1.   Peer Reviewed Title: Questioning gender norms with men to improve health outcomes: Evidence of impact. Author: Barker G; Ricardo C; Nascimento M; Olukoya A; Santos C Source: Global Public Health. 2009;:1-15. Abstract: This article describes a review of 58 evaluation studies of programmes with men and boys in sexual and reproductive health (including HIV prevention, treatment, care and support); father involvement; gender-based violence; maternal, newborn and child health; and gender socialisation more broadly. While few of the programmes go beyond the pilot stage, or a relatively short-term timeframe, they offer compelling evidence that well-designed programmes with men and boys can lead to positive changes in their behaviours and attitudes related to sexual and reproductive health; maternal, newborn and child health; their interaction with their children; their use of violence against women; their questioning of violence with other men; and their health-seeking behaviour. The evidence indicates that programmes that incorporate a gender-transformative approach and promote gender-equitable relationships between men and women are more effective in producing behaviour change than narrowly focused interventions, as are programmes which reach beyond the individual level to the social context. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV PREVENTION | MALE ROLE | VIOLENCE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | Behavior | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Program Evaluation | Psychological Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 342230 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Talking the talk, walking the walk: Social network norms, communication patterns, and condom use among the male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Author: Barrington C; Latkin C; Sweat MD; Moreno L; Ellen J; Kerrigan D Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(11):2037-2044. Abstract: Male partners of female sex workers are rarely targeted by HIV prevention interventions in the commercial sex industry, despite recognition of their central role and power in condom use negotiation. Social networks offer a naturally existing social structure to increase male participation in preventing HIV. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social network norms and condom use among male partners of female sex workers in La Romana, Dominican Republic. Male partners (N =318) were recruited from 36 sex establishments to participate in a personal network survey. Measures of social network norms included 1) perceived condom use by male social network members and 2) encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Other social network characteristics included composition, density, social support, and communication. The primary behavioral outcome was consistent condom use by male partners with their most recent female sex worker partner during the last 3 months. In general, men reported small, dense networks with high levels of communication about condoms and consistent condom use. Multivariate logistic regression revealed consistent condom use was significantly more likely among male partners who perceived that some or all of their male social network members used condoms consistently. Perceived condom use was, in turn, significantly associated with dense networks, expressing dislike for condoms, and encouragement to use condoms from social network members. Findings suggest that the tight social networks of male partners may help to explain the high level of condom use and could provide an entry point for HIV prevention efforts with men. Such efforts should tap into existing social dynamics and patterns of communication to promote pro-condom norms and reduce HIV-related vulnerability among men and their sexual partners. Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | MEN | CONDOM USE | HIV PREVENTION | PEER PRESSURE | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Risk Reduction Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychosocial Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331004 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill in men and women in casual and stable sexual relationships. Author: Eberhardt J; van Wersch A; Meikle N Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):161-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Men's and women's attitudes towards the male contraceptive pill and their trust in the effective use of the male pill were investigated, as well as the associated variables of reported health behaviours, perceived self-efficacy and type of sexual relationship, using a questionnaire survey. RESULTS: Although both sexes had a favourable attitude towards the male pill, females had a more positive attitude than men. Conversely, women had less trust that men would use the male pill effectively. Males in stable sexual relationships were more positive about the male pill than those in casual sexual relationships. Gender, relationship type and trust in the effective use of the male pill reliably predicted attitude towards the male pill. High perceived self-efficacy was related to engaging in more health behaviours, and in men a positive association between health behaviours and attitude towards the male pill has been found. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: A positive attitude towards the male pill does not automatically imply that the individual is confident about its effective use. Once the male pill is widely available, promotional campaigns could target not only men but also their female partners, as the latter tend to come into contact with health services more frequently. In order to increase confidence in effective implementation, a variety of presentations of the male pill should be made available in line with individual needs and lifestyles. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | MALE CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | QUESTIONNAIRES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342138 |
| 4. Title: Ethics in family planning FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health. Author: Milliez J Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Apr 16; Abstract: The FIGO Committee for the Ethical Aspects of Human Reproduction and Women's Health considers the ethical aspects of issues that impact the discipline of obstetrics, gynecology, and women's health. The following document represents the result of that carefully researched and considered discussion. This material is intended to provide material for consideration and debate about these ethical aspects of our discipline for member organizations and their constituent membership. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | POLICYMAKERS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | HEALTH PERSONNEL | ETHICS | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | ABORTION | HUMAN RIGHTS | MALE ROLE | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Fertility Control, Postconception | Political Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 331125 Notification |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender-based violence and HIV: relevance for HIV prevention in hyperendemic countries of southern Africa. Author: Andersson N; Cockcroft A; Shea B Source: AIDS. 2008 Dec;22 Suppl 4:S73-86. Abstract: Gender-based violence (GBV) is common in southern Africa. Here we use GBV to include sexual and non-sexual physical violence, emotional abuse, and forms of child sexual abuse. A sizeable literature now links GBV and HIV infection.Sexual violence can lead to HIV infection directly, as trauma increases the risk of transmission. More importantly, GBV increases HIV risk indirectly. Victims of childhood sexual abuse are more likely to be HIV positive, and to have high risk behaviours.GBV perpetrators are at risk of HIV infection, as their victims have often been victimised before and have a high risk of infection. Including perpetrators and victims, perhaps one third of the southern African population is involved in the GBV-HIV dynamic.A randomised controlled trial of income enhancement and gender training reduced GBV and HIV risk behaviours, and a trial of a learning programme reported a non-significant reduction in HIV incidence and reduction of male risk behaviours (primary prevention). Interventions among survivors of GBV can reduce their HIV risk (secondary prevention). Various strategies can reduce spread of HIV from infected GBV survivors (tertiary prevention). Dealing with GBV could have an important effect on the HIV epidemic.A policy shift is necessary. HIV prevention policy should recognise the direct and indirect implications of GBV for HIV prevention, the importance of perpetrator dynamics, and that reduction of GBV should be part of HIV prevention programmes. Effective interventions are likely to include a structural component, and a GBV awareness component. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SOUTHERN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | HIV PREVENTION | RAPE | SEXUAL ABUSE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | CHILD ABUSE | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK BEHAVIOR | MALE ROLE | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Violence | Behavior | Aggression | Social Behavior Document Number: 330381 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Perceived influence of an HIV vaccine on sexual-risk behaviour in the Dominican Republic. Author: Barrington C; Moreno L; Kerrigan D Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 May;10(4):391-401. Abstract: This study explored local perceptions regarding the potential influence of an HIV vaccine on sexual risk behaviours in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Qualitative in-depth interviews were carried out with 25 participants, including 15 women and 10 men. Approximately half of the male study participants stated that they would increase their number of sexual partners and/or would not use condoms if they received an HIV vaccine. In contrast, women reported that they would be unlikely to change their own behaviour, but stated that an HIV vaccine would allow them to worry less about the sexual-risk behaviour of their male partners. Our findings suggest the need to utilize existing HIV prevention programmes to support future HIV vaccine research and distribution efforts and minimize increased risk behaviour. Such efforts should actively assess and address the role of culturally-defined gender norms on behavioural responses to the introduction of HIV vaccines. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | HIV | VACCINES | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | PERCEPTION | CONDOM USE | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Research Methodology | Data Collection | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Sexual Partners | Social Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 326897 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Male partner involvement and assistance in female condom use. Author: Beksinska M; Smit J; Mabude Z; Vijayakumar G; Linda J Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):400-3. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To investigate how males assist their partners in using the female condom. METHODS: A multi-site, randomized, cross-over trial was conducted to test the performance and acceptability of the Reality female condom compared to a prototype similar in design and appearance but made of synthetic latex (FC2). In this study women were asked about male partner assistance in FC use. RESULTS: Partner assistance in FC use was similar across FC type. Of the women who returned for the first follow-up visit (n = 233), just over a third (35.2%) reported that the male partner assisted in the insertion compared to 26.4% of the 201 women who returned for the second visit. In most cases where the partner assisted, the device was inserted using the inner ring, as recommended in the instructions for use. A small number (6%) mentioned that partners assisted in removal. CONCLUSION: Men have a role to play in the use of the female condom and are willing to assist their partners in using it. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | FEMALE CONDOMS | MALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Risk Reduction Behavior | Interpersonal Relations | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Behavior Document Number: 331099 |
| 8. Title: Wife beating in South Africa: An imbalance theory of resources and power. Author: Choi SY; Ting KF Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008 Jun;23(6):834-852. Abstract: This article develops an imbalance theory to explain physical violence against women in intimate relationships in South Africa. The theory proposes four typologies: dependence, compensation, submission, and transgression, through which imbalances in resource contribution and power distribution between spouses are hypothesized to contribute to violence. The dependence hypothesis suggests that economic dependence of the wife will lead to more violence. The compensation hypothesis argues that the husband will use force to compensate for his inability to live up to the male-provider norm. The submission hypothesis suggests that violence will increase due to the submission of women in male-dominated families. Finally, the transgression hypothesis argues that men in female-dominated families will use force to punish their wives for supposedly transgressing the gender norm of male dominance. Empirical evidence provided some support for the dependence, submission, and transgression hypothesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | POWER | PATRIARCHY | MATRIARCHY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 326875 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV prevention and low-income Chilean women: Machismo, marianismo and HIV misconceptions. Author: Cianelli R; Ferrer L; McElmurry BJ Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Apr;10(3):297-306. Abstract: Socio-cultural factors and HIV-related misinformation contribute to the increasing number of Chilean women living with HIV. In spite of this, and to date, few culturally specific prevention activities have been developed for this population. The goal of the present study was to elicit the perspectives of low-income Chilean women regarding HIV and relevant socio-cultural factors, as a forerunner to the development of a culturally appropriate intervention. As part of a mixed-methods study, fifty low-income Chilean women participated in a survey and twenty were selected to participate in prevention, in-depth interviews. Results show evidence of widespread misinformation and misconceptions related to HIV/AIDS. Machismo and marianismo offer major barriers to prevention programme development. Future HIV prevention should stress partner communication, empowerment and improving the education of women vulnerable to HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | HIV | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | KNOWLEDGE | MISINFORMATION | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 326382 |
| 10. Title: Gender and migration in the central valleys of Oaxaca. Author: Cohen JH; Rodriguez L; Fox M Source: International Migration. 2008 Mar;46(1):79-101. Abstract: In this paper, we examine the gendered nature of international and internal migration that originates in the central valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Our goals are to define migration patterns and outcomes for Oaxacan women from the central valleys region and note the differences that mark migrant men and women. We use ethnographic data from anthropological research in 12 of Oaxaca's central valley communities to argue that local concepts of what defines correct behaviour (for both men and women) are critical to the outcomes and the differences that exist in the practices of migrant men and women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | RURAL AREAS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | MOTIVATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324346 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender role beliefs and family migration. Author: Cooke TJ Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008 May-Jun;14(3):163-175. Abstract: Consistent empirical evidence demonstrates that demographic indicators associated with traditional gender roles, such as the presence of children, are linked to the negative effect of moving on married women's employment and earnings. However, very few studies have directly examined how gender role beliefs are related to family migration behaviour. This analysis demonstrates that when a couple shares egalitarian gender role beliefs, the family has a lower probability of moving when the wife is employed and has a higher probability of moving when the wife is unemployed and wants to work. Among couples that do not share traditional gender role beliefs, migration appears to be unaffected by the employment status of the wife. This study is one of the few which clearly demonstrates that family migration is contingent on the gender role beliefs of husbands and wives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | COUPLES | INTERNAL MIGRATION | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | GENDER ISSUES | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Behavior | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 326579 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender and AIDS: Time to act. Author: Greig A; Peacock D; Jewkes R; Msimang S Source: AIDS. 2008;22 Suppl 2:S35-S43. Abstract: Gender has long been recognized as being key to understanding and addressing HIV and AIDS. Gender roles and relations that structure and legitimate women's subordination and simultaneously foster models of masculinity that justify and reproduce men's dominance over women exacerbate the spread and impact of the epidemic. Notions of masculinity prevalent in many parts of the world that equate being a man with dominance over women, sexual conquest and risk-taking are associated with less condom use, more sexually transmitted infections, more partners, including more casual partners, more frequent sex, more abuse of alcohol and more transactional sex. They also contribute to men accessing treatment later than women and at greater cost to public health systems. The imperative of addressing the gender dimensions of AIDS has been clearly and repeatedly articulated. Many interventions have been shown to be effective in addressing gender-related risks and vulnerabilities including programmes designed to reach and engage men, improve women's legal and economic position, integrate gender-based violence prevention into HIV services, and increase girls' access to secondary and tertiary education. Despite this, the political will to act has been sorely lacking and not nearly enough has been done to hold governments and multilateral institutions to account. This paper argues that we can no longer simply pay lip service to the urgent need to act on what we know about gender and AIDS. Simply put, it is time to act. (Author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | CRITIQUE | HIV INFECTIONS | GENDER ISSUES | GENDER RELATIONS | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | INTERVENTIONS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S STATUS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 327861 |
| 13. Title: Dislocated masculinity: Adolescent and the Palestinian nation-in-exile. Author: Hart J Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2008;21(1):64-81. Abstract: Taking as its starting-point emerging discussion about gender and nationalism, this article considers the masculinities constructed by and for adolescent males born into a Palestinian refugee camp in Jordan. I consider the relationship of these masculinities to the construction of the camp as a moral and sociopolitical space. Through the employment of ethnographic material, the article demonstrates the ways in which young males-through the performance of a particular, dominant vision of masculinity termed mukhayyamji-serve to reproduce the camp as authentic location of an exilic national community. The article also examines the implications for individual young men of this interplay between masculine performance and the reproduction of the camp as a moral and socio-political space. It explores the consequences both for those who fail or choose not to uphold the idealized, mukhayyamji adolescent masculinity and for those who evince the skills and qualities that this entails. It is argued that, while the former risk marginalization from the camp as a moral and sociopolitical community, the latter face marginalization from the economic life of wider Jordanian society and, with that, endanger the transition to social adulthood. Thus, a set of paradoxes emerges for young males that reflects the ambiguous position of the Palestinian refugees in Jordan at a specific moment in the history of Jordan and the Palestinian national struggle. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | NATIONALITY | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | REFUGEES | MALE ROLE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Middle East | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Behavior Document Number: 324866 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Acceptability of microbicidal surrogates among Zambian women. Author: Jones DL; Weiss SM; Chitalu N; Bwalya V; Villar O Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2008 Feb;35(2):147-153. Abstract: This study assessed the acceptability after the use of vaginal lubricants as surrogates for microbicides among women in Zambia and the role of cultural factors as facilitators or impediments to their potential use for HIV risk reduction within the Zambian context. HIV seronegative women (N = 301) recruited from the University Teaching Hospital HIV Voluntary Counseling and Testing Center were randomized into group, individual, or enhanced usual care arms. Participants attended pre- and post-HIV test counseling, followed by a 3-session, 2-hour once-a-month intervention introducing them to vaginal lubricants (2 types of gels, suppositories) in addition to male and female condoms. Supplies were offered at months 4 and 5; assessments were at baseline, 6, and 12 months. At baseline, the majority of women reported minimal previous exposure to vaginal products and low levels of condom use. Participants' use of products was influenced by product characteristics and perceived partner acceptability; the majority of participants preferred drier products and suppository delivery systems. The basis for decisions regarding vaginal product acceptability changed over time and followed product exposure, and was greatly influenced by perceptions of partner acceptability. Results illustrate the influence of male partners on Zambian seronegative women's preferences for microbicidal products, and the change in preferred characteristics over time. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LUBRICANTS | MICROBICIDES | INTERVENTIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | HIV PREVENTION | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CULTURE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | Ingredients and Chemicals | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Interpersonal Relations | Social Behavior Document Number: 323978 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender attitudes, sexual power, HIV risk: A model for understanding HIV risk behavior of South African men. Author: Kaufman MR; Shefer T; Crawford M; Simbayi LC; Kalichman SC Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Apr;20(4):434-441. Abstract: The Gender Attitudes-Power-Risk (GAPR) model of HIV risk behavior was tested using survey data collected from among 309 men who were attending STI services in a primary health care clinic in Cape Town, South Africa. Results showed that negative attitudes towards women were significantly positively associated with a high level of HIV risk behavior, and that endorsement of traditional male roles was negatively associated with HIV risk behavior. Endorsement of traditional male gender roles was also inversely related to relationship control but positively to a high degree of decision-making dominance in one's relationship. Sexual relationship power did not significantly mediate the relationships between gender attitudes and HIV risk behavior. A better understanding of gender roles and ideologies in combination with one's power in sexual relationships as they relate to HIV risk behavior among men could better inform future HIV prevention interventions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | THEORETICAL MODELS | MEN | HIV | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | MALE ROLE | GENDER ISSUES | POWER | DECISION MAKING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Social Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 326405 |
| 16. Title: The contextual effects of gender norms, communication, and social capital on family planning behaviors in Uganda: A multilevel approach. Author: Lee B; Salmon CT; Witte K Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):461-477. Abstract: This study hypothesized a multilevel model to examine the contextual effects of gender norms, exposure to health-related radio programs, interpersonal communication, and social capital on family planning behavior in Uganda. The results of hierarchical linear modeling showed that all of the four variables were significant predictors of family planning behavior. The authors found that gender norms as a contextual factor significantly interacted with the individual-level perceived benefit. The significant cross-level interaction effect was also observed between individuals' interpersonal communication and contextual variation in listening to a health-related radio program. Practical implications for family planning communication campaigns are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Contraception Document Number: 328006 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Morality and sexual rights: Constructions of masculinity, femininity and sexuality among a group of South African soldiers. Author: Mankayi N Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Aug;10(6):625-634. Abstract: This paper describes how South African soldiers draw on notions of gender, sexuality and morality in their constructions of identity and heterosexual sexuality. Popular discourses around HIV and AIDS in South Africa and elsewhere have highlighted the centrality of notions of morality, many of them problematic, in the response to the epidemic. In Southern Africa, the centrality of heterosexuality to HIV transmission has triggered a focus on morality in sexuality, including calls for abstinence or, in married relationships, monogamy. This paper discusses the findings of a research study that explored male soldiers' constructions of masculinity, sexuality and risky sexual practices. Discourses that emerged reflected dominant attitudes regarding men and women's sexual rights and, in particular, the moralisation of women's sexuality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | MILITARY PERSONNEL | HETEROSEXUALS | VALUE ORIENTATION | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | GENDER RELATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALITY | HUMAN RIGHTS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Behavior | Gender Issues | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Personality Document Number: 327793 |
| 18. Title: Contraceptive methods with male participation: A perspective of Brazilian couples. Author: Marchi NM; de Alvarenga AT; Bahamondes L Source: International Nursing Review. 2008 Mar;55(1):103-109. Abstract: The objective was to assess the perspectives of couples who requested vasectomy in a public health service on the use of male participation contraceptive methods available in Brazil: male condoms, natural family planning/calendar, coitus interruptus and vasectomy. A qualitative study with semi-structured interviews was held with 20 couples who had requested vasectomy at the Human Reproduction Unit of the Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brazil. Data analysis was carried out through thematic content analysis. The couples did not, in general, know any effective contraceptive options for use by men and/or participating in their use, except for vasectomy. The few methods with male participation that they knew of were perceived to interfere in spontaneity and in pleasure of intercourse. Men accepted that condom use in extraconjugal relations offered them protection from sexually transmitted diseases; that their wives might also participate in extra-marital relationships was not considered. The few contraceptive options with male participation lead to difficulty in sharing responsibilities between men and women. On the basis of perceived gender roles, women took the responsibility for contraception until the moment when the situation became untenable, and they faced the unavoidable necessity of sterilization. Specific actions are necessary for men to achieve integral participation in relation to reproductive sexual health. These include education and discussions on gender roles, leading to greater awareness in men of the realities of sexual and reproductive health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | COUPLES | VASECTOMY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | CONDOM USE | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | WITHDRAWAL | MALE ROLE | GENDER RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Male Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Contraception | Programs | Organization and Administration | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Social Behavior | Gender Issues Document Number: 325018 |
| 19. Title: The SASA! Way to preventing violence against women. Author: Michau L Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(3):8-10. Abstract: Increasing evidence links violence against women to their vulnerability to HIV and AIDS. Studies in Rwanda, South Africa and Tanzania show that women who have suffered violence are up to three times more likely to contract HIV than those who have not. Despite this, many organisations conceptualise their work on the two issues separately, with governments often allocating tasks of addressing them to different ministries, donors having separate budget lines for each issue, and groups doing the same in their tackling of HIV and violence against women. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HIV PREVENTION | MALE ROLE | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | Africa | Developing Countries | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Social Behavior | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Social Discrimination | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 323156 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Traditional values of virginity and sexual behaviour in rural Ethiopian youth: Results from a cross-sectional study. Author: Molla M; Berhane Y; Lindtjorn B Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Jan 9;8:9. Abstract: Delaying sexual initiation has been promoted as one of the methods of decreasing risks of HIV among young people. In traditional countries, such as Ethiopia, retaining virginity until marriage is the norm. However, no one has examined the impact of this traditional norm on sexual behaviour and risk of HIV in marriage. This study examined the effect of virginity norm on having sex before marriage and sexual behaviour after marriage among rural Ethiopian youth. We did a cross-sectional survey in 9 rural and 1 urban area using a probabilistic sample of 3,743 youth, 15-24 years of age. Univariate analysis was used to assess associations between virginity norm and gender stratified by area, and between sexual behaviour and marital status. We applied Kaplan-Meier and Cox regression analysis to estimate age at sexual debut and assessed the predictors of premarital sex among the never-married using SPSS. We found that maintaining virginity is still a way of securing marriage for girls, especially in ruralareas; the odds of belief and intention to marry a virgin among boys was 3-4 times higher among rural young males. As age increased, the likelihood of remaining a virgin decreased. There was no significant difference between married and unmarried young people in terms of number of partners and visiting commercial sex workers. Married men were twice more likely to have multiple sexual partners than their female counterparts. A Cox regression show that those who did not believe in traditional values of preserving virginity (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR] = 2.91 [1.92-4.40]), alcohol drinkers (AHR = 2.91 [1.97-4.29]), Khat chewers (AHR = 2.36 [1.45-3.85]), literates (AHR = 18.01 [4.34-74.42]), and the older age group (AHR = 1.85 [1.19-2.91]) were more likely to have premarital sex than their counterparts. Although virginity norms help delay age at sexual debut among rural Ethiopian youth, and thus reduces vulnerability to sexually transmitted infections and HIV infection, vulnerability among females may increase after marriage due to unprotected multiple risky sexual behaviours by spouses. The use of preventive services, such as VCT before marriage and condom use in marriage should be part of the HIV/AIDS prevention and control strategies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SURVEYS | YOUTH | VIRGINITY | FIRST INTERCOURSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | MARITAL STATUS | HIV | RISK FACTORS | CONDOM USE | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Nuptiality | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Risk Reduction Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 308603 |
| 21. Title: [HIV vulnerability in women at social risk] Vulnerabilidade ao HIV em mulheres em risco social. Author: Morales AU; Barreda PZ Source: Revista de Saude Publica. 2008 Oct;42(5):822-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate HIV/AIDS vulnerability by risk factors in women at social risk. METHODS: Study conducted in a sample of 178 female homemakers (n=101) and female health providers (n=77) from Antofagasta, Chile, in 20062007. Homemakers were considered at social risk. HIV vulnerability was estimated through a 21-item instrument comprising three domains: gender roles; relationship with the partner; and attitude toward condom use. For determining the relative weight of each dimension to total vulnerability a multiple regression analysis was carried out using the instrument's total score as dependent variable and each domain as independent variable. RESULTS: Overall, the domain showing the highest relative weight was attitude toward condom use (0.542), followed by relationship with the partner (0.453) and gender roles (0.379). There were weight differences between homemakers: relationship with the partner (0.597), attitude toward condom use (0.508) and gender roles (0,403); and health providers: attitude toward condom use (0.638), relationship with the partner (0.397), and gender roles (0.307). CONCLUSIONS: The study results allows to inferring that there are differences in factors that determine HIV vulnerability among women and gender role is the best predictor of risk among those at social risk. Language: Spanish Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | ATTITUDES | CONDOM USE | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Risk Reduction Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 331164 |
| 22. Title: Reasons for multiple sexual partnerships: Perspectives of young people in Zambia. Author: Nshindano C; Maharaj P Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):37-44. Abstract: Epidemiological evidence so far suggests that multiple sexual partnerships are an important factor driving the HIV epidemic. Recently, there has been renewed emphasis on fidelity and partner-reduction in preventing HIV infections. Like many countries in sub-Saharan Africa, Zambia is facing a severe HIV epidemic and young people are heavily affected. This study explores youths' perspectives on multiple sexual partnerships in the context of HIV and AIDS. The study draws on four focus group discussions and 10 in-depth interviews with university students in Lusaka, Zambia, in 2006. While the young people were generally aware of the HIV-related risk associated with multiple sexual partnerships, they felt several obstacles prevented them from changing their sexual behaviour. Of special interest are their perceptions related to socio-economic disadvantages and cultural factors. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | HIV PREVENTION | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | RISK BEHAVIOR | AWARENESS | PERCEPTION | OBSTACLES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexual Partners | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | Social Behavior Document Number: 326906 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Measuring the health effects of gender. Author: Phillips SP Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008 Apr;62(4):368-71. Abstract: The health effects of gender are mediated via group-level constraints of sex roles and norms, discrimination and marginalisation of individuals, and internalisation of the stresses of role discordance. Although gender is frequently a lens through which data are interpreted there are few composite measures that insert gender as an independent variable into research design. Instead, sex disaggregation of data is often conflated with gender, identifying statistically significant but sometimes clinically insignificant sex differences. To directly assess the impact of gender on wellbeing requires development of group and individual-level derived variables. At the ecological level such a summative variable could be composed of a selection of group-level measures of equality between sexes. This gender index could be used in ecological and individual-level studies of health outcomes. A quantitative indicator of gender role acceptance and of the personal effects of gender inequities could insert the often hidden variable of gender into individual-level clinical research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | HEALTH | MEASUREMENT | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SEX FACTORS | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 325059 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Male sexual health concerns in Muong Khen, Vietnam. Author: Phong VH Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Jun;10 Suppl 1:S139-S150. Abstract: Male sexual health concerns are often construed in the medical literature as linked only to genital and reproductive difficulties and malfunctions. However, in reality, male sexual health concerns encompass a broader range of issues and should not be so narrowly conceived. This paper explores men's perceptions of sexual health concerns in Muong Khen, a rural town in northwestern Vietnam. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Findings suggest that men's sexual health concerns are strongly related to worries about economic problems, excessive drinking, men's beliefs about how their bodies work and the hegemonic notion that a man should be responsible for his family's economic well-being. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | INTERVIEWS | MEN | RURAL POPULATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | PERCEPTION | MALE ROLE | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior Document Number: 326395 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Aborting and suspending pregnancy in rural Tanzania: An ethnography of young people's beliefs and practices. Author: Plummer ML; Wamoyi J; Nyalali K; Mshana G; Shigongo ZS; Ross DA; Wight D Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2008 Dec;39(4):281-292. Abstract: The World Health Organization estimates that 3.1 percent of East African women aged 15-44 have undergone unsafe abortions. This study presents findings regarding abortion practices and beliefs among adolescents and young adults in Tanzania, where abortion is illegal. From 1999 to 2002, six researchers carried out participant observation in nine villages and conducted group discussions and interviews in three others. Most informants opposed abortion as illegal, immoral, dangerous, or unacceptable without the man's consent, and many reported that ancestral spirits killed women who aborted clan descendants. Nonetheless, abortion was widely, if infrequently, attempted, by ingestion of laundry detergent, chloroquine, ashes, and specific herbs. Most women who attempted abortion were young, single, and desperate. Some succeeded, but they experienced opposition from sexual partners, sexual exploitation by practitioners, serious health problems, social ostracism, and quasi-legal sanctions. Many informants reported the belief that inopportune pregnancies could be suspended for months or years using traditional medicine. We conclude that improved reproductive health education and services are urgently needed in rural Tanzania. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | YOUTH | BELIEFS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ABORTION | STIGMA | MALE ROLE | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | HARMFUL TRADITIONAL PRACTICES | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Social Problems | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 328191 Notification |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrant women in male-dominated sectors of the labour market: A research agenda. Author: Raghuram P Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):43-57. Abstract: There is a growing literature on female labour migration, but much of this focuses on women who move to work in labour-market sectors where a large proportion of workers are women. This paper argues that there has been much less study of women who migrate to work in male-dominated sectors of the labour market, and explores the nature of this lacuna within research on female migration. It then highlights the increasing presence of women migrants in the ICT sector as one example of an area that has received little study. Finally, the paper explores some reasons why a study of female migrant's experiences in male-dominated sectors of the labour market is important, and what it can add to existing research on female migration more generally. In particular, it urges us to view gender as it intersects and overlaps with other social divisions to produce complex landscapes of female mobility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR MIGRATION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | GENDER ISSUES | MALE ROLE | SEX FACTORS | INFORMATION SERVICES | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | EMPLOYMENT | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323245 |
| 27. Title: Young males' gendered sexuality in the era of HIV and AIDS in Limpopo Province, South Africa. Author: Ragnarsson A; Onya HE; Thorson A; Ekstrom AM; Aaro LE Source: Qualitative Health Research. 2008;18(6):739-746. Abstract: This article is focused on young males' sexual identity and behaviors in rural South Africa. The study comprised 19 focus group discussions with adolescents aged 12 to 14 years. The informants depict male sexuality as biologically predetermined, where physical needs and practices such as circumcision legitimize early sexual debut. Furthermore, the construction of male sexual identity and power imbalances in relationships are already evident at an early age, and age and economics are pertinent factors affecting social relations. Violent behavior and sexual abuse are supported by constructed gender inequalities forming an often negative and nonsupportive environment for young people. We stress the importance of planned HIV and sexuality education for young adolescents with support structures that can help endorse individual actions and informed choices. This is especially important in resource-poor settings where young people are likely to be less empowered than is the case in more affluent settings. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | SEX BEHAVIOR | MALE ROLE | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | CULTURE | GENDER ISSUES | POWER | SEXUAL ABUSE | HIV | AIDS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Social Behavior | Sexual Partners | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 326889 |
| 28. Title: Young people work to promote gender equality in Brazil. Author: Ricardo C; Fonseca V Source: Exchange on HIV / AIDS, Sexuality and Gender. 2008;(4):13-15. Abstract: Gender is central to understanding vulnerabilities of young people, particularly in terms of sexuality and health in Brazil. Rigid ideas and expectations of how men and women should behave and relate to each other underlie rates of HIV and sexually transmitted infections transmission, contraceptive use patterns, physical violence (against women and between men) and a variety of other health and social issues. Entre Nos ("Between Us") is an innovative multi-media campaign to engage Brazilian youth in critical reflections on rigid ideas about gender and how they influence their lives and relationships. The campaign was developed and implemented by Promundo, a Brazilian NGO based in Rio de Janeiro, and a group of young women and men peer educators known as JPEG (the acronym in Portuguese for Youth for Gender-Equity). Entre Nos' flagship is a radio-based soap opera about a young couple, Beto and Jessica, and their friends. The radio provided a low-cost alternative medium, both for production and dissemination (as opposed to television, or street theatre, for example). Entre Nos campaign is part of Promundo's efforts to promote gender equity and health among the youth. In 2008, the campaign started collaborating with the Education Secretariats and schools in the states of Rio de Janeiro and Bahia in Brazil to adapt and integrate Entre Nos and Programmes H and M into the public education sector. The two-year process will provide the opportunity to reach thousands of youth on a sustained basis with messages about more equitable and more empowered ways of living together. It will also offer valuable lessons learned and recommendations to inform subsequent scale-up efforts of gender-transformative programming for youth in Brazil and other settings. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | PEER EDUCATORS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | GENDER RELATIONS | MALE ROLE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | RADIO PROGRAM | CAMPAIGNS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Gender Issues | Social Behavior | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Contraception | Family Planning | Domestic Violence | Crime | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Radio | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Communication | Communication Programs Document Number: 323163 |
| 29. Title: HIV infection returning to Mexico with migrant workers: An exploratory study. Author: Sowell RL; Holtz CS; Velasquez G Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 Jul-Aug;19(4):267-282. Abstract: Men migrating to the United States are at high risk of acquiring HIV and spreading it to their wives and children in Mexico. Yet there is limited understanding of this phenomenon from the perspective of these men and their wives. This exploratory study used face-to-face interviews to gain insight into factors influencing the increased risk of Mexican men migrating to the United States for contracting HIV as well as the consequences of their infections on returning to Mexico. Transcripts from audiotaped interviews provided the data for analysis. Thematic analysis revealed two overall categories and six interrelated themes. Categories were HIV Risk and Living with HIV. Study themes included social isolation, lack of knowledge/ denial, machismo, powerlessness, and making the best of it. Results provide new insight into the spread of HIV in rural Mexico. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | INTERVIEWS | MEN | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | RISK FACTORS | MALE ROLE | KNOWLEDGE | CULTURE | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327544 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: After the fall from grace: negotiation of new identities among HIV-positive women in Peru. Author: Valencia-Garcia D; Starks H; Strick L; Simoni JM Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Oct;10(7):739-52. Abstract: Despite increasing rates of HIV infection among heterosexual women in Peru, married women remain virtually invisible as a group at risk of HIV or requiring treatment. This study analyzed the intersections of HIV with machismo and marianismo, the dominant discourses in Latin America that prescribe gender roles for men and women. Data sources include recent literature on machismo and marianismo and interviews conducted with 14 HIV-positive women in Lima, Peru. Findings indicate how the stigma associated with HIV constructs a discourse that restricts the identities of HIV-positive women to those of 'fallen women' whether or not they adhere to social codes that shape and inform their identities as faithful wives and devoted mothers. Lack of public discourse concerning HIV-positive marianas silences women as wives and disenfranchises them as mothers, leaving them little room to negotiate identities that allow them to maintain their respected social positions. Efforts must be aimed at expanding the discourse of acceptable gender roles and behaviour for both men and women within the context of machismo and marianismo so that there can be better recognition of all persons at risk of, and living with, HIV infection. Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | URBAN POPULATION | STIGMA | GENDER ISSUES | HIV INFECTIONS | CULTURE | PERCEPTION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Socioeconomic Factors | Social Behavior Document Number: 329316 |
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