Nanjundaswamy S; Shen-Schwarz S; Petrova A Source: Indian Journal of Pediatrics. 2006 Jan;73(1):25-28. Abstract: Objective: To investigate the association between gestational age, placental pathology and outcome among preterm births. Methods: Medical records and placental pathology results of 165 preterm infants (gestational age = 34 weeks) were used to analyze the development of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH), bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) and sepsis, in association with placental findings in the gestational age categories of 22-27 (n=71) and 28-33 (n=93) weeks. Results: Significant differences were found in placental findings based on gestational age and neonatal morbidity. Lower gestational age was associated with increased infection-related lesions such as chorionic vasculitis (47.9%, P<0.001) and acute chorioamnionitis (67.6%, P<0.001). Placental lesions reflecting disturbances of fetal-placental blood flow (infarction, chorionic plate thrombi and basal perivillous fibrin) were predominantly seen in the 28-33 week gestational age category (P<0.05-0.01). Despite the high prevalence of chorioamnionitis (38.8%), no significant association was found between this lesion and the tested preterm morbidity after controlling for gestational age. Only, villous edema and chorionic vasculitis were identified as independent predictors for the development of IVH (49.2%, OR(-A) 2.57, 95% Cl 1.01, 6.58 and 39.3%, OR(-A) 1.95, 95% Cl 1.01, 4.21, respectively). Conclusion: Villous edema and chorionic vasculitis are significant risk factors for the development of the IVH among neonates born at gestational age = 34 weeks. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW JERSEY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT, PREMATURE | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | GESTATIONAL AGE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | RESPIRATORY INSUFFICIENCY | EYESIGHT | INFECTIONS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Infant | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 297522 |
| 14. Title: Maternal hair -- an appropriate matrix for detecting maternal exposure to pesticides during pregnancy. Author: Ostrea EM Jr; Villanueva-Uy E; Bielawski DM; Posecion NC Jr; Corrion ML Source: Environmental Research. 2006;101:312-322. Abstract: The detection of exposure of pregnant women to toxicants in the environment is important because these compounds can be harmful to the health of the woman and her fetus. The aim of this study was to analyze for pesticides/herbicides in paired maternal hair and blood samples to determine the most appropriate matrix for detecting maternal exposure to these compounds. A total of 449 pregnant women were prospectively recruited at midgestation from an agricultural site in the Philippines where a preliminary survey indicated significant use at home and on the farm of the following compounds: propoxur, cyfluthrin, chlorpyrifos, cypermethrin, pretilachlor, bioallethrin, malathion, diazinon, and transfluthrin. Paired maternal hair and blood samples were obtained from each subject upon recruitment into the study (midgestation) and at birth and were analyzed for the above compounds, as well as lindane and DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2-2-bis(pchlorophenyl) ethane], and some of their known metabolites by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. The highest exposure rate was seen for propoxur and bioallethrin and maternal hair analysis provided the highest detection rate for these two compounds, compared to blood, at both time periods: (1) At midgestation, 10.5% positive for propoxur in hair compared to 0.7% in blood (P < 0:001) and for bioallethrin, 11.9% positive in hair compared to 0% in blood (P = 0:001), and (2) at birth, 11.8% positive for propoxur in hair compared to 4% in blood (P = 0:001) and for bioallethrin, 7.8% in hair compared to 0% in blood (P = 0:001). A small number of maternal hair samples were also positive for malathion, chlorpyrifos, pretilachlor, and DDT. Only a few of the pesticide metabolites were detected, principally 3-phenoxybenzoic acid, malathion monocarboxylic acid, and DDE [1,1,dichloro-2-2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene], and they were mostly found in maternal blood. There was a significant association between the use of the home spray pesticide, Baygon, and propoxur in maternal hair at birth (P = 0.001) and between the use of a slow-burning mosquito coil and the presence of bioallethrin in maternal hair at midgestation and at birth (P = 0:001, P = 0:041, respectively). There is significant exposure of the pregnant woman to pesticides, particularly to pesticides that are used at home. Our study demonstrates the advantages of analyzing maternal hair as a readily available biologic matrix for studying maternal exposure to toxicants in the environment, compared to blood. For propoxur, there was a 3- to 15-fold higher detection rate of the pesticide in maternal hair as compared to blood. As for the other pesticides, bioallethrin, malathion, chlorpyrifos, and DDT were exclusively found in maternal hair compared to blood. On the other hand, pesticide metabolites were infrequently found in maternal hair or maternal blood. Pesticides in blood most likely represent acute exposure, whereas pesticides in hair represent past and/or concurrent exposure. The high sensitivity, wide window of exposure, availability, and ease of hair collection are distinct advantages in using hair to detect exposure to pesticides among pregnant women. However, pesticides in maternal hair may also be secondary to passive exposure and therefore not truly representative of the internal pesticide dose. Finally, the analysis of maternal hair for pesticides as an index of maternal exposure to pesticides in the environment allows the institution of measures to prevent further exposure during pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | PESTICIDES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | BLOOD | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | HOUSING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Ingredients and Chemicals | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 306539 |
| 15. Title: Cell-free fetal DNA in maternal plasma and noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. Author: Ramos ES Source: Revista Latino-Americana de Enfermagem. 2006 Nov-Dec;14(6):964-967. Abstract: The noninvasive nature of the detection of fetal DNA in the maternal circulation represents the greatest advantage over the conventional methods of prenatal diagnosis. The applications of this methodology involve the detection of the fetal sex, and diagnosis, intra-uterine treatment, and evaluation of the prognosis of many diseases. Fetal cells detected in the maternal circulation have also been shown to be implicated in autoimmune diseases and to represent a potential source of stem cells. On the other hand, with the introduction of a technology that detects the fetal sex as early as at 6-8 weeks of gestation, there is the possibility of early abortion based on sex selection for social purposes. This implies an ethical discussion about the question. The introduction of new noninvasive techniques of prenatal diagnosis and the knowledge of the Nursing Team regarding new methodologies can be of great benefit to the mother and her children, and can help the Genetic Counseling of the families. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | FETUS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NURSES AND NURSING | GENETICS | ANTENATAL CARE | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | AUTOIMMUNE RESPONSE | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | SEX DETERMINATION | ETHICS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Biology | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Antibodies | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 314385 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Maternal-fetal status of copper, iron, molybdenum, selenium and zinc in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies. Author: Al-Saleh E; Nandakumaran M; Al-Shammari M; Makhseed M; Sadan T Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2005 Mar;271(3):212-217. Abstract: The objective was to assess the status of essential trace elements such as copper, iron, molybdenum, selenium and zinc in insulin-dependent diabetic pregnancies at term and to compare the data with a control group. Fetal-maternal ratios of the elements and copper:zinc ratio were also computed in the control and study populations. Samples from maternal vein, umbilical artery and umbilical vein of diabetic and control women were collected at the time of spontaneous delivery or cesarean section and activities of trace elements evaluated by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Cu, Fe, Mo, Se and Zn concentrations in maternal venous blood averaged 2,156, 2,020, 13, 102 and 656 µl in control women (n = 17) while in the diabetic group (n = 14), the corresponding values for the trace elements averaged 3,135, 3,675, 15, 85 and 628 µl respectively. Values for copper and molybdenum were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the study group compared to control while those of zinc, iron and selenium were not significantly different (p > 0.05). Iron and molybdenum values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) and that of zinc significantly lower (p < 0.05) in umbilical arterial samples of diabetic group compared to controls. In the case of molybdenum, copper the values were significantly higher (p < 0.05) in umbilical venous samples of diabetic group compared to that of control. Significant differences in Cu:Zn ratio of maternal venous and umbilical samples and fetal-maternal ratios of some elements were noted between control and study group as well. We speculate that altered status of some essential trace elements and altered antioxidant mineral ratio observed in insulin dependent diabetic patients could have deleterious influences on the health of the mother as well as the fetus and newborn. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | DIABETES | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | MATERNAL HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | Developed Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Health | Child Health Document Number: 298208 |
| 17. Title: Foetal maternal haemorrhage detection with the Kleihauer technique for postnatal immunoglobulin dose evaluation in Sudan. Author: Ali MS; Amin AY; Gamal M; Abdulla N; Mohamed A Source: New Zealand Journal of Medical Laboratory. 2005 Apr;59(1):6-9. Abstract: Objective: The intent of this study was to evaluate the standard routine dose (500 IU) of Rh immune globulin (RHIG) therapy, which is offered routinely to all RhD-negative mothers delivering RhD-positive babies in Sudan. Methods: Blood samples from 140 pregnant women who were admitted for delivery to various Khartoum State hospitals were tested by the Kleihauer technique to determine the amount of fetomaternal haemorrhage (FMH) in the maternal circulation. Results: The results of the study demonstrated that the circulation of 10 out of 140 mothers (7.1%), tested by the Kleihauer method, contained more than 4ml of foetal blood. In addition, the association between foetal haemorrhage and mothers’ age, duration of pregnancy, baby weight, circumcision of the mother (cutting of the clitoris), type of delivery, and mothers’ gravida was statistically insignificant. Conclusions: The study concluded that 7.1% of mothers had a possibility of greater than 4ml of FMH. For these mothers, the standard RHIG dose of 500IU would be inadequate and they would need additional RHIG to prevent sensitization and potential harm to future babies. It is recommended to test all RhD-negative women delivering RhD-positive babies routinely with the Kleihauer method for detection and quantitation of FMH in order to determine the correct dose of RHIG to be administered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SUDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | HEMATOLOGIC TESTS | RH SENSITIZATION | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | BLOOD | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | Africa, Northern | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Laboratory Procedures | Examinations and Diagnoses | Diseases | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 291058 |
| 18. Title: Iron Deficiency in Early Life: Challenges and Progress. Report of the 2004 International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group Symposium, Lima, Peru, 18 November 2004. [Deficiencia de hierro en etapas tempranas de la vida: desafíos y progresos. Informe del Simposio del Grupo Consultivo Internacional sobre Anemia Nutricional, Lima, Perú, 18 de noviembre de 2004.] Author: Creed-Kanashiro H; Giyose B Source: Washington, D.C., ILSI Human Nutrition Institute, International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group, 2005 Sep. 74 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00027-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADE-459) Abstract: Dr. Frances Davidson, of the US Agency for International Development (USAID), in Washington, DC, USA, and who also serves as Secretary of INACG, opened the symposium. In her welcome remarks and opening statement, Dr. Davidson noted with emphasis the lack of adequate attention to micronutrient malnutrition, especially that of iron. This is unfortunate given the very high prevalence of iron deficiency and anemia worldwide. The debilitating effects and developmental consequences brought about by the deficiency of this important nutrient, particularly in early life, are tragic. She went on to highlight the issues at hand by noting that infectious diseases such as malaria contribute to this situation. Given this scenario, Dr. Davidson emphasized the need for strong and successful policies worldwide. Given that micronutrient deficiencies usually overlap, and do not appear as isolated problems, it is critical for scientists, policy makers, and program managers to work together toward the prevention and eradication of micronutrient malnutrition. She added that there have been recent positive highlights in research and program efforts internationally, and that lessons from these must be learned and applied. In conclusion, Dr. Davidson recognized that there is significant progress overall in iron deficiency/iron deficiency anemia prevention and control, but was quick to impress upon the participants that more work still needs to be done in order to reach the public health goals set by nations. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: La apertura del simposio estuvo a cargo de la Dra. Frances Davidson, miembro de la Agencia Estadounidense para el Desarrollo Internacional (USAID, US Agency for International Development) con sede en Washington, DC, EE.UU., y secretaria del Grupo Consultivo Internacional sobre Anemia Nutricional (INACG, International Nutritional Anemia Consultative Group). En sus palabras inaugurales de bienvenida, la Dra. Davidson enfatizó que no se presta la debida atención a la desnutrición provocada por deficiencias de micronutrientes, especialmente de hierro. Este es un hecho lamentable dada la altísima prevalencia mundial de deficiencia de hierro y anemia. Los efectos debilitantes y las consecuencias en el desarrollo derivadas de la deficiencia de este importante nutriente, en especial en la primera etapa de la vida, son trágicos. Acto seguido, la Dra. Davidson destacó los problemas frecuentes, remarcando que enfermedades infecciosas como la malaria contribuyen a esta situación. En este contexto, puso de relieve la necesidad de implementar políticas firmes y eficaces a nivel mundial. Dado que las deficiencias de micronutrientes habitualmente se superponen y no se presentan como problemas aislados, es fundamental que los científicos, los responsables de formular políticas y los directores de programas trabajen mancomunadamente para prevenir y erradicar la desnutrición por esta causa. Agregó, asimismo, que recientemente ha habido hechos destacables en la investigación e iniciativas de programas a nivel internacional, y que debemos aprender y aplicar las lecciones que nos legaron. Como conclusión, la Dra. Davidson admitió que ha habido un progreso general significativo en la prevención de la deficiencia de hierro y la anemia derivada de esta deficiencia, pero se apresuró a recordar a los participantes que se requiere un mayor esfuerzo para alcanzar las metas de salud pública fijadas por las distintas naciones. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: PERU | SUMMARY REPORT | GROUP MEETING | MOTHERS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | SERUM IRON LEVEL | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Communication | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Nutrition | Health | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 292768 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Treatment of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis during pregnancy: long-term follow-up of 6 children with intrauterine exposure to second-line agents. [El tratamiento de la tuberculosis resistente a múltiples fármacos durante el embarazo: seguimiento a largo plazo de 6 niños con exposición intrauterina a agentes de segunda línea] Author: Drobac PC; del Castillo H; Sweetland A; Anca G; Joseph JK Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2005;40:1689-1692. Abstract: Treatment of gestational multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) is controversial. We describe follow-up of 6 children exposed to second-line antituberculous agents in utero. Each child (average age, 3.7 years) underwent comprehensive clinical evaluation. One child had MDR-TB diagnosed. There was no evidence of significant late-presentation toxicity among the children. The results suggest that aggressive management of gestational MDR-TB may benefit both mother and child. (author's) Spanish Abstract: El tratamiento de la tuberculosis gestacional resistente a múltiples fármacos (MDR_TB, multidrug-resistant tuberculosis) suscita controversias. Se describe el seguimiento de 6 niños expuestos a agentes antituberculosos de segunda línea in utero. Se realizó un exhaustivo examen clínico de cada niño (edad promedio, 3,7 años). Se diagnosticó tuberculosis resistente a múltiples fármacos a un niño. No se encontraron pruebas de presentación tardía significativa de toxicidad entre los niños. Los resultados sugieren que el manejo agresivo de la enfermedad gestacional podría beneficiar tanto al niño como a la madre. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILD | TUBERCULOSIS | DRUG RESISTANCE | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | POSTPARTUM | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Treatment | Transmission | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Puerperium Document Number: 286161 |
| 20. Title: Secondary amenorrhea: an unusual twist. Author: Ester J; Pfaff-Amesse T; Gruber J; Amesse LS Source: Journal of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. 2005;18:47-52. Abstract: A 15-year-old adolescent female was referred to the gynecology clinic for evaluation of secondary amenorrhea and 10 kg weight gain of 14 months duration. The patient was the 2.2-kg product of a 36-week pregnancy and spontaneous vaginal delivery to a homeless G/5P/4003 mother. The mother’s past obstetrical history was notable for a full-term intrauterine fetal demise attributed to unknown etiology. The prenatal history was remarkable for illicit drug addiction with subsequent methadone therapy, with additional drug abuse during the pregnancy denied. There was no history of in-utero androgen exposure. The neonatal course was complicated by methadone withdrawal, requiring 3 weeks of NICU hospitalization. Clitoromegaly, sexual ambiguity or additional signs of androgen excess were not identified on physical examination. Early developmental milestones were appropriate and included crawling at 6 months, walking at one year and development of normal language skills. Breast budding and pubic hair were achieved at age 10 years, 8 months. Menarche began at age 13 years and was followed by three consecutive, apparently normal menstrual periods that occurred 21 days apart. However, over the subsequent 14 months, the patient did not menstruate and gained 10 kg. She sought initial evaluation by a primary care physician for the secondary amenorrhea. At the time of evaluation, the patient denied sexual activity and the routine pregnancy test was negative. Physical examination revealed a normal habitus adolescent female with no significant acne or excess hair growth. A pelvic examination was not performed and Tanner stages were not recorded. The patient was prescribed progesterone therapy to induce menstruation. When the expected withdrawal bleeding did not commence, the patient was referred to a gynecology clinic for additional evaluation and testing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | AMENORRHEA | BODY WEIGHT | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Birth Weight | Behavior Document Number: 286247 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine levels in South Asian women with growth-retarded fetuses. Author: Lindblad B; Zaman S; Malik A; Martin H; Ekström AM Source: Acta Obstetrica et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2005 Nov;84(11):1055-1061. Abstract: Objective. To investigate whether intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and preterm delivery in a poor population of South Asia was associated with altered maternal and fetal levels of folate, vitamin B12, and homocysteine. Subjects and methods. Hundred and twenty-eight pregnant women from a low socio-economic strata in the city of Lahore, Pakistan were followed with ultrasound of fetal growth from the 12th week of pregnancy. Blood samples were drawn from the woman and the cord at delivery. Serum was analyzed by a chemiluminescent immunoassay for folate and vitamin B12 and by fluorescence polarization immunoassay for total homocysteine (tHcy). Results. Forty-six infants showed IUGR. In term, but not preterm, deliveries with IUGR, maternal and cord blood folate levels were half of those in deliveries of normal birth weight infants (P = 0.004 and P = 0.005). The risk of IUGR was reduced among women with folate levels in the highest quartile (OR 0.31, 95% CI 0.10-0.84). There was no association between vitamin B12 and IUGR. Total homocysteine levels were higher in women delivering IUGR infants (P = 0.02). There was an inverse correlations between cord blood folate and tHcy levels (r = 0.26, P = 0.006). We also found increase risks for hypertensive illness (OR 3.5, 95% CI 1.4-8.6) and premature delivery (OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1- 6.2) in women in the highest quartile of tHcy. Conclusions. The occurrence of IUGR increased with low maternal and cord concentrations of folate and high maternal levels of tHcy. Further studies on the effects of vitamin B supplementation through pregnancy are warranted. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | FETUS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VITAMIN B COMPLEX | SERUM FOLATE LEVEL | INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | MATERNAL NUTRITION | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Hemic System | Congenital Abnormalities | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 296914 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Maternal risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome in the Western Cape Province of South Africa: a population-based study. Author: May PA; Gossage JP; Brooke LE; Snell CL; Marais AS Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2005 Jul;95(7):1190-1199. Abstract: We defined risk factors for fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in a region with the highest documented prevalence of FAS in the world. We compared mothers of 53 first-grade students with FAS (cases) with 116 randomly selected mothers of first-grade students without FAS (controls). Differences between case and control mothers in our study population existed regarding socioeconomic status, religiosity, education, gravidity, parity, and marital status. Mothers of children with FAS came from alcohol-abusing families in which heavy drinking was almost universal; control mothers drank little to no alcohol. Current and past alcohol use by case mothers was characterized by heavy binge drinking on weekends, with no reduction of use during pregnancy in 87% of the mothers. Twenty percent of control mothers drank during pregnancy, a rate that declined to 12.7% by the third trimester. The percentage who smoked during pregnancy was higher for case mothers than for control mothers (75.5% vs 30.3%), but the number of cigarettes smoked was low among case mothers. The incidence of FAS in offspring of relatively young women (28 years) was not explained by early drinking onset or years of drinking (mean, 7.6 years among case mothers). In addition to traditional FAS risk factors, case mothers were smaller in height, weight, head circumference, and body mass index, all anthropomorphic measures that indicate poor nutrition and second-generation fetal alcohol exposure. Preventive interventions are needed to address maternal risk factors for FAS. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | RISK FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | BIRTH DEFECTS | TOBACCO USE | ANTHROPOMETRY | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Biology | Behavior | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Measurement Document Number: 288762 |
| 23. Title: Using the past to step forward: fetal alcohol syndrome in the Western Cape Province of South Africa [editorial] Author: McKinstry J Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2005 Jul;95(7):1097-1099. Abstract: While the AIDS epidemic in South Africa has been well publicized and documented in recent years, a lesser-known health crisis with profound socioeconomic implications has been developing for hundreds of years. The Western Cape Province of South Africa has the highest rates of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) in the world. FAS is caused by maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and is one of the leading causes of preventable mental and physical retardation among infants worldwide. Infants suffering from FAS often have low birthweights; physical dysmorphology, most notably in the face and head; and developmental difficulties. The most recent statistics on FAS rates in the Western Cape Province, reported by the National Institute of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse, show that 40.5 to 46.4 per 1000 children are found by screening to have FAS. Compare this rate with a FAS frequency of 0.5 to 2.0 per 1000 children in the United States or the average rate of 0.97 per 1000 children in the developed world, and the difference is staggering. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | FETUS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | BIRTH DEFECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Behavior Document Number: 288742 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Evidence-based care of recurrent miscarriage. Author: Porter TF; Scott JR Source: Best Practice and Research Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2005;19(1):85-101. Abstract: Between 0.5 and 1.0% of couples experience recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL), which is defined as three or more consecutive miscarriages. Losses are classified as pre-embryonic (< 5 weeks), embryonic (5-10 weeks) or fetal (> 10 weeks). Genetic abnormalities are responsible for RPL in 2-4% of these couples. Inadequate progesterone production has been proposed a cause of RPL and progesterone is given to prevent miscarriage, despite a lack of supportive evidence. The factor V Leiden and prothrombin G20210A mutations are common inherited thrombophilias also associated with RPL. Antenatal thromboprophylaxis is sometimes recommended although no data exist regarding efficacy. Antiphospholipid syndrome is known to cause RPL and antenatal thromboprophylaxis reduces the risk of miscarriage. Uterine abnormalities might also result in RPL. About 50% of cases of RPL have no identifiable cause. Alloimmune incompatibility has been proposed as a cause for RPL in these women. The concept of alloimmune-related RPL has not been scientifically validated. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CLASSIFICATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | PROGESTERONE | THROMBOSIS | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | UTERUS | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | ABSTINENCE | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Immunity | Immune System | Public Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 296902 |
| 25. Title: Glycodelin responses to hyperinsulinaemic clamp vary according to basal serum glycodelin concentration. Author: Seppala M; Mandelin E; Koistinen R; Bergholm R; Tiikkainen M Source: Clinical Endocrinology. 2005;62(5):611-615. Abstract: Objective Treatment with metformin, an insulin-lowering agent, increases serum glycodelin, a progesterone-regulated lipocalin protein of the reproductive axis that may play a role in foeto-maternal defence mechanisms. This finding led to the hypothesis that insulin might decrease serum glycodelin concentration. Design, patients and measurements Euglycaemic hyperinsulinaemic clamp experiments ( n = 50) were carried out on 28 women of reproductive age (range 25-47 years; mean +or- SEM 39 +or- 1.0 years), and the results were analysed with respect to their baseline serum progesterone (< 10 or >or= 10 nmol/ l) and glycodelin (< 10 or >or= 10 ug/l, equivalent to < 357 or >or= 357 pmol/ l) concentrations at the onset of the clamp. Ten clamp experiments were performed on five women wearing a levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine device (IUD), and these were analysed as a separate group. Results Contrary to the hypothesis, no acute glycodelin-lowering effect of insulin was found in any of the groups studied. All the small rises in glycodelin levels detected during acute hyperinsulinaemia occurred in the comparisons of medians and not means, and all such changes took place within the limits seen in the women with no progesterone exposure. In the group with low progesterone/ low glycodelin ( n = 21), glycodelin showed a small but significant increase at 30 and 90 min of the clamp ( P < 0.01). In the group with elevated progesterone/ low glycodelin ( n = 11), there was a slight glycodelin increase at 30 min ( P < 0.05), whereas no increase was found in the group with elevated glycodelin levels ( n = 8). In the clamp experiments on women with levonorgestrel-releasing IUD, the basal glycodelin level was low in all cases and, as in the other women with low glycodelin levels, glycodelin was slightly increased at 30, 60 and 90 min of hyperinsulinaemia ( P < 0.01). Conclusions The results rule out any acute glycodelin-reducing effects of insulin, although indirect long-term effects mediated by insulin on glycodelin secretion cannot be excluded. Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | FETUS | PROGESTERONE | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | IUD SIDE EFFECTS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Time Factors | Population Dynamics Document Number: 340169 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal treatment with povidone-iodine suppositories during pregnancy. Author: Czeizel AE; Kazy Z; Vargha P Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Jan;84(1):83-85. Abstract: Povidone–iodine is a complex of anti-infective iodine and a vector polymer, polyvidon, for the treatment of fungal, trichomonal, andyor bacterial vulvovaginitis and vaginosis. Iodine is released gradually after introduction of the suppository into the vagina and, in pregnant women, readily crosses the placenta to the fetus. Substantial iodine absorption was observed in the amniotic fluid. We evaluated the safety of vaginal povidone– iodine treatment (Betadine; EGIS) in the population- based Hungarian Case–Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980–1996. Study subjects with isolated congenital abnormalities (CAs) and multiple CAs were selected from the Hungarian Congenital Abnormality Registry w4x, and two newborns without CAs were selected as controls for every CA case from the National Birth Registry of the Central Statistical Office (matched for sex, week of birth, and district of parents’ residence). The data regarding exposure to povidone–iodine were obtained prospectively through antenatal care logbooks and, in addition, retrospectively by questionnaires completed by mothers. Exposure information was available for 80% of cases and 70% of controls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | VAGINAL SUPPOSITORY | ANTIBIOTICS | VAGINITIS | VAGINOSIS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Diseases | Vaginal Spermicides | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Vaginal Abnormalities | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 189666 |
| 27. Title: Neonatal malaria in a mesoendemic malaria area of northern Nigeria. Author: Orogade AA Source: Annals of African Medicine. 2004;3(4):170-173. Abstract: Though neonatal infections are most common reason for admissions in the newborn in Nigeria, Neonatal Malaria, which was thought to be uncommon, is becoming increasingly reported in areas of malaria hyperendemicity. These reports have described not only malaria parasitaemia in these babies, but also some symptoms attributable to malaria. There are no known documented clinical studies in areas of malaria mesoendemicity, which also have high prevalence of neonatal infections. As a preliminary investigation to document the incidence of neonatal malaria in a mesoendemic area, as well as identify possible risk factors for its occurrence, a prospective study was carried out in the special care baby unit of ABU Teaching Hospital, Kaduna Nigeria, over a one year period (December 2001-November 2002). As part of the investigations for evaluation of sick neonates admitted into the unit, thick and thin blood films stained with Giemsa stain were examined for malaria parasite using standard techniques. Specie identification and quantification were carried out. Of the 206 children tested, there was positive malaria parasitaemia in 17 (8.25%). Only P. falciparum malaria was identified. There were no mixed infections. Parasite density varied between 1,000-20,000 asexual forms/µL. Analysis revealed a strong association between neonatal malaria and maternal genital infections (OR 4.51, p = 0.006). There is some association between neonatal malaria and both primigravidity (OR 3.01, p = 0.035) and maternal fever developed within 2 weeks to parturition (OR 2.78, p = 0.04). Fever was the most strongly associated clinical feature (OR 8.12, p = 0.0002) at presentation. The study has confirmed the presence of neonatal malaria in this environment. There is need for detailed characterization of the aetiological agents of maternal genital infections with which neonatal malaria is strongly associated and investigate the placenta integrity in relation to such infections. Fever in the neonate should be taken as a strong pointer to the possibility of neonatal malaria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INFANT | MOTHERS | MALARIA | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | RISK FACTORS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | FEVER | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | REPRODUCTIVE TRACT INFECTIONS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Body Temperature | Physiology | Infections Document Number: 295907 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolism during pregnancy. Author: Pardo J; Gindes L; Orvieto R Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Jan;84(1):77-78. Abstract: Approximately 20% of women show a physiologic drop in serum vitamin B12 level during pregnancy. Establishment of the latter requires direct measurement of metabolites related to the vitamin-B12-dependent pathways. Although the fetal compartment contains the products of fetal and maternal metabolism and provides a window into fetal metabolism, the dynamics and physiology of the transplacental transport of these metabolites has been hardly studied. We sought to assess the relationship between the maternal and fetal compartments with regard to the metabolism of folate, cobalamin and homocysteine (Hcy) and their correlation to hematological indices. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | FETUS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | FOLIC ACID | VITAMIN B COMPLEX | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | Middle East | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Vitamins and Minerals | Hemic System Document Number: 189664 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Fetal nucleated red blood cells in maternal peripheral blood and gestational age. Author: Xu XY; Chen HP Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Nov;87(2):143-144. Abstract: The theory that blood cells are transported between mother and fetus has been verified, and inherited diseases can be diagnosed from fetal cells isolated from maternal peripheral blood. A total of 61 healthy pregnant women aged 21–35 years who were between the 11th and 34th weeks of pregnancy, and who had not experienced any pregnancy complication such as serious anemia, were enrolled in the study. Density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate the mononuclear cell layer from maternal blood and a fluorescence-activated cell sorter was used to isolate and enrich the nucleated red blood cell (NRBC) population. These procedures were performed to improve the sensibility and specificity of CD71+ cell detection and determine the value of these cells in prenatal diagnosis. An Olympus fluorescent microscope and an ordinary microscope were used for the observation. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FETUS | CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS | BLOOD | GESTATIONAL AGE | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Hemic System Document Number: 276287 |
| 30. Title: Fetal alcohol syndrome -- South Africa, 2001. Source: MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 2003 Jul 18;52(28):660-662. Abstract: Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is caused by maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and is one of the leading causes of preventable birth defects and developmental disabilities. The FAS phenotype is characterized by a combination of facial dysmorphic features, growth retardation, and central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. State-based estimates of the prevalence of FAS in the United States vary from 0.3 to 1.5 per 1,000 live-born infants. Recently, the highest prevalence of FAS worldwide was reported among first-grade children in a wine-growing region in the Western Cape province of South Africa. Investigators for the National Institutes of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse (NIAAA) reported a FAS prevalence of 40.5 to 46.4 per 1,000 children aged 5-9 years in one community in Western Cape. To determine whether FAS was associated exclusively with the wine-growing region in Western Cape or was more endemic in other areas of the country, CDC, in collaboration with the University of Witwatersrand and the Foundation for Alcohol Related Research in Johannesburg, South Africa, conducted a prevalence study in Gauteng province and is developing ongoing surveillance and prevention activities. This report summarizes the findings of the study, which indicate a high prevalence of FAS among first-grade children in four nonwine-growing communities around Johannesburg. Because South Africa has limited resources and many competing health problems (e.g., human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, tuberculosis, and sexually transmitted diseases), integrating prenatal alcohol-exposure prevention activities with existing prevention programs should be explored. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILD | MATERNAL-FETAL EXCHANGE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | BIRTH DEFECTS | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SCREENING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | |