1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Dangerous medicines: Unproven AIDS cures and counterfeit antiretroviral drugs. Author: Amon JJ Source: Globalization and Health. 2008 Feb 27;4:5. Abstract: Increasing access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) is a critical goal endorsed by the United Nations and all of its member states. At the same time, anecdotal accounts suggest that the promotion of unproven AIDS 'cures' and remedies are widespread, and in the case of The Gambia, Iran and South Africa, have been promoted by governments directly. Although a range of legislative and regulatory measures have been adopted by some governments, and technical assistance has been provided by international agencies to address counterfeit medicines generally, the threat of counterfeit antiretroviral drugs is not being addressed. Countries, charged with fulfilling the right to health and committed to expanding access to ART must explicitly recognize their obligation to combat unproven AIDS treatments and ensure the availability of a safe and efficacious drugs supply. International donors must help support and coordinate these efforts. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAMBIA | IRAN | SOUTH AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | EVALUATION | GOVERNMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | AIDS PREVENTION | CRIME | MARKETING | LEGISLATION | HEALTH POLICY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Middle East | Africa, Southern | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Organizations | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | AIDS | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Policy Document Number: 324957 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Health education and marketing processes: 2 related methods for achieving health behavior change. Author: Stellefson M; Eddy JM Source: American Journal of Health Behavior. 2008 Sep;32(5):488-496. Abstract: The objective was to make salient the striking similarities between the program planning processes used in both health education and contemporary marketing. Through a discussion of the analogous nature of both processes and a review of the literature, the authors (1) illustrate why marketing principles should be embraced and (2) suggest how marketing strategies can be integrated into health education needs assessments. Core health-marketing concepts are proposed along with 4 recommendations for future marketing activities in health education. To facilitate an advance in health education process and practice, scholars and practitioners should adopt a more consumer-centered, marketing mind-set. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH EDUCATION | MARKETING | PLANNING | SOCIAL MARKETING | BEHAVIOR | GOALS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | ADVERTISING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Economic Factors | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Promotion Document Number: 324393 |
| 3. Title: Infant feeding, poverty and human development. Author: Beasley A; Amir LH Source: International Breastfeeding Journal. 2007 Oct 22;2(1):[14] p. Abstract: The relationship between poverty and human development touches on a central aim of the International Breastfeeding Journal's editorial policy which is to support and protect the health and well-being of all infants through the promotion of breastfeeding. It is proposed that exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months, followed by continued breastfeeding to 12 months, could prevent 1,301,000 deaths or 13% of all child deaths under 5 years in a hypothetical year. Although there is a conventional wisdom that poverty 'protects' breastfeeding in developing countries, poverty actually threatens breastfeeding, both directly and indirectly. In the light of increasingly aggressive marketing behaviour of the infant formula manufacturers and the need to protect the breastfeeding rights of working women, urgent action is required to ensure the principles and aim of the International Code of Breastmilk Substitutes, and subsequent relevant resolutions of the World Health Assembly, are implemented. If global disparities in infant health and development are to be significantly reduced, gender inequities associated with reduced access to education and inadequate nutrition for girls need to be addressed. Improving women's physical and mental health will lead to better developmental outcomes for their children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | LITERATURE REVIEW | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | POVERTY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | INFANT NUTRITION | MILK SUBSTITUTES | MARKETING | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Breastfeeding | Nutrition | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Biology | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321493 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: The continuing battle over baby-milk formula. Author: MacDonald R Source: Lancet. 2007 May 26;369(9575):1773. Abstract: A recent briefing paper by the charity Save the Children UK, and an investigation by the Guardian newspaper, highlight that inappropriate activities surrounding baby-milk formula marketing and promotion cannot be resigned to the pages of history. 25 years on from the introduction of the WHO International Code of Marketing Breast Milk Substitutes, food companies persist in their dubious practices, but in a more subtle manner than in their aggressive activities of 30 years ago. Most importantly, such practices are still responsible for the deaths of thousands of children. In 1970s, an international campaign against the food giant Nestle was responsible for eliciting such collective outrage that it led to one of the biggest public boycotts in corporate history. Subsequent international pressure resulted in the WHO code, which not only covers the marketing of infant formula, but also other commodities if promoted as partial or total breastmilk replacements. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | MOTHERS | INFANT | MARKETING | MILK SUBSTITUTES | BREASTFEEDING | WHO | INFANT HEALTH | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Child Health Document Number: 317188 |
| 5. Title: The International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes: frequently asked questions. Author: World Health Organization [WHO] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2006. 11 p. Abstract: The Code is a set of recommendations to regulate the marketing of breast-milk substitutes, feeding bottles and teats. The Code was formulated in response to the realization that poor infant feeding practices were negatively affecting the growth, health and development of children, and were a major cause of mortality in infants and young children. Poor infant feeding practices therefore were a serious obstacle to social and economic development. The 34th session of the World Health Assembly (WHA) adopted the International Code of Marketing of Breast-milk Substitutes in 1981 as a minimum requirement to protect and promote appropriate infant and young child feeding. The Code aims to contribute "to the provision of safe and adequate nutrition for infants, by the protection and promotion of breastfeeding, and by ensuring the proper use of breast-milk substitutes, when these are necessary, on the basis of adequate information and through appropriate marketing and distribution". The Code advocates that babies be breastfed. If babies are not breastfed, for whatever reason, the Code also advocates that they be fed safely on the best available nutritional alternative. Breast-milk substitutes should be available when needed, but not be promoted. The Code was adopted through a WHA resolution and represents an expression of the collective will of governments to ensure the protection and promotion of optimal feeding for infants and young children. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INFANT | MILK SUBSTITUTES | STANDARDS | MARKETING | WHO | BEST PRACTICES | BREASTFEEDING | HEALTH EDUCATION | INFANT NUTRITION | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Research Methodology | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education Document Number: 315311 |
| 6. Title: Assessment of India's locally manufactured contraceptive product supply. Author: Beer K; Armand F Source: Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, Private Sector Partnerships-One [PSP-One], 2006 Mar. [42] p. (USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No: PN-ADF-989USAID Contract No. GPO-I-00-04-00007-00) Abstract: This report, prepared under the aegis of the Private Sector Partnerships-One (PSP-One) project, examines Indian manufacturers of generic versions of hormonal contraceptives (oral contraceptive pills, emergency contraception, and injectable contraceptives) and intrauterine devices. The principal question this report addresses is whether Indian manufacturers of contraceptive products are in a position to serve as a main source of contraceptives for the domestic and regional markets in a commercially viable manner. Brands multinational corporations produce and market dominate the high-end market in India, while free and subsidized products the government and social-marketing organizations underwrite occupy the low-end. This assessment finds that Indian manufacturers have the capacity to supply middle- and low-end markets with affordable, quality contraceptives. These manufacturers, however, face two significant problems: a lack of marketing and distribution capability, and the difficulty and risk involved in approaching new markets, domestically and internationally. The report draws on existing technical information and market research, but is based primarily on interviews conducted with manufacturers and people involved in promoting and distributing contraceptives in India. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | INVENTORIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | INJECTABLES | IUD | PRIVATE SECTOR | PRICES | QUALITY CONTROL | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | MARKETING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Family Planning | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Methods | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Commerce | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 306789 |
| 7. Title: Gender constraints in the training of women traders in South Eastern Nigeria: A case study of Onitsha Main Market. Author: Egbue NG Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2006;12(3):163-170. Abstract: Low participation rate in existing skill acquisition opportunities increasingly features as a major constraint in women's contribution to socio-economic development especially in developing countries. In consideration of this situation, this paper examines work related gender role allocations and segregations and their impact upon women's acquisition of trading skills. Within this context, the study focuses on the extent of women's use of a notable indigenous apprenticeship system as preparation for trading. On the basis of an empirical investigation, conducted in 2002, attention is directed at women's participation in some female fashion enterprises in Onitsha Main Market. Data obtained from this investigation serves to highlight the intricacies of the interaction between socio-structural and choice factors in women's utilization of apparent opportunities. This paper concludes by suggesting ways of upgrading women's participation in apprenticeship as an important channel for improving women's medium scale trading enterprises. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | INFORMAL SECTOR | MARKETING | KNOWLEDGE | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | CLOTHING | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Training Programs | Education Document Number: 305542 |
| 8. Title: Contraceptive security: Practical experience in improving global, regional, national and local product availability. Author: Sarley D; Rao R; Hart C; Patykewich L; Dowling P Source: Arlington, Virginia, John Snow, DELIVER, 2006 Oct. [129] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00010-00) Abstract: At the Istanbul Conference in 2001, participants identified strategies for increasing contraceptive security to ensure that clients can chose, obtain, and use the methods they need. Particular emphasis was given to increasing donor funding for contraceptives and to ensure the government's work with the private and nongovernmental (NGO) sectors meets the contraceptive commodity needs of their populations. Since 2001, DELIVER and other cooperating agencies have worked at the global, regional, national and sub-national, and community level to implement the strategies from the Istanbul meeting; and to develop new approaches to improving contraceptive product availability. Five years after Istanbul, this report documents the progress made in improving contraceptive security. It begins by describing the experiences of contraceptive clients in different parts of the world. It describes the experiences countries have had in learning to understand their clients' needs and improve their contraceptive security. The report documents the lessons learned in increasing and diversifying contraceptive finance; understanding and expanding the total market; and working with the public, private, and NGO sectors to improve service delivery and product availability. It also describes different regional initiatives adopted in Latin America, Africa, and Eastern Europe; and it identifies new challenges countries face around procurement and donor coordination and how these challenges have been addressed. The report describes what has been done and defines what remains to be done to improve contraceptive product availability. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | POLICYMAKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | USAID | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | LOGISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | MARKETING | Studies | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Management | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 320372 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to condom purchasing: Effects of product positioning on reactions to condoms. Author: Scott-Sheldon LA; Glasford DE; Marsh KL; Lust SA Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2006 Dec;63(11):2755-2769. Abstract: Correct and consistent condom use has been promoted as a method to prevent sexually transmitted infections including HIV. Yet research has repeatedly shown that people fail to use condoms consistently. One influence on the pervasive lack of condom use that has received relatively little attention is the context in which consumers are exposed to condoms (i.e., how condoms are displayed in retail settings). In this paper we present two studies explored variations in condom shelf placement and its effects on people's condom attitudes and acquisition. Study 1 explored the shelf placement of condoms in 59 retail outlets in Connecticut, USA and found that condoms were typically located in areas of high visibility (e.g., next to the pharmacy counter) and on shelves adjacent to feminine hygiene and disease treatment products. In Study 2, 120 heterosexual undergraduate students at the University of Connecticut were randomly assigned to evaluate condoms adjacent to sensual, positive, neutral, or negative products and found that overall men reported more positive attitudes and acquired more condoms when exposed to condoms in a sensual context compared to women in the same condition. Among women, condom attitudes were more positive in the context of neutral products; condom acquisition was strongest for women exposed to condoms in the positive aisles. These results suggest a gender-specific approach to condom promotion. Implications of these studies for HIV prevention, public health, and condom marketing strategies are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CONNECTICUT | RESEARCH REPORT | MARKET RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | STUDENTS | CONDOMS | UNIVERSITIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | MARKETING | SEX FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Schools | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 309256 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The global tobacco disease pandemic: Nature, causes, and cures. Author: Warner KE; MacKay J Source: Global Public Health. 2006 Feb;1(1):65-86. Abstract: Tobacco use kills 5 million citizens globally every year. The World Health Organization (WHO) projects that the number of deaths will double just 15 years from now. Tobacco will then constitute the leading cause of death in the developing world, as it already is in developed countries today. This paper describes the nature and extent of the tobacco pandemic, characteristics of the global tobacco industry, and national and international efforts to diminish the toll of tobacco. The review includes examination of the economic and political strategies employed by the multinational tobacco industry to increase cigarette consumption, as well as the policies that governments have adopted to combat smoking. The most promising development is the new Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, WHO's first-ever international health treaty. While aggressive tobacco control policies can and will diminish the toll of tobacco, the prospects for the foreseeable future appear grim. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | TOBACCO USE | INDUSTRY | MARKETING | PUBLIC HEALTH | EPIDEMIOLOGY | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | INTERVENTIONS | Behavior | Macroeconomic Factors | Health | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325446 |
| 11. Title: Making markets for vaccines: ideas to action. The report of the Center for Global Development, Advance Market Commitment Working Group. Author: Barder O; Levine R; Kremer M Source: London, England, Center for Global Development, 2005. [126] p. Abstract: This generation has a unique opportunity to leave a legacy of which we can be proud. Current and near-future scientific knowledge can be used to conquer diseases that kill millions of people each year and disable millions more. In the development of vaccines, in particular, scientific breakthroughs have the potential to transform the health of the developing world much as they have been instrumental in almost eliminating the burden of life-threatening infectious disease among children in affluent nations. The most significant challenges are ahead: we have not yet developed effective vaccines against diseases of the poor, such as malaria, HIV and tuberculosis. Governments and private foundations have made enormous strides in recent years toward establishing arrangements that will facilitate investment in R&D needed to develop new vaccines for these diseases. Now the resources and talent of the private sector are needed to translate those investments, and the scientific breakthroughs they are producing, into new vaccines, which once developed would be manufactured in adequate quantity. Unfortunately, the absence of an adequate market for those vaccines makes it impossible for the private sector to make investments in these diseases on a commercially viable basis. We could make it worthwhile for the pharmaceutical industry to invest much more in R&D on vaccines for diseases occurring mainly in developing countries--and in the mass production of those vaccines when they have been developed. This can be done simply and cheaply by ensuring that there is a market for the vaccines if and when they become available. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | POLICYMAKERS | VACCINES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INVESTMENTS | PRIVATE SECTOR | PUBLIC HEALTH | MARKETING | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Financial Activities | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 299689 |
| 12. Title: Introducing zinc in a diarrheal control program: a manual for conducting formative research. Author: Nichter M; Acuin CS; Vargas A Source: [Unpublished] [2005]. 85 p. Abstract: This guide to formative research on zinc administration during diarrhea was designed to assist a multicenter zinc study coordinated by The International Network of Clinical Epidemiology (INCLEN) between 2002-2004 v , and jointly supported by INCLEN, JHU, USAID and WHO. A zinc intervention and effectiveness trial was carried out in seven sites: (1) Lucknow, India; (2) Nagpur, India; (3) Manila, Philippines; (4) Pretoria, South Africa; (5) Cairo, Egypt; (6) Addis Ababa, Ethiopia; and (7) Fortaleza, Brazil. Prior to the intervention trial, formative research was to take place in each site to facilitate instrument construction, zinc message development in local languages, intervention monitoring, and evaluation. The guide was largely created in the field in the Philippines by a team of three social scientists having considerable research experience on diarrheal disease and pharmaceutical practice. Given the absence of well trained social scientists at most of the trial sites, the guide was developed for use by teams having little expertise in health social science. Researchers at each site were encouraged to review existing social science research on diarrhea and ORT in their locale, and when possible to enlist the assistance of local social scientists in the formative stage of their research. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | MANUAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | FORMATIVE RESEARCH | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DIARRHEA | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | ZINC | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | PACKAGING | MARKETING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Diseases | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 317374 |
| 13. Title: Maintenance of traditional occupation: A case from the Telugu speaking Artisan community in the islands. Author: Prasad DV Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2005;11(2):141-149. Abstract: The so-called traditional crafts/handicrafts are one of the sources of livelihood for the millions of rural and tribal people even in the era of globalization. Though agriculture contributes major share in Indian economy, these crafts supports human subsistence on secondary basis. Due to the advent of industrial revolution, these handicrafts struggle to exist with the foray of so many polymer and metal made consumer products. It is observed that the occupational diversity, shift from traditional to modern varieties of basketry, is contributing immensely for the sustenance of this craft. The present study envisages the process of adaptation of the Medar community in an Island situation, which is entirely new from their rural set up. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | ARTISTS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | ARTS AND CRAFTS | CULTURE | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | MARKETING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INFORMAL SECTOR | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Influentials | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 305438 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Inaccurate data may sway choices when it comes to intrauterine devices. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2004 Feb;25(2):[4] p.. Abstract: You are discussing contraceptive options with a patient. When you come to intrauterine devices (IUDs), she dismisses the method and says that it can lead to an ectopic pregnancy. Where did she get such misinformation? Look to the Internet. According to the results of a recent survey of consumer and provider web site, many sites carry inaccurate or outdated information: Half of the sites surveyed depict the IUD as increasing the risk of pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) (not just in the first few weeks), two-thirds say the device heightens ectopic pregnancy risk, and one-fourth of the sites portray use of the method as an infertility risk. Efforts are needed to improve the quality of information available to women about their contraception options, says Kirsten Moore, MPA, president of the Washington, DC-based health advocacy organization Reproductive Health Technologies Project (RHTP) and co-author of the article that discussed the survey results. This effort particularly is needed when it comes to intrauterine devices, says Andrew Kaunitz, MD, professor and assistant chair in the obstetrics and gynecology department at the University of Florida Health Science Center/Jacksonville. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | MISINFORMATION | INTERNET | USFDA | PRODUCT APPROVAL | INFORMATION SOURCES | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | MARKETING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Communication | Information Networks | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Legislation | Information | Economic Factors Document Number: 281816 |
| 15. Title: Concept papers on market / client segmentation (preliminary report). Deliverable No. 11. Policy Unit. Author: Management Sciences for Health [MSH]. Local Enhancement and Development for Health Project Source: [Unpublished] 2004 Mar 31. [25] p. (USAID Contract No. 492-C-00-03-00024-00) Abstract: Ensuring contraceptive self-reliance (CSR) has become a vital undertaking that is expected to address the impact of the forthcoming withdrawal of donated FP commodities in the country. The government will find it difficult to pull together the resources to fill in the gap that will be created once donated commodities are finally withdrawn over the next two years. Thus, it is critical to establish a sustainable CSR program, both at the national and LGU levels, to provide adequate funding for the procurement, distribution, and provision of modern contraceptives supplied by LGU health and population service providers, without relying on external donations. A key component of the task on ensuring CSR is market segmentation. With limited government resources, replacing the entire donated FP commodities will be very difficult to achieve. One strategy that can address this concern is to let those that can afford pay for these commodities. Market segmentation will allow the government to continue supplying free commodities to those who can not afford to pay. Market segmentation is not an easy task to accomplish given the many factors involved. The framework for market segmentation was designed with specific focus on two important variables: the Poverty Index or Incidence and the Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR). The former is used as an indicator of those who can afford to pay; while the latter is used as an indicator of where the need for ensuring CSR is greatest. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | TECHNICAL REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | MARKETING | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | POVERTY | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Family Planning | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Socioeconomic Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Evaluation Indexes | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation Document Number: 275901 |
| 16. Title: The effect of psychological barriers on delivery of service marketing in Nigeria. Author: Adetayo JO Source: Anthropologist. 2004;6(1):25-28. Abstract: Psychological barrier is a cankerworm that has been eaten deeply into the fabric of service marketing system for over a decade, particularly in the third world countries. In spite of the fact that service marketing is the most profitable venture if the service provider build a strong corporate image in the mind of the potential and realized customers who will later turn to be the best advertisement. The snail growth rate of service marketing can be succinctly attributed to the unscrupulous practices of the service-marketing providers, which had predominantly built barriers in the mind of customers. Marketing with its jungle of interpretations has got myriad of definitions, but, universally, marketing is defined as the management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customers requirements profitably. Wright from the evolution of marketing, the profession has been perceived as an act of selling goods to actual customers for a profit and that ends the transaction but marketing is more than mere selling, it involves other activities like delivery, financing, promotion just to mention a few. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | MARKET RESEARCH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | MARKETING | PROMOTION | SALES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 305597 |
| 17. Title: Bean sourcing methods by gender among Nigerian cocoa marketers. Author: Akinola GO Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2004;9(1):5-12. Abstract: This paper analyses the methods of sourcing for cocoa beans by marketers in Nigeria. Data were obtained from a study carried out in Idanre, a town in Ondo state of Nigeria between April 2000 and April 2001. Stratified random sampling technique was used in selecting 150 respondents. The study reveals that marketers who got their beans by planting some and complementing some by other purchases have the highest overall mean gross profit (N2, 079,314) but the difference in the mean gross profit of marketers using any of the sourcing methods is not significant at the ten percent level. The study also reveals that female cocoa marketers were more efficient than their male counterparts in terms of efficient utilization of resources whether mindful or regardless of sourcing methods used. It was concluded that the mostly patronized source of cocoa beans was from farmers, which were achieved by granting loans or supplying some inputs to farmers during the planting season, and collecting dried cocoa beans later in return. It is therefore recommended that male marketers should make more use of "see and buy" method to prevent them from falling victim of fraudsters, female marketers should increase the volume of cocoa they market because dealing with low volume limits their total profits, and finally, cocoa marketers are advised to use any of the cocoa sourcing methods, hence there is a dare need to increase cocoa production. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | MARKETING | PRIVATE SECTOR | SEX FACTORS | MANAGEMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration Document Number: 305408 |
| 18. Title: Roll back malaria: a failing global health challenge [letter] Author: Charlwood JD Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2004 Jun 5;328(7452):[3] p.. Abstract: As shown in Yamey's recent editorial on the failure of the Roll Back Malaria campaign,1 appropriate economic thinking for sustainable development in Africa continues to be ignored. Thus, the customer for bed nets is not the individual African but the large nongovernmental organisation, whose orders are largely based on price, not quality. Economic lessons show, however, that markets are developed by the quality of a product. People, even poor Africans, are prepared to pay for quality, and although it is true that not everyone can afford to buy nets, once a critical mass of users of impregnated nets has been established then non-net users are also protected. Rather than insisting on a low price, non-governmental organisations could instead set the manufacturers of nets the more difficult target of producing, say, a permanently impregnated, durable net that works against Culex quinquefasciatus as well as anophelines. Similarly, while the arguments rage over the possible reintroduction of dicophane (DDT), the Achilles' heel of many past and present indoor residual spraying programmes is people's refusal to have their houses sprayed, irrespective of the insecticide used. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | POPULATION AT RISK | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | PESTICIDES | MARKETING | DRUG RESISTANCE | Research Methodology | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals | Economic Factors | Treatment Document Number: 193340 |
| 19. Title: Facing the challenges of new reproductive technologies. Author: Evans K; Samson AE Source: Toronto, Canada, Association for Women's Rights in Development [AWID], 2004 Jun. [8] p. (Young Women and Leadership: Gender Equality and New Technologies No. 8Facts and Issues) Abstract: Reproductive technologies (RTs) traditionally refers to a range of devices and procedures for assisting, preventing and/or manipulating contraception, fertility and reproductive practices. What makes .new. reproductive technologies (NRTs) different is not only their increasing effectiveness and invasiveness, but the globalized system of profit seeking and control in which they are being advanced. Not only are these technologies being used to manipulate contraception, fertility and reproductive practices, but they are creating new ways to have and influence characteristics of potential children. Never before have reproductive technologies been manufactured and marketed with such intensity. Vast amounts of resources are being put into these discoveries. Yet, the dialogue as to the ethics, potential dangers and consequences on women’s bodies remains largely uncritical and unbalanced, often neglecting to examine the different experiences of NRTs depending on location, class, race, and gender. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE TECHNOLOGIES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | MARKETING | POPULATION POLICY | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | GENETICS | INEQUALITIES | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Human Rights | Economic Factors | Social Policy | Policy | Family Planning | Technology | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 276379 |
| 20. Title: Women in management of micro-enterprises: problems and prospect. Author: Mohanty A Source: Journal of Social Sciences. 2004;8(3):245-251. Abstract: The development strategy for reducing poverty need to recognize that the majority of poor are women. Women constitute nearly two third of the population below poverty line in our country. Of the various dimensions of livelihood options and their implications for women, the present investigative study analyses the problem faced by women in earning their livelihoods through establishing and managing small and tiny enterprises being promoted under different self --employment and income generating Programme. Small and cottage industries with low capital investment significantly contribute to the development and growth of rural economy. Further such tiny enterprises have promising potential for creating self employment avenues for multitude of rural population having low and moderate skill and providing scope for productive utilization of available natural and local resources. Unlike large scale industries, tiny enterprises do have insignificant polluting effect on environment. With increasing emphasis on economic empowerment of women, the rate of entry of women of all social segment to business and industry has shown dramatic rise. These tiny industries meet a substantial part of the increased demand for consumer goods and simple producer or capital goods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | KAP SURVEYS | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | PRIVATE SECTOR | MANAGEMENT | MOTIVATION | MARKETING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 305407 |
| 21. Title: Family planning market segmentation in Jordan: an analysis of the family planning market in Jordan to develop an effective and evidence-based strategic plan for attaining contraceptive security. Author: Sharma S; Almasarweh I Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, POLICY Project, 2004 Mar. [34] p. (USAID Contract No. HRN-C-00-00-00006-00) Abstract: A market segmentation analysis can help define and promote complementary roles for the public, commercial, and NGO sectors—specifically which segments of the population each sector should cater to. This type of analysis helps answer a number of policy-relevant questions such as those listed below. What are the key sources of FP products and services (e.g., public sector, NGOs, commercial sector)? What is the relative market share of each source of FP services? What methods does each source offer and at what price? Who is the intended market for each provider, both current and planned? What is the socioeconomic and demographic distribution of current contraceptive users? What is the profile of current public, commercial, and NGO sector clients? What profile of the population will be most at risk if contraceptives were no longer available in the public sector? What is the untapped potential for commercial products among users of subsidized products? Who has access to and can afford commercial FP services and products? Does service delivery identify whether FP clients obtain services that coincide with their ability to pay, linking subsidization with the ability of clients to pay? Answers to these questions will help establish a better match between current/potential users and the appropriate source of contraceptives, taking into account the users’ location, need, preferences, and ability to pay. The market segmentation analysis will help identify and define the target groups, potential market, and niches for the public, commercial, and NGO sectors. The information on current and potential markets will help those involved in the strategic planning process to achieve contraceptive security in Jordan. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JORDAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | GOVERNMENT | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE SURVEYS | MARKETING | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Surveys | Economic Factors | Distributional Activities | Contraception Document Number: 274633 |
| 22. Title: NetMark. Building sustainable markets for insecticide-treated nets. Author: Academy for Educational Development [AED]. NetMark Project Source: Washington, D.C., AED, NetMark Project, [2003]. [8] p. Abstract: More than two million Africans will die this year from malaria. Malaria disproportionately affects children, and it hurts African economies. Sleeping under an insecticide-treated net (ITN) is proven to prevent malaria. ITNs can lower premature births by 42% and dramatically reduce child mortality. But for this to happen, families must understand the need for sleeping under an ITN, and ITNs must be widely available and affordable. NetMark is a program created to meet this challenge. NetMark builds competitive commercial markets for ITNs, while subsidizing these products for the needy. NetMark unites the commercial sector, NGOs and governments behind a simple goal — making ITNs available to all to create a sustainable public health impact. Few African families own ITNs today. They are not yet widely available or affordable. Many misperceptions about malaria exist. This is the story about how NetMark is working to change that. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILD | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MARKETING | MALARIA PREVENTION | BED NETS | PESTICIDES | PUBLIC HEALTH | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Health | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 281500 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Monitoring compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in West Africa : multisite cross sectional survey in Togo and Burkina Faso. [Surveillance du respect du Code International du Marketing des Substituts du Lait Maternel en Afrique de l'ouest : enquête transversale multi-site au Togo et au Burkina Faso] Author: Aguayo VM; Ross JS; Kanon S; Ouedraogo AN Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2003 Jan 18;326(7381):127-132. Abstract: Objectives: To monitor compliance with the International Code of Marketing of Breastmilk Substitutes in health systems, sales outlets, distribution points, and the news media in Togo and Burkina Faso, west Africa. Design: Multisite cross sectional survey. Participants: Staff at 43 health facilities and 66 sales outlets and distribution points, 186 health providers, and 105 mothers of infants aged <5 months in 16 cities. Results: Six (14%) health facilities had received donations of breast milk substitutes. All donations were being given to mothers free of charge. Health providers in five (12%) health facilities had received free samples of breast milk substitutes for purposes other than professional research or evaluation. Health professionals in five (12%) health facilities had received promotional gifts from manufacturers. Promotional materials of commercial breast milk substitutes were found in seven (16%) health facilities. Special displays to market commercial breast milk substitutes were found in 29 (44%) sales and distribution points. Forty commercial breast milk substitutes violated the labelling standards of the code: 21 were manufactured by Danone, 11 by Nestle, and eight by other national and international manufacturers. Most (148, 90%) health providers had never heard of the code, and 66 mothers (63%) had never received any counselling on breast feeding by their health providers. Conclusion: In west Africa manufacturers are violating the code of marketing of breast milk substitutes. Comparable levels of code violations are observed with (Burkina Faso) or without (Togo) regulating legislation. Legislation must be accompanied by effective information, training, and monitoring systems to ensure that health care providers and manufacturers comply with evidence based practice and the code. (author's) French Abstract: Objectifs : Surveillance du respect du Code International de Commercialisation des Substituts de Lait Maternel par les systèmes de santé, les points de vente, les points de distribution et les médias au Togo et au Burkina Faso, en Afrique de l'Ouest. Conception : Enquête transversale sur sites multiples. Participants : Le personnel de 43 structures de santé et 66 points de vente et de distribution, 186 fournisseurs de services de santé et 105 mères de bébés de moins de 5 mois dans 16 villes. Résultats : 6 (14%) des structures de santé ont reçu des dons de substituts de lait maternel. Tous ces dons ont été gratuitement distribués à des mères. Les fournisseurs de services de santé de 5 (12%) structures ont également reçu des spécimens gratuits de substituts de lait maternel pour des raisons autres que la recherche ou l'évaluation professionnelle. Des professionnels de santé se sont vus recevoir des cadeaux promotionnels de la part de fabricants. Du matériel promotionnel de substituts de lait maternel a été trouvé dans 7 (16%) structures de santé. Des présentations spéciales pour la commercialisation de substituts du lait maternel ont été trouvées dans 29 (44%) points de vente et de distribution. Quarante substituts de lait maternel ont révélé une violation des normes d'étiquetage du code : 21 étaient fabriqués par Nestlé, 11 par Danone et 8 par d'autres entreprises nationales et internationales. La plupart (148,90%) des fournisseurs de services de santé n'ont jamais entendu parler du code, et 66 mères (63%) n'ont jamais reçu de counselling sur l'allaitement de la part de leurs fournisseurs de services de santé. Conclusion : En Afrique de l'Ouest, les producteurs violent le code de commercialisation des substituts de lait maternel. Des niveaux comparables de violation de code ont été observés avec (au Burkina Faso) ou sans (au Togo) législation. La législation doit s'accompagner de systèmes efficaces d'information, de formation et de surveillance en vue d'obtenir des fournisseurs de services de santé et des industriels producteurs se conformant au code et aux bonnes pratiques fondées sur des preuves solides. Language: English Keywords: TOGO | BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | MILK SUBSTITUTES | MARKETING | MONITORING | HEALTH FACILITIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 174951 |
| 24. Title: Assessing the performance of pharmacy agents in counseling family planning users and providing the pill in Benin: an evaluation of Intrah / PRIME and PSI training assistance to the Benin Social Marketing Program. Evaluation des performances des employés de pharmacie en matière de counseling aux utilisateurs du planning familial et de fourniture de la pilule au Bénin : évaluation de l'assistance INTRAH/PRIME et PSI dans le domaine de la formation au Programme Béninois de Marketing Social. Author: Ambegaokar MA; Capo-Chichi V; Sebikali B; Echitey NS Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, School of Medicine, Program for International Training in Health [INTRAH], PRIME Project, 2003 Mar. xi, 59 p. (PRIME Technical Report No. 37USAID Grant No. HRN-A-00-99-00022-00) Abstract: In 1998, Population Services International (PSI) started a social marketing program and launched a low-dose pill (brand name, Harmonie®). In this context, PSI/ABMS developed a collaborative intervention with PRIME/Intrah in order to improve the quality of family planning (FP) services within private sector (pharmacies) by training pharmacy agents in contraceptive technology and FP counseling. In November and December 1999, an evaluation was conducted on the workplace performance of these agents when counseling a new user of FP and providing the pill. This report describes and presents the findings of that evaluation. Twelve mystery clients reported on counseling sessions conducted with 127 pharmacy agents of 71 pharmacies. These agents were categorized into one of four groups: 1) trained in '98 and updated in '99; 2) trained once in '99; 3) not trained, but working in a pharmacy where at least one agent had been trained; and 4) not trained, and working in a pharmacy where no one else had been trained. The results of the observation were scored and the scores of the first three groups of agents were compared to those of the last group. Significance levels of the difference in the means or the proportions were measured at cut-off values of p <.01 or p <.05. Both groups of trained agents were found to perform significantly better than the base group of untrained agents when the counseling session was assessed as a whole. The trained agents were more likely than the untrained ones to prescribe a low dose pill. Weaknesses remain, however, in the quality of the pharmacy assistants' counseling as they are not yet providing comprehensive information about other methods available in the pharmacy, such as condoms and spermicides. After the mystery client visits, members of the evaluation team interviewed 115 of the agents, including 46 of the trained agents (who took a knowledge test) and 50 of the pharmacists. Two problems with the working environment of the agents were identified that may be related to the problems with counseling performance: lack of Information, Education and Communication (IEC) materials to help agents remember key messages in FP counseling and lack of supervision to reinforce proper performance. The training approach (in which agents read documentation on their own in advance of half-day formal sessions) was appreciated by agents and by pharmacists because it allowed advance preparation. Pharmacists would like to send agents to similar training and would like to see training conducted on other subjects, especially sexually transmitted (STDs)/human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). (excerpt) French Abstract: En 1998, Population Services International (PSI) a initié un programme de marketing social et lancé une pilule faiblement dosée (commercialisée sous le nom de Harmonie(r)). Dans ce contexte, PSI/ABMS (American Board of Medical Specialties, ou Conseil américain sur les spécialités médicales) ont mis au point une intervention en collaboration avec PRIME/Intrah (International Training in Health Program, ou Formation internationale en matière de programmes de santé) en vue d'améliorer la qualité des services de planification familiale (PF) au sein du secteur privé (pharmacies) en formant les agents en pharmacie aux méthodes de contraception et à la consultation en planification familiale. Aux mois de novembre et décembre 1999, une évaluation a été menée sur les prestations réalisées sur le lieu de travail de ces agents lors des conseils prodigués à un nouvel utilisateur des composantes de la planification familiale et lors de la prescription de la pilule. Ce rapport décrit et présente les résultats de cette évaluation. Douze clients anonymes ont dressé un rapport sur des séances de consultation menées avec 127 agents en pharmacie de 71 pharmacies. Ces agents ont été classés en quatre groupes : 1) formés en 98 avec une mise à jour en 99 ; 2) formés une fois en 99 ; 3) non formés mais travaillant dans une pharmacie au sein de laquelle au moins un agent a été formé ; et 4) non formés et travaillant dans une pharmacie où aucune autre personne n'a été formée. Les résultats de l'observation ont été notés et les notes des trois premiers groupes d'agents ont été comparées à celles du dernier groupe. Ont été mesurés les niveaux de signification en matière de différence entre les moyennes ou les proportions selon les valeurs de méthode abrégée de p <0,01 ou p <0,005. Les deux groupes d'agents formés se sont avérés être nettement plus performants que le groupe de base composé d'agents non formés au moment de l'évaluation globale de la séance de consultation. Les agents formés étaient plus susceptibles que ceux non formés de prescrire une pilule faiblement dosée. Des faiblesses demeurent cependant en matière de qualité des conseils prodigués par les assistants en pharmacie, ceci dans la mesure où ces derniers ne fournissent pas encore des informations complètes sur d'autres méthodes disponibles en pharmacie, comme les préservatifs et les spermaticides. Après la visite des clients anonymes, les membres de l'équipe d'évaluation ont interrogés 115 agents, y compris 46 agents formés (qui ont passé un test de connaissances) et 50 pharmaciens. Deux problèmes ont été identifiés en rapport avec l'environnement de travail des agents, et qui peuvent être mis en corrélation avec les problèmes de prestation et performance en matière de consultation : le manque d'information, de supports documentaires éducatifs et de communication à même d'aider les agents à se souvenir des messages clés de consultation en planification familiale, et le manque de supervision permettant de renforcer des prestations appropriées. L'approche de formation (selon laquelle les agents lisent seuls la documentation une demie journée avant les séances formelles) a été appréciée par les agents et les pharmaciens, ceci dans la mesure où elle permettait de se préparer à l'avance. Les pharmaciens voudraient envoyer des agents suivre une formation similaire et souhaiteraient que la formation porte sur d'autres sujets, en particulier sur les maladies sexuellement transmissibles (MST)/le virus d'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). (extrait) Language: English Keywords: BENIN | EVALUATION REPORT | PHARMACISTS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING TRAINING | COUNSELING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | MARKETING | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraception | Family Planning | Distributional Activities | Nonclinical Distribution | Economic Factors | Oral Contraceptives Document Number: 178139 |
| 25. Title: Drinking to their health: Social analysis of a micronutrient-fortified beverage field trial. Author: Benjamin M; Ash DM Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2003;24 Suppl 4:S141-S145. Abstract: Anthropologic research was conducted among pregnant and lactating women in rural Tanzania in conjunction with clinical trials of a micronutrient-fortified beverage. Use of the beverage was examined through interviews and ethnographic observation in clinics and at home. Women liked the taste of the beverage, considered it beneficial to their health, preferred it to pills or injections, and most were willing and able to use it according to instructions. Most consumed the beverage according to schedule in the hope of improving pregnancy outcomes. However, public health facilities in Tanzania are not currently equipped to ensure regular delivery of micronutrient supplements, and many of the women with the worst nutrition profiles are also those who would be least able to purchase supplements on the open market. Successful distribution of micronutrient supplements in forms that appeal to consumers, such as a fortified beverage, will require programmatic attention to locally appropriate social marketing and to the challenges of reaching those with extremely low incomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHILD NUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | ATTITUDES | HEALTH EDUCATION | MARKETING | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition | Health | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Physiology | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Education | Economic Factors Document Number: 311409 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's livelihood in fisheries in coastal Karnataka, India. Author: Bhatta R; Rao KA Source: Indian Journal of Gender Studies. 2003 May-Aug;10(2):261-278. Abstract: This paper reports on the results of survey among fisherwomen in Coastal Karnataka. Data was collected on the nature of their work, earnings and role in decision making by giving different weightage to individual activities. The study suggests that only 16 per cent of the women are fully involved in decision making, although their contribution to the family income and household work is substantial. There is a social stigma attached to fish marketing activities and the younger generation is not willing to enter the business. Government support in terms of subsidy does not help in improving social status. Employment generation by providing modern marketing facilities is required for improving the status of fisherwomen. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN'S STATUS | FISHING | LABOR FORCE | PARTICIPATION | MARKETING | DECISION MAKING | INCOME | HOUSEWORK | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Occupations | Human Resources | Social Behavior | Behavior | Microeconomic Factors | Social Problems Document Number: 185745 |
| 27. Title: Protecting breastfeeding: Brazil's story. [Protección de la lactancia: experiencia de Brasil] Author: Brady SD Source: Practising Midwife. 2003 Nov;6(10):14-16. Abstract: I am a Brazilian paediatrician, until recently co-ordinating the human milk bank is São José dos Campos, a city of about 600,000 people in São Paulo state. Until 2001, I also co-ordinated the International Baby Food Action Network (IBFAN) in Brazil. Now that I am living in the United Kingdom, I am often pleased to hear Brazil's experience in promoting, supporting and protecting breastfeeding being cited and praised here. In its Progress of Nations 1999 report (Unicef 1999), Unicef published the results of a study of exclusive breastfeeding gains. Brazil was second on the list of 35 countries, with a comparison between rates for 1986 and 1996 showing a four percentage point increase per year in exclusive breastfeeding at four months. A total of 21 of the countries had shown increases in breastfeeding rates, others remained static and five had decreasing rates. A new IBFAN report examines the experience in implementing the Code and Resolutions in Brazil alongside that of other countries, including England (IBFAN 2003). (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Soy un pediatra brasileño, hasta hace poco tiempo coordinador del banco de leche de São José dos Campos, una ciudad de unos 600.000 habitantes situada en el estado de São Paulo. Hasta 2001, también coordiné la Red de Apoyo a la Nutrición Infantil (IBFAN International Baby Food Action Network) de Brasil. Actualmente, estoy radicado en el Reino Unido y me complace saber que aquí se cita y reconoce la experiencia brasileña en la promoción, apoyo y protección de la lactancia. En su informe El Progreso de las Naciones 1999, publicado en ese año por UNICEF, se revelaron los resultados de un estudio sobre el aumento en las tasas de lactancia materna exclusiva. En la lista de 35 países Brasil ocupó el segundo lugar, con un aumento anual de cuatro puntos en el porcentaje de las tasas de lactancia materna exclusiva a los cuatro meses entre 1986 y 1996. Un total de 21 países mostró aumentos en las tasas de lactancia, otros no registraron cambios y cinco presentaron una reducción de las tasas. Un nuevo informe de IBFAN analiza la experiencia de la implementación del Código Internacional y las resoluciones subsiguientes en Brasil en comparación con la de otros países, incluyendo Inglaterra (IBFAN 2003). (extracto) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MOTHERS | WORKERS | BREASTFEEDING | PROMOTION | MARKETING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | PREVALENCE | LEGISLATION | WORKPLACE | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Labor Force | Human Resources | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 194786 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Water, sanitation, and hygiene at Kyoto. Author: Curtis V; Cairncross S Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2003 Jul 5;327:3-4. Abstract: One promising strategy is to market sanitation and handwashing as if they were consumer products like cars or shampoo. Consumers see the building of a toilet as a home improvement not as a health intervention. Equally they use soap to make hands look, feel, and smell good, not to prevent sickness. Public money could be spent on marketing hygiene and toilets, thus generating demand that can then be met by the private sector. The private sector also knows how to generate behaviour change through marketing. If consumer demand for hygiene and toilets can be stimulated with the help of the private sector, public funds can be liberated to support public infrastructure and to help the very poorest who cannot afford to adopt new technologies. This approach is being tested in six countries, where public-private partnerships between soap companies, governments, and agencies such as theWorld Bank aim to increase rates of handwashing with soap massively (www.globalhandwashing.org). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | WATER SUPPLY | SANITATION | HYGIENE | PROMOTION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DIARRHEA | PRIVATE SECTOR | MARKETING | PUBLIC SECTOR | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Natural Resources | Environment | Public Health | Health | Economic Factors | Policy | Diseases | Macroeconomic Factors | Organizations Document Number: 181862 |
| 29. Title: Insight into breastfeeding and complementary feeding practices: a case study from Indonesia. Author: de Pee S; Moench-Pfanner R; Bloem MW Source: SCN News. 2003 Dec;(27):23-27. Abstract: Indonesia has a population of more than 231m people, 28% of whom live in urban areas, including some in very poor conditions. While much improvement has been made in nutritional status and health over the past 50 years, malnutrition (eg, stunting, anaemia, low serum levels of vitamin A) is still highly prevalent, particularly among young children and pregnant and breastfeeding mothers. The crisis that was set off by El-Nino and Asia's economic crisis in late 97 has put many people below the poverty line and worsened the situation of already vulnerable groups of the population. During these times, appropriate feeding practices are of even greater importance for the survival, growth, development, health and nutrition of infants and children. This paper reports on current practices and opinions regarding breastfeeding and complementary feeding among 70% of Indonesia's rural population and among the urban poor population of four large cities in Indonesia. Data on this topic are regularly collected by the Hellen Keller International (HKI)/Government of Indonesia (GOI) Health and Nutrition Surveillance System (NSS). Data shown here were collected from data collection rounds between December 01 and May 02 from the provinces of West Sumatra, Lampung, Banten, West Java, Central Java, East Java, Lombok and South Sulawesi and the urban poor populations of Jakarta, Surabaya, Semarang and Makassar. Seventy percent, or more than 160m people, of Indonesia's population lives in the above mentioned provinces. The data were collected through random cluster sampling, and the rural data shown are representative of this population. Data shown in the graphs have been weighted, thus larger provinces contribute more to the average shown than smaller provinces. More information and data for individual provinces can be found in HKI's Breastfeeding and Complementary Feeding Report. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | INFANT | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | MOTHERS | INFANT NUTRITION | BREASTFEEDING | SUPPLEMENTARY FEEDING | MILK SUBSTITUTES | MARKETING | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Nutrition Document Number: 191416 |
| 30. Title: Communicating the benefits of micronutrient fortification. Author: Griffiths M Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2003;24 Suppl 4:S146-S150. Abstract: Food fortification offers an affordable, convenient, and effective mechanism to improve the nutrition status of large segments of a population. However, the success of fortification has been less than public-health professionals and private-sector companies alike have hoped for, though often for different reasons. As new opportunities are available, success will be dictated by the ability of public health professionals to learn from private food companies' marketing efforts and, in turn, for the food companies to learn from the public health sector about how to reach groups who need fortified products the most. Simply having fortified products on the market does not promise that consumers will use the products or that businesses will continue to promote them. Carefully crafted and strategically implemented behavior-change communication can inform and motivate consumers to purchase and use the products appropriately, and, in turn, can motivate food companies, program managers, and policy makers to participate in the marketing of these products. Public health and development professionals can learn from the success of private-sector companies in creating demand for products. Good consumer research and testing can guide effective development and marketing of fortified products, as they do for all products and services. Private-sector companies that know how to market products need assistance to focus on the poorest segments of a population to pursue cost-effective strategies to get the product to those in need, in addition to those with purchasing power for the new product. Audience-specific marketing strategies can ensure that the same fortified product reaches every person who would benefit from it. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | PRIVATE SECTOR | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | FOOD AND BEVERAGE | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | MARKETING | SOCIAL MARKETING | COMMUNICATION PROGRAMS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COMMUNICATION OBJECTIVES | CAMPAIGNS | HEALTH EDUCATION | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nutrition | Physiology | Biology | Communication | Education Document Number: 311410 |
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