Inmagic CS/WebPublisher PRO found 455 records

Your search found 455 record(s).
New Basic Search | New Advanced Search | POPLINE Document Delivery Policy

Subscription may be needed for full text

Title: Evaluation of berhane hewan: a program to delay child marriage in rural ethiopia.
Author: Erulkar AS; Muthengi E
Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;35(1):6-14.
Abstract: CONTEXT: Early marriage limits girls' opportunities and compromises their health, yet in Sub-Saharan Africa many girls are married before the age of 18, and few programs have sought to increase the age at marriage on the continent. METHODS: Berhane Hewan was a two-year pilot project conducted in 2004-2006 that aimed to reduce the prevalence of child marriage in rural Ethiopia, through a combination of group formation, support for girls to remain in school and community awareness. A quasi-experimental research design with baseline and endline surveys was used to measure changes in social and educational participation, marriage age, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-square tests, proportional hazards models and logistic regressions were conducted to assess changes associated with the project. RESULTS: The intervention was associated with considerable improvements in girls' school enrollment, age at marriage, reproductive health knowledge and contraceptive use. Particularly among girls aged 10-14, those exposed to the program were more likely than those in the control area to be in school at the endline survey (odds ratio, 3.0) and were less likely to have ever been married (0.1). However, among girls aged 15-19, those in the intervention area had an elevated likelihood of having gotten married by the endline (2.4). Sexually experienced girls exposed to the intervention had elevated odds at endline of having ever used contraceptives (2.9). CONCLUSIONS: The success of the Berhane Hewan program, one of the first rigorously evaluated interventions to delay marriage in Sub-Saharan Africa, suggests that well-designed and effectively implemented programs can delay the earliest marriages until later adolescence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RURAL AREAS | EVALUATION REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CHILD MARRIAGE | PREVALENCE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Studies | Research Methodology | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Health
Document Number: 341413

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing family formation in Nepal: Marriage, cohabitation and first sexual intercourse.
Author: Caltabiano M; Castiglioni M
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Mar;34(1):30-39.
Abstract: In Nepal, marriage occurs at a relatively young age and arranged weddings are widespread. However, recent changes in the family formation process and the timing of first sexual intercourse suggest that a transformation may be underway. Data on marriage, cohabitation and first sexual intercourse from the 2001 Nepalese Demographic and Health Survey were used to describe the family formation process. The sequence of these events and the intervals between them were explored for currently married men and women. Hazard models were used to identify factors associated with behavioral changes over time. The average age at marriage among women married before age 20 increased from 13.7 years for those born in 1952-1956 to 15.6 years for those born in 1977-1981,while remaining relatively stable for men married before age 25 (17.3 years for the 1942-1946 birth cohort to 17.7 for the 1972-1976 birth cohort). After individual and couple characteristics were controlled for, younger age at interview was associatedwith greater odds of simultaneous marriage and cohabitation for both genders (odds ratios,1.3-1.7).Younger age at interview was also associated with premarital sex among men-those aged 39 or younger had significantly higher risks than older men of having had premarital sex, with odds ratios rising from 1.6 among those aged 35-39 to 1.8 among those aged 15-24. It is important not only to promote education as a means of delaying marriage and childbearing, but also to implement programs and services that prevent reproductive health problems for young married couples. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | FIRST INTERCOURSE | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | SOCIAL CHANGE | MODERNIZATION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326105

Peer Reviewed

Title: Italy: Delayed adaptation of social institutions to changes in family behaviour.
Author: De Rose A; Racioppi F; Zanatta AL
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(19):665-704.
Abstract: Considering its very low fertility and high age at childbearing, Italy stands alone in the European context and can hardly be compared with other countries, even those in the Southern region. The fertility decline occurred without any radical change in family formation. Individuals still choose (religious) marriage for leaving their parental home and rates of marital dissolution and subsequent step-family formation are low. Marriage is being postponed and fewer people marry. The behaviours of young people are particularly alarming. There is a delay in all life cycle stages: end of education, entry into the labour market, exit from the parental family, entry into union, and managing an independent household. Changes in family formation and childbearing are constrained and slowed down by a substantial delay (or even failure) with which the institutional and cultural framework has adapted to changes in economic and social conditions, in particular to the growth of the service sector, the increase in female employment and the female level of education. In a Catholic country that has been led for almost half a century by a political party with a Catholic ideology, the paucity of attention to childhood and youth seems incomprehensible. Social policies focus on marriage-based families already formed and on the phases of life related to pregnancy, delivery, and the first months of a newborn's life, while forming a family and childbearing choices are considered private affairs and neglected. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | YOUTH | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | EMPLOYMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Marriage | Nuptiality | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Religion
Document Number: 327727

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Teenage pregnancy--causes and concerns.
Author: Gupta N; Jain S
Source: Journal of the Indian Medical Association. 2008 Aug;106(8):516, 518-9.
Abstract: Adolescent pregnancy is alarmingly common in India. These young girls face considerable health risks due to higher maternal and perinatal mortality. Early child bearing is not only a health problem for mother and child but is also associated with serious socio-economic and demographic implications as well. In developing countries 20% to 60% of young women's pregnancies and births are unintended, most coming sooner than planned. In India some demographers have estimated that if marriages were postponed from the age of 16 to 20 years, the number of births would decrease by 20 to 30 per-cent. That is the reason one of the socio-demographic goals set by national population policy, 2000 is to promote delayed marriages for girls, not earlier than age of 18 years and preferably after 20 years of age. It is important to maximise utilisation of prenatal, intranatal and postnatal care services among adolescent mothers. Lastly, it is important to improve the heamoglobin status and nutrition and empower our girls by educating them and making them aware of disadvantages of anaemia, early marriage and also of legal laws against teenage marriages.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | CRITIQUE | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREVALENCE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | CHILD MARRIAGE | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Biology | Measurement | Marriage | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 329138

Title: The impact of the labour market on the timing of marriage and births in Spain.
Author: Gutierrez-Domenech M
Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):83-110.
Abstract: This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945-1960 and Cohort 1961-1977. Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945-1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961-1977. We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts. The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE AGE | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY SIZE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | UNEMPLOYMENT | SEX FACTORS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 322757

Title: Catalysing Change: improving youth sexual and reproductive health through DISHA Programme in India.
Author: Kanesathasan A; Cardinal LJ; Pearson E; Das Gupta S; Mukherjee S; Malhotra A
Source: Washington, D.C., International Centre for Research on Women [ICRW], 2008. [40] p.
Abstract: In addition to providing youth with sexual and reproductive health information and services, the Development Initiative Supporting Healthy Adolescents programme sought to tackle the social and economic constraints that often limit their choices and actions. Through implementation of DISHA, evidence suggests that such a large-scale, integrated programme holds potential and promise for improving young people's sexual and reproductive health. For example, married youth who were exposed to the DISHA programme were nearly 60% more likely to report current use of modern contraceptives than non-exposed youth. Moreover, the DISHA programme offers important insights on how to implement a large scale integrated programme in India and elsewhere. This report examines the accomplishments and limitations of implementing DISHA, summarizes the key findings from assessing DISHA's impact on youth and adults, and analyzes efforts to strengthen NGO capacity to carry out a multisectoral approach to youth sexual and reproductive health programming.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | EVALUATION REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | PEER EDUCATORS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | COMMUNITY HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Health | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Program Evaluation | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Behavior | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 323164

9.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Cameroonian women who marry later have increased risk of HIV infection.
Author: Ramashwar S
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2008 Dec;34(4):203.
Abstract: In Cameroon, women who marry later and those who have longer periods between age at first sex and age at first marriage have elevated rates of HIV infection, most likely because they have more partners than other women, according to a nationally representative survey. Among married women aged 20-29, those who first married at age 20 or older are more likely than those who married by age 16 to be HIV-positive (odds ratio, 2.7), as are women who had longer periods between first sex and marriage (1.1 for each additional year). Women aged 20-24 have elevated odds of infection for each additional year between these two events (1.2), whereas they have reduced odds for each year they postponed having first sex (0.8). In addition, women of higher socioeconomic status are at elevated risk of HIV infection, as are those who report a greater number of lifetime sexual partners. The study examined whether HIV risk among married Cameroonian women in their 20s varied by their age at first marriage or the length of time between first sex and first marriage. While previous studies in Cameroon have been limited to women living in large cities, this one was based on the 2004 Cameroon Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally representative survey and the first to include HIV testing. More than 90% of eligible women agreed to be tested, yielding a sample of 1,481 women with both interview data and conclusive HIV results. Age at first marriage was defined as the age at which a woman began living with a husband or consensual partner, and was categorized as 16 or younger, 17-19, or 20 or older. Initial regression analyses were conducted separately for place of residence (urban or rural) and age-group (20-24 or 25-29), and further analyses controlled for age, residence, household wealth, number of lifetime sexual partners and use of condoms at last sex. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 330147

10.

Title: Fertility declining in the Middle East.
Author: Roudi-Fahimi F; Kent MM
Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], 2008 Apr. [4] p.
Abstract: The Middle East and North Africa includes some of the world's fastest growing countries, and the region as a whole saw its population quadruple in the second part of the 20th century, from 104 million to 400 million. It added another 32 million by 2007. But growth of the mainly Arab countries of the Middle East and North Africa has been slowed by a veritable revolution in marriage and childbearing in recent decades. While a young population structure ensures momentum for future growth, the pace has slackened thanks to fertility declines in some of the region's largest countries. MEAN's total fertility rate (TFR), or average number of children born per woman, declined from about seven children in 1960 to three children in 2006. The decline started first in Lebanon, then in a few other countries, including Egypt, Iran, and Tunisia. These last three countries were among the first to adopt policies to lower fertility as a way to slow population growth. In Iran, Lebanon, Tunisia, and Turkey, fertility was at or below the replacement level of about 2.1 children per woman. Yemen's TFR has edged downward, but remains the region's highest at 6.2 in 2005. Israel's TFR was the region's lowest in the 1950s, but has not declined as far as in many other countries. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | AFRICA, NORTH | TECHNICAL REPORT | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SOCIAL CHANGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Africa | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 325839

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: England and Wales: Stable fertility and pronounced social status differences.
Author: Sigle-Rushton W
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(15):455-502.
Abstract: For nearly three decades, the total fertility rate in England and Wales has remained high relative to other European countries, and stable at about 1.7 births per woman. In this chapter, we examine trends in both period and cohort fertility throughout the twentieth century, and demonstrate some important differences across demographic and social groups in the timing and quantum of fertility. Breaking with a market-oriented and laissez-faire approach to work and family issues, the last 10 years have seen the introduction of new social and economic policies aimed at providing greater support to families with children. However, the effect of the changes is likely to be limited to families on the lower end of the income scale. Rather than facilitating work and parenthood, some policies create incentives for a traditional gendered division of labour. Fertility appears to have remained stable despite, rather than because of, government actions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | FAMILY SIZE, COMPLETED | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SOCIAL CLASS | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | POPULATION POLICY | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 327723 Notification

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Czech Republic: A rapid transformation of fertility and family behaviour after the collapse of state socialism.
Author: Sobotka T; St'astna A; Zeman K; Hamplov� D; Kantorov� V
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(14):403-454.
Abstract: Following the swift demise of the state-socialist regime in 1989, a profound transformation of family and fertility patterns has taken place in the Czech Republic. Family formation has been postponed and period fertility rates have fallen to very low levels, especially among young adults. Unmarried cohabitation has become relatively widespread and marriages have been progressively delayed or even foregone. These rapid shifts in family-related behaviour were primarily driven by a period change and resulted in a sharp discontinuity in cohort patterns of union formation and childbearing. We argue that the rapid change in family-related behaviour after 1990 was driven by a fundamental shift in the constraints and incentives for childbearing, which was conducive to later and more carefully planned family formation. The rapidity of observed changes can be explained as the outcome of a simultaneous occurrence of several factors, especially the expansion of higher education, the emergence of new opportunities competing with family life, increasing job competition, rising economic uncertainty in young adulthood, and changing partnership behaviour. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
CZECH REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY CHANGES | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ABORTION | EDUCATION | EMPLOYMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | FAMILY POLICY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Control, Postconception | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 327722 Notification

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Overview Chapter 4: Changing family and partnership behaviour: Common trends and persistent diversity across Europe.
Author: Sobotka T; Toulemon L
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(6):85-138.
Abstract: Following the era of the 'golden age of marriage' and the baby boom in the 1950s and 1960s, marriage has declined in importance, and its role as the main institution on which family relations are built has been eroded across Europe. Union formation most often takes place without a marriage. Family and living arrangements are currently heterogeneous across Europe, but all countries seem to be making the same shifts: towards fewer people living together as a couple, especially in marriage; an increased number of unmarried couples; more children born outside marriage; and fewer children living with their two parents. The relationship between these changing living arrangements, especially the decline of marriage, on the one hand, and the overall level of fertility, on the other, is not straightforward. In most countries, marriage rates and fertility declined simultaneously. However, the aggregate relationship between marriage and fertility indices has moved from negative (fewer marriages imply fewer births) to positive (fewer marriages imply more births). Thus, the decline of marriage, which is a part of the second demographic transition (see Overview Chapter 6), cannot be considered an important cause of the current low fertility level in many European countries. On the contrary, in European countries where the decline of marriage has been less pronounced, fertility levels are currently lower than in countries where new living arrangements have become most common. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY LIFE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARRIAGE | CONSENSUAL UNION | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | DIVORCE | Developed Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements
Document Number: 327716

14.

Title: What's in the gap?: factors associated with the interval between age at first sex and age at first marriage in Cameroon and their implications for reproductive health and women's empowerment.
Author: Subaiya L; Johnson K
Source: Calverton, Maryland, Macro International, MEASURE DHS, 2008. 24 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-C-00-03-00002-00DHS Working Papers No. 43)
Abstract: Recent research on reproductive and sexual health has focused on age at marriage as a determinant of an array of population and health outcomes. The authors propose that for many reproductive health concerns, it is not age at marriage that should be the focus of analysis but rather the number of years that have elapsed between sexual debut and marriage. This paper explores the factors associated with the length of the interval between initiation of sex and formation of a union in order to gain insight into this aspect of women's reproductive lives.
Language: English
Keywords:
CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARRIAGE AGE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 329521

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Recent fertility decline in Eritrea: Is it a conflict-led transition?
Author: Woldemicael G
Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar 1;18(2):27-28.
Abstract: During a period of military conflict towards the end of the 1990s, Eritrea experienced a remarkable decline in fertility. This decline has been a concern to many Eritreans. An important issue of concern has been whether the decline is driven primarily by the recent border conflict with Ethiopia or by changes in other factors including delay in age at marriage, improvements in child survival and the socio-cultural changes that predated the conflict. Using retrospective event histories from the 1995 and 2002 Eritrea Demographic and Health Surveys (EDHS), this study provides an in-depth exploration of recent fertility change in Eritrea. The findings illustrate that although marriage delay might have played a role in the decline of first births, a decline in fertility within marriage - partly due to cessation of childbearing after families reach their desired family size - is the major contributor to the overall decline. Even though we cannot conclude that the overall fertility decline primarily is the outcome of the conflict, there is evidence that it has contributed substantially to the decline, particularly for first birth fertility. The implications of these findings for theories about fertility change in times of military conflict is that crises may not be likely to initiate a sustainable overall fertility transition, but can still prompt short-term fertility changes among certain social groups or modify an ongoing decline. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ERITREA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | WAR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | FIRST BIRTH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Marriage | Nuptiality
Document Number: 325020

16.

Title: How to end child marriage: Action strategies for prevention and protection.
Author: International Center for Research on Women [ICRW]
Source: Washington, D.C., ICRW, 2007. [5] p.
Abstract: Child marriage perpetuates an unrelenting cycle of gender inequality, sickness and poverty. Its consequences ripple through the world's poorest regions devastating the lives of girls, their families and their communities. Despite nearly universal condemnation, this harmful tradition thrives: 51 million girls are married. If nothing changes, another 100 million girls will be married within the decade. This policy brief outlines what we can and should be doing to end child marriage: changing harmful cultural norms, supporting community programs, maximizing foreign assistance, increasing access to girls' education, providing young women with economic opportunities, addressing the unique needs of child brides and evaluating programs to determine what works. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | ASIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILD | CHILD MARRIAGE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | RISK FACTORS | FISTULA | POVERTY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | EDUCATION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCENTIVES | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Organization and Administration | Biology | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Programs
Document Number: 320949

17.

Title: Program scan matrix on child marriage: A web-based search of interventions addressing child marriage.
Author: International Center for Research on Women [ICRW]
Source: [Washington, D.C.], International Center for Research on Women [ICRW], [2007]. 25 p.
Abstract: The international community and U.S. government are increasingly concerned about the prevalence of child marriage and its toll on girls in developing countries. One in seven girls in the developing world marries before 15. Nearly half of the 331 million girls in developing countries are expected to marry by their 20th birthday. At this rate, 100 million more girls-or 25,000 more girls every day-will become child brides in the next decade. Current literature on child marriage has primarily examined the prevalence, consequences and reported reasons for early marriage. Much less has been analyzed about the risk and protective factors that may be associated with child marriage. Also, little is known about the range of existing programs addressing child marriage, and what does and does not work in preventing early marriage. The work presented here investigates two key questions: What factors are associated with risk of or protection against child marriage, and ultimately could be the focus of prevention efforts? What are the current programmatic approaches to prevent child marriage in developing countries, and are these programs effective? (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | CHILD | CHILD MARRIAGE | ADOLESCENTS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | POLICY | LEGISLATION | AGE FACTORS | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | CHILD SURVIVAL | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | EDUCATION | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Planning | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Programs | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Family Planning | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 321101

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Late marriage and the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Bongaarts J
Source: Population Studies. 2007 Mar;61(1):73-83.
Abstract: The causes of large variation in the sizes of HIV epidemics among countries in sub-Saharan Africa are not well understood. Here we assess the potential roles of late age at marriage and a long period of premarital sexual activity as population risk factors, using ecological data from 33 sub-Saharan African countries and with individual-level data from Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) in Kenya and Ghana in 2003. The ecological analysis finds a significant positive correlation between HIV prevalence and median age at first marriage, and between HIV prevalence and interval between first sexual intercourse and first marriage. The individual-level analysis shows that HIV infection per year of exposure is higher before than after first marriage. These findings support the hypothesis of a link between a high average age at marriage and a long period of premarital intercourse during which partner changes are relatively common and facilitate the spread of HIV. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE AGE | RISK FACTORS | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | HIV INFECTIONS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marriage | Nuptiality | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Biology | Sexual Partners | Measurement | Research Methodology
Document Number: 313254

19.
Title: Too poor to marry? Urban employment crisis and men's first entry into union in Burkina Faso.
Author: Calves AE
Source: Population-E. 2007;62(2):293-312.
Abstract: Young city-dwellers in Burkina Faso form couples later than their predecessors did, and the process of entry into union has changed: unmarried cohabitation now more often precedes the various wedding celebrations (traditional wedding, religious wedding, civil wedding), some of which are postponed or even omitted. Anne-Emmanuele Calves examines this process in detail and points out the role of employment insecurity at a time when rising wedding costs are borne increasingly by the bridegroom rather than his family. In addition, more young Burkinabes are now enrolled in education, which also delays union formation. The effects of this trend on fertility and on the care of the growing number of children born outside marriage require more research, since delayed marriage is not peculiar to Burkina Faso but affects many African urban centres. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
BURKINA FASO | LITERATURE REVIEW | URBAN AREAS | YOUTH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | UNEMPLOYMENT | FERTILITY | FEES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Financial Activities
Document Number: 322310

20.

Title: Marital and reproductive behavior in Italy after 1990: bridging the gap with Western Europe?
Author: Castiglioni M; Dalla Zuanna G
Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 36 p.
Abstract: With regard to cohabitations, Italy, in spite of a delay of 20-25 years, has begun imitate other Western countries. The number of marital dissolutions has rapidly been increasing, but still far from the level observed in countries such as the USA, the UK and France. Italy's fertility has also begun to change, mainly in the Centre-North areas, where the TFR went from 1.1 children per woman in 1995 to 1.4 ten years later. In the South, fertility decline has not come to a halt. The territorial diffusion of cohabitations, marital dissolution and out-of-wedlock births, overlaps closely with the decline in births in the first half of the 20th century, which in turn replicated the territorial diffusion of scolarization, industrialization and (above all) secularization. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ITALY | EUROPE, WESTERN | CRITIQUE | FAMILY RESEARCH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DIVORCE | SEPARATION | FERTILITY CHANGES | CONSENSUAL UNION | NEST LEAVING | INCOME | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 317392

21.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Filipino youth whose parents have an equitable marriage tend to delay first sex.
Author: Doskoch P
Source: International Family Planning Perspectives. 2007 Dec;33(4):[2] p.
Abstract: Young people in the Philippines are less likely to have sex by age 22 if their parents have a relatively equitable marital relationship, according to findings from a longitudinal, population-based study. However, the specific marital characteristics associated with delayed first sex differ for females and males. Young women are less likely to have sex by age 22 if, during their preteen years, their father turned all of his income over to their mother, their father did not physically abuse their mother, and their household and family were well-kept. Young men, meanwhile, are less likely to have sex if their parents made household decisions jointly during their son's preteen years. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | SUMMARY REPORT | PARENTS | YOUTH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | ABSTINENCE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INFORMED CHOICE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Behavior | Child Rearing | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception
Document Number: 323668

22.

Title: Addressing early marriage in areas of high HIV prevalence: a program to delay marriage and support married girls in rural Nyanza, Kenya.
Author: Erulkar A; Ayuka F
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2007 Mar. 7 p. (Promoting Healthy, Safe, and Productive Transitions to Adulthood Brief No. 19)
Abstract: Married adolescent girls form a large segment of Kenyan youth, yet they are largely overlooked by researchers and programmers concerned with the lives of adolescents. As evidence demonstrates, this neglected population of married girls is likely to be vulnerable and in need of support. HIV infection is much higher among adolescent girls in sub-Saharan Africa than among boys. In settings such as Nyanza Province, Kenya, rates of HIV infection are extremely high, and evidence is increasing in some settings that girls who are married are much more likely to be infected with HIV, compared with their unmarried counterparts who are sexually active. This brief describes a program addressing the problem of early marriage, the reproductive risks associated with early marriage, and the risk of HIV infection transmission within marriage. The program was based on the Population Council's analysis of the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (KDHS) as well as on formative research within the rural Nyanza community. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | RURAL AREAS | CHILD MARRIAGE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HIV PREVENTION | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 315800

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Delayed marriage and very low fertility in Pacific Asia.
Author: Jones GW
Source: Population and Development Review. 2007 Sep;33(3):453-478.
Abstract: The retreat from universal marriage in Pacific Asia is an important phenomenon in its own right, signifying major changes in family relationships and roles of women and posing serious challenges to official and social attitudes to sexuality in the region. It is also likely to be related to the sharp declines in fertility already noted. This article focuses on the causes of delayed marriage rather than on its ramifications for familial relationships, and will emphasize the interrelatedness between trends in marriage and fertility. The article has four objectives. First, it sets the regional trends in nonmarriage in context by comparing them with trends in European countries, where delayed marriage, as well as increased cohabitation, has been strongly in evidence. It then considers the implications of the long and increasing post-puberty premarriage periods for sexuality among the unmarried and the incidence of cohabitation. The article then examines possible reasons for rising singlehood and for the sharp differences observed between different Pacific Asian populations. It considers the role of delayed marriage in the fertility decline from two perspectives: first, the disaggregation of fertility declines into their component parts, and second, behavioral and motivational relationships between delays in marriage and decline of childbearing within marriage. The concluding section draws out some unanswered questions and issues for further research. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | ASIA, EASTERN | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | UNMARRIED | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | Developing Countries | Asia | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marital Status | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology
Document Number: 314206

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Fertility decline in Asia: The role of marriage change.
Author: Jones GW
Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Aug;22(2):13-32.
Abstract: In dealing with fertility decline in Asia, the present article needs to strike an appropriate balance, examining the role of marriage change without exaggerating its role. The first section summarizes current trends in fertility in some Asian countries, particularly where fertility has reached very low levels. Changes in marriage (particularly delays in marriage) in those countries are discussed in the second section. Available evidence of the disaggregation of fertility decline into marriage change and marital fertility decline is then summarized. The fourth section examines the factors influencing marriage and those influencing fertility within marriage, considering the extent to which they are interlinked or separate. A brief discussion of policy on marriage change for fertility reduction rounds out the substantive scope, followed by the final section that draws some conclusions. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | MARITAL FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MARRIAGE AGE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproductive Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 326115

25.

Title: The economic imperatives of marriage: Emerging practices and identities among youth in the Middle East.
Author: Singerman D
Source: Washington, D.C., Brookings Institution, Wolfensohn Center for Development, Middle East Youth Initiative, 2007 Sep. 51 p. (Middle East Youth Initiative Working Paper No. 6)
Abstract: The Middle East today is a very youthful region, due to the consequences of the demographic transition. As mortality declined and life spans rose, youthful cohorts are now marrying later in life. Delayed marriage has become the norm, particularly for men who may not marry until their late twenties or thirties. The political and economic context of delayed marriage is causing debate and controversy in the Muslim world, since early and universal marriage had been the norm and sexuality had been linked to marriage. The consequences and meaning of the youth bulge in the region, however, can only be fully comprehended if we examine the political economy of youth through the lens of the ?marriage imperative.? It is not only the demographic transition, the greater participation of women in the labor force and education, changing gender norms, or globalization which has delayed marriage. The financial costs surrounding marriage (housing, dower, jewelry, celebrations, furniture and furnishings) themselves may be the source of delayed marriage as young people and their families wait years before they can accumulate the massive sums needed to marry. Through statistical, economic, political, and anthropological data, this paper first highlights the financial pressures that marriage places on young people and their families. The paper argues that we must conceptualize the political economy of youth through the lens of the ?marriage imperative? because the financial investment in marriage takes years to accumulate and influences other key transitions of adolescence, including schooling, employment, education, and identity formation.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | EGYPT | TECHNICAL REPORT | SURVEYS | YOUTH | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MODERNIZATION | CONSANGUINITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Genetics | Biology
Document Number: 327389

26.

Title: Adolescent lives in Bihar and Jharkhand, India: Insights from the DISHA Baseline Survey.
Author: International Center for Research on Women [ICRW]
Source: Washington, D.C., ICRW, 2006 Sep. 5 p.
Abstract: One of India's greatest challenges is improving the lives and prospects of adolescents and young adults. With a large adolescent population and high rates of child marriage and early childbearing, youth reproductive and sexual health has become a priority for policy-makers, programmers and researchers. The International Center for Research on Women (ICRW) and six partners are implementing the Development Initiative on Supporting Healthy Adolescents (DISHA) project, which seeks to improve the reproductive health and lives of youth in the states of Bihar and Jharkhand in India. DISHA, funded by the David and Lucile Packard Foundation, employs an integrated approach with three overlapping components: Improve youth skills and capacity regarding reproductive health and livelihood opportunities; Ensure the provision of youth-friendly health services; and Mobilize the community to support young people's access to reproductive health information and services. This integrated approach specifically acknowledges that young people's awareness of reproductive health issues and services and their willingness to use available services are fundamentally embedded in their broader socio-cultural and economic environment. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | SUMMARY REPORT | BASELINE SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | YOUTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | INTERVENTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Delivery of Health Care | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marriage | Nuptiality | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 317998

27.

Title: Late marriage and the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Bongaarts J
Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2006. 22 p. (Policy Research Division Working Papers No. 216)
Abstract: The causes of wide variation in the sizes of HIV epidemics among countries in sub-Saharan Africa are not well understood. This study assesses the potential roles of late age at marriage and a long period of premarital sexual activity as population risk factors for HIV infection in the region. The relationship between marital status and the prevalence and incidence of HIV is examined with ecological data from 33 sub-Saharan African countries and with individual-level data from nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys in Kenya and Ghana in 2003. The ecological analysis finds a significant positive correlation between HIV prevalence and the median age at first marriage, and between HIV prevalence and the interval between first sex and first marriage. In the individual-level analysis, the risk for HIV infection per year of exposure among sexually active women is higher before than after first marriage. These findings support the hypothesis that a high average age at marriage in a population leads to a long period of premarital sex during which partner changes are relatively common, thus facilitating the spread of HIV. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MARRIAGE AGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | Africa | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexual Partners
Document Number: 309232

28.
Peer Reviewed

Title: How does leaving home affect marital timing? An event-history analysis of migration and marriage in Nang Rong, Thailand.
Author: Jampaklay A
Source: Demography. 2006 Nov;43(4):711-725.
Abstract: This study examines the effects of migration on marital timing in Thailand between 1984 and 2000 using prospective and retrospective survey data from Nang Rong. In contrast to previous results in the literature, event-history analysis of the longitudinal data reveals a positive, not a negative, effect of lagged migration experience on the likelihood of marriage. The findings also indicate gender differences. Migration's positive impact is independent of other life events for women but is completely "explained" by employment for men. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | YOUTH | NEST LEAVING | MIGRATION | MARRIAGE AGE | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | EMPLOYMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | SEX RATIO | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Sex Distribution
Document Number: 310404

29.
Peer Reviewed

Title: An empirical test of a neo-malthusian theory of fertility change.
Author: Neumayer E
Source: Population and Environment. 2006 Mar;27(4):327-336.
Abstract: Some neo-Malthusians regard fertility as being kept in check by scarcities and constraints and, conversely, as being raised by economic prosperity. Since out-migration to developed countries and the receipt of food aid from developed countries relax the constraints imposed by a country's carrying capacity, both will have a positive effect on fertility rates in developing countries. Moreover, better economic prospects will also raise fertility, all other things equal. This article provides an empirical test of these hypotheses derived from a neo-Malthusian theory of fertility change. The results fail to confirm the theory and often contradict it. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION | FERTILITY | CHANGES | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION THEORY | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | FOOD SUPPLY | MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Marriage | Nuptiality | Natural Resources | Environment
Document Number: 309618

30.


	Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy