| 1. Peer Reviewed Title: Marital and reproductive behavior in Italy after 1995: bridging the gap with Western Europe? Author: Castiglioni M; Dalla Zuanna G Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Feb;25(1):1-26. Abstract: Despite a delay of 20-25 years, when it comes to cohabitation, Italy has now begun to resemble other Western countries. In addition, the increase in legal separations has accelerated since 1995, although their number still remains far from that observed in countries such as the USA, the UK, and France. Finally, Italy's fertility decline has come to a halt: the cohort of women born in the early 1970s will likely have the same TFR as those born in the mid-1960s (around 1.55). Moreover, in the Centre-North areas, period TFR rose from 1.1 in 1995 to 1.35 children per woman 10 years later. The territorial diffusion of cohabitation, legal separation, out-of-wedlock births, and fertility recovery overlaps closely with that of the decline in births during the first half of the twentieth century. A similar geographical pattern has been observed for the diffusion of school enrolment, industrialization, secularization, and (during the last 20 years) foreign immigration. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SEPARATION | MARRIAGE | FERTILITY CHANGES | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 331294 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Spousal intimate partner violence is associated with HIV and other STIs among married Rwandan women. Author: Dude AM Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Feb 10;:1-11. Abstract: HIV is a health problem in Rwanda, where the adult HIV prevalence is 3.1% (WHO 2008 in Online database of HIV/AIDS epidemiological data, found at: http://www.who.int/globalatlas); the majority of those infected are women (UNAIDS 2008 in http://data.unaids. org/pub/Report/2008/rwanda_2008_country_progress_ report en.pdf). Prior studies indicate that intimate partner violence is frequently associated with increased HIV risk in women, often because men who abuse their wives also exhibit riskier sexual behaviors (Silverman et al. in JAMA 300:703-710 2008. Population-based data from the 2005 Rwanda Demographic and Health Survey indicate that women with few, if any, other sexual risk factors who have experienced sexual, physical, or emotional abuse within their marriages are 1.61-3.46 times as likely to test positive for HIV, and 2.14-4.11 times more likely to report another STI. These findings confirm prior clinical studies that indicate that intimate partner violence is a correlate of HIV/STIs in Rwanda. Further research is needed to determine whether Rwandan men that abuse their wives have higher baseline rates of HIV/STI infection. Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MARRIAGE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EVALUATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Nuptiality | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections Document Number: 340206 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Polygynous marital structure and child survivorship in sub-Saharan Africa: some empirical evidence from Ghana. Author: Gyimah SO Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jan;68(2):334-42. Abstract: Although studies have found children in married families to have better health outcomes than those in other family types, this strand of research implicitly views marriage as monolithic and, by default, monogamous as found in western industrialized societies. In polygynous cultures, there is a need to make a distinction between polygynous and monogamous families, because these marital arrangements might imply varying levels of parental support necessary for optimum child outcomes. Using pooled children's data from the 1998 and 2003 (N=4938) Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys, this study investigates the effects of polygynous marital structure on child survivorship and assesses whether the effect is uniform over the entire childhood period. In models that did not allow for age-specific effects of polygyny, children in polygynous marriages were found to have an elevated risk of death. Further analysis revealed that only older children experienced the survival disadvantages associated with polygyny. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | POLYGYNY | MARRIAGE | CHILD MORTALITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CHILD SURVIVAL | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Nuptiality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 331179 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Traces of the second demographic transition in four selected countries in Central and Eastern Europe: union formation as a demographic manifestation. Author: Hoem JM; Kostova D; Jasilioniene A; Muresan C Source: European Journal of Population. 2009 Aug;25(3):239-255. Abstract: Using data from the first round of the national Gender and Generations Surveys of Russia, Romania, and Bulgaria, and from a similar survey of Hungary, which were all collected in recent years, we study rates of entry into marital and non-marital unions. We have used elements from the narrative of the Second Demographic Transition (SDT) as a vehicle to give our analysis of the data from the four countries some coherence, and find what can be traces of the SDT in these countries. The details vary by country; in particular, latter-day developments in union formation patterns did not start at the same time in all countries, but in our assessment it began everywhere before communism fell, that is, before the societal transition to a market economy got underway in 1990. Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | EUROPE | ROMANIA | HUNGARY | BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | DATA ANALYSIS | MARRIAGE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | MARRIAGE AGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developed Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe, Central | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Marriage Patterns Document Number: 339896 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Fitting the HIV epidemic in Zambia: a two-sex micro-simulation model. Author: Leclerc PM; Matthews AP; Garenne ML Source: PloS One. 2009;4(5):e5439. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In describing and understanding how the HIV epidemic spreads in African countries, previous studies have not taken into account the detailed periods at risk. This study is based on a micro-simulation model (individual-based) of the spread of the HIV epidemic in the population of Zambia, where women tend to marry early and where divorces are not frequent. The main target of the model was to fit the HIV seroprevalence profiles by age and sex observed at the Demographic and Health Survey conducted in 2001. METHODS AND FINDINGS: A two-sex micro-simulation model of HIV transmission was developed. Particular attention was paid to precise age-specific estimates of exposure to risk through the modelling of the formation and dissolution of relationships: marriage (stable union), casual partnership, and commercial sex. HIV transmission was exclusively heterosexual for adults or vertical (mother-to-child) for children. Three stages of HIV infection were taken into account. All parameters were derived from empirical population-based data. Results show that basic parameters could not explain the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Zambia. In order to fit the age and sex patterns, several assumptions were made: differential susceptibility of young women to HIV infection, differential susceptibility or larger number of encounters for male clients of commercial sex workers, and higher transmission rate. The model allowed to quantify the role of each type of relationship in HIV transmission, the proportion of infections occurring at each stage of disease progression, and the net reproduction rate of the epidemic (R(0) = 1.95). CONCLUSIONS: The simulation model reproduced the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Zambia, and fitted the age and sex pattern of HIV seroprevalence in 2001. The same model could be used to measure the effect of changing behaviour in the future. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | HETEROSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | EPIDEMIOLOGY | MARRIAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Public Health | Health | Nuptiality Document Number: 341943 |
| 6. Title: The role of sexually abstained groups in two-sex demographic and epidemic logistic models with non-linear mortality. Author: Maxin D; Milner FA Source: Journal of Theoretical Biology. 2009 Jun 7;258(3):389-402. Abstract: We describe several gender structured population models governed by logistic growth with non-linear death rate. We extend these models to include groups of people isolated from sexual activity and individuals exposed to a mild and long-lasting sexually transmitted disease, i.e. without disease-induced mortality and recovery. The transmission of the disease is modeled through formation/separation of heterosexual couples assuming that one infected individual automatically infects his/her partner. We are interested in how the non-reproductive class may change the demographic tendencies in the general population and whether they can curb the growth of the infected group while keeping the healthy one at acceptable levels. A comparison of the equilibrium total population size in the presence and the absence of the isolated class is also provided. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EPIDEMIOLOGY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | TRANSMISSION | ABSTINENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MARRIAGE | POPULATION DYNAMICS | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Public Health | Health | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Fertility | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality Document Number: 342385 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Rising HIV prevalence among married and unmarried among men who have sex with men: Jinan, China. Author: Ruan S; Yang H; Zhu Y; Wang M; Ma Y; Zhao J; McFarland W; Raymond HF Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Aug;13(4):671-6. Abstract: We report on two waves of bio-behavioral surveillance of MSM in Jinan, Shandong Province, China. HIV prevalence rose from 0.05% in 2007 to 3.1% in 2008. Differences in the two waves of surveys were noted, particularly with respect to marital status, requiring stratified analysis. In multivariable analysis, unmarried, homosexually identified MSM who do not have female sex partners have a greater than sixfold greater chance of being infected with HIV compared to married, non-homosexually identified MSM who do have female partners. Carefully targeted and population-specific messages will be needed for homosexually identified and non-identified MSM in China. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MEN | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | UNMARRIED | HIV INFECTIONS | MARRIAGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 342736 |
| 8. Title: Birth weight among singletons born to foreign-born mothers in Taiwan: a population-based birth register study. Author: Shen YM; See LC; Lin SR Source: Journal of Epidemiology. 2009;19(3):152-60. Abstract: BACKGROUND: We compared the birth weight of newborns born to foreign-born mothers (FBMs) and Taiwan-born mothers (TBMs), using data from the 2005-2006 Taiwan Birth Registry of singleton live births. METHODS: The Wilcox-Russell method, data restriction, and multiple linear regression were used to analyze the data. The rates of low birth weight (<2500 g) with 95% confidence intervals were computed for TBMs, and for each of the nationalities of FBMs. RESULTS: The mean birth weight of newborns of FBMs was 3157 g, which was higher than that of newborns of TBMs (3109 g). On analysis using the Wilcox-Russell method, both the rate and residual proportion of low-birth-weight (LBW) births were lower among newborns of FBMs (4.1% and 1.1%, respectively) than among newborns of TBMs (5.9% and 1.7%, respectively). After adjusting for sex, mode of delivery, maternal age, smoking status, predisposing maternal risk factors, and condition during pregnancy, the newborns of FBMs weighed 72.9 g (95% CI, 68.8 g to 77.0 g) more than the newborns of TBMs. When data were restricted to mothers without any adverse conditions and adjusted for maternal age, the differences in birth weight between the 2 groups remained unchanged. The rates of LBW deliveries among FBMs in Taiwan were significantly lower than those in their respective countries of origin. CONCLUSIONS: In Taiwan, newborns of FBMs had a higher birth weight than those of TBMs, even after accounting for potential confounding factors, and had lower rates of LBW deliveries than did mothers in their respective countries of origin. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MOTHERS | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | MARRIAGE | PLACE OF BIRTH | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics Document Number: 342253 |
| 9. Title: HIV transmission within families in rural India [letter] Author: Soni S; Ramesh N Source: International Journal of STD and AIDS. 2009 Mar;20(3):214-5. Abstract: We have read with interest, two case reports from this journal which highlight obstacles in tackling India's HIV epidemic. Venkatesh et al. illustrated three missed opportunities for diagnosis including pre-blood transfusion screening, precounselling of blood donors and antenatal testing. More recently, Wal et al. describe a tragic story of HIV transmission and subsequent death within a family, whereby a HIV-positive widower was coerced, by her in-laws, into remarrying her deceased husband's brother. Despite the parent's prior knowledge of their elder son's HIV-positive status, the marriage went ahead without HIV testing of either partners or any attempt to protect the second son from onward transmission. Complex cases such as the latter are infrequently encountered in clinical practice although the burden of having an HIV-positive member of the family is nearly always apparent. With customs and traditions being central to Indian family life, especially in rural India, huge efforts are made by some parents to conceal the HIV status of their son or daughter prior to marriage. Widowhood, especially at a young age, is seen as bad luck and a financial drain on the family and joins other stigmatizing conditions such as psychiatric illness and now HIV-positivity, which lead to social exclusion. Monogamous married women misperceive their personal risk making them less likely to question their husband's extramarital affairs, practise safe sex and engage appropriate services. Even those who are educated with a good level of awareness may lack the autonomy to seek health-care services after moving to a new village to be with a new family. Eighty percent of HIV-infected Indians are unaware of their diagnosis and a large majority of these reside in rural India. The National AIDS Control Organization (NACO) has implemented a scale-up of HIV testing interventions over recent years, but only urban areas have seen the real benefit. Most HIV-testing takes place at district antiretroviral therapy (ART) centres potentially hundreds of miles away from a village. For a rural community, the nearest blood donation centre is unlikely to test for HIV, yet high-risk individuals are encouraged to donate by the financial incentive for doing so. In addition, the shortage of present clinical expertise means that pregnant women remain untested and those known to be positive are inadequately treated. The Indian epidemic will also continue to be influenced in part by the nature of its society; ignorance prevails, open discussions about sex are avoided, male partner extramarital sex is quietly accepted and disclosure of HIV status among couples takes too long, longer from man to woman than vice versa. NACO sets out clear guidelines for all aspects of HIV-testing but some of the shortfalls we witness probably reflect the actual impracticalities of implementation in all areas of India. Improving understanding of HIV should increase the uptake of voluntary testing, pre- and post-test counselling including family-based support for disclosure of HIV status should be easily available and safe sex messages emphasized. We support NACO phase III plans to decentralize the provision of HIV counselling and testing services, provision of follow-up and ART services at a primary healthcare level,4 but these should be implemented at the earliest opportunity. (full-text) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | PREVALENCE | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV TESTING | MARRIAGE | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | COUNSELING | ANTENATAL CARE | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Treatment | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Family Characteristics Document Number: 331238 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Female selective abortion - beyond 'culture': family making and gender inequality in a globalising India. Author: Unnithan-Kumar M Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May 12;:1. Abstract: There is an emerging global discourse on female selective abortion (FSA) as several Asian countries witness an increasing imbalance in their sex ratios in favour of boys. While there is an attendant increase in demographic and social surveys on the issue, little is understood about FSA as either a desired or contested practice of family making in the contexts in which it is practiced. Drawing on the accounts of feminists, doctors and lower, middle-class Hindu and Muslim women and their families in Rajasthan, Northern India, the paper explores differing perceptions and attitudes to FSA in the region. Focusing on the agency of pregnant women who resort to FSA, the paper suggests that gender inequality and marriage anxieties shape especially lower-middle-class women's engagement with reproductive technologies, including those of sex selection. The paper also concludes that the decisions of both Hindu and Muslim lower-middle-class women to abort female babies is informed by their shared, pragmatic understanding of the economic realities of gender discrimination and of their social obligation as wives to reproduce a particular quality of patriarchal family. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INEQUALITIES | SEX PREFERENCE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | FEAR | MARRIAGE | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | SOCIAL CLASS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | ABORTION | PATRIARCHY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Emotions | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Socioeconomic Status | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 341495 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Influence of timing of sexual debut and first marriage on sexual behaviour in later life: findings from four survey rounds in the Kisesa cohort in northern Tanzania. Author: Zaba B; Isingo R; Wringe A; Marston M; Slaymaker E; Urassa M Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i20-i26. Abstract: The authors evaluated reports on age at first sex (AFS) and age at first marriage (AFM) from a Kisesa cohort study, 1994-2004, for consistency and for trends in median age-at-event and time spent single but sexually active in different birth cohorts. The association of these variables with marital stability and numbers of partners at later ages was explored using statistical regression techniques. Age at first sex and AFM were inconsistently reported by 32% and 33% of respondents, respectively, but there was no general tendency to report lower or higher ages at a later report date. In 10-year birth cohorts born between 1950-1959 and 1980-1989, male median AFS declined from 18.1 to 17.0 years and female median AFM rose from 16.2 to 16.6 years. Young people of both sexes currently spend longer time sexually active but unmarried than previously. Early marriage is statistically associated with remarriage and polygamy; longer time between sexual debut and marriage is associated with higher numbers of partners at later stages of life. Inconsistent reporting of age-at-event introduces noise but does not bias estimates of population-level indicators. Lengthening time spent single and sexually active suggests that men and women entering first marriage will have been exposed to increased numbers of non-marital partners. Successful youth interventions may also influence adult behavior. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | YOUTH | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | DATA QUALITY | MARRIAGE AGE | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Population Dynamics Document Number: 340103 |
12.  Title: Mobilizing married youth in Nepal to improve reproductive health: the Reproductive Health for Marrked Adolescent Couples Project, Nepal, 2005-2007. Author: EngenderHealth. ACQUIRE Project Source: New York, New York, EngenderHealth, ACQUIRE Project, 2008 Aug. 60 p. (ACQUIRE Evaluation and Research Studies E & R Study No. 12USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00006-00) Abstract: Quantitative and qualitative data from the RHMACP in Dhanusha and Parsa districts of Nepal indicate that the project interventions increased reproductive health knowledge among married adolescents, promoted positive change in reproductive health attitudes and practices, and expanded young people's access to youth-friendly health services. Awareness of and support for the unique health needs of young married couples among their families, communities, and local health providers also increased. At a broader societal level, the project encouraged debate on social and gender norms, and a constituency of youth leaders trained during the project strongly embraced opportunities to improve the well-being of their communities, foster inclusion of disadvantaged groups, and empower young women. Results to date from the two-year pilot intervention indicate that the ecological approach and multilevel implementation strategy utilized was successful for improving the reproductive health outcomes of married adolescents in the project districts. The project model is recommended for scale-up in the pilot districts and to other areas of Nepal. Experience from the intervention further suggests that the model would be applicable to health development and governance initiatives in diverse country settings. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | COUPLES | MARRIAGE | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | KNOWLEDGE | HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Social Change | Health | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341526 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Eager to leave? Intentions to migrate abroad among young people in Kyrgyzstan. Author: Agadjanian V; Nedoluzhko L; Kumskov G Source: International Migration Review. 2008 Autumn;42(3):620-651. Abstract: This study examines young people's intentions to migrate abroad in Kyrgyzstan, focusing in particular on differences between Asian and European-origin ethnic groups. The multivariate analyses of recent survey data show that even after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and social embeddedness Europeans are significantly more inclined to migrate than Asians. Whereas no gender differences in migration intentions among either group are detected, marriage, childbearing, and social capital exhibit distinct ethnic-specific effects. Although economic considerations are prevailing stimuli for migration in both groups, the results point to the formation of two dominant ethnic-specific migration preference types -for temporary migration among Asians and permanent migration among Europeans. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KYRGYZSTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | MIGRATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | ASIANS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | MARRIAGE | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality Document Number: 328163 |
| 14. Title: Marital violence: Is it a factor affecting the reproductive health status of women? Author: Akyuz A; Sahiner G; Bakir B Source: Journal of Family Violence. 2008 Aug;23(6):437-445. Abstract: The aim of this study is to determine the effects of violence on the reproductive health of women and utilization of reproductive health services. The study population consisted of 250 married women aged 15 to 49, selected from patients at two different hospitals' obstetrics and gynecology clinics in Ankara, Turkey. A data collection form and the "Scale of Marital Violence Against Women" were used to obtain data. According to the study, women who have lower education levels and who first experience marriage and sexual intercourse at a younger age suffer from violence more frequently. Women experiencing violence have higher gravida and para numbers. The majority of these women has not undergone appropriate prenatal care and delivered their babies under the supervision of a health care professional. These women have been using traditional and ineffective contraceptive methods. Marital violence has led to unfavorable effects on these women's reproductive health and utilization of reproductive health services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 327073 |
| 15. Title: Marriage considerations in sending girls to school in Bangladesh: some qualitative evidence. Author: Amin S; Huq L Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 17 p. (Working Paper No. 12) Abstract: This paper analyzes how parents' decisions about their daughters' schooling were affected by the rise in dowry demands in two villages in Northern Bangladesh. The influence of programs such as secondary school scholarships for girls is best viewed in the context of familial concerns about marriage and dowry. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | SUMMARY REPORT | CASE STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DECISION MAKING | MARRIAGE | DOWRY | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | FUNDS | EDUCATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Adolescents | Behavior | Nuptiality | Schools | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 329513 |
| 16. Title: Terms of marriage and time-use patterns of young wives: Evidence from rural Bangladesh. Author: Amin S; Suran L Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2008. 19 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 10) Abstract: This paper explores the relationship between marriage arrangements and daily activities of young married women, using detailed time-use data from an adolescent study in rural Bangladesh. Measures of marriage arrangement are payment of dowry and the relative wealth status of natal and marital families. The data were collected in three rural districts in 2001 and 2003. Using multivariate regression analysis, the results show that women's time spent in domestic work, socializing, and self-care is significantly associated with marriage arrangement variables. Those who paid dowry spent more time in domestic work and less time in self-care and socializing relative to those who did not pay dowry. These patterns of association are similar to those the authors found in an earlier study between marriage arrangements and domestic violence, where paying dowry and marrying up are associated with greater violence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | DOWRY | SOCIAL CLASS | HOUSEWORK | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | LEISURE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Behavior | Social Welfare Document Number: 326873 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Abortion index and mortality of offspring among women of different age, caste and population groups of north Indian Muslims. Author: Ara G; Siddique YH; Beg T; Afzal M Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 May;40(3):431-443. Abstract: The Muslims of Aligarh city are predominantly Sunnis, although there are also a considerable number of Shias. Among the Sunnis, approximately a quarter belong to Syed, Sheikh, Moghal and Pathan groups, and three-quarters belong to various lower biradaris. In the present study, 304 women attending the Primary Health Centre of the J. N. Medical College and Hospital, Aligarh Muslim University, Uttar Pradesh, were surveyed and the following recorded among Muslim women of high-rank (Ashraf) and low-rank (Ajlaf) castes: incidence of marriage, age of the mother at the time of marriage, present age of the mother, abortions, still births, prereproductive mortality and overall mortality. The Ashraf are comprised of the Sheikh, Syed and Pathan, whereas the Ajlafs have Qureshi, Saifi and Ansari biradaris. Maternal age was scored as above and below 45 years in each biradari. Significant effects of maternal age were seen on mortality of offspring, whereas populations did not show consistent differences, except when Ashrafs and Ajlafs were considered separately. The results show higher mortality and abortions for various groups. This may be due to various biological and socio-cultural factors, including hidden inbreeding in the remote past. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | ETHNIC GROUPS | ISLAM | WOMEN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH FACILITIES | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | ABORTION RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | DEATH RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility Document Number: 325518 Notification |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Violence against women and the risk of under-five mortality: Analysis of community-based data from rural Bangladesh. Author: Asling-Monemi K; Naved RT Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 Jan;97(1):68-75. Abstract: The aim was to assess whether violence against women was associated with increased mortality risks for their daughters and sons before the age of 5. Secondary analysis of longitudinal data from rural Bangladesh of 2691 live-born children in relation to their mother's experience of physical, sexual and emotional partner violence and level of controlling behaviour in marriage. Analyses were adjusted for potential confounders and stratified by gender. Under five-mortality was 88 per 1000 in this cohort. Overall, there was no association between different forms of violence against women and under-five mortality. However, more educated women had an increased risk of under-five deaths of their female offspring if ever exposed to severe physical violence (adjusted hazard ratio 2.2, 95% CI 1.06-4.50) or to a high level of controlling behaviour in marriage (adjusted hazard ratio 2.5, 95% CI 1.30-4.90). Controlling behaviour in marriage increased the hazard ratios in a dose-response manner. Increased mortality risks were neither shown for offspring of women with low or no education nor for boys in any educational group. Severe physical violence and controlling behaviour in marriage were associated with higher under-five mortality among daughters of educated mothers in rural Bangladesh, indicating gender-biased consequences of partner violence for child mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COUPLES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MARRIAGE | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | CHILD, FEMALE | CHILD MORTALITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Crime | Social Problems | Social Discrimination Document Number: 324860 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Consistent condom use in married Zimbabwean women after a condom intervention. Author: Callegari L; Harper CC; Van der Straten A; Kamba M; Chipato T Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Jun;35(6):624-630. Abstract: Condom use to prevent HIV in Africa has increased in nonmarital sexual encounters but remains low within marriage. Married women of reproductive age, however, are at high risk of HIV. This study investigated factors associated with consistent condom use after a brief intervention. We conducted an HIV prevention condom intervention with a cohort of 394 married women, aged 17 to 47, recruited from clinics in Zimbabwe. Consistent condom users were ineligible. At enrollment, participants received education and were offered free male and female condoms and HIV testing. Women completed a follow-up questionnaire at 2-months. We used logistic regression analysis to measure the association of protected sex (i.e., 100% use of male or female condoms) at follow-up with condom attitudes, negotiation skills, HIV risk perception and testing. At follow-up, 179 (48.5%) women reported consistent condom use throughout the study, and 318 (87%) reported condom use at last sexual episode; 72 women tested HIV-positive, only 4 of whom reported at enrollment that it was likely that they were infected. Results showed that women who tested positive were more likely to report consistent condom use (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.7-5.2). HIV risk perceptions and condom negotiation self-efficacy increased postintervention, and were significantly associated with consistent condom use. Hormonal contraception was negatively associated with consistent condom use (OR 0.3, 95% CI 0.19-0.65). Married women reported significant increases in consistent condom use in response to a brief intervention, especially if HIV-positive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | CONDOM USE | INTERVENTIONS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 327052 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Not truly partnerless: Non-residential partnerships and retreat from marriage in Spain. Author: Castro-Martin T; Dominguez-Folgueras M; Martin-Garcia T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 6;18(16):443-468. Abstract: Nearly two-thirds of Spanish women aged 20-34 have not yet entered their first union. However, almost half of them have a stable partner living in a different household. Hence, the drop in marriage rates and low prevalence of cohabitation cannot be rightly interpreted as a decline in partnership formation, but rather as a postponement of coresidential unions. This article examines the prevalence and determinants of nonresidential stable partnerships among women aged 20-34, in relation to cohabitation and marriage, using a multinomial logit model of current partnership type. The analysis is based on data from the 1999 Spanish Fertility Survey. We find that women's high educational attainment and their partner's work instability deter co-residential partnerships. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE | LIFE STYLE | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality Document Number: 327313 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Do contraceptive choices of Turkish married adolescents differ from those of older women? Author: Dilbaz B; Yildirim BA; Yildirim D; Turgal M; Cengiz H Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Mar;13(1):71-76. Abstract: The objective was to compare contraceptive choices of Turkish married adolescents to those of women of reproductive age and perimenopausal women. Demographic variables, fertility goals and contraceptive choices of adolescents (Group A, n = 95) were compared with those of women of reproductive age (Group B, N = 5224) and perimenopausal women (Group C, n = 2208). All women in the study group were married and had delivered at least once. A past history of voluntary terminations of pregnancy (TOPs) was reported often, although significantly less so by adolescents (43.1%) than by women belonging to the other two groups (66.5 and 77.4%, respectively). The percentage of women who applied no contraception was significantly higher in Group A (p less than 0.05). The rate of use of withdrawal, oral contraceptives and intrauterine devices did not differ significantly between the three groups. The percentage of women who were indecisive about future pregnancy or wanted to have more children was greatest in Group A (87.4, 46.9 and 25.7%, respectively; p less than 0.05). The distribution of contraceptive methods used was similar among the three age groups, but the absence of contraception was most frequent in the adolescent group. The adolescents we assessed, being married and having delivered at least once, are a highly selected group and not representative of adolescents in general. Nevertheless, their contraceptive choices did not differ from those of older women. The incidence of TOPs among them was quite high. Minimization of the frequent neglect of application of contraceptive measures by adolescents requires improvement of family planning services for this age group. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | FAMILY PLANNING NONACCEPTORS | FAMILY PLANNING NONACCEPTOR CHARACTERISTICS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Planning Programs Document Number: 324166 |
| 22. Title: Sexuality in diasporic space: rural-to-urban migrant women negotiating gender and marriage in contemporary China. Author: Gaetano A Source: Gender, Place and Culture. 2008 Dec;15(6):629-645. Abstract: Feminist geographers use the term diasporic subjectivity to emphasize the relational quality of identity as it is constructed in the dynamic in-between space occupied by the migrant and traversed by norms and practices associated with the village community, migrant peers, and urban consumer society, as well as nation-states. Using ethnographic methods, I explore how young, single rural Chinese women who migrated to Beijing in the 1990s negotiate sexuality in diasporic space, within the discursive and institutional orders of state, market and family. Though migration does not fundamentally alter these structures that construct inequality around place-based identity, gender and class, it does enable rural women to shift position within them and, significantly, to imagine that further, future change is possible. Foregrounding migrant women's agency in remaking gender identity from so-called rustic peasants to modern girls as well as in choosing marital partners and conducting courtship provides an important counterweight to the primary emphasis on structure found in much of the migration literature. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | HETEROSEXUALS | WOMEN | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | GENDER RELATIONS | MARRIAGE | SEXUALITY | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Gender Issues | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Personality | Psychological Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 341980 |
| 23. Title: [Stigma, discrimination and HIV/AIDS in the Brazilian context, 1998 and 2005] Estigma, discriminacao e HIV/Aids no contexto brasileiro, 1998 e 2005. Author: Garcia S; Koyama MA Author: Grupo de Estudos em Populacao, Sexualidade e Aids Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42 Suppl 1:72-83. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To identify discriminatory attitudes in two moments of the Brazilian HIV/AIDS epidemic, as well as the occurrence of possible changes. METHODS: The Intention of Discrimination Index was obtained by scoring 1 for discriminatory situations or 0, when the opposite was the case. Intention of discrimination ranges were established by means of the clustering technique, and made compatible between the 1998 and 2005 surveys. Mean comparisons, chi-square test and ordered logit adjusted regression models were used to verify association between the index and socio-demographic variables. RESULTS: Between the 1998 and 2005 surveys, there was a statistically significant reduction in the proportion of people who answered "yes" to anti-HIV test's being mandatory in the following cases: admission for employment, before getting married, when joining the military service, drug users, foreigners entering the country, sex professionals, and for all the people. To have lower level of education, to be female, to live in the North/Northeast regions of Brazil, and to be aged over 45 years are factors associated with higher intention of discrimination level. CONCLUSIONS: The growth of intention of discrimination shows that information about ways of AIDS transmission and non-transmission still needs to be better planned and promoted, especially among populations that have lower level of education, live in the North/Northeast regions, are female and aged over 45 years. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MILITARY PERSONNEL | FOREIGNERS | IV DRUG USERS | SEX WORKERS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HIV TESTING | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | STIGMA | EMPLOYMENT | MARRIAGE | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Population | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Social Problems | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 331032 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Social and logistical barriers to the use of reversible contraception among women in a rural Indian village. Author: Hall MA; Stephenson RB; Juvekar S Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2008 Jun;26(2):241-250. Abstract: Women in a small coastal village in western India were asked to explain their preference for female sterilization over modern reversible contraceptive methods. Married women aged 19+ years were interviewed in six focus groups (n=60) and individually (n=15) regarding contraceptive methods and their use and side-effects. Women publicly denied contraceptive use but privately acknowledged limited use. They obtained contraceptive information from other village women and believed that modern reversible methods and vasectomy have high physical and social risks, and fertility goals could be achieved without their use. Women felt that reversible contraception is undesirable, socially unacceptable, and usually unnecessary, although the achievement of fertility goals is likely due to the use of female sterilization with abortion as a back-up method. Economic migration of village men may also play a role. Although women with high social capital can effectively disseminate correct knowledge, the impact on the uptake of reversible method is uncertain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS CHOSEN | REVERSIBILITY | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE SOURCES | FEMALE STERILIZATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Culture | Communication | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 327595 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Opinions of married women about potential causes and triggers of intimate partner violence against women. A cross-sectional investigation in an Iranian city. Author: Hamzeh B; Farshi MG; Laflamme L Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8(209):[27] p. Abstract: Population-based perception studies on potential causes and triggers of intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW) may enlighten context-relevant primary preventive actions in settings where data are limited. This study, conducted in one specific city, deals with married women's opinions concerning potential causes and triggers of IPVAW and seeks to highlight areas of consensus and divergence in the views. A convenient sample of women aged 25-45 years and married for at least 5 years was consecutively recruited in the 48 public health centres of Kermanshah city, where free health services are provided to mothers and children under 6 years old. Respondents were individually interviewed on site by trained and experienced female interviewers (response rate 94.3%). A structured pilot-tested questionnaire was used that consisted mainly of closed questions about individual assessment of the extent to which various items could be regarded as a potential cause, a potential trigger or a potential consequence of IPVAW. Individual item frequencies were compiled and the association between socio-demographic attributes of the spouses and also respondents' prior exposure to violence and women answers was explored. For most factors covered, women mainly "agreed" or "agreed very much" about their potential as a trigger or a cause of IPVAW; agreements were stronger for individual-related potential causes. Generally, women's socio-demographic characteristics and prior victimisation did not much affect the opinions they expressed. For some triggers however, women's own occupation and their husband's educational level affected how much in agreement they were. The women interviewed consider that most potential causes and triggers proposed may, at some point in a relationship, engender IPVAW. In the main, their views are not much altered by their own and their husbands' socioeconomic position or their prior victimisation. It remains to be seen whether married men and, for that matter, even women married for a shorter duration or from other settings will answer in a similar manner. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PERCEPTION | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 327044 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Marriage formation as a process intermediary between migration and childbearing. Author: Hoem JM; Nedoluzhko Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 27;18(21):611-628. Abstract: In studies of differences in fertility between migrants and non-migrants, marriage interferes because migration can be motivated by an impending marriage or can entail entry into a marriage market with new opportunities. One would therefore expect elevated fertility after migration, although a competing theory states that on the contrary fertility ought to be reduced in the time around the move because migration temporarily disturbs the life of the migrant. In any case marriage appears as a process that is intermediary between migration and childbearing. To handle such issues it pays to have a technique that allows the analyst to separate any disruptive effects of migration from any boosting effects of marriage in studies of childbearing. The purposes of the present paper is (i) to remind us that such a technique is available, in fact is straightforward, and (ii) to apply the technique to further analyze a set of data on migration and first-time parenthood in Kyrgyzstan recently used by the secondauthor and Gunnar Andersson. The technique has the neat feature that it allows us to operate with several "clocks" at the same time. In the analysis of first births we keep track of time since migration (for migrants) and time since marriage formation (for the married) beside the respondent's age (for women at childbearing ages); in other connections there may be more clocks. For such analyses we make use of a flexible graphical housekeeping device that allows the analyst to keep track of a feature like whether migration occurs before or after marriage, or at the same time. This is a half-century-old flow chart of statuses and transitions and is not much more complex that the famous Lexis diagram, which originated with Gustav Zeuner, as we now know. These reflections were first presented at a symposium dedicated to Professor Zeuner. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KYRGYZSTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | MIGRATION | MARRIAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Fertility Document Number: 327526 |
| 27. Title: Women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effect on reproductive health. Author: Hussain R; Khan A Source: Health Care for Women International. 2008 May;29(5):468-483. Abstract: In this article we explore women's perceptions and experiences of sexual violence in marital relationships and its effects on reproductive health. We conducted a qualitative study composed of key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and in-depth interviews in two low- to middle-income areas of Karachi, Pakistan. Results show sexual coercion and nonconsensual sex were common and not limited to abusive relationships. Difficulties in negotiating safe sex resulted in unwanted pregnancies, some leading to unsafe abortions. The women reported escalation of violence during pregnancy to be common. Social norms prevented disclosure of sexual violence leading to limited support or intervention or both. The link between women's social status, marital violence, and reproductive health is discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUAL ABUSE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | WOMEN'S STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326376 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Marriage is not a safe place: Heterosexual marriage and HIV-related vulnerability in Indonesia. Author: Jacubowski N Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Jan;10(1):87-97. Abstract: This paper examines the link between heterosexual marriage and women's vulnerability to HIV in Indonesia. In this country, gender relations are currently dominated by traditional beliefs and practices and by religious morality. Data for the current study were collected by means of documentary analysis and archival research as well as by means of expert informant interviews. Findings suggest that traditional practices such as polygamy, early marriage and contract marriage (mut'a) play an important role in enhancing women's likelihood of acquiring HIV within the Indonesian context. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | HETEROSEXUALS | MARRIAGE | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | POLYGAMY | BELIEFS | AGE FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Nuptiality | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marriage Patterns | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 322451 |
| 29. Title: Gender based violence: Correlates of physical and sexual wife abuse in Kenya. Author: Kimuna SR; Djamba YK Source: Journal of Family Violence. 2008 Jul;23(5):333-342. Abstract: This study explored factors associated with physical and sexual wife abuse on a sample of 4,876 married women aged 15-49 years in the 2003 Kenya Demographic Health Survey. Results indicate that 40% of married women reported at least one type of violence; 36% were physical and 13% were sexual. Multivariate analysis showed that living in poorer households, being Christian, being in a polygamous marriage, having a husband who drinks alcohol, and being in sales, agricultural, or unskilled jobs significantly increased the wife's risk of physical and sexual abuse. Wife's education had significant effect on both physical and sexual abuse, but the relationships were not linear. Wife's age and number of children were significantly associated only with physical abuse; husband's education had a marginal but significant effect only on sexual abuse. Research implications are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CORRELATION STUDIES | WOMEN | MARRIAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | POVERTY | POLYGAMY | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | RISK ASSESSMENT | AGE FACTORS | FAMILY SIZE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Nuptiality | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Evaluation | Population Characteristics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 327072 |
| 30. Title: Family planning knowledge, attitudes, and practices of Indian married youth: Preliminary findings from a household survey in Lucknow and Kanpur Nagar, Uttar Pradesh. Author: Kohler-Banke K; Yam E; O'Sullivan G Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Private Sector Partnerships One [PSP-One], 2008. 10 p. (Country Research BriefUSAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00) Abstract: In October 2007, with funding and support from USAID/India, PSPOne launched a Youth Friendly Initiative (YFI) in Lucknow, India known as "Saathiya", or "trusted partner" in Hindi. The Saathiya campaign includes messages and materials disseminated to young, low-income, married couples through channels such as billboards, radio, community theater and a helpline. The Saathiya Campaign aims to motivate young, married couples to seek family planning (FP) information and products at medical shops, through Indigenous Systems of Medical Providers (ISMPs), and from physicians such as obstetrician-gynecologists (OB/ GYNs) and family doctors. Through Saathiya these providers have been trained to strengthen their capacity to provide youth with high quality FP information and counseling, along with products, in an environment conducive to these interactions. USAID's Global Leadership Program for Youth provided funding to conduct a baseline survey on young Indian married couples' FP knowledge, attitudes, and practices to (1) inform program development by better understanding the existing situation and needs of married youth in Lucknow, and (2) serve as a baseline against which to compare changes over time and evaluate elements of the program, with a follow-on survey planned for early 2009. In order to assess the impact of the YFI in Lucknow, the same survey will also be conducted among a comparison group of married youth in the city of Kanpur Nagar, in which no intervention is taking place. This report presents a preliminary analysis of the baseline data collected in both cities in summer 2007. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | MARRIAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | YOUTH PROGRAMS | USAID | PROGRAM EVALUATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Behavior Change | Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 323733 |
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