1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Toward replacement fertility in Egypt and Tunisia. Author: Eltigani EE Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Sep;40(3):215-226. Abstract: Egypt and Tunisia began their fertility transition at almost identical fertility levels and at roughly the same time period, yet the difference in the pace of decline has been such that the total fertility rate (TFR) in Tunisia reached replacement level by the year 2001, whereas the TFR in Egypt remains above three live births per woman. This article draws on the secondary literature and on several nationally representative surveys from the two countries between 1978 and 2005 to provide empirical evidence of the difference in the pace of fertility decline and to analyze the determinants of the differential. Findings include (a) variation across the two countries in the consistency of fertility decline among the segments of the population leading the transition; (b) that the success of each country’s family planning program was influenced by the role of political leaders and the extent of the program’s integration with socioeconomic development objectives; (c) that the impact of contraception on TFR decline became an important factor in the mid-1980s; and (d) that the greatest determinant of the discrepancy in the pace of fertility decline is the disparity in age at marriage, which rose more significantly in Tunisia than in Egypt. The latter finding indicates that reaching replacement fertility in Egypt hinges primarily on further declines in marital fertility, resulting from reduction of wanted fertility and from an expansion of family planning program coverage and improved efficiency of service delivery and use. Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MARITAL FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Population Decrease | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Health Document Number: 339703 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Motherhood in sub-Saharan Africa: The social consequences of infertility in an urban population in northern Tanzania. Author: Hollos M; Larsen U Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Feb;10(2):159-173. Abstract: This paper examines the personal and social ramifications of infertility in an African urban population with low fertility. The study was conducted in Moshi, Tanzania, a multi-ethnic community with relatively high levels of education and a well developed health services infrastructure. The major question to be addressed was whether in a low fertility urban population, both primary and secondary infertility bring about serious personal ramifications for women similar to those in rural areas. The methodology included a survey of 2,019 women and in-depth interviews with 25 fertile and 25 infertile women. Of the 1,549 sexually active women in a regular union, 2.7% had never had a child in spite of trying to conceive for at least two years. Of the 1,352 women who had previously had a child, an additional 6.1% were subsequently infertile. The most important finding from the qualitative analysis concerns the major difference between childlessness and subsequent infertility (or primary and secondary infertility) in terms of implications for the effected women. These findings underline the importance of bearing a child in sub-Saharan African populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | URBAN POPULATION | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | NULLIPARITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARITAL FERTILITY | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Parity | Fertility Measurements | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324336 |
| 3. Title: Fertility and fertility control in pre-revolutionary China. Author: Wolf AP; Engelen T Source: Journal of Interdisciplinary History. 2008 Winter;38(3):345-375. Abstract: The argument of Malthus' First Essay on Population is largely developed on the basis of a comparison between three countries-Britain, the United States, and China. England is presented as an example of an "old state" in which population growth has been considerable in the past but is slow at present. The reason is that "a foresight of the difficulties attending the rearing of a family acts as a preventative check, and the actual distress of some of the lower classes, by which they are disabled from giving the proper food and attention to their children, acts as a positive check." This observation holds for all old states because they lack the resources necessary to support further growth. Malthus offers the United States as an example of a new state in a "healthy country . . . with plenty of food and room" and institutions that made good land affordable and agriculture a good investment. The result was that, as in new colonies generally, the population grew "with astonishing rapidity." Malthus underlines the point by asking why an equal number of people did not "produce an equal increase in the same time in Great Britain." His answer is, "The great and obvious cause . . . is the want of food and room, or in other words, misery." China was known to Malthus as "one of the most fertile, best cultivated, most industrious, and most populous countries in the world," but Smith characterized it as a country in which "the poverty of the lowest ranks of people . . . far surpasses that of the most beggarly nations in Europe." Quesnay summed up the prevailing view: "In spite of . . . the abundance that reigns, there are few countries that have so much poverty among the humbler classes. However great the empire may be, it is too crowded for the multitude that inhabit it." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | UNITED KINGDOM | LITERATURE REVIEW | FERTILITY | POPULATION CONTROL | MALTHUSIANISM | POPULATION THEORY | POVERTY | FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 325519 |
4.  Title: Understanding fertility decline in Egypt. Author: El-Zanaty F Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 18 p. Abstract: The Egyptian government policy objective, for long, have been to slow the growth rate of population. In 1975, the National Population Policy was articulated, focusing on four dimensions of Egypt's population problem: rapid growth, spatial mal-distribution, low-level characteristics, and uneven structure. During earlier phases of Egypt's Population Program, significant achievements were accomplished showing the great success of the program especially in the area of family planning. These achievements continued and were reflected and measured by different indicators. For example, the total fertility rate dropped from 5.3 at the time of the 1980 EFS to 3.5 births per woman at the time of the 2000 EDHS and then decreased at a slower pace to 3.1 at the time of the EDHS 2005. In addition, the contraceptive prevalence increased remarkably from 24 percent in 1980 to 56 in 2000 then increased to 59 percent in 2005. Despite of the success of the Family Planning Component of the National Population Program yet the Family Planning Program still faces challenges to meet it's primarily goal of achieving a full demographic transition to two children per family by year 2017. This paper aims at studying and providing an insight understanding of the nature and pace of change in fertility in Egypt; both total fertility rate and martial fertility rate over the period between 1988 and 2005. In addition, the paper also investigates factors that influence fertility change in the country using Bongaarts Proximate Determinants Framework. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY RATE | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | CHANGES | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317730 |
| 5. Title: Religion, religiosity, and the decline of marital fertility in the United States, 1850-1930. Author: Hacker JD Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [36] p. Abstract: This paper investigates economic, demographic, and religious correlates of marital fertility in the nineteenth-century United States using the recently released 1850 and 1880 IPUMS census samples. The censuses were conducted near the onset (in the case of the 1850 census) and midpoint (in the case of the 1880 census) of the U.S. transition in marital fertility, from an estimated total marital fertility rate of 8.3 in the period 1847-49 to an estimated 6.9 in the period 1877-79. In addition to its excellent coverage by the IPUMS series, the wide diversity of religion in the United States makes it an ideal laboratory to examine the impact of religion on fertility decline. Although the United States census has never asked individuals their religious affiliation, frequency of church attendance, or other measures of religion and religiosity, indirect indicators of religion and parental religiosity can be inferred from the census data. First, county-level census tabulations of "church seats"-the aggregate seating capacities of various church denominations in a given area-can be introduced as contextual variables in regressions modeling marital fertility. Previous studies have shown that counties with a high proportion of church seats held by Congregationalists, Universalists, Unitarians, Society of Friends (Quakers), and Presbyterians were associated with lower child-woman ratios. Because these denominations stressed autonomy of thought, education, and a prominent role for women, it has been suggested that "liberal" religious beliefs may have reduced cultural impediments to limiting family size. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MARITAL FERTILITY | RELIGION | FERTILITY DECLINE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Changes | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 317348 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: The Phoenix population: Demographic crisis and rebound in Cambodia. Author: Heuveline P; Poch B Source: Demography. 2007 May;44(2):405-426. Abstract: The study of mortality crises provides an unusual and valuable perspective on the relationship between mortality and fertility changes, a relationship that has puzzled demographers for decades. In this article, we combine nationally representative survey and demographic-surveillance system data to study fertility trends around the time of the Khmer Rouge (KR) regime, under which 25% of the Cambodian population died. We present the first quantitative evidence to date that attests to a one-third decline of fertility during this regime, followed by a substantial "baby boom" after the fall of the KR. Further analyses reveal that the fertility rebound was produced not only by a two-year marriage bubble but also by a surge in marital fertility that remained for nearly a decade above its precrisis level. Our results illustrate the potential influence of mortality on fertility, which may be more difficult to identify for more gradual mortality declines. To the extent that until recently, Cambodian fertility appears to fit natural fertility patterns, our findings also reinforce recent qualifications about the meaning of this core paradigm of demographic analysis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMBODIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | EXCESS MORTALITY | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | BABY BOOM | NUPTIALITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 317139 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility decline in Asia: The role of marriage change. Author: Jones GW Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Aug;22(2):13-32. Abstract: In dealing with fertility decline in Asia, the present article needs to strike an appropriate balance, examining the role of marriage change without exaggerating its role. The first section summarizes current trends in fertility in some Asian countries, particularly where fertility has reached very low levels. Changes in marriage (particularly delays in marriage) in those countries are discussed in the second section. Available evidence of the disaggregation of fertility decline into marriage change and marital fertility decline is then summarized. The fourth section examines the factors influencing marriage and those influencing fertility within marriage, considering the extent to which they are interlinked or separate. A brief discussion of policy on marriage change for fertility reduction rounds out the substantive scope, followed by the final section that draws some conclusions. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | MARITAL FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | MARRIAGE AGE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Reproductive Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326115 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: The interrelationship between fertility, family maintenance, and Mexico-U.S. migration. Author: Lindstrom DP; Saucedo SG Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Dec 20;17(28):821-858. Abstract: This study examines the interrelationship between migration and marital fertility, using a bi-national sample of retrospective life histories collected in Mexican origin communities and U.S. destination areas. We treat couples as the unit of analysis and use discrete-time hazard models to examine: (1) how the timing and parity of births influence the occurrence of migration (to the U.S. or return to Mexico) and the type of migration (solo or couple), and (2) how current migration status and cumulative migration experience influence the likelihood of a birth. Examining the effects of fertility on migration, and the effects of migration on the timing of births, we are able to address how couples integrate migration opportunities and fertility goals into family building strategies in a context where international circular migration is pervasive. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COUPLES | MIGRATION | MARITAL FERTILITY | PARITY | CHILDBIRTH | FAMILY SIZE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | EVENT HISTORY ANALYSIS | TIME FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Fertility Measurements | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology Document Number: 323347 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Declining fertility in Japan: Its mechanisms and policy responses. Author: Matsukura R; Retherford RD; Ogawa N Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2007 Aug;22(2):33-50. Abstract: This article seeks to analyse the fertility transformation in post-war Japan. The following section discusses how the demographic mechanism of Japan's postwar fertility decline varied over time, while the ensuing section examines what factors contributed to such demographic shifts. Subsequently, a number of the policies and programmes to raise fertility that the Government of Japan has formulated and implemented over the past decade are discussed, and their limitations briefly considered. The final section discusses aspects of Japan's postwar experience which may be relevant for developing countries in Asia, particularly with regard to the first "demographic dividend" yielded by fertility reduction. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: JAPAN | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARITAL FERTILITY | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION POLICY | LEGISLATION | RETIREMENT | FAMILY ALLOWANCES | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | Developed Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Policy | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 326117 |
| 10. Title: Be fruitful and multiply: Changing family formation behavior and the role of religion, religiosity and ethnicity. Draft. Author: Nahmias P; Hall W Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 36 p. Abstract: The concepts of religion and ethnicity are changing over time, as is family formation behavior in terms of the number of children, the timing of childbirth, and entry into marriage. This paper explores the interlocking roles that religion, religiosity and ethnicity play in the fertility and nuptial decisions of individuals, and how that role has changed over time. Using unique data from the Houston Area Study from 1983-2006, a region that has undergone profound demographic changes over the last decades, the observed relationships are explored in order to elucidate the mechanisms through which religion, religiosity and ethnicity combine to influence socio-demographic behavior. The results show that ethnicity clearly continues to define fertility behavior, with Blacks and Hispanics displaying elevated fertility compared with Whites. Hispanics are also displaying a relative propensity to marriage while Blacks exhibit the opposite effect. Religion, on the other hand, especially Catholicism, is having a declining effect on both fertility and marriage. However, the effect of religion and religiosity on demographic behavior differs according to ethnicity. The effect of a certain religious affiliation and level of religiosity has a varying effect on fertility and marriage for Blacks, Hispanics and Whites indicating the importance of the cultural context within which these traits operate. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | TEXAS | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ETHNIC GROUPS | RELIGION | FAMILY RESEARCH | MARITAL FERTILITY | MARRIAGE | FERTILITY DECLINE | CATHOLICISM | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household | Fertility | Nuptiality | Fertility Changes | Christianity Document Number: 317351 |
| 11. Title: The institutional context of fertility in Madhya Pradesh, India. Author: Ranjan A; Deolalikar AB Source: Demography India. 2007 Jan-Jun;36(1):55-71. Abstract: In this paper, we attempt to analyse factors affecting fertility in Madhya Pradesh through an institutional perspective, factors that operate at the level of the family and the society. The institutional factors of fertility have largely been a sidelined aspect of fertility research in India. Fertility control efforts in India have generally followed a techno-medical approach which is supply dominated and service-provider oriented. It rarely takes into the account the factors that operate at the level of the family and the society in shaping reproductive behaviour. At present, there is little empirical evidence and understanding of the role of these factors in fertility decision making, especially in the context of Madhya Pradesh. It is generally argued that with social and economic transition, the impact of institutional factors on fertility decision making process can be minimised if not eliminated. If this is true then, in a state like Madhya Pradesh where the social and economic transition is amongst the slowest in the country, it may be hypothesized that institutional factors play a dominant role in shaping reproductive behaviour and in deciding the levels of fertility. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | CURRENTLY MARRIED | SOCIAL NETWORKS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CULTURE | DECISION MAKING | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | WOMEN'S STATUS | MARITAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Households | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Friends and Relatives | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 324143 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Marital fertility and religion in Spain, 1985 and 1999. Author: Adsera A Source: Population Studies. 2006;60(2):205-221. Abstract: Since the transition to democracy in Spain in 1975, both total fertility and rates of church attendance of Catholics have dropped dramatically. In this study the 1985 and 1999 Spanish Fertility Surveys were used to investigate whether the significance of religion for fertility behaviour -- current family size and the spacing of births -- changed between the survey dates. In the 1985 survey, family size was similar for those Catholics who actively participated in religious activities and those who, though nominally Catholic, were not active participants. By 1999, the family size of the latter was lower and comparable to the family size of those without religious affiliation. These findings accord with the declines in both church attendance and fertility in Spain. The small groups of Protestants and Muslims had the highest fertility. Women in inter-faith unions had relatively low fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | POPULATION | CATHOLICISM | PROTESTANTISM | ISLAM | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BIRTH RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | MARRIAGE | STATISTICS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Christianity | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Nuptiality Document Number: 306337 |
| 13. Title: Reproductive behaviour in three Navarrese villages (eighteenth to twentieth centuries). Author: Barricarte JJ Source: Continuity and Change. 2006 Dec;21(3):419-454. Abstract: This article presents the results of the family reconstitution carried out in three villages in the Spanish province of Navarre, covering a period from the late seventeenth century to 1994. This set of data from over 300 years comprises one of the longest family reconstitution projects in Spain, and means that the present study is based on a major database consisting of over 110,000 entries which can be used to explore various aspects of the demography. In this study I present the evolution of several indicators of fertility, all of which are aspects that can help us to reflect on a phenomenon that has long been known, but which is still not fully understood: the demographic transition. The microfocus of family reconstitution has enabled us to question numerous assumptions about the time when the fall in the birth rate began, the irrational or unconscious nature of reproduction in the pretransitional phase and the strategies employed by couples to have smaller families. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FERTILITY DECLINE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY RESEARCH | MARITAL FERTILITY | FAMILY SIZE | Developed Countries | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Changes | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics Document Number: 314527 |
| 14. Title: Higher community HIV prevalence predicts higher recent marital fertility in Kenya. Author: DeRose LF Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 5 p. Abstract: I estimate the effect of community prevalence of HIV on recent martial fertility in Kenya. The general consensus in the existing literature on the relationship between HIV and fertility is that the relationship is negative, and even that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has contributed to fertility decline in severely affected countries. The negative individual-level relationship between HIV and fertility is fairly unambiguous: what few proximate determinants would contribute to higher fertility (like earlier intercourse) are outweighed by a set of others that produce lower fertility among the infected (higher rates of miscarriage, lower coital frequency because of illness, widowhood, divorce, lower fecundity). Some of the best studies have concluded that the overall fertility of HIV positive women is 25-40% lower than among the uninfected. However, the community-level relationship between HIV and fertility is also believed to be negative, but with far less evidence. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WOMEN | CURRENTLY MARRIED | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | MARITAL FERTILITY | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Measurement | Research Methodology | Fertility Document Number: 317241 |
| 15. Title: Contraceptive use in India: a multivariate decomposition and related simulation analysis. Author: Dwivedi LK Source: Demography India. 2006 Jul-Dec;35(2):291-302. Abstract: The National Family Planning Programme, one of the oldest programmes in India, was started in 1952 with the main aim to control the rapidly growing population, but recent surveys show that the fertility rates are not near the replacement level. Although, the fertility rate has declined during the last decade from 3.4 in 1992-93 to 2.9 in 1998-99 (NFHS-1 & 2), it is not as much as was expected. There are a number of factors that have contributed to the change in fertility like age at marriage and breastfeeding practices. But, many researchers have explained that it may be primarily due to an increase in the use of contraceptives. This paper has been written with three main objectives. First, recent trends in contraceptive use have been examined for India over the six year time period at both aggregate and subgroup levels. The second is to determine whether shifts in population composition, which is mainly associated with the socio-economic development, or a change in the rate of use of contraceptives within specific subgroups could account for the overall observed increase in contraceptive prevalence during the inter-survey period. Lastly, simulation analysis has been carried out for better understanding of the role of female education on contraceptive use. Special attention has been paid to the contribution of female education as Bhat (2002) observed that around half the decline in TFR was due to a decline in the fertility rate among illiterate women. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CURRENTLY MARRIED | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MARITAL FERTILITY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INFORMATION SOURCES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Health | Theoretical Models | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Population | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Status | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Information Document Number: 324136 |
| 16. Title: Low fertility in Europe: causes, implications and policy options. Author: Kohler HP; Billari FC; Ortega JA Source: [Unpublished] 2006 Feb 15. 51 p. Abstract: In this paper we investigate the emergence and persistence of low and particularly lowest-low fertility in Europe, analyze its demographic patterns and socioeconomic determinants, and address the factors that underlie the divergence of fertility levels in Europe and developed countries more generally. The central thrust of our argument is that the emergence of lowest-low fertility in Europe is due to the combination of four distinct demographic and behavioral factors. First, economic and social changes have made the postponement of fertility a rational response for individuals. Second, social interaction processes affecting the timing of fertility have rendered the population response to these new socioeconomic conditions substantially larger than the direct individual responses. As a consequence, modest socioeconomic changes can explain the rapid and persistent postponement transitions from early to late age-patterns of fertility that have been associated with recent trends towards low and lowest-low fertility. Third, demographic distortions of period fertility measures, caused by the postponement of fertility and changes in the parity-composition of the population, have reduced the level of period fertility indicators below the associated level of cohort fertility (for discussion of this technical aspect, see Bongaarts and Feeney 1998; Kohler and Ortega 2002). Fourth, institutional settings in Southern, Central and Eastern European countries have favored an overall low quantum of fertility. Moreover, this institutional setting has caused particularly large reductions in completed fertility in lowest-low fertility countries due to the delay of childbearing. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | POLICYMAKERS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | POPULATION POLICY | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | MARITAL FERTILITY | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Population Decrease | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 314890 |
| 17. Title: The institutionalization and pace of fertility in American stepfamilies. Author: Li JC Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 34 p. Abstract: This paper compares nonparametric fertility rates for American women in stepfamilies and intact families using data from the June 1995 Current Population Survey. Results show that childbearing behaviors in stepfamilies resemble those in intact families. Regardless of stepfamily status, timings and levels of fertility for second and third marital births are identical for all women at the same lifetime parity. Fertility patterns are also similar for all first marital births, with the exception of a constant difference of three years in the pace of fertility. These findings are consistent with (1) the institutionalization hypothesis of stepfamily processes; (2) the hypothesis that lifetime parity is the primary determinant of female fertility; and (3) a speculation that women in stepfamilies attempt to catch up on lost fertility outside of marriage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SURVEYS | WOMEN | FERTILITY | FAMILY CHARACTERISTICS | MARITAL FERTILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 316747 |
| 18. Title: Importance of community level effects in explaining the fertility of rural India: a comparative study under multiple linear and multilevel multiple linear regression analysis. Author: Ram U; Dwivedi LK Source: Demography India. 2006 Jul-Dec;35(2):263-279. Abstract: A closer examination of the literature related to fertility reveals that majority of the research carried out in the past put lot of emphasis in identifying the factors that directly and/or indirectly determine the fertility levels in the population. The significant contributions of these studies have provided us with useful insights to these phenomenons is beyond debate. Aside from adding to our knowledge they are extremely useful in explaining fertility dynamics in various populations (Srinivasan, 1988; Arora, 1989; Pathak, 1989). However, it may be argued that the community level variables/characteristics that emerge as the significant players in the analysis may actually have been influenced, to a larger extent, by the selection of the techniques itself (Bryk and Raudenbush, 1992; Goldstein, 1995). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | DATA AGGREGATION | HEALTH SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | RURAL POPULATION | EVER MARRIED | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MARITAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 324134 |
| 19. Title: Malnutrition and high childhood mortality among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. Author: Rao VG; Sugunan AP; Murhekar MV; Sehgal SC Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2006 Feb;9(1):19-25. Abstract: A study was conducted among the Onge tribe of the Andaman and Nicobar Islands with the objectives of identifying demographic factors responsible for the decline in their population and assessing their nutritional status, which is an important determinant of child survival. The study included estimation of indices of fertility and child mortality, and assessment of nutritional status. All individuals of the Onge community settled on Little Andaman Island were included. The mean total marital fertility rate was estimated to be 5.15 live births per woman and the general fertility rate was 200 live births per 1000 married-woman-years. Although the gross reproduction rate was estimated to be 2.2 female children per married woman, the net reproduction rate was only 0.9 surviving female child per married woman. The mean infant mortality rate during the past 30 years was 192.7 per 1000 live births, and the child survival rate was found to be only 53.2%. A mild to moderate degree of malnutrition was found in 85% of children of pre-school age and severe malnutrition in 10%. The Onges had low intakes of iron, vitamin A and vitamin C. All the screened Onges were found to be infested with one or more intestinal parasites. High childhood mortality appears to be the predominant demographic factor responsible for the decline in the Onge population. The high prevalence of undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency disorders could be important factors contributing to the high childhood mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NUTRITION SURVEYS | TRIBES | CHILDREN | MALNUTRITION | CHILD MORTALITY | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | PARASITIC DISEASES | MARITAL FERTILITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Nutrition | Health | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Document Number: 297443 |
| 20. Title: Levels and patterns of natural marital fertility among low contraceptive communities of southern Ethiopia. Author: Regassa N Source: Demography India. 2006 Jul-Dec;35(2):247-261. Abstract: Natural fertility (N), which is the concern of this study, typically characterizes many traditional communities of Ethiopia. Most communities in Ethiopia are still experiencing high and stable fertility (TFR of above 6 per woman) and the onset of fertility decline has not yet been well established in these dominantly agrarian communities. This scenario can easily be understood by looking at the absence of such deliberate control of birth as measured by contraceptive prevalence rate. According to recent estimate, the overall contraceptive prevalence for the country is about 8 per cent (CSA, 2000). In the study area, Southern federal state, the scenario is even worse, with over all contraceptive prevalence of about 6 per cent, which even comes down to almost nil if one looks at the sub district level (SNNPR, 2001). The high and sustained "natural fertility" in the region can also be inferred from the current level of TFR of some districts or zones which is ranging between 5.6 for Kembatta district to 7.9 in Sidama (DTRC, 1998) varying mainly due to differences in socio cultural experiences across communities. The major objective of this study is to estimate the levels and age patterns of marital fertility of the study population using some demographic models. It is also aimed at examining the extent to which the marital fertility patterns of the study population resembles the standard age patterns of natural fertility. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FERTILITY SURVEYS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | EVER MARRIED | HOUSEHOLDS | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | AGE FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | NATURAL FERTILITY | MARITAL FERTILITY | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Population Characteristics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 324133 |
| 21. Title: Religiosity and marital fertility: Israeli Arab Muslims, 1955-72. Author: Schellekens J; Eisenbach Z Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 44 p. Abstract: This paper examines the relationship between religiosity and marital fertility in a Muslim society around the onset of the transition. Our questions are, first, whether the effect of religiosity remains significant after controlling for socioeconomic characteristics and variables associated with women's status; and, second, to what extent the decline in religiosity explains the transition. We use the 1973-74 Israeli Fertility Survey to investigate the effect of religiosity on marital fertility among Israeli Arab Muslims. In rural areas, where no decline is discernable yet, religiosity has a negative effect on marital fertility, while in urban areas the net effect is positive. The negative effect in rural areas is most likely due to differences in breastfeeding, the more religious breastfeeding longer following Quranic recommendations. We show that measures of women's status explain more than twenty percent of the net effect of religiosity in urban areas. Marital fertility in urban areas started todecline after 1966. We found no evidence for a contribution of the decline in religiosity to the timing of the onset of fertility decline. Neither does another cohort effect, women's education, contribute much. In general, period influences tend to be more powerful than cohort influences in explaining variations in marital fertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERIOD ANALYSIS | FERTILITY SURVEYS | URBAN POPULATION | RURAL POPULATION | ISLAM | LACTATIONAL AMENORRHEA METHOD | TIME FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | FERTILITY DECLINE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL FERTILITY | Developed Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 316995 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Religious differentials in marital fertility in The Hague (Netherlands) 1860-1909. Author: Schellekens J; van Poppel F Source: Population Studies. 2006 Mar;60(1):23-38. Abstract: Previous studies of the marital fertility transition in Europe have found religious differentials. Using data collected from the population registers of The Hague, our aim in this study is to search for answers to the following questions: whether religious differentials result from socio-economic characteristics; to what extent religious ideology explains the behaviour of religious groups; which proximate determinants account for the religious differentials; and whether the Jews were forerunners in the marital fertility transition in Europe. The results provide some evidence of relatively low levels of parity-dependent fertility control among Jews before the transition and among Catholics during the transition. Religious ideology probably accounts for the low level of fertility control among Catholics. The ultimate reason for the relatively high marital fertility among Jews before the transition remains unclear. Our findings do not support the hypothesis that Jews were forerunners in the marital fertility transition. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | WOMEN | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | MARITAL FERTILITY | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | PARITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 298800 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Marital coitus across the life course. Author: Brewis A; Meyer M Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2005;37:499-518. Abstract: It remains unclear whether the frequency of marital coitus does in fact decline universally across the life course, what shape that decay normally takes, and what best accounts for it: increasing marriage duration, women’s age or age of their partners. Using cross-sectional Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data of 91,744 non-abstaining women in their first marriage, a generalized linear model is used to determine if there is a consistent pattern in the life course pattern of degradation in the frequency of marital coitus. Datasets were drawn from nineteen countries in Asia, Africa and the Americas. Use of very large samples allows proper disentangling of the effects of women’s age, husband’s age and marital duration, and use of samples from multiple countries allows consideration of the influence of varied prevailing fertility regimes and fertility-related practices on life course trajectories. It is found that declining coital frequency over time seems a shared demographic feature of human populations, but whether marriage duration, wife’s age or husband’s age is most responsible for that decline varies by country. In many cases, coital frequency actually increases with women’s age into their thirties, once husband’s age and marriage duration are taken into account, but in most cases coital frequency declines with husband’s age and marital duration. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | AFRICA | AMERICAS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | COUPLES | CURRENTLY MARRIED | MARITAL FERTILITY | COITAL FREQUENCY | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Fertility | Sex Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 289686 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Adolescent fertility in Karnataka: An analysis using RHS-RCH data. Author: Deshpande RV Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2005 Jun;51(1):[10] p.. Abstract: In view of the negative socio-economic, demographic and health consequences of early childbearing, it is important to have a clear understanding of fertility pattern of adolescents. With this background, the present study examines the levels, differentials and determinants of adolescent childbearing in Karnataka and its districts. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FERTILITY | ANEMIA | PREMATURE BIRTH | INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RETARDATION | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | AGE FACTORS | DATA QUALITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior | Diseases | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Congenital Abnormalities | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 326218 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Marital fertility in the development blocks of Madhya Pradesh. Author: Ranjan A Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2005 Jun;51(1):[13] p.. Abstract: This paper, presents estimates of fertility within the institution of marriage for each of the 313 development blocks of Madhya Pradesh. Availability of information about the levels of fertility at the development block level is expected to provide an impetus for local level action for population stabilization. Availability of fertility estimates at the development block level along with the estimates of contraceptive prevalence rate may also be helpful in exploring the relationship between fertility and family planning at the local level because of non-availability of information on both levels of fertility and levels of family planning use. The program service statistics of the National Family Welfare Program provides estimates of the levels of family planning use up to the district level only. Similarly, information on family planning use available through the survey has generally been available up to the state level only. It is only very recently that the rapid household survey conducted underthe Reproductive and Child Health Program has provided district level, there is no information about the extent of family planning use. All information on the practice of family planning below the district level is related to the annual targets or service needs achieved for different family planning methods. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | COUPLES | MARITAL FERTILITY | FERTILITY RATE | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 326215 |
| 26. Title: Why is fertility in Korea lower than in Japan? Author: Suzuki T Source: Journal of Population Problems / Jinko Mondai Kenkyu. 2005;61(2):23-39. Abstract: Total Fertility Rate (TFR) in the Republic of Korea showed a sudden fall from 1.47 in 2000 to 1.17 in 2002. Although TFR slightly recovered to 1.19 in 2003, it was still lower than Taiwan (1.24) and Japan (1.29) in the same year. This paper investigates why TFR in Korea since 2001 has been lower than in Japan. It is shown that the tempo-adjusted TFR in Korea in 2002 was still higher than in Japan. This means that one reason of lower fertility in Korea is faster delay in childbearing age. More useful insight can be obtained from a decomposition of nuptiality and marital fertility. A comparison between actual and hypothetical TFRs reveals that approximately 60% of the TFR decline between 1999 and 2002 in Korea was caused by nuptiality decline. However, it is shown that the recent Japan-Korea difference is due not to nuptiality but to marital fertility. According to the 2003 National Fertility and Family Health Survey in Korea, there was an increase in contraception practice since 2000. The ideal number of children did not change in this period. The proportion of high school graduates proceeding to college rose dramatically in the 1990s in Korea while the proportion was stagnated in Japan, suggesting higher cost of childrearing in Korea. The labor participation rate of women in 30s in Korea is lower than in Japan, and the gap has been widening. It is likely that the uncertainty of labor market condition constrained marital fertility in Korea more tightly than in Japan. The Korean government publicized several pro-natal policies in 2004. However, the prerequisite to the recovery of fertility seems to be an acquirement of Western European cultural pattern of weak family ties, extramarital births, early independence of youths, etc. Since such a cultural change is more difficult to occur in Eastern Asia than in Southern Europe, lowest-low fertility in Asia could be severer and last longer than in Europe. (author's) Language: English Keywords: REPUBLIC OF KOREA | JAPAN | CRITIQUE | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | NUPTIALITY | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PRONATALIST POLICY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 293766 |
| 27. Title: The demography of the Arab world and the Middle East from the 1950s to the 2000s. Author: Tabutin D; Schoumaker B Source: Population-E. 2005 Sep-Dec;60(5-6):505-616. Abstract: This second Population chronicle on the demography of the world's regions is devoted to a vast area spreading from Morocco to Turkey, and including Iran and Iraq. The twenty countries covered, many of which are in the political and economic spotlight, occupy almost 12 million square kilometres and had around 421 million inhabitants in 2005. These countries are linked by their past and by their present. For this reason, we preferred to group them together rather than focus exclusively on the Arab world (excluding Israel, Iran and Turkey) or on the Mediterranean basin (excluding the seven countries of the Arabian Peninsula, Jordan, Iran and Iraq). Though Islam is the dominant religion*3' throughout the region, with the exception of Israel of course, the different countries present highly contrasting economic and social situations: they include some of the world's richest countries (the oil and gas producers), but also some of the poorest (Yemen and Palestine). The region is also culturally diverse, with numerous religious and ethnic minorities (Berbers in North Africa, Nubians in Egypt, Kurds, Armenians and Turkmens in Syria, Iraq and Turkey). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DATA ANALYSIS | DATA COLLECTION | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHANGES | DEMOGRAPHY | ISLAM | POPULATION GROWTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | NUPTIALITY | MARRIAGE AGE | REMARRIAGE | DIVORCE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | MARITAL FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BREASTFEEDING | ABSTINENCE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | AIDS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | EDUCATION | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Social Sciences | Science | Religion | Economic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Fertility | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Mortality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migration Document Number: 308523 |
| 28. Title: Persistent marriage regimes in changing times. [Persistencia del sistema matrimonial en tiempos de cambio] Author: Fussell E; Palloni A Source: Journal of Marriage and Family. 2004 Dec;66:1201-1213. Abstract: Marriage among women in Latin America occurs early in life and is nearly universal in spite of the social and economic changes and instability in the region. We use demographic measures to illustrate the precociousness, persistence, and universality of marriage during the past 50 years. We argue that marriage is central to social life because families serve as an important cultural institution for countering the vicissitudes of the economy. Women's roles within families and households are key, as has been illustrated by the growth of literature on household survival strategies during the 1980s and 1990s, when the region experienced widespread economic crisis and restructuring. (author's) Spanish Abstract: En general las mujeres de América Latina se casan jóvenes y el matrimonio es una institución prácticamente universal, pese a los cambios socioeconómicos y a la inestabilidad de la región. Se emplean mediciones demográficas para ilustrar la precocidad, la persistencia y la universalidad del matrimonio durante los últimos 50 años. Se postula que el matrimonio es fundamental para la vida social dado que la familia es una institución cultural importante para contrarrestar los avatares económicos. Las funciones que desempeñan las mujeres en el seno de la familia son esenciales, como revela el crecimiento de las publicaciones sobre estrategias de supervivencia familiar durante las décadas del 80 y el 90, cuando la región experimentó una crisis económica y una reestructuración generalizadas. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: LATIN AMERICA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CULTURE | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC RECESSION | SOCIAL CHANGE | MARRIAGE AGE | FERTILITY DECLINE | MARITAL FERTILITY | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Economic Conditions | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 296916 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Recent trends and components of change in fertility in Nepal. Author: Retherford RD; Thapa S Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2004;36:709-734. Abstract: The objectives of this article are, first, to provide improved estimates of recent fertility levels and trends in Nepal and, second, to analyse the components of fertility change. The analysis is based on data from Nepal’s 1996 and 2001 Demographic and Health Surveys. Total fertility rates (TFR) are derived by the own-children method. They incorporate additional adjustments to compensate for displacement of births, and they are compared with estimates derived by the birth-history method. Fertility is estimated not only for the whole country but also by urban/rural residence and by woman’s education. The own-children estimates for the whole country indicate that the TFR declined from 4.96 to 4.69 births per woman between the 3-year period preceding the 1996 survey and the 3-year period preceding the 2001 survey. About three-quarters of the decline stems from reductions in age-specific marital fertility rates and about one-quarter from changes in age-specific proportions currently married. Further decomposition of the decline in marital fertility, as measured by births per currently married woman during the 5-year period before each survey, indicates that almost half of the decline in marital fertility is accounted for by changes in population composition by ecological region, development region, urban/rural residence, education, age at first cohabitation with husband, time elapsed since first cohabitation, number of living children at the start of the 5-year period and media exposure. With these variables controlled, another one-third of the decline is accounted for by increase in the proportion sterilized at the start of the 5-year period before each survey. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | MARITAL FERTILITY | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 275810 |
| 30. Title: Proximate determinants of fertility in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: an application of the Bongaarts model. Source: Background Report. 2003 May;(8):[6] p.. Abstract: High fertility in Ethiopia is commonly attributed to low levels of socioeconomic development and cultural norms that encourage the desire for many children and limit the ability of couples to effectively control the timing and number of births. Socioeconomic and cultural factors affect fertility indirectly through biological and behavioral mechanisms called the proximate determinants of fertility. Bongaarts (1978) developed a simple mathematical model to quantify the effects of the proximate determinants on fertility. Using this model, Bongaarts and Potter (1983) found that 96 percent of the cross-county variation in fertility could be explained by variation in the level of four proximate determinants: marriage, contraceptive use, postpartum infecundability, and abortion. In this paper, the Bongaarts model is applied to the 2000 Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) to estimate the absolute and relative effects of marriage patterns, contraceptive use, and postpartum infecundity on the level of fertility in the Amhara Region. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | MARITAL FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POSTPARTUM AMENORRHEA | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | BREASTFEEDING | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Puerperium | Reproduction | Marriage | Nuptiality | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 275158 |
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