| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: The Maltho-Marxian hypothesis 'economics controls population': a test and a projection. Author: MacIntyre F Source: Population Review. 2005;44(2):[24] p.. Abstract: Malthus and Marx held that population was controlled by economics. Malthus believed there were environmental constraints on the supportable population; Marx felt that human ingenuity would overcome all limits to growth. Neither had supporting data. The US Census reveals an intermediate position in which the supportable limit increases exponentially (faster than Malthus expected) but at 1/4 the rate of unfettered human reproduction (slower than Marx expected). Its rate offers an independent estimate of effective economic growth. A brief and sharp-cornered excursion from the resulting theoretical line forms a nearly perfect Gaussian dip, with the Depression on the down side and the Baby Boom on the other. A related analysis shows that the world population is well fitted by a 'Pimentel logistic' stabilizing at 2-3 billion after an 'oil-supported' Gaussian bulge. This approach explains the Doomsday hyperbola, and also what allows us to avoid its singularity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | LOGISTIC MODEL | THEORETICAL MODELS | CENSUS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | POPULATION PROJECTION | MALTHUSIANISM | MARXISM | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mathematical Model | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estimation Techniques | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Political Factors Document Number: 297135 |
| 2. Title: Promising and contested fields: Women's studies and sociology of women / gender in contemporary China. Author: Chow EN; Zhang N; Wang J Source: Gender and Society. 2004 Apr;18(2):161-188. Abstract: This article is a review of the rise and development of women's studies and the sociology of women/gender, two interrelated academic fields in China. Informed by the sociology of knowledge, the authors analyze how historical and sociopolitical factors such as the legacy of Marxism, state/party control, economic reform, political upheavals, local conditions, and global influences have greatly shaped what and how women's and gender issues are studied and the resultant characteristics and knowledge production of the two fields in China. Specifically, the authors examine the dynamic process of knowledge development in sociology of women/gender in terms of its academic positioning, standpoint, content, research methodology, curriculum transformation, and teaching in China. Finally, the authors demonstrate how the characteristics and issues shared by the two fields have evolved in a dynamic interplay between Chinese Marxism and feminism. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SOCIOLOGY | GENDER ISSUES | KNOWLEDGE | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARXISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Sciences | Socioeconomic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems Document Number: 284129 |
| 3. Title: Women development and the industrial work place: the vexed phenomenon. Author: JaJa SA; Emelike EN Source: International Journal of Social and Policy Issues. 2002 Dec;1(1):263-271. Abstract: Gender issues are a phenomenon, which has come to be associated with gender discrimination and unequal participation of women and men in development processes. Women workers have their particular gender experiences arising from home and work situations. In many cases, women have found themselves faced with options which affect their personal lives and professional development but which they are not adequately prepared to handle. They have special needs deriving from their reproductive role (e.g. pregnancy, breast-feeding) while their gender roles and their productive responsibilities are assigned by society. Gender issues arise from their position within the usually male-dominated organizational environment and in relationships with male peers, subordinates and superiors. These issues have implications for the development of women and have been seriously addressed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GENDER ISSUES | WORKPLACE | INDUSTRY | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARXISM | SEX DISCRIMINATION | ATTITUDES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 184518 |
| 4. Title: Introduction. Towards a deconstructive post-development criticism. Author: Saunders K Source: In: Feminist post-development thought: rethinking modernity, postcolonialism and representation, edited by Kriemild Saunders. London, England, Zed Books, 2002. :1-38. Abstract: Although the essays in this collection are located within specific sections, most of them are conceptually broad and overlap multiple section categories. They are all in critical dialogue with each other on the question of development. For example, within Part I (Aiding Development) Staudt properly asks whether post-developmentalists see through a gender lens, and cautions that post-revolutionary worlds rarely live up to expectations. Parpart takes up the challenge to formulate a postmodern post-development empowerment perspective that takes account of women, but continues to acknowledge enlightenment values and universal, Western norms. Aggarwal confronts the exploitation of Ladakh's tradition, and the myth making of feminist post-developmentalists who misrepresent 'indigenous' women and 'traditional' societies as empowering to women, ignoring the inequities and élite power of both traditional and modern societies. In Part II (Locating Women/Locating Work), Sassen and Marchand separately put forth theses that globalization entails a feminization of labour. Marchand sees this dynamic manifested in the spread of maquiladoras, in the feminization of male labour and at the symbolic level of the state in Mexico. However, Sassen articulates the provocative thesis that feminization appears to be a general spatial operation of globalization in the South. Politically, Marchand points to the emergence of a regional civil society. It is unclear what the political implications of a general feminization could be. In either case, any post-development theoretical or political practice ought to think the significance of the feminization of the current global restructuring process. Within Part III (More Worldly Feminisms) there are manifest tensions between, on one hand, Lazreg's critique of 'posted' feminism and her affirmation of an enlightened developmentalism, and, on the other, Apffel-Marglin and Sanchez's critique of developmentalist feminism and its impact on the campesino community. Barlow's reiteration of the difficult issue of mediation, which underscores the mediated access to the Other, is a call for vigilance to all activists and scholars, regardless of their positions on development. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | FEMINISM | SOCIAL WELFARE | MARXISM | POVERTY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Environment Document Number: 186767 |
| 5. Title: Gender and educational research, policy, and practice in sub-Saharan Africa: theoretical and empirical problems and prospects. Author: Bloch M; Vavrus F Source: In: Women and education in sub-Saharan Africa: power, opportunities, and constraints, edited by Marianne Bloch, Josephine A. Beoku-Betts, B. Robert Tabachnick. Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1998. :1-24. (Women and Change in the Developing World) Abstract: This chapter introduces a book which examines the most important educational issues faced by women in sub-Saharan from the point of view of different theoretical traditions. A further goal of the book is to generate debate about the use and meaning of the terms "women," "education," and "sub-Saharan Africa." This chapter, therefore, opens with a discussion of the contentious nature of these terms as revealed by an analysis of theories of language, power, and representation. Next, the chapter enhances consideration of the diverse perspectives contained in the book by offering a framework in the form of general questions. Additional questions are then proposed that reveal the impact of theory on research, and descriptions are given of research resulting from the human capital, Marxist/Neo-Marxist, and postmodern paradigms. The chapter then provides an overview of patterns of gendered schooling in Africa and a short summary of each of the chapters in the book. The chapters in the first part reveal the importance of informal education; the chapters in the second part emphasize the effect of the patriarchy on the policies and practices of female schooling; the third part concentrates on the political, economic, and macrocultural contexts; and the epilogue reviews the issues of power, opportunities, and constraints. The introduction then urges readers to use the book to devise their own conclusions about how educational policy for women is formulated and evaluated in the region. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL STUDIES | GENDER ISSUES | EDUCATION | SCHOOLS | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | POLICY | POWER | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | HUMAN CAPITAL | MARXISM | WOMEN | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Socialism | Political Systems | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 136347 |
| 6. Title: [Two centuries of Malthus] Dva veka Maltusa. Author: Durdev BS Source: STANOVNISTVO. 1998 Jan-Jun;36(1-2):7-24. Abstract: "The article is an endeavor to comparatively review classic and modern theories and/or theoretical concepts regarding [the] relationship between population development and the overall sustainable development.... Disregarding the ideological differences but placing emphasis on the technological discrepancies prevailing to this day, the article...indicates that [the] apparently irreconcilable theories [of Malthus, neo-Malthusianism, and Marxism] can permeate and complement each other." (EXCERPT) (SUMMARY IN ENG) Language: Croatian Keywords: GLOBAL | POPULATION THEORY | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MALTHUSIANISM | NEOMALTHUSIANISM | MARXISM | POPULATION DYNAMICS | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Demography | Social Sciences | Studies | Research Methodology | Socialism | Political Systems | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 138597 |
| 7. Title: Third World urbanization and the creation of a relative surplus population: a history of Accra, Ghana to 1980. Author: Arn J Source: REVIEW: FERNAND BRAUDEL CENTER. 1996 Fall;19(4):413-44. Abstract: "The World Bank has established Third World urbanization and urban poverty as primary foci for Development studies in the 1990s. Yet little renewed attention has been paid to the theorization of the issue in the context of overall Third World development/underdevelopment. This article uses the case of Accra, Ghana to demonstrate the contribution a synthetic World Systems/Dependency approach can have in understanding the historical genesis of urban poverty and the spatial exclusion of the poor in areas such as Nima. In particular Marx's notion of the processes involved in the creation of a relative surplus population provides some conceptual insight." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | URBANIZATION | POVERTY | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MARXISM | URBAN POPULATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 254113 |
| 8. Title: Population and poverty in classical theory: testing a structural model for India. Author: Crook N Source: POPULATION STUDIES. 1996 Jul;50(2):173-85. Abstract: The author explores the theories of Malthus and Marx as they relate to the link between population growth and poverty in India. Malthus predicted starvation as an inevitable outcome of population growth, while Marx did not write on any long-run tendency toward famine. Broad empirical indices in India during the last forty years are reviewed, followed by the testing of hypotheses at the level of the Indian state. The author concludes that while there may be empirically valid arguments for government intervention to reduce population growth rates, it is far more difficult to show empirically that population growth causes poverty. India's experience over the past 150 years does not support that notion. Were he alive, Marx would be surprised by the realization of India's agricultural potential, but comfortable with the explanation of poverty differentials related to landlessness during the 1970s. Malthus would be less satisfied. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | POPULATION GROWTH | POVERTY | MARXISM | MALTHUSIANISM | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences Document Number: 119438 |
| 9. Title: Creating a public sphere: a self-portrait in the women's studies movement of China. Author: Li X Source: Asian Journal of Women's Studies. 1996 Oct 31;2:[16] p.. Abstract: This self-portait of a Chinese Marxist and feminist academic woman reflects an experienced development of the Women's Studies Movement in China, a vast public sphere under the political system that has been labeled "centralized" or even, "totalitarian." While in college, being disappointed to discover no woman visible in the disciplines of history or philosopy, she turned to women in literature. She then found a "blank in science," i.e. the lack of a women's perspective, and has tried to fill that gap through a compilation of Chinese women's history on the one hand and through the study of Marxism and western feminism on the other. Despite some pessimism and criticism of her, the more she learned about women's lives, the more she realized that a movement for women, in the form of education and research, was inevitable. The movement should be beyond Marx, who presented his own ideas on women, but not a theoretical abstraction of women, from the tradition of women being molded by the state, and also deviate from the western feminist movement. She initiated a course in women's studies as well as a consciousness-raising program for those Chinese women who, with the socialist "gift" of "equality with men," refused or feared to identify themselves as women. She also helped establish the Women's Association, the first "true" NGO in China, and the Women's Studies Center at Zhengzhou University. Together with her own research and writing about women, these are central features of the Women's Studies Movement in China. The process of these developments and the "tactics" used are described in detail. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | THEORETICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | ACADEMIC TRAINING | MARXISM | UNIVERSITIES | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIALISM | FEMINISM | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Sociocultural Factors | Training Programs | Education | Political Systems | Schools Document Number: 301108 |
| 10. Title: [Sex, population and policy. Facts and ideologies. 3rd Spanish ed.] Sexo, poblacion y politica. Hechos e ideologias. Tercera edicion espanola. Author: Sagrera M Source: Madrid, Spain, A-Z Ediciones, 1996. 110 p. Abstract: This work examines the rapid population growth of recent decades and its attendant social and environmental problems, and it analyzes the conscious and subconscious sources of opposition to family planning. The author provides a synthetic vision in the first chapter of the principle aspects of the current population crisis, which are then examined in greater detail in subsequent chapters. Chapter 2 analyzes the use of the concept of demographic aging as a scare tactic to promote maintenance of high fertility and population growth in the developed countries. Chapter 3 sets out to demonstrate that the roots of the population crisis are to be found in the sociology of sexuality and population. Chapter 4 discusses sex and religion in history, while chapter 5 analyzes the opposition of the Catholic Church to birth control, both in doctrine and in the aggressive population policy of the Vatican. Chapter 6 examines both extremes of the abortion debate and attempts to identify a middle course. The final chapter analyzes Marxist ideologies regarding population control and revolution in Latin America that were current in the mid-1960s and that threaten to resurge. Spanish Abstract: El presente trabajo examina el rápido crecimiento demográfico que se ha experimentado en decenios recientes y los problemas sociales y ambientales concomitantes, y analiza el origen consciente y subconsciente de la oposición a la planificación familiar. En el primer capítulo, el autor presenta una visión resumida de los aspectos principales de la crisis actual de población, que luego se examinan más detalladamente en capítulos posteriores. El capítulo 2 analiza el uso del concepto de envejecimiento demográfico como una táctica amedrentadora para promover el mantenimiento de la fecundidad y crecimiento demográfico elevados en los países en desarrollo. El capítulo 3 comienza por demostrar que el origen de la crisis de la población se encuentra en la sociología de la sexualidad y la población. El capítulo 4 examina cuestiones de sexo y religión en la historia, y el capítulo 5 analiza la oposición de la Iglesia Católica al control de la natalidad, teniendo en cuenta el punto de vista doctrinario y la política demográfica agresiva del Vaticano. El capítulo 6 examina ambos extremos del debate del aborto y trata de determinar una posición intermedia. El último capítulo analiza las ideologías marxistas relativas a la revolución y al control demográfico en América Latina que existían a mediados de los años 60 y que amenazan con volver a surgir. Language: Spanish Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | OPPOSITION TO FAMILY PLANNING | PRONATALIST POLICY | CATHOLICISM | MARXISM | POPULATION PRESSURE | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | SEXUALITY | ATTITUDES | ABORTION | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Christianity | Religion | Socialism | Political Systems | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Personality | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning Document Number: 126292 Notification |
| 11. Title: [Population theory] Teoria de la poblacion. Author: Sarrible G Source: Barcelona, Spain, Edicions de la Universitat de Barcelona, 1996. 55 p. (Textos Docents No. 73) Abstract: This is a general introduction to the development of population theory over time. There are chapters on population theory before Malthus, Malthus, Marx, other theories, the demographic transition, the fertility decline, gender issues, and population and development. A general bibliography is included. (ANNOTATION) Language: Spanish Keywords: GLOBAL | POPULATION THEORY | MALTHUSIANISM | MARXISM | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Demography | Social Sciences | Socialism | Political Systems | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Economic Factors Document Number: 252889 |
| 12. Title: Gender and development: rethinking modernization and dependency theory. Author: Scott CV Source: Boulder, Colorado, Lynne Rienner Publishers, 1996. v, 151 p. (Women and Change in the Developing World) Abstract: This book presents a feminist analysis of gender, tradition, and modernity as conceptualized in modernization and Marxist dependency theories and applied by the World Bank and challenged in Southern Africa. The aim is to enlighten those who attempt to offer improvements on the two paradigms or to blend the two paradigms prematurely. Modernization theory makes "artificial" distinctions between traditional and modern societies. Modernization theory formulates a system for ensuring multinational control of trade and capital without restriction from nation states. Dependency theory offers a materialistic account of the expansion and change of capitalism and class consciousness. Women's roles in capitalist development and in revolutions are defined. This study suggests that feminist standpoint theory, such as that proposed by Harding and Hennessy, can be valuable. Social systems must be understood in terms of economic, political, and ideological systems and structures of power, such as capitalism, patriarchy, or colonialism. This author seeks to move beyond a masculine conception of modernity, development, and dependence. This study is based on interpretive analysis and implicit and contextual meanings of texts. Chapter 1 provides an overview of the book's direction and purpose. Chapter 2 discusses the two approaches of modernization theory, the psychocultural and the structural-functional. The work of Inkeles and Smith is discussed in comparison to other psychocultural approaches of Lerner and McClelland. The structural approaches of Rostow, Parsons, and a committee of the US Social Science Research Council are interpreted. Chapter 3 discusses soft-state approaches of African countries that are theorized by Hyden and others. World Bank practices are interpreted in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 focuses on Frank, Amin, and other texts on dependency theory. Challenges to dependency and counterrevolution in Southern Africa are the focus in Chapter 6. Prospects for rereading and rewriting development theory that centers on the household are proposed in Chapter 7. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SOUTHERN | WORLD BANK | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MODERNIZATION | GENDER ISSUES | MARXISM | WAR | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FEMINISM | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | International Agencies | Organizations | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Change | Socialism | Political Systems | Political Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 114862 |
| 13. Title: The economics of population aging in China. Author: Yu X Source: CHINESE JOURNAL OF POPULATION SCIENCE. 1996;8(2):205-19. Abstract: This article relies on a Marxist framework for discussing the relationship between economic development and population aging in China. China places value on correctly understanding the causes, processes, trends, and socioeconomic consequences of population aging during the development of its socialist market economy. Many policies have an impact on the aged. Marxist theories of economic operations identify four key features--production, distribution, exchange, and consumption--which are affected by human activity. The age structure of population affects socioeconomic operations. An increase in accumulated capital means a decrease in consumption capital. China must maintain its high level of annual economic growth (6.0%-6.5%). 30% of China's national income must be used for accumulation of capital and investment, but the increase in the aged has led to growth in consumption capital. By 2050, it is expected that there will be over 100 million retirees needing about 800 billion RMB in pensions (20 times the amount in 1993). As the number of elderly grows, savings decline. The growth of the elderly will place demands on social security funds, which will in turn rely on an increased proportion of consumption capital. The increased labor force and the increased number of aged will both vie for a share in the national economy until about 2020, and then the problem will be declines in productivity in some areas. It is generally believed that support of the elderly should not rise above 10% of national income. In 1993, the elderly's share was 3.7%, and at the present rate of growth, it is expected that the share will be above 10% by 2030. Working families will have to carry a heavy domestic burden of care for their aged. Productivity will have to increase in order to offset the decline in per capita consumption capital due to aging. The author offers countermeasures at the macro- and microlevel for dealing with the demographic changes. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | OLDER ADULTS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | CONSUMPTION | PRODUCTIVITY | SOCIAL SECURITY | SOCIAL POLICY | MARXISM | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Policy | Socialism | Political Systems Document Number: 119664 |
| 14. Title: Revolutionary popular feminism in Nicaragua. Ideologies, political transitions, and the struggle for autonomy. Author: Chinchilla NS Source: In: Women in the Latin American development process, edited by Christine E. Bose and Edna Acosta-Belen. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Temple University Press, 1995. :242-70. Abstract: This document, the tenth chapter in a book analyzing the role of women in the Latin American (and Caribbean) development process, considers the ideologies, political transitions, and struggle for autonomy that distinguish revolutionary popular feminism in Nicaragua. The study opens by sketching the factors that allowed a conservative opposition coalition to defeat the Sandinista Front in 1990 elections and by defining the strengths and weaknesses of the post-dictatorship women's movement. The importance of the Nicaraguan case study lies in the theoretical and political insights it affords as well as in its ability to illuminate understanding of the relationship of feminism to political parties and to democracy. This introduction is followed by a section that locates the Nicaraguan revolution within Marxist tradition. The chapter continues by describing the unprecedented massive participation of Nicaraguan women in the overthrow of the Somoza dictatorship and the short-lived euphoria of the first two postrevolutionary years, during which time the women's movement adopted the Cuban model of involving women in the overall tasks of the revolution without prior discussion of possible alternative strategies and organizational forms. Next, the new model that transformed the Luisa Amanda Espinoza Association of Nicaraguan Women (AMNLAE) from a direct membership organization to a "political-ideological social movement" is assessed. The women's movement is then considered in the context of the war that raged during the 1980s. The final topics covered are the development of a women's agenda within the revolution, women's struggle for equality within the conservative agenda, progress towards attaining an autonomous Nicaraguan women's movement, and the implications of the Nicaraguan experience for feminism. It is concluded that many important concepts and relationships among popular organizations and political parties as well as the character of democracy during a revolutionary transition remain to be defined and will affect the outcome of Nicaragua's popular revolutionary feminist movement. Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | CASE STUDIES | FEMINISM | GENDER ISSUES | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARXISM | SOCIALISM | WOMEN'S GROUPS | WAR | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Interest Groups Document Number: 127750 |
| 15. Title: Latin American women in the world capitalist crisis. Author: Nash J Source: In: Women in the Latin American development process, edited by Christine E. Bose and Edna Acosta-Belen. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Temple University Press, 1995. :151-66. Abstract: This document, the sixth chapter in a book analyzing the role of women in the Latin American (and Caribbean) development process, addresses the issues highlighted by applying a gender perspective to theories about the crisis of capitalism, which is affecting women and children through diminished welfare provisions and reduced production for internal consumption. The introduction to the chapter reviews early feminist theories about the value of social reproduction. The next section outlines the dimensions of the capitalist crisis as viewed by Marxists and feminists. This is followed by consideration of trends in Latin America and a review of research documenting the response of women to these trends in Uruguay, Mexico, Chile, Peru, and Bolivia. The chapter then describes the levels of poverty seen in core industrial countries and notes that 1) the income tax deduction for dependents in the US should be $5600 rather than $1600 and 2) women are losing their old familial rights before securing new rights in the marketplace. It is suggested that women in the core industrial countries could learn how to politicize their struggles by following the lead of women in Latin America who have overcome the privatized domestic role that supported their oppression. The chapter concludes by noting that 1) the incorporation of women in the labor force has increased their reproductive burden without guaranteeing a living wage; 2) women are exploited for cheap labor; 3) women are using the informal economy and collective action to ensure survival; and 4) gender analysis expands visions of the class struggle from the arena of production to that of reproduction, which is driven by the moral imperative of the right to survival. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LATIN AMERICA | URUGUAY | MEXICO | CHILE | PERU | BOLIVIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | CRITIQUE | CAPITALISM | MARXISM | WOMEN'S STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | Developing Countries | Americas | South America, Southern | South America | North America | South America, Western | South America, Central | Political Systems | Socialism | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 127746 |
| 16. Title: Women's social movements in Latin America. Author: Safa HI Source: In: Women in the Latin American development process, edited by Christine E. Bose and Edna Acosta-Belen. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Temple University Press, 1995. :227-41. Abstract: This document, the ninth chapter in a book analyzing the role of women in the Latin American (and Caribbean) development process, focuses on social movements of Latin American women seeking to secure their human rights and/or protect their consumer interests. The chapter's introduction traces the origin of these movements to the breakdown of the traditional division between the private and public spheres and notes that these movements are based on gender instead of class with the state as the primary focus of confrontation. The next section locates the bases of women's social movements in Latin America in the response of women to military authoritarian rule, the current economic crisis caused by structural adjustment programs, a tradition of collective organizing, demographic change (fertility decline), increasing work force participation of women, the growth of a feminist movement as more women have become educated, and the Catholic church's community organizations. The chapter continues by exploring the relationship of these social movements to the state (rather than the work place) and their position outside of traditional politics. The demands the women place upon the state seek to facilitate their traditional roles as wives and mothers and include the provision of public services such as running water, electricity, transportation, day care, health care, and food. It is argued that the collectivism of women's traditionally private tasks (child care and meal preparation) is transforming women's roles and transforming the meaning of domesticity to include social and political participation. The chapter ends by considering the transformative potential of these social movements and asserting that women's political mobilization is part of a progressive long-term trend in which women's domestic role has been redefined rather than rejected and which calls for a reinterpretation of the Marxist theory of class struggle. Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | GENDER ISSUES | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S GROUPS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARXISM | SOCIAL CHANGE | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Americas | Behavior | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Socialism | Political Systems | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 127749 |
| 17. Title: Discovering the positive within the negative: the women's movement in a changing China. Author: Zhang N; Xu W Source: In: The challenge of local feminisms: women's movements in global perspective, edited by Amrita Basu with the assistance of C. Elizabeth McGrory. Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, 1995. :25-57. (Social Change in Global Perspective) Abstract: This document, the first chapter in a book that applies a global perspective to women's movements by considering the challenges faced by local "feminisms," presents a snapshot of the Chinese women's movement and sheds light on the development of Chinese feminism. The chapter considers the relationship between women and party/state-mandated women's liberation to reveal how this context challenges the women's movement to combine a top-down and bottom-up strategy while dealing with the complicated legacies of Marxism and the communist party and responding to current reforms. After introducing the topic and listing some general, demographic, and women's status indicators for China, the discussion begins with a historical survey of the women's movement. This survey describes conditions from the turn of the century to 1949 and in the postrevolutionary period of 1949-78 and then considers problems arising from the Cultural Revolution. The second part of the chapter covers the new women's movement with a discussion of 1) the goals of protecting women's rights and serving women's needs, 2) the importance of women's studies, 3) women's self-perception and consciousness, and 4) women's organizations. Part 3 looks at the past route and legacies and future challenges and directions of the Chinese women's movement. The chapter ends by promising that Chinese women will continue their struggle to create a better future for themselves and for their country while contributing to the development of world-wide feminism. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | WOMEN'S STATUS | GENDER ISSUES | WOMEN'S GROUPS | HUMAN RIGHTS | FEMINISM | MARXISM | COMMUNISM | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 132302 |
| 18. Title: The pre-Becker exogenous models of fertility: an analytical overview. Author: Alhabeeb MJ Source: POPULATION REVIEW. 1994 Jan-Dec;38(1-2):77-83. Abstract: G.S. Becker published an article in 1960 on the economic analysis of fertility ushered in a new stage of economic research on the topic. He introduced fertility into the paradigm of the microeconomic analysis of consumer behavior as an endogenous variable, with the dynamics of fertility choices determined within the family unit as the family seeks to maximize its utility subject to its budget and time constraints. Becker along with other scholars from the University of Chicago, Columbia University, and the National Bureau of Economic Research later formed the theoretical core of the "Chicago School." The Chicago School, the mainstream of microeconomic analysis of fertility, has become increasingly influential over the last three decades. This paper surveys and critically analyzes the most significant models of fertility in the pre-Becker era, and presents the theoretical justifications for the development of Becker's model. Sections discuss the classical models of Malthus and Marx, the Neo- Malthusian Model, and the Demographic Transition Model with a closing overview and evaluation. Language: English Keywords: THEORETICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | MALTHUSIANISM | MARXISM | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Socialism | Political Systems | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 099968 |
| 19. Title: Combating women's over-representation among the poor in the Caribbean. Author: Harris B Source: SOUTHERN AFRICA POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC MONTHLY. 1994 Jan;7(3-4):51-6. Abstract: Ending women's overrepresentation among the poor in the Caribbean is not only a human right, but also a political and economic imperative. Caribbean women are central to agriculture, food production, marketing, and processing; moreover, they are the main providers of health, education, and other services. However, in both the Caribbean household and most wings of the Pan-African movement, women are infantalized and regarded as subordinate. If Pan-Africanism is to benefit from the talents and energies of women, it must make female oppression a major concern. The movement must take the lead in speaking out against harmful, degrading social practices such as female circumcision. Hopeful are two approaches to self-organization spearheaded by the Garvey wing of Pan-Africanism. Sistren, san education and theater collective in Jamaica that was initiated by female street cleaners in 1977, has shown working class women an alternative to oppression. Its socialist-feminist street theater, based on the concept that "the personal is political," is organized around personal testimonies that illustrate the link between private experience and social structures. Red Thread, organized in Guyana in 1985, is affiliated with the Working People's Alliance. In addition to supporting self-determination for women, Red Thread sides with the poor and powerless, is committed to multiracial policies, defends indigenous Amerindians evicted from their land by colonialists, and rejects the corruption and one-man leadership style of traditional political organizations. Poor women have been recruited in a nonpartisan manner through use of embroidery groups and income-generating projects. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MARXISM | POLITICAL FACTORS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN | Developing Countries | Americas | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Economic Development | Socialism | Political Systems | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Social Development | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 092471 |
| 20. Title: Population problems and population research in a market economy. Author: Tian X Source: CHINESE JOURNAL OF POPULATION SCIENCE. 1994;6(3):223-34. Abstract: A market driven economy has many effects on population growth. The laws of social production were explicated by Marx and Engels, and Comrade Deng Xiaoping presents his views on China's socialist market economy and population problems in this article. Modern market economies have changed greatly over time. Before the 1960s, the focus of the interaction between population and economic change was in macro control. Since the 1960s, the focus shifted to micro control. Theories on maximum growth and neomodern population theory provide only a few useful elements. Cost-benefit analysis of child production functions, despite limitations, has universal appeal. Western theories with sound scientific evidence and Marxist theories should be examined and integrated within the Chinese experience. Two areas of concern in China are the spatial imbalance between population and economic development and an appropriate time period for any research activity. Scientific research in China will be advanced by careful integration of theory and practice, careful study of the Chinese experience, in-depth analysis, and bold, practical approaches which incorporate existing research results from the West. There are three dominant views of economic reforms. 1) Economic development plans should include a market economy. 2) Chinese population control would depend upon administrative means rather than market forces. 3) There are indirect ways in which the market affects population production. The last position is favored. The conclusions are made that family planning has been and continues to be a driving force in declining birth rates and that a focus on government population control does not discount the importance of the influence of economic factors on changes in the birth rate. Market forces are beginning to show their impact on people's choice in reproduction, and the impact is increasing. Reforms must be made appropriate to both the position and the negative influence of the market economy on population control and production. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | POPULATION CONTROL | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | MARXISM | CAPITALISM | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Research Methodology | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems Document Number: 101456 |
| 21. Title: Marx, Irigaray, and the politics of reproduction. Author: Weinbaum AE Source: DIFFERENCES: A JOURNAL OF FEMINIST CULTURAL STUDIES. 1994;6(1):98-128. Abstract: Both the concept and practice of reproduction have been newly configured, with reproductive labor assuming an abstract value as social labor and women around the globe work to produce baby commodities which enter the market along with other domestic and imported products. This situation dictates that surrogacy not be treated as an aberration. One must instead reconceptualize the maternal body as a reproductive resource and rethink the relationship between mother and fetus. This paper attempts to develop a materialist analysis of reproductive labor by offering a strategy for renarrativizing the mother. It briefly explains what feminists involved in the pro-abortion movement could gain by incorporating a Marxist understanding of reproductive labor as productive in the strictest sense, and then suggests, through an analysis of the work of Luce Irigaray, the simultaneous need for a self-reflexive renarrativization of the maternal body which may account for women's role as reproductive laborers. Sections are on reproduction, maternal as mimetic matrix, and reproductive ethics and sexual rights. Language: English Keywords: MARXISM | REPRODUCTION | FEMALE ROLE | LABOR FORCE | Socialism | Political Systems | Social Behavior | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 109257 |
| 22. Title: Economy, ecology and spirituality: toward a theory and practice of sustainability (Part I). Author: Asian NGO Coalition; IRED Asia; People Centred Development Forum Source: Development. 1993;(4):74-80. Abstract: The basic flaw in equating development with growth is that sustainable growth is impossible on a finite planet. Humanity stands at a crossroads where maintaining the status quo could end civilization. On the other hand, ending the social and environmental exploitation of the powerful at the expense of the powerless will allow the regeneration of local communities and ecologies. In order to change, a sound theoretical basis and alternative operational measurement practice must be developed. As part of the process of creating a theory and practice of sustainability, this article starts with a consideration of prevailing development wisdom (which calls for a free flow of trade in a borderless world and neglects the fact that all economic activity depends on the regenerative powers of the ecosystem; that unregulated markets tend to self-destruct in the face of monopolies and social and environmental costs of production; that people have the democratic right to set higher national than international environmental and social standards; and that a spiritual connection to nature, place, community, and culture is fundamental) and then describes as a cruel hoax the espoused ability of economic growth to alleviate poverty, reduce population growth, and foster environmental protection. Instead of being a panacea for human ills, growth has fostered them; yet growth dominates public policy. The movement from growth to sustainability will require equity, which in turn requires that the allocation of limited ecological resources be transferred from nonessential to essential consumption. The successful search for an alternative model of human progress is extremely important for Asia where more than half of the world's poor reside. A basis for that model lies in a theory of sustainability which traces the roots of the ecological crisis to the alienation of humanity from the Asian belief that all life is an expression of a single spiritual entity. This belief results in a harmonious relationship between human communities and their natural environment. Thus, our society, which defines consumption as the highest human purpose, is the supreme pathology of all time. We must restore the social, spiritual, and economic connections of the individual to nature, place, and community that development has disrupted. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | ECOLOGY | COMMERCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | POVERTY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | QUALITY OF LIFE | CAPITALISM | MARXISM | Economic Factors | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Social Welfare | Political Systems | Socialism Document Number: 100120 |
| 23. Title: Structural adjustment: cure or curse? Implications for Caribbean development. Author: Antrobus P Source: FOCUS ON GENDER. 1993 Oct;1(3):13-8. Abstract: Applying a gender analysis to structural adjustment policies reveals why gender analysis should be viewed as a prerequisite which allows planners and development practitioners to understand the hidden biases in their policies. Structural adjustment policies seek to reduce consumption and stimulate production which is often export-oriented and fueled by foreign investment. The reallocation of governmental resources to such schemes has led to the virtual abandonment of the development goals of the 1970s. Gender analysis bridges the gap between macroeconomic analysis and micro-level policies and exposes the detrimental impact of structural adjustment policies at the household level. Gender analysis also reveals the importance of the dual role of women and how cuts in social services (reducing consumption) make women's lives harder while increases in production exploit women's cheap labor. Gender analysis exposes the dichotomies of private/public lives and exposes contradictions in policies which are derived without such analysis. Planners must recognize the essential links between women's productive and reproductive roles and avoid increasing burdens for women and, thus, undermining the effectiveness of economic and social development policies. In applying a gender perspective to analysis, planners can take advantage of the analytical tools which have been developed for the purpose. Planners can also recognize that those who use services are in the best position to determine priorities. This requires a consideration of whether it is possible to meet strategic gender needs simultaneously with meeting practical needs. The most useful purpose of gender analysis may simply be to question the fundamental principles of the development process itself in order to design projects to place more strategic power in the hands of those who will use the services. Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | CRITIQUE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | PRODUCTION | MARXISM | Developing Countries | Americas | Economic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems Document Number: 122387 |
| 24. Title: Introduction. "Women, Development and Health". Author: Gallin RS; Govindasamy P Source: Social Science and Medicine. 1993 Dec;37(11):1283-4. Abstract: The Women, Development and Health conference sex selection and its implications for women, women as producers of health, and the effects of macro forces on women's health. The dominant school of thought, liberalism, maintains that capitalism is the feasible and appropriate structure through which women can be included in the development process. It holds that the development process has impeded women by leaving their concerns out of planning and programming and that women do not have the resources needed to care for themselves and their families. Thus, this view promotes more logical and objective development planning which considers sexual division of labor, fair returns on labor, and the equitable infusion of new opportunities and resources to all community members. Holders of this school believe that their efforts (e.g., technical assistance projects and programs) should be funneled through existing institutions which can be changed to work in the best interests of women. In effect, change comes from the top down. These efforts do not focus on the negative effects of power relations on women, however. The alternative school of thought draws from Marxism. It argues that contradictions (i.e., nationality, class, gender, and race) produced by the global economic order rather than malfunctions in the development process place women at a disadvantage. Proponents of both agree that women need more access to resources, but the alternative school contends that access is not enough to bring about change in women's well-being. It holds that institutional structures maintain and perpetuate inequality and exploitation. It strives to empower women to challenge the hostile gender, class, and racial relationships that produce poverty, privilege, and inequality between and within nations. Both schools want a development process that expands choices for everyone, regardless of gender, class, or race, and brings about more equitable distribution of resources. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | HEALTH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT PLANNING | CAPITALISM | MARXISM | INEQUALITIES | GENDER RELATIONS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | WOMEN | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Political Systems | Socialism | Socioeconomic Factors | Gender Issues | Policy | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 090908 |
| 25. Title: Birth control and the amelioration controversy. Author: Holden C; Levy DM Source: HISTORY OF POLITICAL ECONOMY. 1993 Summer;25(2):283-311. Abstract: Historians have noted the opposition between Marxism and the birth control movement in which Marxist theorists held that birth control was likely to dampen the revolutionary fervor. The authors put this conflict in historical context by examining what members of the birth control movement had to say against Marxism. The birth control movement accused Marxists of looking at working class children as minesweepers for the revolution. It is of some interest, however, that the leaders of the Marxist party of Imperialist Germany were actually most opposed to the Marxist leadership's anti-birth control stance. Sections discuss why Marxists would oppose Malthusianism and why the birth control movement opposed Marxism. Language: English Keywords: CRITIQUE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | MARXISM | FAMILY PLANNING | MALTHUSIANISM | OPPOSITION TO FAMILY PLANNING | Socialism | Political Systems | Population Theory | Demography | Social Sciences | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 091716 |
| 26. Title: Weathering the storm: working-class families from the industrial revolution to the fertility decline. Author: Seccombe W Source: London, England, Verso, 1993. vii, 286 p. Abstract: This book explores the history of working-class families to enhance understanding of decisive shifts in family forms as they evolved during the 19th and 20th centuries in Europe. The analysis relied on a range of historical research and non-Marxist literature. The historical survey is a sequel to "A Millennium of Family Change: Feudalism to Capitalism," which responds to feminist criticisms of "sex blind Marxism." The model situates families in modes of production and women at the center of labor power's production. The ways in which laboring classes functioned affected the evolution of production modes during the 1st and 2nd Industrial Revolutions (IRs). Family formation strategies of subordinate classes responded to their own subsistence and many other shifting demands. The first two chapters describe family forms among the working classes in the context of capitalism. Chapter three explores the links between working and living conditions. In the first phase of industrialization, working class families lived in squalor and had poorer health. Chapter four discusses the changes during the 2nd IR (1873-1914). During this period, unions were formed and demand for schooling increased. Chapter five discusses rapid fertility decline during 1890-1920, due to the use of natural methods. Fertility decline was the final change in the replacement cycle of labor power. Employers shifted from an extensive to an intensive mode of consuming labor power. The costs and benefits of childbearing changed. Fertility was a pragmatic adjustment to raised living standards, an economic adjustment, and a cultural revolution in reproductive consciousness. Chapter six presents the author's conclusions. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | INDUSTRIALIZATION | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | THEORETICAL MODELS | CAPITALISM | OBSTACLES | DECISION MAKING | MARXISM | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developed Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Research Methodology | Political Systems | Organization and Administration | Socialism Document Number: 133914 |
| 27. Title: Paradigms of sustainable development. Author: Kadekodi GK Source: Development. 1992;(3):72-6. Abstract: An expansive definition of sustainable development is given to include operationalized measures such as: land and water resources, natural resource related measures, population and quality of life indicators, environmental indicators, welfare and level of living indicators, and institutional and legal indicators. Major global problems still include hunger and poverty. The most crucial issue is the sustainability of the developmental process when social, ecological, and economic environments are deteriorating. Several factors causing this deterioration are constructed using a paradigm. The paradigm entails simultaneously accounting for security and welfare. Care must be taken in assuming that growth is equal to welfare, when welfare includes growth and equity and justice. The concept of resource cost within a market pricing system is necessary to environmental and economic development. Wealth is determined by capital stock and environmental and human resources. The notion of the individual as the basic entity for all welfare computations denies the interdependence of natural resources and humanmade capital, between nations and groups, humanity and animals, biomass and animals. The emerging issues are how to bring about the desired changes. The neoclassical school and the utility approach say to adjust demand (consumption) through pricing which leads to inequality. Marx and Engel suggested demand be treated as secondary. Human welfare is adjusted through productive structures and distribution, which in developing countries has revealed inefficiency and mismanagement of common property resources and misallocation of environmental resources. A crisis is the inability to find perfect substitutes for ecological resources. Environmental theory did not provide for tools for pricing environmental resources. Human capital is limited in acting as a substitute for natural capital. 1) Limits to sustainability, high costs of substitution, and irreversibility of ecological resources pose major problems to economic development. 2) Economic progress has declined even with a high rate of capital accumulation. There is a vicious cycle of poverty and environmental degradation. 3) Population pressure adds to the complexity of the issues. Valuation of resources is problematic. 4) Women's status and responsibilities are at stake and urban challenges are increasing. A social system analysis is an appropriate framework: an ecological paradigm of maintaining resources instead of income. A balance between long and short development is necessary. Dynamic adjustments are possible. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | POVERTY | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | INEQUALITIES | SOCIAL WELFARE | QUALITY OF LIFE | PRODUCTIVITY | PRICING | HUMAN RESOURCES | NATURAL RESOURCES | ECOLOGY | CONSUMPTION | CAPITAL | HUMAN CAPITAL | MARXISM | CAPITALISM | THEORETICAL MODELS | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Marketing | Macroeconomic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Research Methodology Document Number: 076526 |
| 28. Title: Migration, urbanization, and regional development: toward a state theory of urban growth in mainland China. Author: Li WL Source: ISSUES AND STUDIES. 1992 Feb;28(2):84-102. Abstract: "This paper examines the dynamic changes in mainland China's migration and urbanization patterns over the last forty years. The theoretical focus is on the interplay between Confucian and Marxist cultural factors in determining contemporary Chinese regional development....A brief sketch of the state's role in mainland China's urban growth is first presented and then the dynamics of regional distribution and general migration behavior are described. Next, Maoist experiments with regional population redistribution are discussed, as well as the special characteristics of Chinese migration behavior under a strong state intervention system. Finally, mainland China's overall success in reducing regional inequality is assessed. The empirical findings of this study are then formulated into four theoretical generalizations, providing some preliminary corollaries to the state theory of urban growth." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | URBANIZATION | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | GOVERNMENT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | POLITICAL FACTORS | MARXISM | COMMUNISM | INEQUALITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Population Characteristics | Socialism | Political Systems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 235825 |
| 29. Title: On Thai women in the international division of labour. Author: Narayanan S; Kimura L Source: DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE. 1992 Apr;23(2):141-8. Abstract: The authors take issue with both the data and their interpretation in Porpora, Lim, and Prommas' 1989 article, "The Role of Women in the International Division of Labour: The Case of Thailand." Porpora et al. claim that employers prefer women in the textile industry because such work is assumed to be more properly performed by women, not as a conscious strategy to use women for their perceived greater docility over men. In support, Porpora et al. present evidence that women are in fact more militant than their male counterparts, and that they find work in cities of their choice instead of through family pressure. These findings directly contrast Marxist feminist arguments that multinational corporations in labor-intensive industries choose women for their greater tolerance to monotonous work, poor working conditions and wages, and unfair labor practices. Narayanan and Kimura, however, find Porpora et al,'s sample to be small, biased, and unrepresentative of conditions within the textile industry. It would therefore be suspect to generalize from their findings. Objecting to Porpora et al.'s conclusions on employers' preference for women workers, and on the docility of female workers, the author argue that Porpora et al.'s findings are far from obvious based upon the evidence presented. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CRITIQUE | FEMALE ROLE | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARXISM | LABOR FORCE | HUMAN RIGHTS | BEHAVIOR | INDUSTRY | PRIVATE SECTOR | WOMEN | MEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Social Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 072073 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Reply to Narayanan and Kimura. Author: Porpora DV; Lim MH; Prommas U Source: DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE. 1992 Apr;23(2):149-53. Abstract: Narayanan and Kimura found methodological and interpretational flaws in the author's 1989 article, "The Role of Women in the International Division of Labour: The Case of Thailand." The article posits that employers prefer women in the textile industry because such work is assumed to be more properly performed by women, not as a conscious strategy to use women for their perceived greater docility over men. In support, evidence is presented that women are more militant than their male counterparts, and that they find work in cities of their choice instead of through family pressure. These findings directly contrast with Marxist feminist arguments that multinational corporations in labor-intensive industries choose women for their greater tolerance of monotonous work, poor working conditions and wages, and unfair labor practices. In response, Narayanan and Kimura targeted Porpora et al.'s sample as small, biased, and unrepresentative of conditions within the textile industry. Here, Porpora et al. counter to defend their methodology, their interpretation of the relative militancy of male and female Thai textile workers. The authors concede that imperfection of their methodology, the inconclusive nature of their findings, and call for additional empirical research to either dispel or corroborate the results of their study. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CRITIQUE | FEMALE ROLE | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARXISM | LABOR FORCE | HUMAN RIGHTS | BEHAVIOR | INDUSTRY | PRIVATE SECTOR | WOMEN | MEN | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Social Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 072074 |
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