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Peer Reviewed

Title: Is phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor use associated with condom breakage?
Author: Crosby R; Yarber WL; Sanders SA; Graham CA
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Sep;85(5):404-5.
Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor (PDE5i) use would be associated with increased likelihood of condom breakage using an event-specific analysis. A convenience sample of 440 men completed an internet-based questionnaire that assessed variables pertaining to the last time they used condoms for penile-vaginal intercourse (PVI). A bivariate (screening) analysis was performed to identify covariates for a multivariate analysis using logistic regression. Altogether, 5.9% of the men reported breakage and 9.5% reported PDE5i use during the last time a condom was used for PVI. Among men who had used PDE5i during the last condom-protected occasion of PVI, 11.9% reported breakage compared with 5.3% of those not reporting PDE5i use. Adjusting for men's age, ethnic minority status, marital status, reported duration of PVI and alcohol use at last PVI, those using PDE5i were about four times more likely to also report condom breakage (AOR 4.02; 95% CI 1.20 to 13.48; p = 0.04). Of note, duration of PVI was independently associated with breakage (AOR 1.36; CI 1.02 to 1.83; p = 0.04). Findings suggest that PDE5i use may potentially be associated with increased odds of condom breakage among some men.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MEN | CONDOM FAILURE | RISK FACTORS | DRUGS | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Condoms | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342845

Peer Reviewed

Title: High HIV prevalence detected in 2006 and 2007 among men who have sex with men in China's largest municipality: an alarming epidemic in Chongqing, China.
Author: Feng L; Ding X; Lu R; Liu J; Sy A; Ouyang L; Pan C; Yi H; Liu H; Xu J; Zhao J
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Sep 1;52(1):79-85.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Data from many large cities in China show HIV prevalence among men who have sex with men (MSM) increasing dramatically over the recent years, making HIV transmission among MSM in China a growing concern. To facilitate targeted HIV prevention among MSM in Chongqing, surveys were conducted to examine HIV prevalence and its associated factors in 2006 and in 2007. METHODS: Surveys were conducted in 2006 and 2007 in 3 districts of Chongqing at venues and cruising areas where MSM frequent. Univariate and bivariate analysis were conducted on demographic, behavioral, and biological data. RESULTS: HIV prevalence was 19.7% in 2006 and 26.5% in 2007 among recruitees from bathhouses and saunas, more than 2 times higher than recruitees from other venues for both years. HIV prevalence increased from 10.4% in 2006 to 12.5% in 2007. HIV prevalence was more than 20% among those older than 40 years of age, much higher than HIV prevalence in younger age groups. HIV prevalence among married MSM was 15.9% in 2006 and 20.9% in 2007, compared with nonmarried MSM at 7.6% in 2006 and 9.2% in 2007. DISCUSSION: Urgent attention for prevention services is required to address the overall high HIV prevalence among MSM in the city, with special focus on subgroups as older, married MSM, and those recruited from bathhouses and saunas.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SAMPLING STUDIES | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMICS | SYPHILIS | SEX BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342907

Title: Individual versus household migration decision rules: gender and marital status differences in intentions to migrate in South Africa.
Author: Gubhaju B; De Jong GF
Source: International Migration. 2009 Jun;47(1):31-61.
Abstract: This research tests the thesis that the neoclassical microeconomic and the new household economic theoretical assumptions on migration decision-making rules are segmented by gender, marital status, and time frame of intention to migrate. Comparative tests of both theories within the same study design are relatively rare. Utilizing data from the Causes of Migration in South Africa national migration survey, we analyse how individually held "own-future" versus alternative "household well-being" migration decision rules effect the intentions to migrate of male and female adults in South Africa. Results from the gender and marital status specific logistic regressions models show consistent support for the different gender-marital status decision rule thesis. Specifically, the "maximizing one's own future" neoclassical microeconomic theory proposition is more applicable for never married men and women, the "maximizing household income" proposition for married men with short-term migration intentions, and the "reduce household risk" proposition for longer time horizon migration intentions of married men and women. Results provide new evidence on the way household strategies and individual goals jointly affect intentions to move or stay.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | THEORETICAL STUDIES | SURVEYS | EVER MARRIED | NEVER MARRIED | MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | GENDER ISSUES | MARITAL STATUS | DECISION MAKING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341299

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual partnerships in britain: characteristics differ by gender and predict likelihood of condom use.
Author: Hollander D
Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Mar;41(1):64-5.
Abstract: Men and women in Britain report many differences in the characteristics of their heterosexual partnerships, and some differences in partnership characteristics are reflected in the likelihood of risky behavior. For example, men are more likely than women to have casual partners, and they are less likely than women to have partners of roughly their own age. Condom use is more likely in casual partnerships than within marriage; even so, the level of use in casual relationships suggests that many men and women are inadequately protected against the risk of STD infection. Additionally, condom use the first time a couple has sex is more likely if the partners are about the same age than if the male is five or more years older than the female. In nearly one-quarter of men's new partnerships, but only one in 10 of women's, first sex with a new partner occurs within 24 hours after the couple's meeting. These are among the findings of an analysis based on data from Britain's 1999-2001 National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles.1 The survey was based on a stratified probability sample of more than 11,000 British residents aged 16-44, who participated in face-to-face interviews and computer-assisted self-interviews. A total of 9,598 respondents reported having had at least one heterosexual partner in the past year; investigators used data on this subsample to study partnership formation, and they employed logistic regression to assess associations between partnership characteristics and condom use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | SEXUAL PARTNERS | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | MARITAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 330702

11.

Title: Contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge of Hong Kong Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy.
Author: Ip WY; Sin LL; Chan DS
Source: Journal of Clinical Nursing. 2009 Jul 8;
Abstract: Aim and objectives. The purpose of this study was to explore contraceptive practice, the level of knowledge and self-efficacy of contraception among Chinese women with unplanned pregnancy and to determine the relationships between these variables. Background. The construct of self-efficacy can be employed as a theory to design a nursing intervention to prevent sexually active women from unplanned pregnancy. Only a few western studies have investigated the relationships between self-efficacy and contraception behaviour yet none targeted at the Chinese population. Design. Cross-sectional survey. Methods. This study employed a cross-sectional survey design. A convenience sample of 117 eligible Chinese females completed all the questionnaires, which included the Chinese version of the Contraceptive Self-efficacy Scale and Contraceptive Knowledge Scale. Results. The findings in this study suggested that younger, unmarried women at the lower income group, who adopted male condoms are at risk for unplanned pregnancy. The sample demonstrated an above medium level of knowledge and self-efficacy in contraception. However, no significant relationship was found between contraceptive self-efficacy and knowledge (p>0.05). Conclusions. Contraceptive obstacles were revealed by participants' moderate level of contraceptive self-efficacy and contraceptive knowledge. The relationship between contraceptive knowledge of specific methods and contraceptive self-efficacy need further exploration in future studies. Relevance to clinical practice. The dominant use of male condoms by the sample of this study sheds light on future direction in the development of educational programmes and contraceptive promotion strategies appropriate for women with unplanned pregnancy.
Language: English
Keywords:
HONG KONG | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONDOM USE | KNOWLEDGE | SELF-PERCEPTION | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342217

12.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Geophagy (Soil-eating) in relation to Anemia and Helminth infection among HIV-infected pregnant women in Tanzania.
Author: Kawai K; Saathoff E; Antelman G; Msamanga G; Fawzi WW
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jan;80(1):36-43.
Abstract: Geophagy, the regular and deliberate consumption of soil, is prevalent among pregnant women in sub-Saharan Africa. We examined the associations of geophagy with anemia and helminth infection among 971 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive pregnant women in Tanzania. About 29% of pregnant women regularly consumed soil. Occupation, marital status, and gestational age were associated with geophagy. Ascaris lumbricoides infection was associated with the prevalence of geophagy (adjusted-prevalence ratio 1.81; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.37-2.40); however, hookworm, Trichuris trichiura, and Strongyloides stercoralis showed no association. Anemia and red blood cell characteristics suggestive of iron deficiency were strongly correlated with geophagy at baseline. In longitudinal analyses, we found evidence suggesting that soil consumption may be associated with an increased risk of anemia (adjusted-relative risk 1.16; 95% CI = 0.98-1.36) and a lower hemoglobin concentration (adjusted-mean difference -3.8 g/L; 95% CI [-7.3, -0.4]). Pregnant women should be informed about the potential risks associated with soil consumption.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREVALENCE | PARASITIC DISEASES | ANEMIA | COMPLICATIONS | OCCUPATIONS | MARITAL STATUS | GESTATIONAL AGE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Human Resources | Nuptiality | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 330314

13.

Title: Adolescent childbearing in Nicaragua: a quantitative assessment of associated factors.
Author: Lion KC; Prata N; Stewart C
Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):91-96.
Abstract: Data from the 2001 Nicaragua Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine the sexual and reproductive behavior of 3,142 females ages 15-19. Age at sexual debut and age at first birth were assessed using life table analysis, and the impacts of various factors on these measures were then examined in Cox proportional hazard models. Among sexually active females, current use of modern contraceptives was examined using logistic regression analysis. Rural residence, rising levels of education, and greater wealth were associated with older age at sexual debut. Having had first sex before age 15 was associated with an increased risk of having an earlier first birth, whereas having first had sex at age 16 or later was associated with a decreased risk. Among sexually active females, current use of a modern method was positively associated with being married or in a stable union and with having given birth, and negatively associated with lacking health care autonomy and wanting a baby within two years.
Language: English
Keywords:
NICARAGUA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | FIRST BIRTH | MATERNAL AGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Parental Age | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality
Document Number: 339885

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Trends in marriage and time spent single in sub-Saharan Africa: a comparative analysis of six population-based cohort studies and nine Demographic and Health Surveys.
Author: Marston M; Slaymaker E; Cremin I; Floyd S; McGrath N; Kasamba I; Lutalo T; Nyirenda M; Ndyanabo A; Mupambireyi Z; Zaba B
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i64-i71.
Abstract: The authors analyzed cohort data from Uganda, Tanzania, South Africa, Zimbabwe, and Malawi and Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data from Uganda, Tanzania and Zimbabwe. Life table methods were used to calculate median age at first sex (AFS), age at first marriage (AFM), and time spent single. In each study, two surveys were chosen to compare marital status by age and identify changes over time. Median AFS, AFM, and time spent single vary considerably among these populations. These three measures are underlying determinants of sexual risk and HIV infection, and they may partially explain the variation in HIV prevalence levels among these populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | UNMARRIED | MARRIAGE AGE | MARITAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 340109

15.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Patterns and distribution of HIV among adult men and women in India.
Author: Perkins JM; Khan KT; Subramanian SV
Source: PloS One. 2009;4(5):e5648.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: While the estimated prevalence of HIV in India experienced a downward revision in 2007, the patterning and distribution of HIV in the population remains unclear. We examined the individual and state-level socioeconomic patterning of individual HIV status among adult men and women in India as well as the patterning of other individual demographic and behavioral determinants of HIV status. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We conducted logistic regression models accounting for the survey design using nationally representative, cross-sectional data on 100,030 women and men from the 2005-2006 India National Family Health survey which, for the first time, provided objective assessments of HIV seroprevalence. Although there was a weak relationship between household wealth and risk of being HIV-positive, there was a clear negative relationship between individual education attainment and risk of being HIV-positive among both men and women. A 1000 Rupee change in the per capita net state domestic product was associated with a 4% and 5% increase in the risk for positive HIV status among men and women, respectively. State-level income inequality was associated with increased risk of HIV for men. Marital status and selected sexual behavior indicators were significant predictors of HIV status among women whereas the age effect was the most dominant predictor of HIV infection among men. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: Although the prevalence of HIV in India is low, the lack of strong wealth patterning in the risk of HIV suggests a more generalized distribution of HIV risk than some of India's high-risk group HIV prevention policies have assumed. The positive association between state economic development and individual risk for HIV is intriguing and requires further scrutiny.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ADULTS | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | INEQUALITIES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Health | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 342161

16.

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Frequency and characteristics of induced abortion among married and single women in Sao Paulo, Brazil.
Author: Souza e Silva R; Vieira EM
Source: Cadernos De Saude Publica. 2009 Jan;25(1):179-87.
Abstract: This article presents the results of a study in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, aimed at estimating the frequency of induced abortion among women 15 to 49 years of age. The objective was to characterize the occurrence of induced abortion by comparing the ideal number of children, age, and contraceptive use between married and single women. Based on random sampling, 1,749 interviews were held, including 764 married women, 658 single women, and 327 with other marital status. The analysis included: mean number of abortions per woman by analysis of variance and proportions of abortions and pregnancy, using the chi-square test. The mean abortion rate for married women (45 per thousand) did not differ statistically from that of single women. However, the pregnancy rate was much lower in single women, and when single women became pregnant they used abortion more frequently; while fewer than 2% of pregnancies in married women ended in induced abortions, among single women the abortion rate exceeded 18%. Therefore, the priority in the reproductive health field should be to invest in the supply and dissemination of appropriate contraceptive methods for women's early sexually active life.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION RATE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTION | MARITAL STATUS | PREGNANCY RATE | NEEDS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Nuptiality | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342615 Notification

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Psycho-social impact and quality of life of people living with HIV/AIDS in South India.
Author: Subramanian T; Gupte MD; Dorairaj VS; Periannan V; Mathai AK
Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):473-81.
Abstract: This study examines psycho-social impact of HIV and quality of life of 646 HIV-infected persons from a major government sexually transmitted disease (STD) clinic in South India. In this cross-sectional study, data was collected using interview schedule and scales. Nearly 70% had problems in parenting their children after acquiring the infection. Most (88%) of the respondents reported of seeking help from their family members, relatives or close friends at the time of their illness. Among the four categories of stigma, most of them (96%) reported perceived stigma whereas actual stigma was mentioned by only 33%. All four categories of stigma were experienced on a higher proportion by females than males (p<0.05). Each type of stigma was significantly associated with each domain of quality of life of the respondents (p<0.005). Respondents who reported of actual stigma (33%) had significantly good quality of life in their physical domain (49%), psychological domain (48%) and environmental domain (44%). Multivariate analysis showed that gender and marital status had significant association with quality of life. The findings of the study underscore the need for enabling environment through "human force" to uplift their social status and to have a better quality of life.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | QUALITY OF LIFE | STIGMA | SEX FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Data Collection | Research Methodology
Document Number: 341825

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unseen and unheard: predictors of sexual risk behavior and HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Chennai, India.
Author: Thomas B; Mimiaga MJ; Menon S; Chandrasekaran V; Murugesan P; Swaminathan S; Mayer KH; Safren SA
Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2009 Aug;21(4):372-83.
Abstract: In India men who have sex with men (MSM) are stigmatized, understudied, and at high risk for HIV. Understanding the impact of psychosocial issues on HIV risk behavior and HIV infection can help shape culturally relevant HIV prevention interventions. Peer outreach workers recruited 210 MSM in Chennai who completed an interviewer-administered psychosocial assessment battery and underwent HIV testing and counseling. More than one fifth (46/210) reported unprotected anal intercourse in the past 3 months, 8% tested positive for HIV, and 26% had previously participated in an HIV prevention intervention. In a multivariable logistic-regression model controlling for age, MSM subpopulation (kothi, panthi, or double-decker), marital status, and religion, significant predictors of any unprotected anal intercourse were being less educated (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = .54; p = .009), not having previously participated in an HIV prevention program (AOR = 3.75; p = .05), having clinically significant depression symptoms (AOR = 2.8; p = .02), and lower self-efficacy (AOR = .40; p < .0001). Significant predictors of testing positive for HIV infection were: being less educated (AOR = .53; .05) and not currently living with parent(s) (AOR = 3.71; p = .05). Given the prevalence of HIV among MSM, efforts to reach hidden subpopulations of MSM in India are still needed. Such programs for MSM in India may need to address culturally-relevant commonly cooccurring psychosocial problems to maximize chances of reducing risk for infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | MEN | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | COUNSELING | RELIGION | MARITAL STATUS | INTERVENTIONS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342725

20.

Title: Seasonal modulation of reproductive effort during early pregnancy in humans.
Author: Vitzthum VJ; Thornburg J; Spielvogel H
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):548-58.
Abstract: Life history theory predicts that early pregnancy presents a relatively low cost, uncontested opportunity for a woman to terminate investment in a current reproductive opportunity if a conceptus is of poor quality and/or maternal status or environmental conditions are not propitious for a successful birth. We tested this hypothesis in rural Bolivian women experiencing substantial seasonal variation in workload and food resources. Significant risk factors for early pregnancy loss (EPL) included agropastoralism versus other economic strategies, conception during the most arduous seasons versus other seasons, and increasing maternal age. Anovulation rate (AR) was higher during the most arduous seasons and in older women. Breastfeeding and indicators of social status and living conditions did not significantly influence either risk of EPL or AR. Averaged over the year, anovulation occurred in about 1/4 of the cycles and EPL occurred in about 1/3 of the conceptions. This is the first evidence of seasonality of EPL in a non-industrialized population, and the first to demonstrate a relationship between economic activities and EPL. These findings suggest that both anovulation and EPL are potential mechanisms for modulating reproductive effort; such "failures" may also be nonadaptive consequences of conditions hostile to a successful pregnancy. In either case, variation in EPL risk associated with different subsistence activities can be expected to influence fertility levels and birth seasonality in both contemporary and past human populations. These consequences of variability in the risk of EPL can impact efforts to understand the sources of variation in reproductive success.
Language: English
Keywords:
BOLIVIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL AREAS | PREGNANCY | SEASONAL VARIATION | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | RISK FACTORS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Americas | Geographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Health | Nuptiality
Document Number: 342988

21.

22.

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Some factors associated with condom use among bar maids in Tanzania.
Author: Akarro RR
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:[13] p.
Abstract: Some socioeconomic and demographic factors contributing to the use of condoms among bar maids were studied in selected urban areas in Tanzania. Bar maids were classified according to whether or not they use condoms, and logistic regression was used in the analysis. Of the demographic variables studied, age, marital status, education level, use of alcohol and wage rate showed a significant relationship at the 1% level between individual factors and use of condoms. The odds ratios show that girls aged 10-14 are over 18,000 times more likely not to use condoms compared with women aged 30 and above. Those who drink are 6.6 times (1/0.165) less likely to use condoms compared with those who do not drink. In other words, alcohol consumption can be a stimulus for an individual not to use condoms. It is clear that young girls who drink are at the highest risk of contracting HIV/AIDS in comparison with older females. A multiple logistic regression model shows all the aforementioned factors to be significantat the 1% level. A policy recommendation is made that the government should impose restrictions as far as employment of bar maids is concerned. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | LOGISTIC MODEL | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WORKERS | WOMEN | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | CONDOM USE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | HIV | AIDS | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Mathematical Model | Theoretical Models | Data Analysis | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Nuptiality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement
Document Number: 326408

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Deaths among young, single women in 2000 - 2001 in the West Bank, Palestinian occupied territories.
Author: Al-Adili N; Shaheen M; Bergstrom S; Johansson A
Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 May;16(31):112-121.
Abstract: A study in 2000-2001 of causes of death of women of reproductive age (15-49) in the West Bank, Palestinian Occupied Territories, found that 154 of the 411 deceased women aged 15-49 with known marital status were single. Death notification forms for reported deaths were analysed and verbal autopsies carried out, where possible, with relatives of the deceased women. We found important differences in the age at death and causes of death among the single and married women, which can be attributed to the disadvantaged social status of single women in Palestinian society, exacerbated by the current unstable political situation. 41% of the deceased single women were under 25 years of age at death compared to 8% of the married women. The proportion of violent deaths and suicides among the single women was almost twice as high as among the married women, mainly in those below age 25. The single women were also more likely to die from medical conditions which indicated that they faced barriers to accessing health care. The fieldwork was conducted at the height of the Intifada and the Israeli military response, with heavy restrictions on mobility, limiting the possibility of probing deeper into the circumstances surrounding sensitive deaths. More research into the socio-cultural context of single women in Palestine society is needed as a basis for intervention. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
WEST BANK | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | WOMEN | MARITAL STATUS | CAUSES OF DEATH | AGE FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Factors | Population | Nuptiality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 327196

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Differentials of fertility in North and South Gondar zones, northwest Ethiopia: a comparative cross-sectional study.
Author: Alene GD; Worku A
Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:397.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Ethiopia is one of the most densely populated countries in Africa with an estimated population of 77.1 million in mid-2007. Uncontrolled fertility has adversely influenced the socio-economic, demographic and environmental situations of the country. It is one of the largest and poorest countries that, even in the midst of crisis, has maintained high levels of fertility. This study was aimed at investigating the most important factors influencing fertility behavior in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS: A comparative cross-sectional study which included 2424 women aged 25 years and above was undertaken in the Amhara region of Northwest Ethiopia. The study subjects were grouped into high fertile and low fertile categories. There were 1011 and 1413 women in the high and low fertile groups, respectively. A multi-stage cluster sampling stratified by place of residence was employed to select the required study subjects. Both bivariate and multivariate logistic regression techniques were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: Among the 25 variables considered in this study, only 9 of them were found significantly and independently associated with the level of fertility. Women with at least secondary education were at a lower risk of high fertility with OR = 0.37 (95% CI: 0.21 to 0.64) compared to those with no formal education. However, women with primary education did not show any significant difference when compared with the same baseline group. Age at first marriage was inversely associated with the number of children ever born alive. Place of residence, household expenditure, number of children who have died, attitude towards using contraceptives, women's knowledge on the safe period, and current marital status were the other variables that showed significant associations with the level of fertility. CONCLUSION: Female education beyond the primary level, reduced infant and child mortality, delayed marriage and correct knowledge on the safe period during the menstrual cycle were amongst the main factors that had a bearing on high fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FERTILITY RATE | MARRIAGE AGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | CHILD MORTALITY | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality
Document Number: 329771

26.
Title: [Sexual behavior and practices among men and women, Brazil 1998 and 2005] Comportamento e praticas sexuais de homens e mulheres, Brasil 1998 e 2005.
Author: Barbosa RM; Koyama MA
Author: Grupo de Estudos em Populacao, Sexualidade e Aids
Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42 Suppl 1:21-33.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To compare basic findings from two studies on sexual behavior and practices among women and men and their associations with sociodemographic characteristics of this population. METHODS: Data analyzed were obtained by a questionnaire applied to a probabilistic sample comprised of 3,423 people in 1998, and 5,040 people in 2005, all aged between 16 and 65 years, and living in urban areas of Brazil. Comparative analyses were performed by sex and year of research, and according to sociodemographic variables, using Pearson's chi-square test. RESULTS: The number of sexual partners in the year that preceded the interview decreased from 29.5% to 23.1% among men. Variability in sexual behavior and practices according to age, level of education, marital status, religion and place of residence, in addition to specific characteristics based on sex, was observed. There was also an increase in the proportion of women who began their sexual life in the 16-to-19-year age group and had completed up to elementary school, or lived in Southern Brazil. Moreover, it was observed an increase of sexual activity reported by women in the last year, and a decrease among men over 55 years of age, Protestant/Pentecostal, or separated/widowed. The proportion of men with more than one sexual partner in the last year decreased among those aged between 25 and 44 years or who have completed up to high-school. There was an increase in oral sex practice reported by women who are over 35 years of age or live in Northern/Northeastern Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Comparative analysis from 1998 to 2005 suggested a tendency towards differences between women and men decreasing. This probably results from a pattern of change characterized by an increase in the frequency of female behavior investigated and a decrease in the frequency of male behavior.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | MEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | RELIGION | COITAL FREQUENCY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331147

27.

Title: Factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding at 3 months postpartum in Valdivia, Chile.
Author: Barria RM; Santander G; Victoriano T
Source: Journal of Human Lactation. 2008 Nov;24(4):439-45.
Abstract: A prospective cohort study was conducted in 315 mother-newborn dyads from Valdivia, Chile. A questionnaire was administered to mothers before 48 hours postpartum, and sociodemographic, obstetric, and neonatal data were collected. At 3 months postpartum, a follow-up by telephone interview or home visit was made, determining the proportion of mothers providing exclusive breastfeeding. Multivariate logistic regression was carried out to identify variables significantly associated with exclusive breastfeeding. Follow-up data showed 98.1% were breastfeeding, and exclusive breastfeeding reached 69.5%. Withdrawal of exclusive breastfeeding was positively associated with single marital status (odds ratio, 2.49; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.20) and smoking during pregnancy (odds ratio, 2.61; 95% confidence interval: 1.48-4.60), while maternal education greater than 8 years was associated with continuation of exclusive breastfeeding (odds ratio, 0.45; 95% confidence interval: 0.24-0.84). Breastfeeding education strategies addressed to high-risk pregnant women (single with a low education level) must be emphasized in addition to prevention of nonhealthy habits, such as tobacco and alcohol consumption during gestation.
Language: English
Keywords:
CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | MARITAL STATUS | TOBACCO USE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | HEALTH EDUCATION | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Puerperium | Reproduction | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Education
Document Number: 329186

28.

Title: Routine, voluntary HIV testing in Durban, South Africa: correlates of HIV infection.
Author: Bassett IV; Giddy J; Wang B; Lu Z; Losina E; Freedberg KA; Walensky RP
Source: HIV Medicine. 2008 Nov;9(10):863-7.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Routine HIV testing is increasingly recommended in resource-limited settings. Our objective was to evaluate factors associated with a new diagnosis of HIV infection in a routine HIV testing programme in South Africa. METHODS: We established a routine HIV testing programme in an out-patient department in Durban, South Africa. All registered adults were offered a rapid HIV test; we surveyed a sample of tested patients. RESULTS: During the 12-week study, 1414 adults accepted HIV testing. Of those, 463 (32.7%) were HIV-infected. Seven hundred and twenty (50.9%) were surveyed. Compared with married women, unmarried men were at the highest risk of HIV [odds ratio (OR) 6.84; 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.45-23.55], followed by unmarried women (OR 5.90; 95% CI 3.25-10.70) and married men (OR 4.00; 95% CI 2.04-7.83). Age 30-39 years (compared with >or=50 years; OR 5.10; 95% CI 2.86-9.09), no prior HIV test (OR 1.45; 95% CI 1.07-2.27) and an imperfect HIV knowledge score (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.24-4.35) were also associated with HIV infection. CONCLUSION: In a routine HIV testing programme in South Africa, rates of previously undiagnosed HIV were highest among men, young and unmarried patients, and those with poorer HIV knowledge. Better interventions are needed to improve HIV knowledge and decrease HIV risk behaviour.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADULTS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | RISK FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 342463

29.
Title: [Trends in condom use: Brazil 1998 and 2005] Uso do preservativo: tendencias entre 1998 e 2005 na populacao brasileira.
Author: Berquo E; Barbosa RM; Lima LP
Author: Grupo de Estudos em Populacao, Sexualidade e Aids
Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Jun;42 Suppl 1:34-44.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To analyze the levels, tendencies and sociodemographic differentials of condom use among the Brazilian urban population. METHODS: The data analyzed was collected in 1998 and 2005, in the study, "Sexual Behavior and Perceptions of the Brazilian Population concerning HIV/Aids". The probabilistic samples, in multiple stages, included men and women aged 16 to 65 years old, living in urban areas. Interviews with individuals that had been sexually active during the 12 months preceding the interview were included in the analysis. The univariate models were based on chi-square tests, corrected by sample planning, and odds ratio calculations; multivariate analysis involved adjustment of logistic regression models, controlling all other interest variables. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in the use of condoms in the 12 months preceding the interview and at the last sexual intercourse. Young people from 16 to 24 years of age protected themselves more in sexual intercourse, particularly with eventual partners. Men used condoms more frequently only when they had an eventual partner. The use of condoms was more frequent among single people. There were no regional differences with respect to the consistent use of the condom. In stable relationships Pentecostals reveal the least amount of protection in sexual intercourse. People who have no religious affiliation or adepts of other religions have higher rates of protection. Level of education, an important differential with respect to the use of condoms in 1998, maintained its prominence in 2005. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate the need for greater in depth discussion concerning actions that are geared towards increasing the consistent use of condoms, particularly among populations with lower educational levels and those that are more vulnerable, such as young women or women in stable relationships.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | CONDOM USE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | MARITAL STATUS | RELIGION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331035

30.
Title: Diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis in Ethiopia: correlation with culture, histology and HIV status.
Author: Beyene D; Ashenafi S; Yamuah L; Aseffa A; Wiker H; Engers H; Klatser P; Sviland L
Source: International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 2008 Sep;12(9):1030-6.
Abstract: SETTING: Butajira, Southern Ethiopia. OBJECTIVE: To compare the diagnostic capacity of the clinical criteria for tuberculous lymphadenitis (TBLN) with histological and/or culture results and to assess the association of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) with tuberculosis (TB) lymphadenitis. DESIGN: Patients (n=171) were included in the study from October 2005 until July 2006 at Butajira Hospital. Laboratory tests were performed to confirm TBLN. HIV status was identified in TBLN patients and retrospectively in 1608 healthy individuals. RESULT: A total of 136/161 (84.5%) patients were diagnosed with TBLN by histology. TBLN was culture-confirmed in 107/156 (68.6%) patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values of histology were respectively 92.5%, 49%, 79.8% and 75% when compared to culture as gold standard. Patients positive for TBLN by cytology and Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) were also positive by histology and culture. Among the 143 confirmed TBLN patients, nine (6.3%) were HIV-positive. Of the 1608 healthy individuals, 77 (4.8%) were HIV-positive. Younger age (P=0.0001), female sex (P=0.016), not being married (P=0.0001) and illiteracy (P=0.016) showed a strong association with HIV in healthy individuals. CONCLUSION: Clinical criteria alone over-diagnosed TBLN by 15.4% compared to histological and/or bacteriological results. The HIV prevalence in TBLN patients and healthy individuals was the same.
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | COMPLICATIONS | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | MARITAL STATUS | SEX FACTORS | ILLITERACY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 329222


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