1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Cervical dilation in second-trimester abortion. Author: Hayes JL; Fox MC Source: Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Jun;52(2):171-8. Abstract: Dilation and evacuation, the most common method performed for second-trimester abortion in the United States, requires sufficient cervical dilation to reduce the risk of complications such as cervical laceration or uterine perforation. The cervix may be prepared with osmotic dilators such as laminaria, Lamicel, or Dilapan-S, or with pharmacologic agents such as misoprostol. Dilapan-S and Lamicel achieve their maximum dilation faster than laminaria, making same-day procedures possible. Misoprostol has limited data supporting its use in this setting. Decisions regarding which method is best are clinician-dependent, and factors such as gestational age and time allowed for preparation should be considered. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CERVICAL DILATATION | RISK FACTORS | CERVICAL EFFECTS | BLEEDING | ABORTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 342247 Notification |
| 2. Title: Acute myocardial infarction in two young women without significant risk factors. Author: Lawal L; Lange R; Schulman S Source: Journal of Invasive Cardiology. 2009 Jan;21(1):E3-5. Abstract: Spontaneous coronary artery dissection is an uncommon cause of acute coronary syndrome in young healthy females, with pregnancy and the use of oral contraceptive pills as recognized predisposing factors. We present two cases of acute myocardial infarction in two young females without significant risk factors and review the literature on spontaneous coronary artery dissection including diagnosis and treatment options. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE HISTORIES | WOMEN | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TREATMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | TOBACCO USE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior Document Number: 341133 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Hormonal contraception and risk of bacterial vaginosis diagnosis in an observational study of women attending STD clinics in Baltimore, MD. Author: Rifkin SB; Smith MR; Brotman RM; Gindi RM; Erbelding EJ Source: Contraception. 2009 Jul;80(1):63-7. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The protective effect of hormonal contraception may offer a potential intervention against bacterial vaginosis (BV). STUDY DESIGN: Three hundred thirty reproductive-age women enrolled in a contraceptive program from April 2005 to October 2006 at two sexually transmitted diseases clinics in Baltimore, MD. Participants were supplied with hormonal contraceptives of their choice and followed prospectively. BV was diagnosed by Amsel's criteria. Results from population-level analysis were compared to a case-crossover analysis. RESULTS: BV was diagnosed in 189 (13.0%) of the visits among 133 (40.3%) women. In the population-level analysis, the use of progestin-only and combined contraception was associated with a decreased risk of BV compared to intervals of no hormonal contraceptive use [adjusted odds ratio (AOR): 0.42 (95% CI: 0.20-0.88) and AOR: 0.66 (95% CI: 0.39-1.10), respectively]. The case-crossover analysis demonstrated a similar trend in findings. CONCLUSION: Hormonal contraception was associated with a decreased risk of BV in an STD clinic cohort. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | WOMEN | VAGINOSIS | DEPO-PROVERA | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Abnormalities | Diseases | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 341582 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: Double jeopardy: Depressive symptoms and rapid subsequent pregnancy in adolescent mothers. Author: Barnet B; Liu J; DeVoe M Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2008 Mar;162(3):246-252. Abstract: The objective was to examine whether depressive symptoms are a risk factor for a subsequent pregnancy in adolescent mothers. The design used was a secondary analysis from a longitudinal risk-reduction intervention. The setting was five community-based prenatal sites in Baltimore, Maryland. The participants for the study were two hundred sixty-nine consenting teens, predominantly African American and with low income, who received prenatal care at any of the 5 community-based prenatal sites and completed follow-up questionnaires at 1 or 2 years post partum. Baseline depressive symptoms were measured with the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. The outcome measure was an occurrence of and time to subsequent pregnancy by 2 years post partum. Among teens completing at least 1 follow-up questionnaire, baseline depressive symptoms were present in 46%. A subsequent pregnancy by 2 years post partum was experienced by 49%, with a mean (SD) time to first subsequent pregnancy of 11.4 (5.8) months. Depressive symptoms were associated with increased risk of subsequent pregnancy in both unadjusted models (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.01-2.03) and adjusted models (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.00-2.01). Depressive symptoms may be an independent risk factor for subsequent pregnancy in African American adolescent mothers. Because depression is treatable, future studies should evaluate whether improved recognition and treatment of adolescent depression reduces the risk of rapid subsequent pregnancy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | INTERVENTIONS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | DEPRESSION | PREGNANCY INTERVALS | RISK FACTORS | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Fertility Measurements | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 325015 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Couples counseling at an abortion clinic: a pilot study. Author: Becker S; Bazant ES; Meyers C Source: Contraception. 2008 Nov;78(5):424-31. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Nearly half of all pregnancies in the United States (US) are unintended. Nonuse, incorrect or inconsistent use of contraception may be related to limited support of male partners. Partners often accompany women seeking abortions to the clinic, representing an opportunity for health providers to engage them. This pilot study estimates the proportion of abortion patients accompanied by a male partner, the proportion agreeing to couples counseling and describes couples' experiences with the counseling. STUDY DESIGN: At a Baltimore clinic providing abortion, after preliminary qualitative research we recorded the number of patients who came with partners and accepted couples counseling in a 3-month period and sought feedback on the couples counseling in questionnaires from women, partners and the counselor. The counseling session consisted of giving information about the procedure and counseling regarding choices of a post-abortion contraceptive method and related topics that the woman and/or partner might raise. RESULTS: Overall, 27% of 774 patients came with their male partner, 28% with someone else and 45% alone. Fewer African-Americans (23%) came with a male partner, compared to 35% each among Whites and Hispanics (p<.001). Among all couples, 42% (n=88) accepted couple counseling. Many women (77%) and partners (59%) completing questionnaires (n=66) had expected the partner to be involved in the clinic visit. The patients appreciated having the partner's support, having an informed partner with whom to communicate and being able to share decision making. CONCLUSION: Over a quarter of patients to an abortion clinic came with a partner without any advance notice of the availability of couple counseling, and a sizable minority of these couples accepted couple counseling. Those who had the counseling evaluated it favorably. Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PILOT PROJECTS | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | URBAN POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | COUNSELING | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | POSTABORTAL PROGRAMS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 329145 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis: The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Research Agenda and Recommendations for Priority Research. Author: Fauci AS Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2008 Jun;197(11):1493-1498. Abstract: Globally, tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death due to an infectious disease, second only to HIV/AIDS. Estimates suggest that approximately one-third of the world's population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the microbe that causes TB, and approximately 10% of infected individuals will develop active TB at some point in their lives. For individuals also infected with HIV, the likelihood of developing active TB after infection is much higher. In 2006, approximately 9.2 million people globally developed active TB, and it is estimated that 1.7 million people died as a result of TB, including 200,000 HIV-infected individuals. Although estimates suggest that the rates of new cases and deaths due to TB show signs of slowing throughout the world, recent increases in rates of drug-resistant TB have the potential to reverse these gains. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | TUBERCULOSIS | TREATMENT | DRUG RESISTANCE | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Measurement | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 326731 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Focus-on-Teens, sexual risk-reduction intervention for high-school adolescents: impact on knowledge, change of risk-behaviours, and prevalence of sexually transmitted diseases. Author: Gaydos CA; Hsieh YH; Galbraith JS; Barnes M; Waterfield G; Stanton B Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2008 Oct;19(10):704-10. Abstract: A community-based intervention, Focus-on-Kids (FOK) has demonstrated risk-behaviour reduction of urban youth. We modified FOK to Focus-on-Teens (FOT) for high schools. High school adolescents (n=1190) were enrolled over successive school semesters. The small-group sessions were presented during the school-lunch hours. Confidential surveys were conducted at baseline, immediate, six-, and 12-month postintervention for demographics, parental communication/monitoring, sexual risk behaviours and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs)/HIV/condom-usage knowledge. Sexually active participants were encouraged to volunteer for urine-based STDs testing at the School-Based Health Centres. Many (47.4%) students reported having had sexual intercourse at baseline. Overall behaviours changed towards 'safer' sex behaviours (intent-to-use and using condoms, communicating with partner/parents about sex/condoms/STDs) with time (P<0.05). Proportion of students with complete correct knowledge of STDs/HIV increased to 88% at time 4 from 80% at baseline after adjusting for age, gender and sexual activity (P<0.05). High prevalence of STDs was detected in 875 participants who reported for urine testing at time 1: trichomonas, 11.8%; chlamydia, 10.1% and gonorrhoea, 4.1%. Prevalence decreased significantly for 310 participants who re-tested; chlamydia: 27.4% to 6.1% and gonorrhoea: 11.3% to 3.2%. FOT was successfully implemented as an STDs/HIV risk-reduction intervention. Sustained improvements of knowledge about STDs/HIV/condom usage, decreases in sexual risk behaviours supported the effectiveness of this intervention. Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Child Rearing | Risk Reduction Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 329420 |
| 8. Title: Update on rapid diagnostic testing for malaria. Author: Murray CK; Gasser RA Jr; Magill AJ; Miller RS Source: Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 2008 Jan;21(1):97-110. Abstract: A key to effective management of malaria is prompt and accurate diagnosis. The global impact of malaria has spurred interest in developing diagnostic strategies that will be effective not only in resource-limited areas, where malaria has a substantial burden on society, but also in developed countries, where expertise in malaria diagnosis is often lacking. Accurate diagnosis of malaria is necessary to prevent morbidity and mortality while avoiding the unnecessary use of antimalarial agents. New rapid diagnostic techniques have been developed and evaluated widely in recent years, but the rapid introduction, withdrawal, and modification of commercially available products, variable quality control in manufacturing, and potential decrements in test performance related to the stability of stored test kits have rendered these reviews largely obsolete. Characteristics required of a rapid malaria diagnostic test (MRDT) vary based on regional malaria epidemiology and the goals of a malaria control program.The critical characteristics needed for a diagnostic method in order to reduce mortality from malaria in sub-Saharan Africa include high sensitivity for detecting Plasmodium falciparum and rapid availability of test results. However, overdiagnosis, i.e., test performance characterized by a poor positive predictive value, can produce overestimates of malaria morbidity, inflate treatment costs, create misperceptions of therapeutic failures when fever is due to other illnesses, lead to avoidable drug-related adverse events, and contribute to unnecessary drug pressure, thereby enhancing selection for drug resistance. In contrast, in low-incidence environments where the pretest probability of malaria is low, high specificity and high sensitivity for detection of non-P. falciparum Plasmodium species assume greater importance, and a repeat testing paradigm may be practical. Regardless of the setting, MRDTs should require minimal operator training and yield highly reproducible test interpretations. The results of the test should be rapidly available while the physician is actively managing patients, typically in less than 1 hour. The ideal test should be able to detect a response to therapy, including detection of recrudescence or relapse. The stability of MRDT components should be such that refrigeration and a cold chain are not needed. Storage shelf life should be of sufficiently long duration that the logistical burden of resupply is minimized. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | MARYLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MALARIA | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | TESTING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | BLOOD | SCREENING | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Management | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326242 |
| 9. Title: Oral contraceptives. Author: Oesterheld JR; Cozza K; Sandson NB Source: Psychosomatics. 2008 Mar-Apr;49(2):168-175. Abstract: Many formulations of OCs are now available. Monophasic preparations contain the same amount of EE and progestin and are taken for 21 days of each 28-day cycle. Biphasic and triphasic preparations take the form of two or three types of pills, with varying amounts of active ingredients. Biphasic and triphasic OCs have been formulated so that the amount of progestin is reduced and the effects correspond more closely to hormonal influences during natural menstrual cycles. Recently, several formulations of continuous daily regimens of ethinylestradiol (10 microg and 30 microg) and a progestin have entered the market. These formulations allow withdrawal-bleeding periods only 4 times a year. A yearly, no-cycling version of levonorgestrel and EE (Lybrel) received FDA approval in May 2007. There are a limited number of progestin-only contraceptives. These contraceptives are the mini-pill containing norethindrone, norgestrel, or levonorgestrel; a subdermal implant of norgestrel (Norplant II); intramuscular and subcutaneous preparations of medroxyprogesterone acetate and norethindrone enanthate, administered every 3 months; and intrauterine devices that release progesterone and levonorgestrel. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | DRUG INTERACTIONS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | DRUGS | SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 326618 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Using location, color, size, and depth to characterize and identify endometriosis lesions in a cohort of 133 women. Author: Stegmann BJ; Sinaii N; Liu S; Segars J; Merino M Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 Jun;89(6):1632-1636. Abstract: The objective was to correlate histology with endometriosis characteristics. The design was a secondary data analysis. The setting was a government research hospital. The patient(s) were one hundred thirty-three women with chronic pelvic pain and endometriosis who underwent laparoscopic surgery between 1999 and 2004. The intervention(s) were Laparoscopic excision of lesions, including recording of lesion characteristics and surgical impression of the lesions. All biopsies were sent for histological examination for endometriosis, and surgical and histological findings were compared. Three hundred fifty-seven of 544 lesions believed to be endometriosis by the surgeon had positive histology. Mixed-color lesions most commonly contained endometriosis (76%), with the percentage of positive lesions being similar between single-color groups. Among subtle (red or white) lesions, 58% (164/283) were positive for endometriosis. Thirty women had only red or white lesions, and 18 (60%) had at least one lesion positive for endometriosis. Lesions were most commonly located in the cul-de-sac (64%), utero-sacral ligaments (68%), and ovarian fossa (70%). Wide, deep, mixed-color lesions in the cul-de-sac, the ovarian fossa, or the utero-sacral ligaments had the highest frequency of endometriosis. More than half of subtle lesions had endometriosis. These results should be considered when diagnosing endometriosis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ENDOMETRIOSIS | PAIN | LAPAROSCOPY | SURGERY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | HISTOLOGY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Treatment | Biology Document Number: 327234 |
| 11. Title: Low ART adherence in Africa. Author: Wakabi W Source: Lancet Infectious Diseases. 2008 Feb;8(2):94. Abstract: Although the introduction of generic drugs and the boost in funding for HIV/AIDS programmes have enabled more patients in African countries to access antiretroviral therapy (ART), concern is mounting about the low levels of adherence in several countries. Causes of low adherence are the high costs of ART, long distances to clinics, lack of transport to dispensing facilities, intermittent drug supply, fear of stigmatisation, poor documentation, and lack of access to correct information. Additionally, drugs have side-effects, which may lead to patients missing or interrupting doses. Jean Nachega (Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA) told TLID: "In the early days of HIV treatment we found high levels of treatment adherence and concluded that routine HIV care is both feasible and successful in Africa...However, despite early excellent encouraging results, suboptimal levels of adherence have been reported and we can expect that adherence will decrease over time, particularly if patients are experiencing significant adverse events related to their medications or treatment interruptions caused by barriers such as cost of treatment, poor drug supply, or problems in terms of transport to the clinic". (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | LOGISTICS | USER COMPLIANCE | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health | Management | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Program Activities | Programs | Technology | Economic Factors Document Number: 324038 |
| 12. Title: Intimate partner violence and women's contraceptive use. Author: Williams CM; Larsen U; McCloskey LA Source: Violence Against Women. 2008 Dec;14(12):1382-96. Abstract: Intimate partner violence has been hypothesized as a factor associated with women's risk for problems in contraception use or access. This article explores differences in contraceptive use between abused and nonabused women, using a case-control study of 225 women. Women experiencing physical and emotional abuse were more likely to report not using their preferred method of contraception in the past 12 months compared with nonabused women (OR = 1.9; 95% CI = 1.0 to 3.7). Health care providers need to consider how intimate partner violence may influence their patients' use of contraceptives, which has implications for the high risk of unintended pregnancies among abused women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | KENTUCKY | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Document Number: 329601 |
| 13. Title: Health and Child Survival Fellows Program, 1985-2007. Final report. Author: Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health. Department of International Health. Institute for International Programs. Health and Child Survival Fellows Program. National Secretariat Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of International Health, Institute for International Programs, Health and Child Survival Fellows Program, National Secretariat, 2007 Jun. [140] p. (USAID Agreement No. HRN-A-00-01-00001-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-729) Abstract: The Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) ended more than 20 years of collaboration when the Health and Child Survival Fellows Program (HCSFP) ended on March 31, 2007. This report reviews the highlights of those twenty years and reports on the Activities of the most recent Cooperative Agreement (HRN-A-00-01-00001-00) and the Seventy-six Fellows, six interns and three Urban Child Survival Fellows that were supported during the time period of that agreement. The Urban Child Survival Fellows were fully funded under a contract with the Baltimore City Health but was a response to a USAID initiative regarding reverse technology that began in the late 1990's. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | CHILD | CHILD SURVIVAL | CHILD HEALTH | EVALUATION | MONITORING | YOUTH PROGRAMS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health Document Number: 318677 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Condom use and vaginal Y-chromosome detection: The specificity of a potential biomarker. Author: Ghanem KG; Melendez JH; McNeil-Solis C; Giles JA; Yuenger J Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2007 Aug;34(8):620-623. Abstract: Detection of vaginal Y-chromosome sequences (YCS) may be a useful biomarker to validate sexual behavior reporting in women. We describe the effects of condom use on the detection of vaginal YCS. Fifty-six women were asked to abstain from sexual intercourse for 14 days. On day 15, participants were asked to engage in sexual intercourse with their male partners using condoms. Self-collected vaginal swabs were obtained on days 14, 16, and 17. YCS were detected using the Roche LightCycler with the use of positive controls. Forty-four of 56 women completed the study. Five women (11.4%) had detectable YCS. The overall specificity of the YCS assay with condom use was 92% (95% CI: 80%-98%). Although women who reported receptive oral sex and digital penetration within 48 hours of swab collection had a higher detection rate of YCS [RR 2.3 (95% CI: 1.1-4.6) and 3.6 (95%CI: 1.6-8.5), respectively], the mean concentration of YCS was much less than that associated with unprotected vaginal intercourse (P <0.001)Condom use during intercourse appears to prevent vaginal YCS detection; this may be a useful biomarker to validate self-reported condom use. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | GENETIC TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | CONDOM USE | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | GENETICS | FEMALE CONDOMS | ORAL SEX | SEMEN | VALIDITY | RELIABILITY | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Biology | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Seminal Vesicles | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Measurement Document Number: 319021 |
| 15. Title: Staying strong: Gender ideologies among African-American adolescents and the implications for HIV / STI prevention. Author: Kerrigan D; Andrinopoulos K; Johnson R; Parham P; Thomas T Source: Journal of Sex Research. 2007 May;44(2):172-180. Abstract: This paper explores adolescents' definitions of what it means to be a man and a woman, the psycho-social context surrounding the formation of gender ideologies and their relationship to HIV/STI prevention. Semi-structured, in-depth interviews were conducted with 50 African-American adolescents living in Baltimore, Maryland. Female gender ideologies included economic independence, emotional strength and caretaking. Male gender ideologies emphasized financial responsibility, toughness and sexual prowess. Findings suggest that stronger adherence to male gender ideologies related to toughness and sexual prowess is influenced by male participants' perceived inability to fulfill their primary gender role as economic providers and the importance of gaining approval from male peers in the absence of adult male role models. Stronger adherence to female gender ideologies related to emotional strength and caretaking may be linked to a heightened desire for male intimacy and tolerance of male sexual risk behavior. Implications of the gender ideologies documented and their commonalities are discussed in terms of HIV/STI prevention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | EMOTIONS | ATTITUDES | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | SEXUALITY | SEX FACTORS | PERCEPTION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Personality Document Number: 321342 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Understanding sex partner selection from the perspective of inner-city black adolescents. Author: Andrinopoulos K; Kerrigan D; Ellen JM Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2006 Sep;38(3):132-138. Abstract: Black adolescents in inner-city settings are at increased risk for HIV and other STDs. Sex partner characteristics, as well as individual behavior, influence individuals' STD risk, yet little is known about the process of sex partner selection for adolescents in this setting. Semistructured in-depth interviews were conducted during the summer and fall of 2002 with 50 inner-city black adolescents (26 females and 24 males) who had been purposively recruited from an STD clinic. Content analysis was used to study interview texts. Young women desire a monogamous romantic partner, rather than a casual sex partner; however, to fulfill their desire for emotional intimacy, they often accept a relationship with a nonmonogamous partner. Young men seek both physical and emotional benefits from being in a relationship; having a partner helps them to feel wanted, and they gain social status among their peers when they have multiple partners. For men, these benefits may help compensate for an inability to obtain jobs that would improve their financial and, as a result, social status. Both women and men assess partners' STD risk on the basis of appearance. HIV and other STD prevention initiatives must go beyond the scope of traditional messages aimed at behavior change and address the need for social support and socioeconomic opportunities among at-risk, inner-city adolescents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | URBAN POPULATION | LOVE | SEX FACTORS | PEER PRESSURE | UNEMPLOYMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | RISK ASSESSMENT | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Psychosocial Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Evaluation | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 307386 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Randomized placebo-controlled trial of metformin for adolescents with polycystic ovary syndrome. Author: Bridger T; MacDonald S; Baltzer F; Rodd C Source: Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. 2006 Mar;160(3):241-246. Abstract: Objective: To determine whether metformin or placebo could, in conjunction with healthy lifestyle counseling, decrease serum testosterone levels and related aberrations in adolescents with hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Design: Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial. Setting: Pediatric university teaching hospital. Participants: Twenty-two adolescents aged 13 to 18 years with hyperinsulinemia and polycystic ovarian syndrome. Intervention: Participants were randomly assigned to take a 12-week course of either metformin or placebo. Main Outcome Measures: Pretreatment and post-treatment oral glucose tolerance tests, fasting lipid profiles, and clinical measurements. Results: There was a significant decline in mean serum testosterone concentration with metformin (-38.3 ng/dL) compared with placebo (-0.86 ng/dL) (95% confidence interval, -8 to -0.29 for the mean difference between groups). At completion, the relative risk of menses was 2.50 times higher in the metformin group compared with the placebo (95% confidence interval, 1.12 to 5.58). Measures of insulin sensitivity, including insulin area under the curve and HOMA (homeostasis model assessment), demonstrated improvement only with metformin, but these did not reach statistical significance. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased by 6.98 mg/dL with metformin vs a decrease of -2.33 mg/dL with placebo (95% confidence interval, 0.78 to 18.23 for the mean difference between groups). There were no significant changes in body mass index, hirsutism, triglyceride levels, or total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels. Conclusion: Metformin significantly lowered total tosterone concentrations, increased the likelihood of menses, and improved high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels without affecting measures of insulin sensitivity or body weight. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | TESTOSTERONE ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | OVARIAN CYSTS | TESTOSTERONE | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | TREATMENT | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Lipids | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 298824 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex partner selection, social networks, and repeat sexually transmitted infections in young men: a preliminary report. Author: Ellen JM; Gaydos C; Chung SE; Willard N; Lloyd LV Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2006 Jan;33(1):18-21. Abstract: The goal of this study was to examine the risk for repeat sexually transmitted infections (STIs) associated with reducing the number of sex partners who come from within the social networks of males 13 to 25 years old in Baltimore, Maryland, and Denver, Colorado. Asymptomatic males diagnosed with chlamydia and/or gonorrhea as part of an asymptomatic chlamydia and gonorrhea male screening project were recruited and interviewed about their sexual behaviors and their perceptions of social characteristics and sexual behaviors of their sex partners. We characterized the sex partners of each participant as belonging to or not belonging to his social network. We examined whether a decrease in percentage of sex partners who were in the participant's social network was associated with repeat infection. There were 47 participants in Baltimore and 92 in Denver. In both cities, there was a trend toward a finding that decreasing the percentage of sex partners belonging to a participant's social network was protective for repeat STI. These data suggest that interventions may need to be designed to reduce the prevalence of infection in the social networks of infected men. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | COLORADO | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | YOUTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | GONORRHEA | CHLAMYDIA | TRANSMISSION | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Behavior Document Number: 295476 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Predictors of early initiation of vaginal and oral sex among urban young adults in Baltimore, Maryland. Author: Ompad DC; Strathdee SA; Celentano DD; Latkin C; Poduska JM Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2006 Feb;35(1):53-65. Abstract: Over the past three decades, most research on adolescent sexual behavior has focused on vaginal intercourse and related behaviors, including contraception and unintended pregnancy. In this study, we describe the prevalence and correlates of vaginal, oral, and anal sex in an epidemiologically defined population in Baltimore, Maryland. Young adults (ages 18-24), who had been enrolled in a behavioral intervention trial during elementary school, were interviewed by telephone between 1998 and 2002 to assess their sexual behavior. Of 1679 respondents interviewed, 70.8% were Black and 55% were women. Overall, 93% of the young adults reported vaginal intercourse, 78% reported receiving oral sex, 57% reported performing oral sex, and 10% reported receptive anal intercourse. Among men, 27% reported insertive anal intercourse. Blacks initiated vaginal intercourse at an earlier age than Whites; White women performed oral sex earlier than Black women. Significant interactions were observed between age of first vaginal partner and both gender and race/ethnicity. Blacks with older partners initiated sex at an earlier age than both Blacks with a partner the same age or younger and Whites. We also observed a relationship between older female sex partners and earlier vaginal sex initiation among men. We conclude that older sex partners play an important role in sexual initiation among young adults. In light of the rates of oral and anal sex, sexual education and intervention programs should address the risk for unintended consequences of these behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | URBAN POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ORAL SEX | RISK FACTORS | ANAL SEX | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Cultural Background | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 298325 |
| 20. Title: Multidisciplinary, inpatient directly observed therapy for HIV-1-infected children and adolescents failing HAART: A retrospective study. Author: Parsons GN; Siberry GK; Parsons JK; Christensen JR; Joyner ML; Lee SL Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2006 Apr;20(4):275-284. Abstract: Children and adolescents with HIV-1 infection and elevated viral loads are at risk for disease progression. When outpatient adherence efforts fail to reduce viral loads, we have chosen to hospitalize patients for directly observed antiretroviral therapy. A retrospective chart review was performed for patients who were admitted for adherence concerns to a rehabilitation facility from December 1, 2000 to December 1, 2003. Differences in CD4 count and viral load at admission, prior to discharge and 6 months after discharge were evaluated using the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test. Nineteen admissions were included in the analysis. Compared to the mean CD4 count at admission (262), the mean CD4 counts at discharge (492) and 6 months after discharge (429) were significantly higher (p < 0.001 and p = 0.01, respectively). Similar results were observed for change in CD4 percentage. Compared to the mean viral load at admission (log 5.7), the mean viral loads at discharge (log 4.7) and 6 months after discharge (log 5) were significantly lower (p < 0.001 and p < 0.004). The majority of admissions (74%) involved a change in highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) regimen. In conclusion, hospitalization for directly observed therapy of HIV-1-infected children and adolescents with elevated viral loads and nonadherence resulted in an immediate and sustained (up to 6 months) reduction in viral load and increase in CD4 count. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ADOLESCENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS PREVENTION | USER COMPLIANCE | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | AIDS | Behavior Document Number: 299887 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Estimating infertility: not the last word. Author: Stephen EH; Chandra A Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2006 Sep;86(3):534. Abstract: Trends of infertility can be determined going back to 1965 with the use of data from the National Survey of Family Growth, but the standardized measurement of infertility is complex. In the accompanying article we focused on the richness of demographic data to examine correlates of infertility among women aged 15--44 years to observe trends over the past two decades. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | FERTILITY CHANGES | INFERTILITY | BIAS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction | Error Sources | Measurement | Research Methodology Document Number: 304996 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender-based differences in fertility beliefs and knowledge among adolescents from high sexually transmitted disease-prevalence communities. Author: Trent M; Millstein SG; Ellen JM Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2006 Mar;38(3):282-287. Abstract: Limited information is available about adolescents' beliefs about fertility in women and its link to sexually transmitted disease (STD) and whether men and women differ in their beliefs. This information may be useful for developing messages intended to motivate youth to seek STD screening while they are asymptomatic. The purpose of this study was to examine gender-based differences in fertility beliefs and knowledge. Data were derived from the Adolescent Health Study, a population-based telephone survey study in which urban household adolescents from a high STD-prevalence community were queried about their sexual experience, fertility-related knowledge, beliefs related to timing of childbearing, and risk assessment of future fertility problems. X/2 and regression analyses were used to evaluate group differences. The majority of adolescents reported that having children was somewhat or very important, but that the 15- to 19-year-old age group was not the optimal time for a woman to have a child. Regression analyses indicated that female adolescents were more likely than male adolescents to identify chlamydia and pelvic inflammatory disease as causes of fertility problems. Seventy-two percent of adolescent girls thought there was some chance they would have future fertility problems and 58% thought they had little or no control over developing fertility problems in the future. Additional health education is needed if we are to motivate adolescents to participate in asymptomatic STD screening programs. Involving male adolescents may be a more significant challenge given that fewer male adolescents understand the link between female fertility and common STD-related conditions. Given our findings, fertility preservation may be a valuable teaching tool and social marketing agent for STD prevention in adolescents. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | FERTILITY | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | GENDER ISSUES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Culture | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 297549 |
| 23. Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Maryland. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307038 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Understanding the role of perceived severity in STD-related care-seeking delays. Author: Cunningham SD; Kerrigan D; Pillay KB; Ellen JM Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2005 Jul;37(1):69-74. Abstract: The purpose was to gain a more in-depth understanding of the relationship between perceived severity of symptoms and STD-related care-seeking behavior among adolescent African-American females in Baltimore City. Twenty-one female adolescents were interviewed in depth to elicit their experiences with an STD in the previous 3 months. Comparisons were made between those who sought care on account of their symptoms and those who did not. High perceived seriousness about symptoms has both cognitive and emotional components that may function independently to either promote or delay STD-related care seeking. Both cognitive and emotional responses to STD symptoms must be considered when examining the effect of perceived severity on adolescents’ STD-related care-seeking behaviors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 288865 |
| 25. Title: Interpersonal comparison of subjective probabilities: Toward translating linguistic probabilities. Author: Dhami MK; Wallsten TS Source: Memory and Cognition. 2005 Sep;33(6):1057-1068. Abstract: Interpersonal variability in understanding linguistic probabilities can adversely affect decision making. Using the fact that everyone judges canonical probability events similarly in a manner consistent with axiom systems that yield a probability measure, we developed and tested a method for comparing the meanings of probability phrases across individuals. An experiment demonstrated that despite extreme heterogeneity in participants' linguistic probability lexicons, interpersonal similarity in phrase meaning is well predicted by phrase rank order within the lexicons. Thus, equally ranked phrases have similar meanings, and individual differences in linguistic probabilities may simply be explained by the phrases people use at each rank. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PROBABILITY | COMMUNICATION | LANGUAGE | DECISION MAKING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Behavior Document Number: 308695 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Exploring older adolescents' and young adults' attitudes regarding male hormonal contraception: applications for clinical practice. Author: Marcell AV; Plowden K; Bowman SM Source: Human Reproduction. 2005 Nov;20(11):3078-3084. Abstract: Male hormonal contraceptive methods (HCM) are in Phase I clinical trials in the USA. International studies report that adults have positive attitudes regarding male HCM, but little is known about US minority young peoples’ attitudes—a population that experiences high unintended pregnancy rates. Thirty urban African American young persons [50% males; mean age = 18.8 (SD = 2.5)] participated in semi-structured interviews to explore attitudes regarding male HCM. Data were independently analysed by two researchers according to qualitative research methodology, including transcript coding for content, categorization of codes, performance of content analysis for theme development, and corroboration of findings by a third researcher. The data revealed five major themes that can facilitate and/or hinder male HCM adoption: (1) impact of reversing roles in HCM use; (2) men’s lack of involvement in health care; (3) men’s reliability to use HCM effectively; (4) perceived responsibility of men who use HCM; and (5) men’s apprehension to use new medicines. Overall, participants had positive impressions about male HCM (67% male; 67% female) and female partner trust of males’ use was high (85%), as were males’ intentions (60%). Findings provide a foundation for clinical interventions including: (1) increasing males’ involvement in reproductive health; (2) helping males to overcome apprehensions about male HCM safety; and (3) standardizing male HCM education in the clinical setting. Future research efforts should examine whether study findings hold for other populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | YOUTH | BLACKS | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FEAR | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Emotions Document Number: 292343 |
| 27. Title: Coronary artery calcification is associated with atherogenic lipid changes, cardiac dysfunction and morphologic abnormalities in HIV-1 infected black adults. Author: Meng QY; Du JF; Lai H; Lai SH Source: Chinese Medical Journal. 2005 Mar 5;118(5):412-414. Abstract: The heart is an organ frequently affected in the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. But there is little information as to whether the coronary artery calcification can identify asymptomatic individuals at high risk for having cardiac morphological and functional abnormalities and cardiac risk factors in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to determine whether coronary artery calcification was associated with cardiac morphological and functional abnormalities, atherogenic lipid and C-reactive protein (CRP) changes in a black adult population with HIV-1 infection. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | BLACKS | HEART DISEASES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 297066 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Primary care services for an emergency department population: a novel location for contraception. Author: Todd CS; Plantinga LC; Lichenstein R Source: Contraception. 2005;71:40-44. Abstract: The objective was to assess contraceptive provision site preferences in female urban Baltimore emergency department patients. This cross-sectional questionnaire study was completed by 790 women, a population sufficient to detect a 10% intersite difference. The results were analyzed with chi-square, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Obtaining contraception other than from a physician’s office was acceptable to 57.2% of the subjects, particularly those uninsured (p = .006) and without primary care providers (p < .001). Contraceptive provision in the emergency department (ED) was acceptable to 44.0%, particularly those who are frequent ED users (p = .003) and those at risk for unintended pregnancy (p = .024; pooled, p<.001). Care in nontraditional settings may preclude pelvic examination; 34.0% of the subjects felt safe obtaining contraception without this examination, significantly for those desiring contraceptive provision in the ED. Contraceptive services are acceptable in nontraditional settings, including the ED, particularly to women of limited resources. This service is acceptable without pelvic examination for a sizable proportion of the women using the ED. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | CLIENTS | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | EMERGENCY SERVICES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 279508 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Unintended pregnancy risk in an emergency department population. Author: Todd CS; Mountvarner G; Lichenstein R Source: Contraception. 2005;71:35-39. Abstract: The objective: was to assess unintended pregnancy risk and associated factors among female urban Baltimore emergency department (ED) attendees. A cross-sectional anonymous questionnaire study was completed by 790 women, sufficient to detect a 5% difference of unintended pregnancy risk in the national population and a 10% intersite difference with 80% power. The results were analyzed with chisquare tests, univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses. Female ED attendees are at greater risk for unintended pregnancy (33.5%), particularly those of lower income (p=.006) and without a primary care provider (p=.003). Unintended pregnancy risk did not vary between sites by any variable except young age despite the fact that sites varied significantly by race, insurance and income measures. Women using the ED are at increased risk for unintended pregnancy and are less likely to have access to a regular medical care source; thus, the ED represents a possible contraceptive provision site. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MARYLAND | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREGNANCY, HIGH RISK | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | EMERGENCY SERVICES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 279507 |
| 30. Title: Microbicides: new potential for protection. Author: Upadhyay U Source: Baltimore, Maryland, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communication Programs, Information and Knowledge for Optimal Health Project [INFO], 2005 Jan. 16 p. (INFO Reports No. 3) Also available in French and Spanish Abstract: Microbicides are substances that are designed, when applied vaginally, to reduce transmission of HIV or other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). This report concerns the protective potential of microbicides, some of which are under development to also function as spermicides to provide contraceptive protection. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MARYLAND | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | MICROBICIDES | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | TESTING | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | SAFETY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Drugs | Treatment | Contraception | Family Planning | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Public Health | Health Document Number: 292591 |
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