1.  Title: MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives. Author: Roberts SC; Gosling LM; Carter V; Petrie M Source: Proceedings. Biological Sciences / the Royal Society. 2008 Dec 7;275(1652):2715-22. Abstract: Previous studies in animals and humans show that genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) influence individual odours and that females often prefer odour of MHC-dissimilar males, perhaps to increase offspring heterozygosity or reduce inbreeding. Women using oral hormonal contraceptives have been reported to have the opposite preference, raising the possibility that oral contraceptives alter female preference towards MHC similarity, with possible fertility costs. Here we test directly whether contraceptive pill use alters odour preferences using a longitudinal design in which women were tested before and after initiating pill use; a control group of non-users were tested with a comparable interval between test sessions. In contrast to some previous studies, there was no significant difference in ratings between odours of MHC-dissimilar and MHC-similar men among women during the follicular cycle phase. However, single women preferred odours of MHC-similar men, while women in relationships preferred odours of MHC-dissimilar men, a result consistent with studies in other species, suggesting that paired females may seek to improve offspring quality through extra-pair partnerships. Across tests, we found a significant preference shift towards MHC similarity associated with pill use, which was not evident in the control group. If odour plays a role in human mate choice, our results suggest that contraceptive pill use could disrupt disassortative mate preferences. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTION | LEUKOCYTOSIS | ANTIGENS | MATE SELECTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329604 |
2.  Title: 50 years after Hilda Kuper: Case studies of courtship and marriage in the Hindustani community in Durban. Author: Singh A Source: Anthropologist. 2007 Apr;9(2):151-159. Abstract: The Hindustani community of South Africa was researched and written about by Hilda Kuper in the 1950s and 1960s. One of her papers was on marriage within the orthodox (Sanathanist) segment of this population. This paper revisits the issues that she focused upon then (in 1955) by providing a critique and an updated account of courtships and relationships among Hindustani couples in Durban. It focuses upon the changes that have taken in the ways individuals are choosing marriage partners, the courtships that precede their marriages and the changes that families are exhibiting in their once strong proclivity towards caste choices. The evidence herein demonstrates that while caste is not as much an issue as it used to be, linguistic background and academic cum professional status are the new norms in marriage choices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | YOUTH | MARRIAGE | MATE SELECTION | CULTURE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320537 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Consanguineous marriage in a newly developed country: the Qatari population. Author: Bener A; Alali KA Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2006 Mar;38(2):239-246. Abstract: This study examines the frequency of consanguineous marriage and coefficient of inbreeding in the State of Qatar. The study was conducted in semi-urban areas of Doha between January and May 2004. A sample of 1515 married Qatari females aged 15 years and over participated. The degree of consanguinity between each female and her spouse, and degree of consanguinity between their parents were recorded. The rate of consanguinity in the present generation was high (54.%) with a coefficient of inbreeding of 0.02706. The commonest type of consanguineous marriage was between first cousins (34.8%). Double first cousin marriages were common (3.1%) compared with other populations. The consanguinity rate in the State of Qatar has increased from 41.8% to 54.5% in one generation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: QATAR | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | CONSANGUINITY | MATE SELECTION | Middle East | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetics | Biology | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 297986 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex preferences and fertility in South Korea during the year of the Horse. Author: Lee J; Paik M Source: Demography. 2006 May;43(2):269-292. Abstract: Since antiquity, people in several East Asian countries, such as China, Japan, and South Korea, have believed that a person is destined to possess specific characteristics according to the sign of the zodiac under which he or she was born. South Koreans, in particular, have traditionally considered that the year of the Horse bears inauspicious implications for the birth of daughters. Using monthly longitudinal data at the region level in South Korea between 1970 and 2003, we found that in the year of the Horse, the sex ratio at birth significantly increased while fertility decreased. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SEX PREFERENCE | DAUGHTERS | MATE SELECTION | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | SEX RATIO | CULTURE | BELIEFS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 308136 |
| 5. Title: Parenting processes and dating violence: The mediating role of self-esteem in low- and high SES adolescents. Author: Pflieger JC; Vazsonyi AT Source: Journal of Adolescence. 2006 Aug;29(4):495-512. Abstract: The current investigation tested a model in which low self-esteem mediated the effects by parenting processes (monitoring, closeness, and support) on measures of dating violence (victimization, perpetration, attitudes, and perceptions) in a sample of adolescents (n = 809; mean age = 16.4 years) from both low- and high-socioeconomic (SES) backgrounds. Hierarchical regression analyses provided evidence that low selfesteem partially mediated the link between parenting processes and dating violence, with unique differences observed between low- and high-SES youth. Specifically, in low-SES youth, low self-esteem mediated the relationship between closeness as well as support and dating violence behaviours, while in high-SES youth, it only mediated the relationship between maternal support and dating violence attitudes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ALABAMA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | MATE SELECTION | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SELF ESTEEM | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | RESPONSIBLE PARENTHOOD | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Psychological Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 305761 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing compatibility of cohabitation and childbearing between young British women born in 1958 and 1970. Author: Steele F; Joshi H; Kallis C; Goldstein H Source: Population Studies. 2006;60(2):137-152. Abstract: We investigate the effect of parenthood on whether non-marital unions led to marriage or parting for two cohorts of British women when they were aged between 16 and 29. We compare the effect of conceptions leading to births and the presence and characteristics of children on the odds that a cohabitation was dissolved, or that it was converted to marriage, for women born in 1958 and 1970. A multilevel, multiprocess, competing-risks model allows for multiple cohabitations per woman and endogeneity of fertility status. We find that cohabiting couples' response to impending parenthood and the presence of children changed over time. In particular, the proportion of cohabiting couples who married before a birth decreased and, in the 1970 cohort only, the risk of dissolution declined during pregnancy. There is also evidence that the presence of a child cemented a cohabiting union for women from the 1970, but not the earlier, cohort. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | PARENTS | SPOUSE | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | PREGNANCY | FERTILITY | MATE SELECTION | RISK FACTORS | MARRIAGE | STATISTICS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Nuptiality | Biology | Research Methodology Document Number: 306335 |
| 7. Title: [Patterns and covariates of partnership formation in Japan] Author: Tsuya NO Source: Jinko Mondai Kenkyu / Journal of Population Problems. 2006;62(1-2):1-19. Abstract: This study examines the patterns and covariates of partnership formation in Japan, using data from the 2004 National Survey on Marriage and the Family. The results of the analysis are summarized as follows. First, while birth cohort is in general negatively associated with the age-specific probability of first marriage, age is negatively associated with the likelihood of cohabitation and premarital pregnancy, especially among women. To the extent that these age differences capture cohort changes, these results suggest further decreases in first marriage and future increases in cohabitation and premarital pregnancy. Second, education significantly reduces the probabilities of first marriage, cohabitation, and premarital pregnancy, especially among women. Third, cohabitation is strongly and positively associated with the likelihoods of first marriage, premarital pregnancy and, among men, premarital birth. Altogether, these results imply further changes and increasing variability in partnership formation patterns in Japan. (author's) Language: EnglishJapanese Keywords: JAPAN | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY RESEARCH | COUPLES | MARRIAGE AGE | MATE SELECTION | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 305125 |
| 8. Title: Feminist negotiations: Contesting narratives of the campaign against acid violence in Bangladesh. Author: Chowdhury EH Source: Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism. 2005;6(1):163-192. Abstract: This essay traces the trajectory of the campaign against acid violence in Bangladesh, which began in the mid-1990s with the efforts of local women activists and over time engaged diverse national and transnational actors that led to critical negotiations in the sphere of women’s development, gender violence, and state and international donor interventions. The campaign against acid violence developed across three broad phases, beginning with the initial national and international publicity that the Bangladeshi activists of Naripokkho—a Dhaka-based feminist advocacy organization—generated around issues of acid violence. The spread and growth of the campaign in the second phase marked significant victories and produced divergent and competing investments in the campaign. The third phase culminated in the campaign’s co-optation by international development aid–driven intervention. By addressing the tensions between competing visions of social transformation and women’s empowerment that local women activists articulated, on the one hand, and international donor agencies, on the other, this essay examines the consequences of international aid and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in rearticulating the relationship among women, gendered violence, and the state. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | LITERATURE REVIEW | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MATE SELECTION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ADVOCACY | CAMPAIGNS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Marriage | Nuptiality | Violence | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Communication Programs Document Number: 300240 |
| 9. Title: Evolution of life-history trade-offs in mate attractiveness and health: comment on Weeden and Sabini (2005). Author: Geary DC Source: Psychological Bulletin. 2005;131(5):654-657. Abstract: J. Weeden and J. Sabini's (2005) finding of small to no relation between traits rated as attractive in a mate and health of that mate might be interpreted as consistent with C. Darwin's (1859) proposal that these traits are arbitrary signs of beauty. However, such a conclusion would be premature. A combination of consistent empirical findings with nonhuman species and theoretical reasons argues for a continued search for honest signals of genetic fitness and reproductive health in human mate choices. Moreover, (a) even quite small relationships can be important when viewed across generations, and (b) traits that make a potential mate attractive at one age can result in poor health or early death at a later age. These life-history trade-offs greatly complicate the empirical study of attractiveness- health relations, and their potential importance has been underestimated by J. Weeden and J. Sabini. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | MATE SELECTION | TIME FACTORS | HEALTH | POPULATION GENETICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Genetics | Biology Document Number: 296980 |
| 10. Title: Women on the market: Marriage, consumption and the Internet in urban Cameroon. Author: Johnson-Hanks J Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 36 p. Abstract: Since 1998, several thousand urban Cameroonian women have sought European husbands over the internet. This small movement reflects broad changes in the structures and meanings of marriage in contemporary Cameroon. Marriage rates have fallen; the rituals marking the transition to marriage have been altered and reordered; women's expectations of their husbands and the marriage bargain have changed. Yet, Cameroonian women seek internet-mediated marriage not only as a sign of the new, but also as a means of attaining long-standing, "traditional" elements of marriage that the economic crisis has made increasingly unattainable. Women represent marriage to a European man as a viable "modern" replacement for "traditional" bridewealth. This paper analyzes marriage in contemporary Yaounde in relation to changing notions of women's honor and to the entrenched economic crisis. Modern marriage has deep cultural antecedents, but emerged only in historical interaction with specific products, technologies and potential futures associated with the West. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | MARRIAGE | MATE SELECTION | INTERNET | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MODERNIZATION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CULTURE | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality | Information Networks | Communication | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 320573 |
| 11. Title: Cultural determinants of human fertility: a study of tribal population in Orissa. Author: Nanda S Source: Anthropologist. 2005;7(3):221-227. Abstract: This is an endeavour to study the plausible causal relationship between cultural factors and human fertility in a more or less non-industrial rural population (schedule tribes) in Orissa, an Eastern Indian state. The bivariate and multivariate statistical analyses showed that lower level of child loss showed significant association with lower fertility. Other categorical variables such as higher age at woman's marriage, self-choice of mate by woman and nuclear family showed negative effect on fertility, both before and after adjustment for other independents and covariates. The observation of fertility by different villages and tribes/caste gives an impression that the population composition, distance from urban centres, community size, distribution and aborigine ness have some bearing on fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | TRIBES | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | RURAL POPULATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | MATE SELECTION | MARRIAGE AGE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns Document Number: 305714 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Out-of-wedlock childbearing, marital prospects and mate selection. Author: Qian Z; Lichter DT; Mellott LM Source: Social Forces. 2005 Sep;84(1):473-491. Abstract: We apply marital search theory to examine whether out-of-wedlock childbearing affects mate selection patterns among American women. Using 1980-1995 CPS data, we apply probit models with selection to account for potential selection bias due to differences in “marriage-ability” between women in and not in unions. Compared to those without unmarried births, women with unmarried births are more likely to cohabit than to marry, and they are more likely to have less-educated and older spouses or partners. White women with unmarried births are also more likely than those without to have husbands or partners of another race. Thus, women with unmarried births tend to cohabit and are less “well matched.” These results have important implications for public policy that increasingly regards marriage as a panacea for low-income women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | UNMARRIED MOTHERS | CHILDBIRTH | MATE SELECTION | OBSTACLES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Mothers | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Marriage | Nuptiality | Organization and Administration Document Number: 292538 |
| 13. Title: Selection intensities and effective population size and variance due to drift among the Madigas in Andhra Pradesh. Author: Reddy KR Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2005;18(3):199-201. Abstract: The total index of selection computed for Madigas of Cuddapah (MDCDP) and Chittoor (MDCTR) districts of Andhra Pradesh, inhabiting in two different geographical areas, show the value is relatively higher in former group than in latter. The value of intensity in the pooled Madigas falls within the range of Indian Populations. Breeding size (N) is more or less same in MDCDP and MDCTR. But the effective population size (N/e) is relatively lower in the former group than the latter. When the frequency of an allele is 0.5, the estimated random genetic drift in the pooled Madigas is 0.0000711, the effect of which is negligible in the two groups. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATE SELECTION | CONSANGUINITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | POPULATION SIZE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Genetics | Biology | Population Dynamics Document Number: 304685 |
| 14. Title: Paradox of "progress": the role of western education in the transformation of the family in Nigeria. Author: Rotimi A Source: Anthropologist. 2005;7(2):137-147. Abstract: The paper has identified the roles which western education has played in transforming the traditional family in Nigeria. However, this transformation which has been viewed as "progress" from western perspectives, has also produced some unintended circumstances. Those aspects of the family most affected by change include, the extended family system, mate selection, division of labour within the family, patriarchal authority and the socialization process. Under the modern nuclear family system, the individuals are no more burdened by responsibilities to others who are outside the nuclear family. Mate selection has become more liberalized with individual young men and women free to choose their own partners. Because husbands and wives both now have careers outside the home, domestic decisions have become more democratizd and husbands are no more the fountain of authority. Socialization of children in the home is complemented by other agents outside the home; schools, peer groups the mass media, just to mention a few have also become agents of socialization. It is however, a paradox that the changes outlined above have also produced some unintended consequences which have negatively affected the modern Nigerian family. For example, the demise of the extended family system also means the loss of social and economic safety nets to which many people used to fall during periods of adversity. Mate selection has become so liberalized and sophisticated that many people have decided to either postpone or delay marriage. In some cases, lack of support in mate selection from parents of couples has made divorce very rampant. Where both husbands and wives have their careers and they both bring income to the family, the locus of authority has shifted from the man. Occasionally one of the couples has had to relocate or transfer to a different part of the country. This has affected joint socialization of children. Occasionally cases of infidelity by either of the couple have also been recorded. Socialization of children, which now takes place outside the home has resulted in increased cases of deviant behaviour among children. To minimize the negative effects wrought on the family by western education, social planners must try to merge those positive elements of the traditional family with those of the modern family. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | EXTENDED FAMILY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | MODERNIZATION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | EDUCATION | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MATE SELECTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Social Change | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 305704 |
| 15. Title: Intergenerational differences in the concept of marriage among Dogra Brahmin females (mothers and daughters). Author: Sharma N; Vaid S; Kesar A Source: Anthropologist. 2005;7(4):253-256. Abstract: The present research investigates the intergenerational differences in the concept of marriage among Dogra Brahmin mothers and daughters. The sample of the study consists of 20 mothers and their 20 daughters. Random sampling technique was employed to select the sample from various localities of Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir State). Interview guidelines were used to get in-depth information from mothers and daughters. Results reveal that the concept of marriage among two generation varies. Though the concept differs still the daughters are not ready to change or rebel. They will follow their parents wishes and they know that their parents are not going to accept inter-caste marriage or love marriage though they are aware that many of the problems of Indian Social system like casteism, dowry, bride burning will be over come. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | DAUGHTERS | GENERATIONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | CASTE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MATE SELECTION | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | DOWRY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 305717 |
| 16. Title: Shaping the Internet for match-making/dating: a challenge for the contemporary Nigerian Family Institution. Author: Adesina W; Ayodele O Source: African Sociological Review. 2004;8(2):103-135. Abstract: Our contemporary world is a wired world going by the acceptance of the global system of inter-connected computers, the Internet. Since its introduction during the Cold War period, which preceded 1989, the Internet has maintained a steady explosive growth as a result of the spread of home-based PCs. Users of the Internet live in 'cyberspace' where we are no longer 'people' but mere messages on one another's screens. Outside the e-mail, where users identify themselves, no one on the Internet knows who anyone else really is, or where they are in the world. A major part of the Internet is the World Wide Web, which like a cuckoo in a nest, threatens to take over its host. The Web is a multi media library invented by a software engineer at a Swiss physics laboratory in 1992, but an undergraduate at the University of Illinois wrote the software that popularised it across the globe. With the World Wide Web, www for short, it is thought that there were some 35 million people on line throughout the world in 2000 and with a frightening estimated annual growth of 200 percent since 1985, about 560 million people are now on line across the globe. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | MEN | WOMEN | AGE DISTRIBUTION | INTERNET | MATE SELECTION | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE | FAMILY RESEARCH | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Information Networks | Communication | Nuptiality | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 303722 |
| 17. Title: The development of preferences for specific body shapes. Author: Connolly JM Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2004 Feb;41(1):[33] p. Abstract: In a now-classic study, Fallon and Rozin (1985) demonstrated a discrepancy between how women viewed their own bodies and their preferred body ideals. Subsequent authors demonstrated a link between body dissatisfaction and dieting and/or the development of eating disorders. Given the importance of body perceptions to women's and men's mental health, there is renewed interested in determining what human body characteristics are considered attractive. Researchers have investigated various aspects of body shape, including chest and breast sizes and waist and hip sizes. To date, the majority of studies on body shape preferences have focused on adolescent or adult preferences. This study is one of the few with a developmental approach; the purpose is to chart changes in preferences for specific male and female body shapes, from early childhood to adulthood. Evidence shows that biases toward certain body builds exist in children as young as 6 years. Even at this early age, children appear to prefer a mesomorphic (average sized and muscular) build over ectomorphic (thin and unmuscled) and endomorphic (overweight and unmuscled) builds, and children of all ages tend to associate certain social stigmas with the endomorphic body build. Preferences toward thin ideals also appear to be present in children from as early as grade 6. Cohn et al. (1987) replicated Fallon and Rozin's (1985) study with children in grades 6, 7, and 8, finding that girls selected an ideal figure thinner than the one they thought boys would prefer, and boys thought that girls would prefer a thinner male figure than the one they chose as ideal. Although the girls' current and ideal figures did not differ in the younger grades, it was found that as the girls matured and developed, their ideal did not change, which created an increasing discrepancy between their ideal and current figures. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | STUDENTS | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | BODY WEIGHT | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | PERCEPTION | MATE SELECTION | PUBERTY | Developed Countries | Oceania | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Biology | Physiology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproduction Document Number: 286310 |
| 18. Title: The role of close friends in African American adolescents' dating and sexual behavior. Author: Harper GW; Gannon C; Watson SE; Catania JA; Dolcini MM Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2004 Nov;41(4):[32] p.. Abstract: During early and middle adolescence, youth become increasingly interested in forming dyadic romantic relationships, and by the age of 14 or 15 most adolescents have had some experience with dating. The formation of romantic relationships assists with healthy social development and provides a range of supportive functions that impact general adjustment and coping throughout adolescence. Romantic and dating relationships are also often a prelude to sexual activity during adolescence. Since these phenomena occur in a social context that is heavily influenced by peers, it is important to examine the role of close friends in the dating and sexual behavior of adolescents. These same-gender social networks may provide an avenue for delivering and diffusing prevention messages about safer sex to adolescents. This paper addresses dating and sex among inner-city African American adolescents and explores the role of friendships in these early sexual experiences. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | BLACKS | URBAN POPULATION | PEER PRESSURE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | MATE SELECTION | CONDOM USE | GENDER ISSUES | CULTURE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Psychosocial Factors | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 286360 |
| 19. Title: Mediated marriage: internet matchmaking in provincial Russia. Author: Luehrmann S Source: Europe-Asia Studies. 2004 Sep;56(6):857-875. Abstract: In this article I will consider the significance of internet matchmaking for constructions of gender in post-Soviet Russia by looking at the largest matchmaking agency in Yoshkar-Ola, Virginia. I will place the services Virginia offers in the context of an international gendered and racialised division of labour, as well as in the local context, where the agency functions as a mediator of international connections. To understand why businesses like Virginia are able to flourish, we need to look at the changing expectations men and women in the former Soviet Union and in the West have of each other, and at changing imaginaries of the nation and the foreign in provincial Russia. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ADULTS | EMIGRANTS | INTERNET | MATE SELECTION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | MIGRATION | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Population Dynamics | Information Networks | Communication | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 287317 |
| 20. Title: Ovulatory shifts in female sexual desire. Author: Pillsworth EG Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2004 Feb;41(1):[26] p. Abstract: Sexual desire should be clearly distinguished from sexual activity. Sexual behavior can occur or not occur for many reasons other than sexual desire: to accommodate a mate's wishes, to fulfill a perceived obligation, to express love, or as a consequence of coercion. Sexual desire, in contrast, can be conceptualized as a motivational and regulatory adaptation. In both sexes, desire might have evolved design features that motivate selecting an appropriate mate (the object of one's desire) and judiciously timing the occurrence of sexual intercourse. In this research project, we explored several hypothesized functions of sexual desire for women and tested predictions based on these hypothesized functions. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | WOMEN | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | MATE SELECTION | OVULATION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproduction | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 286311 |
| 21. Title: Marriage squeeze and variations in marriage pattern: a state level study. Author: Samaiyar P Source: [Unpublished] 2004. 24 p. Abstract: The objectives of the present study are as follows: 1) To measure the marriage squeeze in India and its states, 1961-1991. 2) To study the socio-economic correlates of marriage squeeze, 1991. 3) To study the relationship of marriage squeeze with selected indicators of marriage pattern- age at marriage, celibacy, and polygamy. If marriage squeeze against females exists, then it will have an impact on raising age at marriage of females, increasing the level of celibacy, and also likely to increase polygamous marriages that is more than one women marrying one man. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE AGE | MATE SELECTION | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 194517 |
| 22. Title: Mating strategies of young women: role of physical attractiveness. [Stratégies d'accouplement chez les jeunes femmes : rôle de l'attraction physique] Author: Singh D Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2004 Feb;41(1):[29] p. Abstract: One of the most robust and reliable findings in the scientific literature on interpersonal attraction is the overwhelming role played by physical attractiveness in defining the ideal romantic partner. Both men and women express marked preference for an attractive partner in a noncommitted short-term (casual, one night stand) relationship. For committed long-term relationships, females appear to be willing to relax their demand for a partner's attractiveness, especially for males with high social status or good financial prospects. Males also look for various personality qualities (kindness, understanding, good parental skills) in their search for long-term mating partners, but unlike females, they assign disproportionately greater importance to attractiveness compared to other personal qualities. The paramount importance of attractiveness in males' mate choices has been recently demonstrated by using the distinction between necessities (i.e., essential needs, such as food and shelter) and luxuries (i.e., objects that are sought after essential needs have been satisfied, such as a yacht or expensive car) made by economists. Using this method, Li, Bailey, Kenrick, and Linsenmeier reported that males treat female attractiveness as a necessity in romantic relationships; given a limited "mating budget," males allocate the largest proportion of their budget to physical attractiveness rather than to other attributes such as an exciting personality, liveliness, and sense of humor. (excerpt) French Abstract: L'une des constatations les plus solides et les plus rationnelles ressortant de la documentation scientifique sur l'attraction interpersonnelle est le rôle extrêmement important joué par l'attraction physique lors de la définition du partenaire romantique idéal. Les hommes comme les femmes déclarent préférer nettement un partenaire au physique séduisant pour leurs relations non sérieuses à court terme (relations sexuelles récréatives ou d'une seule nuit). Pour leurs relations sérieuses à long terme, les femmes semblent prêtes à relâcher leurs exigences en matière de physique du partenaire masculin, particulièrement au profit d'un statut social élevé ou de bonnes perspectives financières. Si les hommes portent également de l'attention aux divers traits de caractère (gentillesse, ouverture d'esprit, bonnes aptitudes parentales, etc.) lorsqu'ils recherchent une partenaire à long terme, à la différence des femmes, ils accordent une importance disproportionnellement plus grande à l'attraction physique qu'aux autres attributs personnels. L'importance capitale que les hommes accordent à l'attraction physique lors du choix d'un partenaire sexuel a récemment été démontrée en établissant un parallèle avec la distinction faite par les économistes entre les produits de première nécessité (c'est-à-dire les choses dont nul ne peut se passer, telles qu'un abri et de la nourriture) et les articles de luxe (c'est-à-dire les objets que le consommateur peut acquérir une fois ses besoins essentiels remplis, tels qu'un yacht ou une voiture de sport). Par le biais de cette comparaison, Li, Bailey, Kenrick et Linsenmeier ont établi que, dans leurs relations romantiques, les hommes considèrent le physique attrayant d'une femme comme un produit de première nécessité ; si on leur octroyait un certain " budget d'accouplement ", ils en dépenseraient la plus grande partie en attributs physiques plutôt qu'en autres attributs tels que personnalité intéressante, dynamisme, sens de l'humour, etc. (extrait) Language: English Keywords: PORTUGAL | GUINEA-BISSAU | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MATE SELECTION | PERSONALITY | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | BODY WEIGHT | SEX FACTORS | PERCEPTION | FIDELITY | SELF-PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage | Nuptiality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Physiology | Biology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior Document Number: 286309 |
| 23. Title: The roles, responsibilities, and realities of married adolescent males and adolescent fathers: a brief literature review. Author: Barker G; Lyra J; Medrado B Source: [Unpublished] 2003. Background paper prepared for the WHO / UNFPA / Population Council Technical Consultation on Married Adolescents, World Health Organization, Geneva, 9-12 December 2003. 18 p. Abstract: A useful starting point in discussing married adolescent males and adolescent fathers is to affirm that from the perspective of developing countries, we know relatively little about them. Furthermore, much of what we know is inferred from research with young women, or comes from a few specific regions in the world. Indeed, marriage and fatherhood among young men are generally poorly covered by the literature and by programs in the field of sexual and reproductive health. However, in recent years there has been a growing interest in the issue on the part of researchers, policymakers, and program staff. This interest has coincided with increasing attention in general to men, with gender studies, and with sexual and reproductive health initiatives. We also start with the recognition that early marriage and early childbearing are much more prevalent among young women than young men, and that the potential and actual negative consequences of early marriage and childbearing are more significant among young women. Nonetheless, it is the behaviour and attitudes of men, within social contexts where gender hierarchies favour men over women, that often create young women's vulnerability. Thus even if early childbearing and marriage are less common among young men, the ways that boys and men are socialized and the ways they treat women are central to understanding and addressing the needs of young married women and adolescent mothers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | FATHERS | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | MARRIAGE | MATE SELECTION | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT | VIOLENCE | RECOMMENDATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration | Nuptiality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 316960 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: "A mate or a meal" -- pre-gravid behaviour of female Anopheles gambiae from the islands of São Tomé and Príncipe, West Africa. Author: Charlwood JD; Pinto J; Sousa CA; Ferreira C; Petrarca V Source: Malaria Journal. 2003 May 7;2(9):[11] p.. Abstract: Malaria prevalence differs between the two islands that comprise the archipelago of São Tomé and Príncipe. This may be due to differences in the biology of local Anopheles gambiae, the only vector on the islands. Survival rate and feeding frequency are two factors influencing vectorial capacity. Anophelines generally feed just once per gonotrophic (oviposition) cycle. Newly emerged insects, however, may feed two or more times during their first oviposition cycle thus increasing the likelihood of becoming infected. The reasons for multiple feeding are not clearly understood and it is still uncertain whether the behaviour is facultative or obligatory. We, therefore, determined survival and sporozoite rates, and examined the behaviour of An. gambiae from the two islands during their first gonotrophic cycle. The wing size of 1,410, abdominal condition of 687, gonotrophic age and mated status of 7,264 female M form An. gambiae collected by light-trap, landing catch, resting outdoors or in copula, was determined from four sites in the archipelago. Sporozoite rates assessed by ELISA in 15,533 females from São Tomé and 2,111 from Príncipe were determined. Estimated survival rates ranged between 0.834–0.849 per day in São Tomé and 0.801– 0.818 per day in Príncipe. Sporozoite rates of 0.63% in São Tomé were significantly higher than the 0.24% from Príncipe. Overall 49% of females mated on the second night after emergence before feeding, and 51% on the third night and thus fed before mating. The likelihood of mating before feeding increased with wing size. None of the 3,776 parous insects collected showed evidence of recent mating. All but two of the 198 females collected in copula had undeveloped ovaries. Mean wing sizes and the number of insects collected in a sentinel light-trap varied but the proportion of newly emerged insects in the collection did not. The estimated survival rate of the smallest insects was lower than other size groups, but the overall size distribution of each age group was normal. Parous insects were gonotrophically concordant. Differences in mosquito survival contributed to the lower sporozoite rates and endemicity of malaria on Príncipe compared to São Tomé. On both islands all newly emerged insects blood fed on the second night following emergence but only became gonotrophically active on the third night after emergence. Smaller insects had a higher 'mortality/emigration' rate than larger ones. We suggest that insufficiency of Juvenile Hormone until the third day of adult life is responsible for gonotrophic inactivity and that by partitioning mating between the second or third day after emergence females maximise their chances of out-crossing. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALARIA | TRANSMISSION | PREVALENCE | BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS | MATE SELECTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Measurement | Biology | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 276118 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Observations on the swarming and mating behaviour of Anopheles funestus from southern Mozambique. Author: Charlwood JD; Thompson R; Madsen H Source: Malaria Journal. 2003 Feb 17;2(2):[10] p.. Abstract: Control of malaria by the release of genetically modified mosquitoes refractory to transmission is now becoming a possibility. In many areas of Africa, Anopheles gambiae is found together with an equally important vector, An. funestus. Given their sympatry and the likelihood of a similar mating period some aspects of the mating behaviour of An. gambiae s.l. and An. funestus are likely to differ. We therefore attempted to characterise the swarming behaviour of An. funestus and to determine if any aspects of the observed behaviour differed from that recorded for the M form of An. gambiae from São Tomé. In March – May 2002 the swarming, mating, house exiting and resting behaviour of Anopheles funestus was studied by direct observation in Mozambique. Swarming males and insects in copula were collected by sweep net. Wing lengths of males collected resting, exiting houses, swarming and mating were measured and the wingbeat frequency distribution of individual insects, in free flight confined inside netting covered paper cups, was also determined. Mono-specific swarms occurred at sunset in relatively open areas close to houses used for resting. Mating pairs were seen 11 ± 3.7 min after the start of swarming. The number of total pairs observed being inversely proportional to the time difference between the start of swarming and the first pairing. The great majority of females mated before feeding. Male or female size did not appear to affect mating success or other behaviours. During the study, ambient temperatures decreased and female, but not male, wing size increased. At 516 Hz, the flight tone of female An. funestus was similar to the 497 Hz of the local An. gambiae. Males dispersed if light or dark artificial horizontal markers were placed underneath naturally occurring swarms. Differential response to markers would be sufficient for swarming in An. funestus and An. gambiae s.l. to occur in distinct sites. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALARIA PREVENTION | PARASITE CONTROL | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | MATE SELECTION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 276113 |
| 26. Title: Ethnicity or race, area characteristics, and sexual partner choice among American adolescents. Author: Ford K Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2003 May;40(2):[22] p. Abstract: Community characteristics, including ethnic composition and region of the country, may affect people's choice of sexual partners. Recent studies of residential segregation have shown that although segregation has decreased in many metropolitan areas, many areas remain heavily segregated, especially in the East and Midwest. Harris and Ono (2000) have shown that local partner markets play a role in the selection of marriage and cohabitation partners. Propinquity should also be important for adolescents. Because adolescents may have less mobility than adults, the influence of local markets may also affect their choice of partners more strongly. Apart from the supply of partners, communities may differ in their acceptance of interethnic or interracial dating. Research has shown evidence for community-level variation in racial climate as indicated by neighborhood preferences and racial attitudes. The aim of this research project was to examine the effects of school, neighborhood, and regional characteristics on sexual partner choice in a national sample of adolescents. First, we developed models of the effects of individual characteristics on partner choice. Following this, we examined the influence of community characteristics such as racial and ethnic composition and region of the country. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MATE SELECTION | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | ETHNIC GROUPS | RACE RELATIONS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Behavior | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Political Factors Document Number: 286329 |
| 27. Title: Chechen bride snatching on the rise. Chechen and Ingush women are being abducted for wives in the name of tradition. Author: Vazayeva A; Uzhakhova K Source: London, England, Institute for War and Peace Reporting [IWPR], 2003 Jul 4. 4 p. (Caucasus Reporting Service No. 185) Abstract: But whatever the historical accuracy, instances of bride-stealing now appear to be on the rise in both Chechnya and Ingushetia. "The deterrent of criminal punishment which existed in Soviet times has gone," said Bersanova. "Now total legal chaos reigns in Chechnya, and against that background stealing a bride to start a family looks like a minor offence." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | ETHNIC GROUPS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | WOMEN | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CULTURE | MATE SELECTION | CRIME | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 182076 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Behavioural determinants of gene flow in malaria vector populations: Anopheles gambiae males select large females as mates. Author: Okanda FM; Dao A; Njiru BN; Arija J; Akelo HA Source: Malaria Journal. 2002 Aug 14;1(10):[7] p.. Abstract: Plasmodium-refractory mosquitoes are being rapidly developed for malaria control but will only succeed if they can successfully compete for mates when released into the wild. Precopulatory behavioural traits maintain genetic population structure in wild mosquito populations and mating barriers have foiled previous attempts to control malaria vectors through sterile male release. Varying numbers of virgin male and female Anopheles gambiae Giles, from two strains of different innate sizes, were allowed to mate under standardized conditions in laboratory cages, following which, the insemination status, oviposition success and egg batch size of each female was assessed. The influence of male and female numbers, strain combination and female size were determined using logistic regression, correlation analysis and a simple mechanistic model of male competition for females. Male An. gambiae select females on the basis of size because of much greater fecundity among large females. Even under conditions where large numbers of males must compete for a smaller number of females, the largest females are more likely to become inseminated, to successfully oviposit and to produce large egg batches. Sexual selection, on the basis of size, could either promote or limit the spread of malaria-refractory genes into wild populations and needs to be considered in the continued development and eventual release of transgenic vectors. Fundamental studies of behavioural ecology in malaria vectors such as An. gambiae can have important implications for malaria control and should be prioritised for more extensive investigation in the future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALARIA PREVENTION | PARASITE CONTROL | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | GENETICS | MATE SELECTION | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Prevention and Control | Biology | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 276106 |
| 29. Title: Orientalism in America during the latter half of the nineteenth century: portrayals of marriage guides. Author: Sul H Source: Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 2002 Jun 30;8(2):[9] p.. Abstract: This study challenges Edward Said and examines the nature of America's Orientalism, focusing on marriage guides during the latter half of the nineteenth century. Three marriage guides that represent the three modalities of this period -- the medical, the religious, and the pseudo-scientific -- reveal that American Orientalism portrayed Europe as well as the Arabs, Islam, the Africans, and the American Indians as the others. Rendering others in these marriage guides took the form of bestowing unique but distorted types of femininity upon the Orient and Europe. In particular, physical deformities, abnormalities in women's sexual organs, the moral corruption of women, and influences on woman's bodies that hindered the preservation of pure American race, were emphasized to signify the characteristics of the Orient. American Orientalism determined the characteristics of American women as well as those of the Orient, justifying the inferiority of both. The examination of marriage guides reveals that American Orientalism was neither a mere extension of European Orientalism, nor a product of American Zionism. It was rather a product of the formation of American identity, whereby non-mainstream persons had to be first defined as others, so as to define the mainstream. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | WOMEN | COMMUNICATIONS PERSONNEL | ETHNIC GROUPS | PRINTED MEDIA | MARRIAGE | MATE SELECTION | CULTURE | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RACE RELATIONS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Mass Media | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Religion | Social Problems | Political Factors Document Number: 301311 |
| 30. Title: Courtship, love and premarital sex in a north China village. Author: Yan Y Source: China Journal. 2002 Jul;(48):29-53. Abstract: The increasing importance of intimacy in courtship is a major finding of my recent research on changing patterns of rural courtship in northeast China. While confirming a continuation of the trends generalized by Parish and Whyte in their 1978 study in rural southern China, particularly the shift from arranged marriages to free choice, my study reveals some important developments in the direction of intimacy, emotionality and individuality that set the present apart from the patterns found in the 1970s. Since the early 1980s, fiances have been able to explore new ways of emotional expression, to cultivate intense attachments to one another and, increasingly, to engage in premarital sex. The focus of change has shifted, in short, from the young people's pursuit of greater autonomy during the 1950s and 1970s to this new generation's experience during the 1980s and 1990s of love and intimacy, which in turn has profoundly influenced the rise of individuality among rural youth. In the following pages I will briefly introduce the field site and the changing patterns of spouse selection and courtship from 1949 to 1999. Next I will examine the increasing availability of social space over the past five decades and will explore three aspects of the newly developed intimacy in courtship: the emphasis on emotional expressivity and communicational skills, new images of an ideal spouse, and the phenomenon of post-engagement dating that involves premarital sex in many cases. I conclude the article with a discussion of the implications of the increasing intimacy in courtship. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RURAL POPULATION | ADULTS | YOUTH | CULTURE | MATE SELECTION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE | GENDER RELATIONS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Gender Issues Document Number: 285873 |
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