1.  Title: Paying the price. The economic cost of failing to educate girls. Author: Plan Source: Woking, United Kingdom, Plan, 2008. 11 p. Abstract: Perhaps it is impossible to quantify the difference it makes to individuals' confidence, well-being and life-chances. But there is increasing evidence that we can make a serious estimate of the cost to economies of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys. This report presents a new analysis of the economic cost of failing to educate girls. Based on World Bank research and economic data and UNESCO education statistics, it estimates the economic cost to 65 low and middle income and transitional countries of failing to educate girls to the same standard as boys as a staggering US$92 billion each year. This is just less than the $103bn annual overseas development aid budget of the developed world. The message is clear: investment in girls' education will deliver real returns, not just for individuals but for the whole of society. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | PROGRESS REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CHILD, FEMALE | EDUCATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | COST EFFECTIVENESS | FOREIGN AID | INEQUALITIES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Evaluation Indexes | Financial Activities | Socioeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Women's Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 326794 |
| 2. Title: The demographic, economic and financial determinants of international remittances in developing countries. Author: Adams RH Jr Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Economics Department, Development Prospects Group, 2008 Mar. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4583) Abstract: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | REMITTANCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 325676 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Perturbation analysis of nonlinear matrix population models. Author: Caswell H Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Mar;18(3):59-116. Abstract: Perturbation analysis examines the response of a model to changes in its parameters. It is commonly applied to population growth rates calculated from linear models, but there has been no general approach to the analysis of nonlinear models. Nonlinearities in demographic models may arise due to density-dependence, frequency-dependence (in 2-sex models), feedback through the environment or the economy, and recruitment subsidy due to immigration, or from the scaling inherent in calculations of proportional population structure. This paper uses matrix calculus to derive the sensitivity and elasticity of equilibria, cycles, ratios (e.g., dependency ratios), age averages and variances, temporal averages and variances, life expectancies, and population growth rates, for both age-classified and stage-classified models. Examples are presented, applying the results to both human and non-human populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MASSACHUSETTS | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | ENVIRONMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Demography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Estimation Techniques | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 325250 |
| 4. Title: Economy, ethnicity and international migration. The comparison of Finland, Hungary and Russia. Author: Forsander A; Salmenhaara P; Melegh A; Kondrateva E Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:85-114. Abstract: The focus of this paper is to compare present migration situation, history, economy and migration regulation in an European Union (EU) country (Finland), an EU accessing country (Hungary), and a major non-EU country (Russia). Our material and methods base on literature survey, policy analysis and analysis of the existing statistics and legislation. The results show that even in the era of globalisation that is often claimed to erode states' regulatory power over the flows of capital and people, some regulatory power still exists. Instead of developing their policies in accordance with the largely self-regulating migration process, according to our data, the countries sought to regain political control through reproducing economic, ethnic and national hierarchies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | HUNGARY | RUSSIA | EUROPEAN UNION | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | NATIONALITY | SOCIAL CLASS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Asia, Northern | Asia | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326070 |
| 5. Title: Trips and public health: solutions for ensuring global access to essential AIDS medication in the wake of the Paragraph 6 Waiver. Author: Greenbaum JL Source: Journal of Contemporary Health Law and Policy. 2008 Fall;25(1):142-65. Abstract: In 2003, the World Trade Organization (WTO) proposed a waiver to the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS), known as the "Paragraph 6 Waiver," in order to create flexibility for developing countries and to allow easier importation of cheap generic medication. ... To the companies who own pharmaceutical patents, the notion that a government can use their product without the permission of the patent holder seems unfair and counterproductive. ... Canada was one of the first countries to enact legislation for the sole purpose of exporting generic drugs to developing countries and its experience is indicative of the problems presented by compulsory licensing and the Paragraph 6 Waiver. ... Exact amounts and methods for determining remuneration vary but presumably a fair system would compensate patent holders for the loss of their patent rights while maintaining the system's cost effectiveness for countries issuing the compulsory licenses. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | POLICYMAKERS | PRIVATE SECTOR | AIDS PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | LEGISLATION | ECONOMIC POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy Document Number: 330589 |
6.  Title: The impact of the labour market on the timing of marriage and births in Spain. Author: Gutierrez-Domenech M Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):83-110. Abstract: This paper investigates how education and the labour market affect Spanish individual decisions on the timing of marriage and births, using a Cox hazard approach. It disentangles men and women, and two groups, Cohort 1945-1960 and Cohort 1961-1977. Results show that female employment delays marriage in Cohort 1945-1960, but it has a reverse effect in Cohort 1961-1977. We also find evidence that employment is a barrier for family formation since employed women postpone births in both cohorts. The precarious Spanish labour markets, captured by female unemployment rates, delay family formation, especially by putting off marriage. Male unemployment, at the individual level, impacts negatively on fertility only through delaying marriage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | LABOR FORCE | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE AGE | EMPLOYMENT | FAMILY SIZE | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | UNEMPLOYMENT | SEX FACTORS | MARRIAGE POSTPONEMENT | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics Document Number: 322757 |
| 7. Title: Poverty, employment and globalisation: A gender perspective. Author: Heintz J Source: Poverty in Focus. 2008 Jan;(13):12-13. Abstract: Fundamental and far-reaching changes have taken place in the world economy over the past several decades that have had a profound impact on the lives of women and men. Two key aspects of the transformation are (i) the heightened and growing degree of global economic, social and cultural integration-i.e. the process of 'globalisation'-and (ii) a shift in policy stance towards deregulated markets, privatisation, a smaller role for the state and a relatively narrow focus on reducing inflation. These changes impact employment and poverty outcomes for women and men. Gender dynamics are central to this discussion. Whether households stay out of poverty in this changing global environment may hinge on whether women participate in the labour force and have access to decent paid employment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | POVERTY | EMPLOYMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 323220 |
| 8. Title: Investing in the health of Africa's mothers. Author: Kimani M Source: Africa Renewal. 2008 Jan;21(4):8-11. Abstract: Pumwani Maternity Hospital, in Nairobi, Kenya, is the largest maternal health centre in East and Central Africa. Located close to Mathare and Korogocho, two of Nairobi's biggest slums, the hospital helps some 27,000 women give birth each year. Most are poor and young, between the ages of 14 and 18. The government-run hospital struggles to provide even the most basic services, since it lacks sufficient resources, equipment and staff. "We told patients to buy their own things because of the shortage of supplies," explains Evelyn Mutio, the former head of the hospital's nursing staff. "We told patients to come with gloves, to buy their own syringes, needles, cotton wool and maternity pads." The Pumwani Maternity Hospital exemplifies the state of the health infrastructure in Africa. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), high service costs, lack of trained staff and supplies, poor transport and patients' insufficient knowledge mean that 60 per cent of mothers in sub-Saharan Africa do not have a health worker present during childbirth. That heightens the risks of complications, contributing to greater maternal and child death and disability. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | PROGRESS REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | MATERNAL HEALTH SERVICES | HOME VISITS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | GOALS | UN | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Planning | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 324428 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Financing the response to AIDS: some fiscal and macroeconomic considerations. Author: Maacker M Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S17-22. Abstract: This article examines the international response to AIDS from a fiscal perspective: first the financing of the international response to AIDS, especially the role of external financing, and second, a more comprehensive perspective on the costs of the national response to AIDS relevant for fiscal policy. The second half of the article focuses on the effectiveness of the response to AIDS. We find that there is little basis for concerns about macroeconomic constraints to scaling up, in light of the moderate scale of AIDS-related aid flows relative to overall aid. Regarding sectoral constraints, the picture is more differentiated. Many countries with high prevalence rates have also achieved high rates of access to treatment, but most of these are middle-income countries. Our econometric analysis credits external aid as a key factor that has enabled higher-prevalence countries to cope with the additional demands for health services. At the same time, gross domestic product per capita and health sector capacities are important determinants of access to treatment. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | POLICYMAKERS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | AIDS PREVENTION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FOREIGN AID | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PREVALENCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | CAPACITY BUILDING | ECONOMIC POLICY | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Program Evaluation | Programs | Measurement | Program Sustainability | Policy Document Number: 328186 |
| 10. Title: "Backslanted X" fertility dynamics and macroeconomics. Author: Maoz YD Source: Journal of Population Economics. 2008 Jan;21(1):159-172. Abstract: A large number of pairs of countries exhibit a dynamic pattern in which: (1) Fertility in both countries declines across time; (2) initially, one country has a higher fertility and a lower per-capita income than the other; and (3) in time, as percapita incomes converge, fertility rates in the poorer country become lower than in the richer one. This article documents the prevalence of such dynamics and offers a theoretical model in which these dynamics emerge endogenously. Assuming differences in the degree of utility substitution between consumption and rearing children across countries generates all three components of these dynamics. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | THEORETICAL STUDIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | THEORETICAL MODELS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY RATE | INCOME | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 322760 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: The economic impacts of HIV/AIDS on households and economies. Author: Marlink R; Forsythe S; Bertozzi SM; Muirhead D; Holmes M; Sturchio J Source: AIDS. 2008 Jul;22 Suppl 1:S87-8. Abstract: The following papers address the methods and assessment of microeconomic (household) and macroeconomic impacts of HIV/AIDS focusing on Nigeria, Botswana and Cambodia. Quantifying the impacts of HIV/AIDS, even in the absence of treatment, has a number of policy and programmatic benefits. First, it can act as a good advocacy tool for greater prevention efforts. Second, it can usefully inform targeting strategies for HIV prevention and care to mitigate economic effects when impacts are shown to be largest. Third, the economic cost of HIV/AIDS to an individual, household, community, or economy provides a useful baseline from which to assess the economic savings of a prevention or care programme. We now have a wealth of studies that show the economic impacts of HIV/AIDS on households in many countries and settings. Rather than further quantifying impact, however, studies that systematically compare interventions in terms of their impact on the quality of life of families and communities will be of great use to policymakers and programmers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 328237 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Fighting the brain drain. Author: McColl K Source: BMJ. British Medical Journal. 2008 Sep 15;337:958-960. Abstract: In sub-Saharan Africa, 3% of the world's health workforce cares for 10% of the world's population bearing 24% of the global disease burden. Developing countries need an extra 4.3 million health workers, and urgent action is required to scale up education and training. Last month the World Health Organization's Commission on Social Determinants of Health emphasised the importance of building and strengthening the health workforce if the goal of achieving health equity within a generation is to be realised. International cooperation will be essential to strengthen health systems and to manage the migration of health workers from developing to developed countries. But these measures will take time. What can African and Asian health systems do to recruit and retain health workers now? How can health workers be persuaded to practise in rural areas? Guidelines, commissioned by the Global Health Workforce Alliance, aim to help countries make the best use of incentives to attract and retain health professionals. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POLICYMAKERS | LABOR FORCE | WHO | LIFE EXPECTANCY | BRAIN DRAIN | TRAINING PROGRAMS | ACADEMIC TRAINING | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | INCENTIVES | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | International Migration | Migration | Education | Policy Document Number: 328495 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: 'Time is costly': Modelling the macroeconomic impact of scaling-up antiretroviral treatment in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Ventelou B; Moatti JP; Videau Y; Kazatchkine M Source: AIDS. 2008 Jan 2;22(1):107-113. Abstract: Macroeconomic policy requirements may limit the capacity of national and international policy-makers to allocate sufficient resources for scaling-up access to HIV care and treatment in developing countries. An endogenous growth model, which takes into account the evolution of society's human capital, was used to assess the macroeconomic impact of policies aimed at scaling-up access to HIV/AIDS treatment in six African countries (Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Ivory Coast and Zimbabwe). The model results showed that scaling-up access to treatment in the affected population would limit gross domestic product losses due to AIDS although differently from country to country. In our simulated scenarios of access to antiretroviral therapy, only 10.3% of the AIDS shock is counterbalanced in Zimbabwe, against 85.2% in Angola and even 100.0% in Benin (a total recovery). For four out of the six countries (Angola, Benin, Cameroon, Ivory Coast), the macro-economic gains of scaling-up would become potentially superior to its associated costs in 2010. Despite the variability of HIV prevalence rates between countries, macroeconomic estimates strongly suggest that a massive investment in scaling-up access to HIV treatment may efficiently counteract the detrimental long-term impact of the HIV pandemic on economic growth, to the extent that the AIDS shock has not already driven the economy beyond an irreversible 'no-development epidemiological trap'. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | POLICYMAKERS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HEALTH POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | AIDS PREVENTION | HUMAN CAPITAL | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | COST EFFECTIVENESS | Developing Countries | Africa | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | AIDS | Human Resources | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Evaluation Indexes Document Number: 322745 |
| 14. Title: Is the global health system broken. Source: Finance and Development. 2007 Dec;44(4):[6] p. Abstract: In September 2000, the global community committed with great fanfare to meet a set of eight Millennium Development Goals by 2015-three of which center on health: reducing child mortality by two-thirds; reducing maternal mortality by three-fourths; and halting and beginning to reverse the spread of HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other major diseases. With eight years left, how are we doing? The answer is not good; in fact, the world looks set to miss all three of these goals. Could the problem be that the global health system is now outdated and badly in need of an overhaul? F&D asked a few key health players for their insights. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | PRIVATE SECTOR | CAPITAL | FUNDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | DISEASE PREVENTION | DISEASE TRANSMISSION CONTROL | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Prevention and Control | Diseases Document Number: 323946 |
| 15. Title: Violence and the Millennium Development Goals [letter] Author: Afifi M Source: Lancet. 2007 Sep 22;370(9592):1034. Abstract: The association between domestic violence and the first five Millennium Development Goals is bidirectional. Violence has a negative effect on efforts to alleviate poverty (MDG 1), and poverty has been shown to increase the likelihood of violence. Similarly, education, women's empowerment, child mortality, and maternal health are all linked to domestic violence. Simwaka and colleagues discussed the association between women's empowerment and violence against women and poor access and control over resources, and recommended putting gender issues in the African agenda to achieve MDG 5. Hence, monitoring the progress in preventing violence should not be separated from monitoring the development process in developing countries. Other challenges such as discrimination, inequity, extremism, religious fanaticism, human rights violations, and the faded democracy process have hampered efforts to combat violence in these countries. Ammar stated that "Egypt would be able to combat public violence (eg, terrorism) better if it addresses co-occurrence of spousal and child abuse than by changing its school curriculum". Moreover, we will not be able to estimate properly the magnitude of domestic violence if its economic costs are not investigated. Therefore, the growing political will to take action against violence is not enough in itself, especially when women feel that spousal abuse is justified and when judges and lawyers are part of a culture that tolerates violence against women. (full text) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | UN | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | MONITORING | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL POLICY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developing Countries | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Policy | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases Document Number: 321000 |
| 16. Title: Africa's youthful population: risk or opportunity? Author: Ashford LS Source: Washington, D.C., Population Reference Bureau [PRB], Bringing Information to Decisionmakers for Global Effectiveness [BRIDGE], 2007. [4] p. Abstract: Africa's young people will be the driving force behind economic prosperity in future decades, but only if policies and programs are in place to enhance their opportunities and encourage smaller families. A cycle of positive outcomes can result from having a larger, better-educated workforce with fewer children to support-children who will in turn be more educated and employable, provided that institutions are strengthened and viable economic policies are in place. This policy brief outlines the opportunities and risks that can result from the large numbers of youth growing up in sub-Saharan Africa today. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | PROGRESS REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | YOUTH | POLICYMAKERS | POPULATION | WORKERS | LABOR FORCE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Age Distribution Document Number: 318957 |
| 17. Title: Path-dependency and path-creation perspectives on migration trajectories: The economic experiences of Vietnamese migrants in Slovakia. Author: Balaz V; Williams AM Source: International Migration. 2007 Jun;45(2):37-67. Abstract: There has been only limited research on the Vietnamese diaspora, and that has mostly focussed on Western market economies. This paper explores the distinctive migration, dictated by Cold War geopolitics, from Viet Nam to the Eastern bloc countries. It examines how the intersection of migration policies and politico-economic conditions, before and after the end of state socialism in 1989, produced two distinctive migration phases. Faced with economic constraints, and mediated by their relationships with the Slovak population, most Vietnamese who stayed in, or migrated to, Slovakia after 1989 survived economically by finding a niche in market trading. This paper adopts a path-creating path-dependent perspective to examine these migration trajectories through an analysis based on in-depth interviews with Vietnamese migrants. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MIGRANTS | LABOR FORCE | MIGRATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | SOCIALISM | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Political Systems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 313639 |
| 18. Title: The feminization of poverty in post-apartheid South Africa: A story told by the women of Bayview, Chatsworth. Author: Benjamin S Source: Journal of Developing Societies. 2007;23(1-2):175-206. Abstract: The adoption of neoliberal economic policies by South Africa as it entered into its democratic era, resulted in thousands, if not millions, of poor South Africans plummeting deeper into poverty. The same people who found themselves poor under apartheid, found themselves caught in a cycle of poverty that seemed to be worsening in democratic South Africa. With the privatization of basic services, many South Africans have found that they have no access to water, electricity, or health care and that they are now being evicted from their homes. This article tells the story of an urban community in South Africa which is home to one of the community organizations, the Bayview Flat Residents Association, that gave rise to the first wave of community struggles against evictions in post-apartheid South Africa. This community struggle and the Bayview Flat Residents Association, have been led by poor, black, urban women who continue to bear the burdern of poverty. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | URBAN POPULATION | COMMUNITY | BLACKS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POVERTY | ECONOMIC POLICY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | HOUSING | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Change | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Organization and Administration Document Number: 320686 |
| 19. Title: [Making family planning part of the PRSP process: a guide for incorporating family planning programs into poverty reduction strategy papers] Pour que la planification familiale soit inscrite au processus du DSRP: un guide servant a integrer les programmes de planification familiale aux documents de strategie de reduction de la pauvrete. Author: Bhuyan A; Borda M; Winfrey W Source: Washington, D.C., Health Policy Initiative, Constella Futures, 2007 Jul. [65] p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) This report is also available in English as "Making family planning part of the PRSP process: a guide for incorporating family planning programs into poverty reduction strategy papers" at:http://www.healthpolicyinitiative.com/Publications/Documents/257_1_PRSP_paper_final.pdf Abstract: Family planning is one of many strategies that can slow population growth and reduce demographic pressure, which can help countries lift themselves out of poverty. Reduced population sizes mean decreased burden on national expenditures for education, health, and other social services, as well as less strain on the environment and natural resources. Family planning also directly contributes to reduced infant and maternal mortality and morbidity. Satisfying the family planning needs of the poor-who often live in rural areas and in marginalized urban areas and tend to have less access to health services, higher birth rates, and higher unmet need-promotes equity, helps address the multidimensional nature of poverty, and recognizes the long-term societal changes needed to sustain economic growth at the household and national levels. This guide is designed to help family planning champions-including civil society and NGOs, international and donor organizations, and interested government officials-and other stakeholders promote the inclusion of family planning issues and programs into Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs). Countries prepare PRSPs to qualify for loans and debt relief from the World Bank and International Monetary Fund (IMF). As a condition of receiving assistance, the PRSPs must outline the macroeconomic and social policies countries will adopt to alleviate poverty and, ultimately, accelerate progress toward meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). From the perspective of family planning advocates, the PRSPs can demonstrate the government's commitment to devise, fund, and implement family planning initiatives. From the perspective of governments and PRSP planners, satisfying unmet need for family planning is an innovative approach for reducing poverty that can help countries more easily achieve a range of socioeconomic goals. Language: French Keywords: GLOBAL | MANUAL | STANDARDS | FAMILY PLANNING | POVERTY | INCOME GENERATION PROGRAMS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 308948 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Theorizing migration policy: Is there a third way? Author: Boswell C Source: International Migration Review. 2007 Mar;41(1):75-100. Abstract: This article critically reviews theories of migration policy according to two criteria: methodological rigor and explanatory plausibility. It finds that political economy accounts are theoretically robust, but at the price of oversimplification. Neo-institutional theories offer more sophisticated accounts, but fall short on a number of methodological and explanatory counts. As an alternative, this article suggests a theory focusing on the functional imperatives of the state in the area of migration, which shape its responses to societal interests and institutional structures. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL STUDIES | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 312089 |
| 21. Title: State of anarchy. Rebellion and abuses against civilians. Author: Bouckaert P; Bercault O Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2007 Sep. 108 p. (Human Rights Watch Vol 19, No. 14(A)) Also available in French. Abstract: Since mid-2005, hundreds of civilians have been killed, more than 10 thousand houses burned, and approximately 212,000 persons have fled their homes in terror to live in desperate conditions deep in the bush in northern Central African Republic (CAR). Bordering eastern Chad and war-ravaged Darfur in Sudan, this area has been destabilized by at least two major rebellions against the government of President Francois Bozize. The vast majority of summary executions and unlawful killings, and almost all village burnings, have been carried out by government forces, often in reprisal for rebel attacks. While both main rebel groups have been responsible for widespread looting and the forced taxation of the civilian population in areas they control - and rebels in the northeast have committed killings, beatings, and rape - their abuses pale in comparison to those of the Central African Armed Forces (Forces armees Centrafricaines, FACA) and the elite Presidential Guard (Garde presidentielle, GP). As the International Criminal Court (ICC) begins investigations into atrocities committed during the 2002-2003 rebellion against former President Patasse, it should also investigate possible war crimes under its jurisdiction committed in the current round of fighting. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC | CHAD | FRANCE | PROGRESS REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | REFUGEES | MILITARY PERSONNEL | GOVERNMENT | WAR | HUMAN RIGHTS | UN | POLITICAL FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Economic Factors Document Number: 320248 |
| 22. Title: Challenges to MDG achievement in low income countries: lessons from Ghana and Honduras. Author: Bussolo M; Medvedev D Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Economics Prospects Group, 2007 Nov. 20 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4383) Abstract: This paper summarizes the policy lessons from applications of the Maquette for MDG Simulations (MAMS) model to two low income countries: Ghana and Honduras. Results show that costs of MDGs achievement could reach 10-13 percent of GDP by 2015, although, given the observed low productivity in the provision of social services, significant savings may be realized by improving efficiency. Sources of financing also matter: foreign aid inflows can reduce international competitiveness through real exchange appreciation, while domestic financing can crowd out the private sector and slow poverty reduction. Spending a large share of a fixed budget on growth-enhancing infrastructure may mean sacrificing some human development, even if higher growth is usually associated with lower costs of social services. The pursuit of MDGs increases demand for skills: while this encourages higher educational attainments, in the short term this could lead to increased income inequality and a lower poverty elasticity of growth. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | HONDURAS | PROGRESS REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | GOALS | UN | WORLD BANK | DEVELOPMENT PLANS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs Document Number: 322867 |
| 23. Title: Internationalism, infectious diseases and international development: there is an elephant in the living room [editorial] Author: Cameron DW Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007 Jan;11(1):3. Abstract: Infectious diseases and human health are international by nature. While the distances of the world shorten by travel and trade, the transport and introduction of infectious diseases increases globally. Every year in season influenza crosses the globe, and surveillance in some countries will be used in selective vaccine development for the public health in many countries. But influenza is not the only traveler, and the combination of surveillance and vaccination is not the only international public health response. Every pandemic is the sum of local epidemics, and every city and village has its own story. Mega-cities will have 'mega-demics' through crowding, poverty, mobility and mixing of so many people as the natural world has never seen before. The differences in public health, and in healthcare vary as widely within countries as they do between countries -- the gap between the have's and the have-not's is as great between rich and poor people anywhere, as it is between developed and developing nations. Within nations, access to healthcare and promotion of the public health are an issue of distributive justice and civil rights. However, the public health is more responsive to economic development than healthcare provision. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASES | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SEASONAL VARIATION | EPIDEMICS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 312512 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: [Globalization and infectious diseases in Mexico's indigenous population] Globalizacion y enfermedades infecciosas en las poblaciones indigenas de Mexico. Author: Castro R; Erviti J; Leyva R Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2007;23 Suppl 1:S41-S50. Abstract: This paper discusses the health status of indigenous populations in Mexico. The first section characterizes the concept of globalization and its links to the population's health. Based on available statistical data, the second section documents the current indigenous populations' health status in the country. The article then argues that the presupposition of equity, crucial to globalization theory, does not apply to this case. Using the Mexican National Health Survey (2000), the third section further analyzes the health status of indigenous populations and identifies important inconsistencies in the data. The discussion section contends that these inconsistencies derive from the fact that such health surveys fail to contemplate the cultural specificities of indigenous peoples, thus leading to erroneous interpretations of the data. The article concludes that statistics on indigenous peoples' health must be interpreted with extreme caution and always with the support of social science theories and research methods. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CRITIQUE | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | NATIVE AMERICANS | PREVALENCE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | INEQUALITIES | DATA QUALITY | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | BIAS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Studies | Ethnic Groups | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Data Analysis | Error Sources Document Number: 320431 |
| 25. Title: The making of vulnerabilities: Understanding the differentiated effects of HIV and AIDS among street traders in Warwick Junction, Durban, South Africa. Author: Chazan M; Whiteside A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2007 Aug;6(2):165-173. Abstract: The end of apartheid in South Africa has led to political-economic transition, the deregulation of cities, and increased population mobility, with growing numbers of people living and working in sub-standard and 'informal' urban conditions. These processes have created a fertile terrain for the rapid spread of HIV, especially in the province of KwaZulu-Natal. Few studies have considered how the HIV epidemic's outcomes are interacting with other societal processes, such as globalisation and urbanisation, or how these processes collectively converge with place-specific conditions to expose, drive and compound vulnerabilities to HIV and AIDS. This paper links an analysis of the political economy of South Africa's HIV epidemic with findings from an ethnographic case study with street traders in Warwick Junction, the largest trading hub in Durban, KwaZulu-Natal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | URBAN POPULATION | OCCUPATIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | AIDS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | URBANIZATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 320446 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural responses to political unrest in Oaxaca City, Mexico: Preliminary findings. Author: Cohen JH Source: Population Review. 2007;46(2):22-31. Abstract: Strikes, violence and economic crisis characterized life in Oaxaca City, Oaxaca, Mexico from the spring through late fall of 2006. Demonstrations began around the efforts of striking teachers and grew throughout the summer to include many groups critical of the state's governor. The confrontations led to blockades, violence and several acts of murder along with the cancellation of important events that had negative implications for the city's tourism economy. Nevertheless, little has been said about the rural response to these events. In this paper I present preliminary results interviews in three rural villages to better understand the impacts of political and economic unrest on rural communities. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | POLITICAL FACTORS | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | VIOLENCE | RURAL LIFE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 324754 |
| 27. Title: Income, aging, health and wellbeing around the world: Evidence from the Gallup World Poll. Author: Deaton A Source: [Unpublished], 2007 Jul. 45 p. Abstract: During 2006, the Gallup Organization collected World Poll data using an identical questionnaire from national samples of adults from 132 countries. This paper presents an analysis of the data on life-satisfaction (happiness) and health satisfaction and their relationships with national income, age, and life-expectancy. Average happiness is strongly related to per capita national income, with each doubling of income associated with a near one point increase in life satisfaction on a scale from 0 to 10. Unlike previous findings, the effect holds across the range of international incomes; if anything, it is slightly stronger among rich countries. Conditional on national income, recent economic growth makes people unhappier, improvements in life-expectancy make them happier, but life-expectancy itself has little effect. Age has an internationally inconsistent relationship with happiness. National income moderates the effects of aging on self-reported health, and the decline in health satisfaction and rise in disability with age are much stronger in poor countries than in rich countries. In line with earlier findings, people in much of Eastern Europe and in the countries of the former Soviet Union are particularly unhappy and particularly dissatisfied with their health, and older people in those countries are much less satisfied with their lives and their health than are younger people. HIV prevalence in Africa has little effect on Africans' life or health satisfaction; the fraction of Kenyans who are satisfied with their personal health is the same as the fraction of Britons and higher than the fraction of Americans. The US ranks 81st out of 115 countries in the fraction of people who have confidence in their healthcare system, and has a lower score than countries such as India, Iran, Malawi, or Sierra Leone. While the strong relationship between life-satisfaction and income gives some credence to the measures, the lack of such correlations for health shows that happiness (or self-reported health) measures cannot be regarded as useful summary indicators of human welfare in international comparisons. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | OLDER ADULTS | INCOME | QUALITY OF LIFE | SATISFACTION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | AGE FACTORS | SELF-PERCEPTION | HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Adults | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Perception | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 326004 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Economic costs of epidemic malaria to households in rural Ethiopia. Author: Deressa W; Hailemariam D; Ali A Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2007 Oct;12(10):1148-1156. Abstract: The objective was to estimate the direct and indirect costs of malaria morbidity among communities in an epidemic area in rural Southcentral Ethiopia. The method used was a community-based cross-sectional study of 2195 households in Adami Tulu district from October to November 2003. Treatment-seeking behaviour, expenditure on treatment and transportation, interruption of normal activities, time lost from working and household expenditure on preventive methods were ascertained through interview. Of 12 225 surveyed individuals, 1748 (14.3%) reported perceived malaria during the preceding 2 weeks. 77.1% sought any form of care and 70% had recovered at the time of interview. The average treatment cost per patient at private clinics was Birr 24.00 ($2.76) and Birr 12.50 ($1.44) at public facilities. The average estimated direct cost of malaria per patient was Birr 14.00 ($1.60); the average indirect cost, Birr 35.26 ($4.08). Only 5% of all households reported any preventive expenditure in the precedingmonth, with a mean of Birr 0.76 ($0.09). Malaria poses a significant economic burden on rural households and individuals both through out-of-pocket payment and person-days lost. The promotion and implementation of insecticide-treated nets would alleviate the economic consequences of the disease. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL AREAS | EXPENDITURES | MALARIA | TREATMENT | FEES | IMPACT | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication Document Number: 322067 |
| 29. Title: Globalisation and work: An insight from the Ghananian and Nigerian women experience. Author: Fayankinnu EA; Alo OA Source: Gender and Behaviour. 2007 Jun;5(1):1129-1161. Abstract: This paper examines the implication(s) of globalisation on women in Ghana and Nigeria and suggested policy options. From a qualitative perspective, the paper argued using a comparative approach, that , in spite of the benefits globalisation parades, it has been inherently hostile than pleasant on women in both countries. The policies of deregulation, privatization, devaluation, trade liberalization, monetary restraint, liquidity squeeze and tariff dismantling introduced into both countries as part of the globalisation process led to feminization of employment without corresponding micro benefits for women (female marginalisation).This had consequences for women as the pattern of employment changed from permanent to flexible or casual labour. Thus, women employed under this condition earn low wage, work longer hours, lack job security, deprived of their reproductive rights, and lack union protection. Job loss for women increased due to liberalization of trade which affected women more in the informal sector where they are highly concentrated. Removal of subsidies on goods and services increased prices of commodities and made life difficult for women especially with their unemployed situation. Thus, health care and education fees became unaffordable, leading to decline in health care users. Women lost out with increase in mortality rates, and infections of diseases. Girls had to be withdrawn at the expense of boys from school to assist in domestic chores as well as generate income for the upkeep of the family. This also rendered girls vulnerable to molestation, sexual harassment, rape, pregnancy and STIs. Thus, globalisation increased than reduce women's poverty. The paper concludes by suggesting that the government should increase spending on health and education, encourage women to join unions, organize women in the informal sector, and encourage employers to pay casual workers benefits enjoyed by permanent workers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LABOR FORCE | ECONOMIC POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | WOMEN'S STATUS | LABOR UNIONS | UNEMPLOYMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Human Resources | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Organizations | Employment | Socioeconomic Status | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 318182 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender inequality, poverty and human development in South East Asia. Author: Francisco JS Source: Development. 2007 Jun;50(2):103-114. Abstract: Based on a survey of different forms of inequalities in South East Asia, Josefa S. Francisco looks at how gender inequality not only erodes human security, but also deepens festering structural conflicts, vulnerabilities, and exclusions in society. She argues that there are systemic barriers to a more equitable distribution of opportunities in education, income, health, and wider life chances in society, which are reinforced by stark inequalities in access to and benefits from resources, capacities, and potentials. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ASIA, SOUTHEASTERN | CRITIQUE | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Asia | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems Document Number: 319942 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |