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1.
Title: Tenoxicam versus lynestrenol-ethinyl estradiol treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding cases during adolescence.
Author: Creatsas G; Cardamakis E; Deligeoroglou E; Hassan E; Tzingounis V
Source: JOURNAL OF PEDIATRIC AND ADOLESCENT GYNECOLOGY.. 1998 Nov;11(4):177-80.
Abstract: A randomized clinical trial was conducted to compare the efficacy of tenoxicam (20 mg daily, n = 23) and lynestrenol-ethinyl estradiol (L-EE) (0.05 mg + 2.5 mg, respectively, 3 times daily, n = 25) in the treatment of dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) during adolescence. Treatment was given during menorrhagia until bleeding ceased. The study sample consisted of 48 adolescents aged 11-18 years admitted in a hospital in Greece with objective DUB. Findings revealed that the tenoxicam group had a significantly higher hematocrit (35.9% vs. 32.6%, P = 0.0217) and hemoglobin (11.5 vs. 10.4 g%, P = 0.0495) counts, as well as reduced duration of hospitalization compared with the L-EE group. Moreover, none of the patients undergoing tenoxicam treatment required curettage and transfusion, while 3 patients required curettage and 7 required transfusion in the L-EE group. With regard to the side effects of the two drugs, 18 adolescents in the L-EE group complained of severe gastrointestinal symptoms and dizziness, while only 3 patients in the tenoxicam group had minor gastrointestinal complaints. In conclusion, tenoxicam was considered an effective medication for the management of DUB during adolescence.
Language: English
Keywords:
GREECE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DRUGS | TREATMENT | MENORRHAGIA | LYNESTRENOL | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 141168  

2.
Title: A clinical trial of Exluton, a progestogen only contraceptive pill containing 0.5mg lynestrenol amongst lactating Zimbabwean women.
Author: Kasule J; Mbizvo MT; Maigurira J; Zinanga A
Source: British Journal of Family Planning. 1995 Jul;21(2):64-7.
Abstract: A study of 119 lactating Zimbabwean women confirmed that progestogen-only oral contraceptives (OCs) are a safe, acceptable method of postpartum fertility control. Exluton (0.5 mg of lynestrenol) was administered within six weeks of delivery, and follow-up appointments were scheduled at three, six, nine, and twelve months after initiation of OC use. No pregnancies were recorded during the 1556 study cycles. 95% of study participants reported that their milk supply remained adequate, and 93% expressed satisfaction with the method. Infants of OC users demonstrated steady gains in weight and head circumference. Headache was the most commonly reported side effect, but its incidence decreased from 12% in the first three months of use to 2% in the second three months. There were no significant alterations in maternal weight or blood pressure.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | LYNESTRENOL | BREASTFEEDING | LACTATION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Contraceptive Usage | Treatment | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 107503  

3.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation: I. Infant growth.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health
Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1994 Jul;50(1):35-53.
Abstract: Growth, development and health of infants whose mothers used progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation were examined in a prospective, non-randomized study carried out in seven centers in five countries (Egypt, Thailand, Kenya, Chile and Hungary). The results on growth are reported here. Breast feeding women requesting effective contraception were admitted to the study at six weeks postpartum. Infants of acceptors of progestogen-only methods (pill, DMPA, NET-EN or NORPLANT implants) and non-hormonal methods (IUD, barrier methods or sterilization) formed the study groups. The follow-up was at monthly intervals until the end of the first postpartum year. Participating in the study were 2466 mother-infant pairs. The mean duration of exclusive breast feeding varied from 68 to 159 days, but did not differ significantly between study groups within centers. In anthropometric measures (weight, arm circumference and triceps skinfold), the mean rates of change varied over time as expected, and across the centers. However, there were very few statistically significant differences in these rates of change between groups within centers. Since a large number of statistical comparisons were made, and there was no consistency either across centers, over time, or in the direction of the differences, the authors conclude that in this study, the progestogen-only contraceptives used during lactation did not adversely affect infant growth. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | THAILAND | KENYA | CHILE | HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | LYNESTRENOL | LEVONORGESTREL | DEPO-PROVERA | NORETHINDRONE ENANTHATE | LACTATION | INFANT | GROWTH | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Norethindrone | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Development
Document Number: 101895  

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation: II. Infant development.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]. Special Programme of Research, Development and Research Training in Human Reproduction. Task Force for Epidemiological Research on Reproductive Health
Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1994 Jul;50(1):55-68.
Abstract: Growth, development and health of infants whose mothers used progestogen-only contraceptives during lactation were examined in a prospective, non-randomized study that was carried out in seven centers in five countries (Egypt, Thailand, Kenya, Chile and Hungary). The results on development are reported here. Breast feeding women requesting effective contraception were admitted to the study at six weeks postpartum. Infants of acceptors of progestogen-only methods (pill, DMPA, NET-EN or NORPLANT implants) and non-hormonal methods (IUD, barrier methods or sterilization) formed the study groups. The follow-up was at monthly intervals until the end of the first postpartum year. At each visit, the infant examination included, among other things, a set of developmental tests covering the following areas: gross motor, vision and fine motor, hearing, language and concept development, and self help and social skills. Participating in the study were 2466 mother-infant pairs. The comparisons between the study groups were carried out within centers using life table methods and Cox-model analysis having the time to first passing the test as the criterion. There were altogether 247 comparisons between the study groups. 32 (13%) of these comparisons showed statistically significant differences: 20 differences showed that the infants in the progestogen-only groups passed the tests at an earlier age and 12 at a later age than infants in the non-hormonal groups. Since no consistent trends were observed across the centers, the authors conclude that in this study the progestogen-only contraceptives used during lactation did not adversely affect infant development. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
EGYPT | THAILAND | KENYA | CHILE | HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | INJECTABLES | LYNESTRENOL | LEVONORGESTREL | DEPO-PROVERA | NORETHINDRONE ENANTHATE | LACTATION | INFANT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Norethindrone | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 101896  

5.
Title: Contraceptive steroids and the mammary gland: is there a hazard? Insights from animal studies.
Author: Rutteman GR
Source: BREAST CANCER RESEARCH AND TREATMENT. 1992;23(1-2):29-41.
Abstract: Whether contraceptive steroids put women at risk for breast cancer is examined from the perspective of animal studies, especially the role of progestins in inducing mammary tumors in dogs. It was thought that female beagle dogs were especially sensitive to tumor induction by progestins, especially mammary nodules by medroxyprogesterone acetate. This may be due to the fact that higher doses of 17alpha-hydroxy-progestins had to be used in toxicity studies in beagles. Further studies have shown that all progestins have the potential of inducing neoplasms in dogs. Experiments in rodents are not useful as models because their mammary cancers have a viral origin, but trials with cats and monkeys also show tumorigenesis with progestins. The notion that tumors in dogs induced by progestins are mediated by an excess in growth hormone is still unproven, as is its application to humans. Case-controlled studies in women who used oral contraceptives leave open the possibility that some women may have enhanced risk of breast cancer at younger ages, when their breast tissue is still developing, or that patterns of pill use or latency may explain higher risks in some subsets of women. There is no known biologic mechanism for such tumorigenesis, but possible means include covalent DNA bonds, induced aneuploidy, stimulation of undifferentiated cells, or a mitogenic effect of progestins. The unusual growth stimulation by some progestins of dog mammary tissue and the peculiar reduced tumorigenesis at very low doses of progestin seen in dogs are potentially interesting topics for further research.
Language: English
Keywords:
LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | LYNESTRENOL | CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS | MAMMARY GLAND EFFECTS | BREAST CANCER | NEOPLASMS, BENIGN | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases
Document Number: 081655  

6.
Title: Hormonal content of combined oral contraceptives in relation to the reduced risk of endometrial carcinoma.
Author: Rosenblatt KA; Thomas DB
Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER. 1991 Dec 2;49(6):870-4.
Abstract: A retrospective case-control study of endometrial cancer and use of combined oral contraceptives by formulation, including 220 cases and 1537 age- and hospital-matched controls from 9 centers in 7 countries, conducted by WHO found reduced risk with high-progestin dose pills. Women born after 1925-1930, with histologically diagnosed endometrial carcinoma, were matched with up to 8 controls taken from patients admitted with 24 hours of diagnosis, who had no contraindication to taking orals. The histologic type of endometrial carcinoma in cases were adenocarcinomas 88.2%, adenosquamous 7.3%, clear-cell 1.8%, undifferentiated 1.8%, and squamous 0.9%. Oral contraceptives were classified by progestogen activity according to the subnuclear vacuolization scheme of Dickey, and pills were considered low-dose estrogen is they contained <50 mcg ethinyl estradiol for <100 mestranol. Odds ratios, calculated by conditional logistic regression, were 0.00 (95% confidence limits 0.00-1.08) for high dose progestin/low dose estrogen pills, and 1.10 (0.13-9.06) for low progestin/high estrogen pills. Odds ratios for high estrogen/high progestin, and low estrogen/low progestin were in between, 0.15 and 0.59. The odds ratio for all high-dose progestin pills combined was 0.21, and lasted over 10 years, even if a woman had taken them for <2 years. Protection against endometrial cancer for those who took low-dose progestin pills was not apparent until >2 years of use, and lasted <10 years. 2 of 3 previous studies on oral contraceptives by formulation and endometrial cancer obtained similar results.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | CHILE | CHINA | ISRAEL | MEXICO | PHILIPPINES | THAILAND | STATISTICAL STUDIES | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | RISK ASSESSMENT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | MESTRANOL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE | NORETHINDRONE | LYNESTRENOL | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | NORGESTREL | MEGESTROL ACETATE | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | HOSPITALS | Developed Countries | Oceania | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Middle East | North America | Asia, Southeastern | Studies | Research Methodology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Evaluation | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Data Analysis | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 071184  

7.
Title: Vascular complications in women using the low steroid content combined oral contraceptive pills: case reports and review of the literature.
Author: Frohlich EP
Source: OBSTETRICAL AND GYNECOLOGICAL SURVEY. 1990 Sep;45(9):578-84.
Abstract: 5 cases of vascular complications--hemorrhagic stroke, myocardial infarction, retinal vein thrombosis, thrombotic stroke and deep vein thrombosis--in young women taking low dose oral contraceptives are described from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa. The hemorrhagic stroke occurred in 1987 in a 24-year old heavy smoker taking Triphasil (Wyeth) for 12 months. She recovered fully. A 34-year old woman had an anteroseptal infarction while on Minovlar ED (Schering, 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 1 mg norethisterone acetate) for 2 years. She had no risk factors other than smoking 5 cigarettes daily. The woman with retinal vein thrombosis had 2 episodes, the 1st while taking Restovar 28 (Organon, 37.5 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 0.75 mg lynestrenol) for 7 years. 19 months later she began Diane (Schering AG, 50 mcg ethinyl estradiol and 2 mg cyproterone acetate) and had a bilateral retinal vein thrombosis leaving her partially blind. The woman with thrombotic stroke was 24 when she was struck in 1986, after 1 year of taking Logynon ED (Schering AG, 6/5/7 days, 30,40/40 mcg ethinyl estradiol and o.5/0.75/0.125 mg levonorgestrel). The patient with deep vein thrombosis was 19, smoked, and had used Triphasil for 2.5 years.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | CASE STUDIES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | LYNESTRENOL | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | THROMBOSIS | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | RETINAL EFFECTS | TOBACCO USE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, PHASIC | RISK FACTORS | LITERATURE REVIEW | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Norethindrone | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Thromboembolism | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Ophthalmological Effects | Behavior | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Oral Contraceptives, Combined
Document Number: 064009  

8.
Title: Pharmacokinetics of oestrogens and progestogens.
Author: Kuhl H
Source: MATURITAS. 1990 Sep;12(3):171-97.
Abstract: There are large inter- and intraindividual variations in the serum concentrations of natural and synthetic sex steroids irrespective of the route of administration. Oral intake of steroids has a stronger effect on hepatic metabolism than parenteral administration, as the local concentration in liver sinusoids are 4-5 times higher during the 1st liver passage. Estradiol and estrone are interconvertible, dependent on the local concentrations in liver and target organs, and estrone sulphate serves as a large reservoir. The estrone/estradiol ratio has no physiological significance, as estrone is only a weak estrogen. Estrone is both a precursor and a metabolite of estradiol. Estriol is extensively conjugated after oral administration. Therefore, the estriol serum levels are similar after oral intake of 10 mg and after vaginal application of 0.5 mg estriol resulting in similar systemic effectiveness. Conjugated estrogens can easily enter the hepatocytes but are hormonally active only after hydrolyzation into the parent steroids. Ethinyl estradiol which exerts strong effects on hepatic metabolism and inhibits metabolizing enzymes should not be used for hormone replacement therapy. Among the progestogens, the progesterone derivatives have less effects on liver metabolism than the norethisterone derivatives (13-methyl-gonanes and 13-ethyl-gonanes). The highly potent 13-ethyl-gonanes are effective at very low doses, because of a slow inactivation and elimination rate due to the ethinyl group. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ESTROGENS | PROGESTERONE | ESTRADIOL | ESTRONE | ESTRIOL | MEASUREMENT | STEROID METABOLIC EFFECTS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE | LYNESTRENOL | NORETHINDRONE | CYPROTERONE ACETATE | CHLORMADINONE ACETATE | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | ANALYSIS | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Research Methodology | Metabolic Effects | Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Hormone Antagonists
Document Number: 064558  

9.
Title: Risks of estrogens and progestogens.
Author: L'Hermite M
Source: MATURITAS. 1990 Sep;12(3):215-46.
Abstract: The risks and benefits of specific types of postmenopausal estrogens and progestogens are explored: those affecting serum lipids, clotting elements, hepatic proteins synthesis, blood pressure, glucose tolerance, endometrial, breast and cervical cancer. Ethinyl estradiol taken orally is the only estrogen likely to cause gall bladder disease. It also induces liver protein synthesis when taken orally or vaginally. Natural estrogens do not heighten coagulation factors, and may shift towards fibrinolysis. Both ethinyl estradiol and equine estrogens may increase blood pressure, while natural estrogens may decrease it. Similarly natural estrogens induce prostacyclin synthesis, while ethinyl estradiol activates both prostacyclin and thromboxanes. Progestagens, especially so the norprogestins, disturb carbohydrate metabolism and tend to reverse the beneficial effects of estrogens on serum lipids, a 40-70% reduction in risk of mortality from coronary heart disease. A meta- analysis of 23 studies concluded that menopausal estrogens do not increase the risk of breast cancer by a measurable degree, except in high doses and in those predisposed by family history. There is an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma for those taking unopposed estrogens for more than 3-6 years. This can be attenuated by taking combined estrogen-progestins, which will eventually result in absence of bleeding, or a 12-day progestogen course every 4-6 cycles. Oral micronized progesterone decreases blood pressure. The relative androgenic effects of progestins other than the norprogesterone derivatives are less significant. As an alternative to taking a progestogen, a woman could have regular endometrial sampling or abdominal or vaginal sonograms to detect endometrial cancer.
Language: English
Keywords:
LITERATURE REVIEW | MENOPAUSE | ESTRADIOL | ESTRIOL | ESTRONE | CONJUGATED ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES | CHLORMADINONE ACETATE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | LEVONORGESTREL | LYNESTRENOL | NORETHINDRONE | GALLBLADDER DISEASES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | CEREBROVASCULAR EFFECTS | HYPERTENSION | THROMBOEMBOLISM | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | BREAST CANCER | ENDOMETRIAL CANCER | MORTALITY | RISK FACTORS | DESOGESTREL | GESTODENE | NORGESTIMATE | CYPROTERONE ACETATE | WOMEN | Reproduction | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Diseases | Vascular Diseases | Embolism | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects | Lipids | Cancer | Neoplasms | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormone Antagonists
Document Number: 064559  

10.
Title: Clinical use of oestrogens and progestogens.
Author: Lauritzen C
Source: MATURITAS. 1990 Sep;12(3):199-214.
Abstract: The clinical use of estrogens and progestogens for menopausal women is reviewed, discussing the indications, results of studies on effectiveness of various agents o each target organ, contraindications, risk-benefit ratio, and types of drug preparations available and used in European countries. The indications for menopausal hormone replacement are primarily to prevent myocardial infarction and osteoporosis, and also to treat early menopause, urogenital atrophy, and severe skin, mucous membrane and psychic disorders. Mechanisms of action of estrogens and progestins, and anticipated results are detailed for each of the indications. Contraindications typical of oral contraceptives usually do not apply for hormone replacement. For example, only severe acute liver disease, current thromboembolism, endometrial cancer other than I, and breast cancer within 3-5 years of primary treatment are contraindications. Neither cervical, ovarian or vulvar cancer, diabetes, varicose veins, hypertension, nor history of liver disease or thromboembolism are contraindications: in some cases progestins or transdermal estrogens are recommended. Estrogen side effects suggest overdosage. Progesterone or its derivatives rather than oral contraceptive progestins are prescribed. There is a clear benefit, comparing cost of medication to that of treating consequences of estrogen deficiency. The preparations currently used in Europe include oral micronized estradiol, conjugated estrogens, transdermal patches, local vaginal estrogens, and injectable estradiol esters for those who cannot tolerate oral or transdermal agents. Preparations should contain progesterone unless the woman has had a hysterectomy. Combinations designed to avoid withdrawal bleeding are available.
Language: English
Keywords:
GERMANY | EUROPE | LITERATURE REVIEW | DECREASED LIBIDO | ESTRADIOL | ESTRONE | CONJUGATED ESTROGENIC SUBSTANCES | PROGESTERONE | ESTRIOL | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CHLORMADINONE ACETATE | PROGESTATIONAL HORMONES | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | LYNESTRENOL | LEVONORGESTREL | MENOPAUSE | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | INJECTABLES | TREATMENT | MEDICINE | Europe, Central | Developed Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Norethindrone | Reproduction | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 064557  

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Pituitary repetitive stimulation with GnRH/TRH in women treated with three different oral steroid contraceptives.
Author: Perez-Lopez FR
Source: ACTA ENDOCRINOLOGICA. 1990 Feb;122(2):163-7.
Abstract: 12 untreated cycling women and 45 women using oral contraceptives (OCs) challenged iv with 50 mcg of GnRH and 100 mcg of TRH at 0, 90, and 180 minutes. The LH responses after the 2nd and 3rd pulses of GnRH/TRH were diminished in women treated with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel as compared with the control group, whereas the responses were severely blunted after each dose of GnRH/TRH in women treated with 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel or lynestrenol as compared with both the control group and the women treated with 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. The FSH responses to GnRH/TRH in women treated with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel were similar to those in the control group, whereas there were reductions in the responses obtained in women treated with 50 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and progestin as compared with both the control group and the women under 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel. In women treated with 30 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel, the PRl peaks after the 2nd and 3rd pulses were higher than the 1st, and higher than the values obtained in the remaining 3 groups. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | PITUITARY GLAND | HORMONES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | LYNESTRENOL | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | PROLACTIN ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SIDE EFFECTS | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Examinations and Diagnoses | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Prolactin | Pituitary Hormones | Studies | Research Methodology | Drugs | Treatment
Document Number: 060877  

12.
Title: Oral contraceptive treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: an open study in 10 female patients.
Author: Hazes JM; Dijkmans BA; Vandenbroucke JP; Cats A
Source: BRITISH JOURNAL OF RHEUMATOLOGY. 1989;28 Suppl 1:28-30.
Abstract: 10 female patients (median age 37 years, range 23-45) with active rheumatoid arthritis (RA; 9 seropositive, 1 seronegative, 7 erosive, 3 nonerosive) were treated during 6 months with 1 of the earlier (higher- dosed) oral contraceptives (Lyndiol, each tablet containing 2.5 mg lynestrenol and 0.00w5 mg ethinyl estradiol). None of the patients had been previously treated with a disease-modifying drug. In 1 patient, therapy with Lyndiol was stopped within 14 days after initiation because of vomiting. 3 of the 9 remaining patients stopped therapy after 3 months because of inefficacy. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate deteriorated during the study. Except for the number of swollen joint, no clinical or laboratory parameters improved. The authors conclude the Lyndiol has no disease-modifying effect in RA. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | LYNESTRENOL | MESTRANOL | DISEASES | ANALGESIA | TREATMENT | EVALUATION | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Drugs
Document Number: 060738  

13.
Title: [Progestagens as contraceptives] Progestagene zur Empfangnisverhutung.
Author: Kuhl H
Source: WIENER MEDIZINISCHE WOCHENSCHRIFT. 1987;137(18-19):433-40.
Abstract: The different spectrum of biological actions of the various synthetic progestogens is compared on the basis of chemical structure, pharmacokinetics, and interaction with the multiple receptors. The mechanism of action of the progesterone derivatives (medroxyprogesterone acetate, chlormadinone acetate, and cyproterone acetate), the norethisterone-related (norethisterone, ethynodiol diacetate, lynestrenol, and norethynodrel), and the norgestrel-related progestogens (levonorgestrel, desogestrel, gestodene, and norgestimate), and a possible influence of some metabolites on the biological profile are discussed. With regard to progestogenic activity, the time course of the serum concentrations of the steroids after the application (pharmacokinetics) which is dependent on absorption, metabolization in the gastrointestinal tract and liver (1st-pass effect), distribution and storage in fat and other tissues, binding to serum proteins, inactivation, and conjugation is of particular importance. The various side effects of the progestogens are based mainly on their influence on hepatic metabolism (lipids, lipoproteins, serum proteins) and upon other organs which influence their estrogenic, antiestrogenic, androgenic, antiandrogenic, glucocorticoid, and antimineralocorticoid actions. (author's modified) (summaries in ENG, GER)
Language: German
Keywords:
HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | STEROID METABOLIC EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | SIDE EFFECTS | ANALYSIS | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CHLORMADINONE ACETATE | CYPROTERONE ACETATE | NORETHINDRONE | LYNESTRENOL | ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE | NORETHYNODREL | LEVONORGESTREL | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Family Planning | Lipids | Treatment | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Hormone Antagonists
Document Number: 051407  

14.
Title: Effects of two low-dose oral contraceptives on circulating components of the coagulation and fibrinolytic systems.
Author: Leuven JA; Kluft C; Bertina RM; Hessel LW
Source: JOURNAL OF LABORATORY AND CLINICAL MEDICINE. 1987 Jun;109(6):631-6.
Abstract: The authors studied the effects on plasma levels of coagulation and fibrinolysis factors of 2 currently used "sub-50" oral contraceptives (OCs), 1 containing 750 mcg lynestrenol and 37.5 mcg ethinyl estradiol (LYN-EE) and the other containing 150 mcg levonorgestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (LNG-EE), in groups of about 25 women ages 21 +or- 2 years. After 3 months, plasminogen levels increased in the 2 experimental groups by 40% and 32%, respectively. This change was positively correlated with changes in ceruloplasmin levels, indicating that an estrogenic effect might be involved. Histidine-rich glycoprotein concentration decreased by 26% and 16%, respectively. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity increased by 260% and 167%; t-PA antigen decreased by 12% and 18% and t-PA inhibitor activity decreased by 31% and 32%, respectively. In the coagulation system, in both groups factor 12 increased by 47% and 34%, respectively. The main inhibitor of factor 12, C1-inactivator, decreased slightly, but this was significant only in the LNG-EE group. The von Willebrand factor antigen fell by 8% and 9%, whereas factor 8 activity did not change. Antithrombin 3 antigen decreased by 14% in both groups. Factor 9 activity increased by 15% and 21%. The difference in hormonal effects of both preparations was reflected by hormonal effects of both preparations was reflected by the increase in sex hormone binding globulin (by 130% and 21%) and ceruloplasmin (by 98% and 51%), indicating that LYN-EE had a more estrogenic potency than LNG-EE. In a control group of 25 matched subjects who were observed simultaneously, the authors found no significant changes. It is concluded that both OC preparations produce "procoagulant" as well as 'profibrinolytic" changes. In general, these changes may compensate each other, but this is not necessarily the case in individual subjects. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | BLOOD COAGULATION EFFECTS | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | DISEASES | FIBRINOLYSIS | LEVONORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LYNESTRENOL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | CHANGES | ANALYSIS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SIDE EFFECTS | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Endocrine System | Social Change | Research Methodology | Treatment
Document Number: 045975  

15.
Title: Endocrine effects of systemic, steroidal contraceptives.
Author: Edgren RA
Source: In: Contraceptive steroids: pharmacology and safety, edited by A.T. Gregoire and Richard P. Blye. New York, New York, Plenum, 1986. :163-78.
Abstract: Researchers have been able to predict clinical effects of systemic, steroidal contraceptives based on animal models. They cannot accurately predict, however, what quantities are appropriate for humans. Therefore, scientists should depend on human data to identify the optimum dose. Estrogens bind to cytoplasmic receptors in laboratory animals which cause several effects including prevention of uterine growth, particularly the preovulatory endometrium,; control of cyclic changes in the vagina; and regulation of the menstrual cycle. When estrogens are administered simultaneously with progestagens, however, the estrogenic induced uterine and vaginal effects do not appear. Most progestagens bind to the endometrial progesterone receptor, except those that are derivatives of 19-nortestosterone. Further, some bind to the testosterone receptor and produce androgenic effects. Progestational effects consist of secretory change of the uterus, delay of menstruation, and efficacy as an oral contraceptive when combined with estrogen. The progestogen, medroxyprogesterone acetate, binds to the glucocorticoid receptor. Toxicological tests indicate clinical corticoid action, such as deterioration of the adrenal gland. These effects have not yet appeared in Depo Provera users, however. Recommendations for preclinical criteria include not changing present requirements for endocrine studies and pharmacological and clinical effects, allow field trials after 6 months of toxicity studies in 2 species, narrow toxicity criteria to those established for other classes of drugs, and no longer require the 7 year dog and 10 year monkey studies which test for tumor development.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CHLORMADINONE ACETATE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE | LEVONORGESTREL | LYNESTRENOL | DEPO-PROVERA | MESTRANOL | NORETHINDRONE | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | NORETHYNODREL | NORGESTREL | QUINGESTANOL ACETATE | TESTOSTERONE | PROGESTERONE | ESTRADIOL | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | LABORATORY ANIMALS | INJECTABLES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organizations | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Medroxyprogesterone Acetate | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Estrogens | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Methods | Oral Contraceptives
Document Number: 058689  

16.
Title: [Reflections on a new generation of oral contraceptives] Reflexions sur une nouvelle generation de contraceptifs oraux.
Author: Gaspard U
Source: Journal de Gynécologie Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction. 1985;14(1):85-92.
Abstract: Recent large scale and longterm epidemiologic studies have shown that vascular risks for oral contraceptive (OC) users under 35 years of age who do not smoke and who use low dose formulations are only slightly elevated relative to those of nonusers, regardless of the duration of use. Physicians have responded to study results by a more careful exclusion of patients with risk factors and by prescribing lower dose OCs. Hypothesized relationships between OC use and cardiovascular effects include chemical diabetes caused by altered glucose or insulin tolerance, atherosclerosis caused by altered lipid levels, thrombosis caused by altered coagulation or fibrinolytic factors, hypertension caused by altered renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, or vascular parietal lesions caused by immune complexes adhering to the vascular walls. Vascular effects usually appear in specific areas independently of duration of use or atherogenic risk factors. It has been experimentally verified that cardiovascular effects are less severe with lower dose formulations, and also that metabolic effects of estrogens and progestins are interdependent. The dose of the steroids and the nature of the progestin must be considered in attempting to minimize side effects. 17-OH progesterone derivatives are no longer used in OCs, although some studies are underway on cyproterone acetate. Derivatives of 19-NORtestosterone including norethisterone or norethisterone acetate, lynestrenol, levonorgestrel, desogestrel, and others combine antiestrogenic and androgenic action, with levonorgestrel and desogestrel having the greatest effects. The estranes, norethisterone, ethynodial diacetate, and lynestrenol are highly comparable and have few secondary or metabolic effects in small doses when combined with low doses of ethinyl estradiol (EE). Low dose combinations of EE and the gonanes levonorgestrel and desogestrel can be as well tolerated metabolically as those containing estranes. Special care must be taken in the administration of low dose OCs. They should be started on the 1st day of menstruation and should ideally be taken at the same time each day. Intercurrent medication with antibiotics, barbiturates, or antiepileptics, or diarrhea or vomiting may lead to contraception failure. The Pearl index for low dose monophasic, biphasic, or triphasic formulations is usually under .3/100 woman years. Mild side effects such as headaches or breast tenderness usually disappear within the 1st 6 cycles. Cycle control with minipills is not as good as with higher dose formulations, but triphasic OCs offer better cycle control and almost complete absence of amenorrhea.
Language: French
Keywords:
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | EVALUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | VASCULAR DISEASES | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | DISEASES | TIME FACTORS | POPULATION DYNAMICS | AGE FACTORS | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | POPULATION | TOBACCO USE | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | BEHAVIOR | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | LYNESTRENOL | LEVONORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | Contraceptive Methods | Contraceptive Agents | Physiology | Biology | Demographic Factors | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Norethindrone | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Endocrine System
Document Number: 031200  

17.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of desogestrel, levonorgestrel and lynestrenol on serum sex hormone binding globulin, cortisol binding globulin, ceruloplasmin and HDL-cholesterol.
Author: Ruokonen A; Kaar K
Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 1985 Jul;20(1):13-8.
Abstract: The effects of 0.125 mg daily doses of the new progestagen, desogestrel, 0.125 mg of levonorgestrel or 5 mg of lynestrenol on serum sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG), cortisol binding globulin (CBG), ceruloplasmin and HDL-cholesterol were studied in 30 healthy female volunteers to compare the possible androgenic and estrogenic effects of these contraceptive steroids in vivo. All the progestagens in the applied dosages decreased SHBG and HDL-cholesterol concentrations, suggesting some androgenicity. Lynestrenol increased ceruloplasmin and CBG concentrations, indicating weak estrogenic effects of the steroid. During desogestrel treatments, CBG and ceruloplasmin concentrations remained unchanged. After 30 days treatment with levonorgestrel there was a slight decrease (p0.05) in ceruloplasmin concentrations. 30 days after finishing the progestagen treatments serum protein concentrations were normal. In conclusion, at the doses used and under the present test conditions the progestagens studied had a weak androgen-like effect and lynestrenol also showed weak estrogenic activity, as determined by their effects on serum proteins. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
LEVONORGESTREL | LYNESTRENOL | HORMONES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CHOLESTEROL | METABOLIC EFFECTS | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Lipids | Hematological Effects | Hemic System
Document Number: 035490  

18.
Title: [Influence of progestins on adverse effects of oral contraceptives] Influence des progestatifs sur les effets metaboliques indesirables de contraceptifs oraux.
Author: Wynn V
Source: Contraception, Fertilite, Sexualite. 1985 Jan;13(1 Suppl):425-30.
Abstract: 3 large classes of progestins are used in current combined oral contraceptives (OCs): estranes, gonanes, and pregnanes. Estranes, including norethisterone acetate, lynestrenol, norethynodrel, and ethynodiol diacetate, are all related to the base norethisterone and must be metabolized to norethisterone to be active. The gonanes, principally represented by norgestrel, are similar in structure to norethisterone, but the methyl radical is replaced by an ethyl group. At equal weight, norgestrel is much more powerful than norethisterone. The active part of norgestrel is its dextro-isomer, levonorgestrel. The pregnanes include derivatives of 17-hydroxy-progesterone, of which only cyproterone acetate is currently used in contraception. 6 large groups of combined oral contraceptives evaluated for their impact on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism contained the following: 1) 75-150 mcg of ethinyl estradiol and an estrane 2) a moderate dose (50 mcg) of estrogen and a pregnane 3) a moderate dose of estrogen and an estrane 4) a moderate dose of estrogen and 250 mcg levonorgestrel 5) a low dose (30 mcg) estrogen and 250 mcg norgestrel, and 6) a low dose of ethinyl estradiol and 150 mcg levonorgestrel. The studies demonstrated impairment of glucose tolerance in OC users, whose levels of serum insulin and pyruvate increased. The greatest deterioration in glucose tolerance was found in high dose estrogen pills, but the greatest decrease in insulin secretion was found in a pill containing levonorgestrel. Most of the pills significantly decreased the fasting plasma glucose levels and decreased glucose tolerance, with the maximum effect found in pills with high estrogen contents. Insulin secretion increased, with the 3 pills containing levonorgestrel showing the greatest effect. Pills containing levonorgestrel provoked a greater insulin resistance than that of other combined pills. Since insulin resistance is a recognized metabolic effect of progesterone itself and of progestins used in contraception, and since the clinical effects of prolonged insulin resistance are unknown, but may include early atherosclerosis, it appears that OC formulations provoking the least insulin resistance should be preferred; formulations containing norethisterone therefore appear preferable to those containing norgestrel. Another study compared the effects on serum lipids of 4 groups of OCs containing 30 mcg estrogen and 250 mcg or 150 mcg of levonorgestrel, 50 mcg of estrogen and 1 mg norethisterone acetate, and 20 mcg estrogen and 1 mg norethisterone acetate. OCs with levonorgestrel reduced serum cholesterol levels significantly, while OCs with norethisterone acetate had the highest serum triglyceride levels. OCs with levonorgestrel but not those with norethisterone acetate reduced high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. Pills containing 250 mcg levonorgestrel lowered the ratio of HDL2/low density lipoprotein (LDL) significantly. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolic effects were found to depend on the dose of estrogen and the dose and type of progestin. Among the pills studied, 1 containing 30-35 mcg estrogen and 1 mg norethisterone acetate gave the best results on the parameters studied.
Language: French
Keywords:
CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | DISEASES | NORETHINDRONE | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | LEVONORGESTREL | NORGESTREL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | CHOLESTEROL | LIPIDS | ORGANIC CHEMICALS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | LYNESTRENOL | NORETHYNODREL | ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE | CYPROTERONE ACETATE | Contraceptive Agents | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Endocrine System | Ingredients and Chemicals | Drugs | Treatment | Hormone Antagonists
Document Number: 031206  

19.
Title: Studies on the role of intestinal bacteria in metabolism of synthetic and natural steroid hormones.
Author: Adlercreutz H; Pulkkinen MO; Hamalainen EK; Korpela JT
Source: Journal of Steroid Biochemistry. 1984 Jan;20(1):217-29.
Abstract: Administration of antimicrobial agents to subjects taking oral contraceptives (OCs) has been reported to lead to contraceptive failure and subsequent pregnancy. In women taking OCs, antimicrobial agents could have an effect on both endogenous hormone levels and on the metabolism of the exogenously administered steroids. To investigate these possibilities, antimicrobial agents were administered for short periods to normal women taking various steroid drugs: megestrol acetate (MA), medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA), norethisterone (NET), a combination of NET and ethinyl estradiol (EE), or a combination of lynestrenol and EE. During ampicillin administration, the 24 hour morning plasma concentrations of MA, MPA, and NET were increased compared to control values. In the MA and MPA experiments, the afternoon values were determined and also found to be increased. In the subjects taking OCs, plasma EE concentration showed a tendency to decrease during ampicillin administration on the 3rd, 4th, or 5th mornings of ampicillin administration, but was never lower than the pretreatment values. In other experiments, plasma estrone (E1) and estradiol (E2), urinary total E1, E2, and estriol (E3) and fecal unconjugated and conjugated E1, E2, or E3 were determined by RIA before, during, and after administration of oxytetracycline (2x500 mcg/day for 5 days) to 5 young male subjects. Furthermore, urinary and fecal estrogens were determined in 1 male subject after erythromycin administration for 6 days and in 2 normally menstruating women after tetracycline and trimethoprim administration respectively. During treatment with antimicrobial drugs, an increase in the excretion of fecal conjugated and, with the exception of oxytetracycline experiments, also of unconjugated estrogens, paralleled a decrease in urinary estrogen excretion, especially for E2 and E3. In both urine and feces, the E1/E2 and E1+E2/E3 ratios increased due to diminished reductive metabolism of estrogens in the gut. No significant effects on plasma unconjugated estrogen concentrations were observed. The results suggest that the intestinal bacterial flora plays a significant role in estrogen metabolism. However, further studies are necessary since these results do not explain why antibiotic administration causes contraceptive failure. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
ANTIBIOTICS | MEGESTROL ACETATE | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | NORETHINDRONE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LYNESTRENOL | MESTRANOL | ESTROGENS | STEROID METABOLIC EFFECTS | DISEASES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTION | ANALYSIS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Drugs | Treatment | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Metabolic Effects | Contraceptive Methods | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Usage | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 024310  

20.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Androgenic, anabolic, estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects of desogestrel and lynestrenol: effects on serum proteins and vaginal cytology.
Author: Cullberg G
Source: Contraception. 1984 Jul;30(1):73-9.
Abstract: 8 healthy (apart from pelvic endometriosis) women were given daily doses of 0.125, 0.250, and 0.500 mg of desogestrel or 5 mg of lynestrenol orally in a randomized order. Duration of each treatment was 6 weeks. Serum was analyzed for sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) ceruloplasmin, cortisol binding globulin (CBG), thyroxine binding globulin (TBG) and prealbumin using an electroimmunoassay. Serum 17Beta-estradiol (E2) and testosterone (T) were analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Vaginal cytology was studied using the maturation value (MV). E2 levels were depressed by desogestrel and lynestrenol apart from values in 2 women after 0.125 mg desogestrel. T concentration was suppressed by desogestrel but not by lynestrenol. SHBG concentration and MV were dose-dependently suppressed indicating an antiestrogenic or possibly androgenic effect of desogestrel and lynestrenol. No androgenic or anabolic effects of desogestrel were however seen, e.g., suppression of TBG content or increase in prealbumin levels. For lynestrenol, however, a small but significant increase in prealbumin concentration indicated a weak and androgenic/anabolic effect. No estrogenic effects were seen, e.g. increases in ceruloplasmin, CBG levels or in elevation of MV. A depressed SHBG production ability in the hepatocytes during treatment with 19-nortesterone derivatives is postulated, possibly due to competitive receptor binding. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
CLINICAL RESEARCH | ENDOMETRITIS | TREATMENT | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | UTERINE EFFECTS | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | UROGENITAL EFFECTS | DISEASES | LYNESTRENOL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Research Methodology | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Drugs
Document Number: 026616  

21.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Restovar--new low-dose, combined, oral contraceptive. Effects on serum proteins, free testosterone and clinical efficacy.
Author: Cullberg G; Adelgaard J; Andersen JN; Andersen ES; Berg H; Bergink EW; Buhl G; Pedersen JH; Poulsen L
Source: Contraceptive Delivery Systems. 1984 Apr;5(2):97-104.
Abstract: A combined oral contraceptive (OC, Restovar, Organon) containing 0.0375 mg ethinyl estradiol and 0.75 mg lynestrenol was investigated. Various clinical and laboratory variables were studied in 164 women over 1376 treatment cycles. No pregnancies occurred. In common with other low-dose combined preparations, Restovar also caused some intermenstrual bleeding but acceptability was good in the majority of women. The frequency of general complaints was low. The estrogen-sensitive proteins, ceruloplasmin and transcortin, increased in proportion to the estrogen content of the preparation. The estrogen-androgen-sensitive proteins, sex hormone binding globulin, and thyroxin binding globulin, increased to a rather high level. Free testosterone decreased significantly. The elevation of sex hormone binding globulin level was accompanied by a decrease in free testosterone. The strong increases in sex hormone binding globulin and thyroxin binding globulin indicate that the preparation has a very low androgenic activity. The latter was confirmed in 2 women with initially low sex hormone binding globulin levels who showed a marked improvement in hirsutism and acne during treatment; this improvement was correlated with an increase in sex hormone binding globulin and decreased free testosterone levels. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | EVALUATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | QUALITATIVE EVALUATION | MEASUREMENT | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | DISEASES | TESTOSTERONE ANALYSIS | ANDROGENS | HORMONES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | STANOLONE | LYNESTRENOL | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | HIRSUTISM | ACNE | PREGNANCY RATE | PREGNANCY | BODY WEIGHT | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Research Methodology | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Testosterone | Endocrine System | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Signs and Symptoms | Dermatitis | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction
Document Number: 024916  

22.
Title: On the origin and histological structure of adenocarcinoma of the endocervix in women under 50 years of age.
Author: Dallenbach-Hellweg G
Source: Pathology, Research and Practice. 1984 Sep;179(1):38-50.
Abstract: In the last 10 years, 28 adenocarcinomas of the endocervix developing in women up to the age of 50 have been encountered at the author's clinic. Of these women, 23 (82%) had taken oral contraceptives (OCs), in most instances continuously for up to 19 years, and for a median of 10 years. During the same period of time, 12 adenocarcinomas in situ of the endocervical mucosa were seen, 11 of which developed after 1-20 years of use of OCs. In contrast, only 40% of women with invasive squamous carcinomas under age 50 had used OCs. 14 of the 23 patients with invasive adenocarcinomas and 9 patients with adenocarcinomas in situ had taken OCs containing a potent gestagen, Norgestrel; the others had taken either Norethisterone acetate or Lynestrenol, usually in a relatively high dose. Microscopically, the adenocarcinoma in the 28 women occurred in 3 forms, 2 of which did not appear in the 5 noncontraceptive users. In the women taking OCs, microglandular hyperplasia of the endocervix was diagnosed either prior to or coincident with the adenocarcinoma. The clinical observations are supported by experimental findings: 2 of 12 rhesus monkeys treated for 10 years with medroxyprogesterone acetate at doses 50 times those prescribed for women developed a similar type of adenocarcinoma. The longterm use of synthetic gestagens may be causally related to the development of endocervical adenocarcinoma. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | CERVICAL CANCER | CANCER | NEOPLASMS | DISEASES | NORGESTREL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | NORETHINDRONE | LYNESTRENOL | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | SIDE EFFECTS | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Treatment
Document Number: 030647  

23.
Title: Effect of low-dose oral contraceptives on lipoproteins and lipolytic enzymes: differences between two commonly used preparations.
Author: Gevers Leuven JA; Havekes L; van der Kooij-Pontier HA; Starmans RJ; Jansen H; Bouwhuis-Hoogerwerf ML; de Pagter HA; Hessel LW
Source: Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental. 1984 Nov;33(11):1039-42.
Abstract: Changes in circulating lipoproteins, which may be related to the risk for atherosclerotic vascular disease, were studied in a control group and in 2 groups of 24 or 26 women using different preparations of low-dose oral contraceptives (OCs) for 3 months. 1 preparation contained 150 mcg levonorgestrel and 30 mcg ethinyl estradiol (Stediril-d 150/30); the other contained 750 mcg lynestrenol and 37.5 mcg ethinyl estradiol (Ministat). No significant changes were found with either of the preparations in serum cholesterol or high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels. Apolipoprotein A-II levels increased during Ministat treatment from 50.4 to 61.4 mg/dl and during Stediril-d 150/30 treatment from 52.7 to 58.9 mg/dl (both P0.001). These changes differed significantly from each other (P0.01). Apolipoprotein A-I levels increased significantly during use of Ministat only. Apolipoprotein B in low density lipoprotein increased by about 20% (P0.001) in both groups. Post-heparin lipoprotein lipase activity did not change, but hepatic lipase activity decreased to the same extent in both groups (P0.001). Reductions in post-heparin lipase activity were not correlated with increases in HDL-C. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | DISEASES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LYNESTRENOL | LEVONORGESTREL | NORGESTREL | HORMONES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | ANALYSIS | CHANGES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | AGE FACTORS | BODY WEIGHT | ANTHROPOMETRY | Lipids | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Endocrine System | Research Methodology | Social Change | Drugs | Treatment | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement
Document Number: 030180  

24.
Title: Further investigations on the cytological effects of some contraceptives.
Author: Kabarity A; Mazrooei S
Source: Mutation Research. 1984 Mar;135(3):181-8.
Abstract: Anovlar induces a mitodepressive effect, producing abnormal prophases and a considerable number of micronuclei, i.e., Anovlar can produce major cytological abnormalities. Conversely, Lyndiol induces minor abnormalities leaving the process of mitosis to proceed almost normally. Microgynon 30 did not show any effect on any of the mitotic stages. The conclusion may offer an explanation for the contradictory results found in the literature of the cytological effect of oral contraceptives, although the major chemical constitution of all contraceptives used is the same, still there are minor differences in their chemical structure. These minor differences may be the deciding factor as to whether or not a contraceptive is harmful. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
CYTOLOGIC EFFECTS | DISEASES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | NORETHINDRONE ACETATE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | HISTOLOGY | ANATOMY | CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES | NEONATAL DISEASES AND ABNORMALITIES | LYNESTRENOL | MESTRANOL | ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SIDE EFFECTS | NORGESTREL | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Norethindrone | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Endocrine System | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Treatment
Document Number: 026891  

25.
Title: [Contraception using normal dose progestins] La contraception par les progestatifs normodoses.
Author: Pelissier-Langbort C
Source: Contraception, Fertilite, Sexualite. 1984 Oct;12(10):1099-109.
Abstract: Contraceptive use of normal dosed progestins continues to be useful for many women who cannot use other contraceptive methods, but appropriate use depends on perfect knowledge of their modes of action, advantages, disadvantages, dosages, and duration of action. Each progestin has its own indications, and contraindications, and not all progestins have contraceptive properties. Most progestins used for contraception are derived from 19 nor-testosterone. Structural modifications of progesterone and testosterone have produced synthetic progestins resistent to hepatic degradation and bioavailable through the oral route. 2 main groups of progestins may be distinguished: androgenic progestins, including the estrone derivatives ethynodiol diacetate and lynestrenol, which have stong antigonadotropic activity and a braking effect on endogenous estrogen secretion, and "pure" progestins derived from 17 OH progesterone, or norpregnanes, such as chlormadinone and promegestone, which have strong luteomimetic activity, no androgenic activity, and weak antiandrogenic activity. Norsteroids administered at normal doses for 21 days/month or in some cases 17 days have a Pearl index of around 1%. This type of contraception requires counting days and taking 1 or 2 pills, and should only be used for women with certain types of problems or hormonal imbalances requiring treatment. Indications may include some cases of uterine polyps, endometrial mucus hyperplasia, uterine fibromas, endometriosis, mastodynies, benign mastopathies, existence of several risk factors for breast cancer, age over 40 years, premenopausal luteal insufficiency, and smoking. Secondary effects, especially metabolic disturbances, may occur and vary according to the formulation, route of administration, and duration of treatment. The 19 nortestosterone progestins commonly used because of their antigonadotropic and antiestrogenic activity have measurable effects on lipid metabolism, apparently in relation to apoproteins A and B, and on glucose metabolism. Some have an effect on the renin substrate, but their role in provoking arterial hypertension appears to be modest. Androgenic effects such as seborrhea and acne may be produced at some dose levels. Medroxyprogesterone acetate, derived from 17 OH progesterone, causes significant metabolic changes including androgenic and hypertensive effects, undesirable effects on glucoregulation, and coagulation effects. (summary in ENG)
Language: French
Keywords:
CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | ETHYNODIOL DIACETATE | LYNESTRENOL | CHLORMADINONE ACETATE | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | HORMONES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SIDE EFFECTS | PROGESTERONE | CORPUS LUTEUM HORMONES | TESTOSTERONE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Contraceptive Agents | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Progestational Hormones | Androgens
Document Number: 027865  

26.
Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of two low-dose oral contraceptives and non-hormonal contraception on serum lipids and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.
Author: Saure A; Heikkinen JE; Ylostalo P
Source: Contraceptive Delivery Systems. 1984 Apr;5(2):83-90.
Abstract: 39 women were randomly allocated to contraception with either a combined oral contraceptive (ethinyl estradiol 37.5 mcg + lynestrenol 0.75 mg=EE + LYN), a progestin-only preparation (lynestrenol 0.5 mg daily=LYN), or a copper containing IUD. Pretreatment and 1, 3, and 6 month treatment blood samples were obtained and assayed for serum cholesterol, triglycerides, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol. In the subjects using EE+LYN, the HDL cholesterol/cholesterol ratio was significantly (P0.01) elevated after 6 months treatment. Also, triglycerides increased significantly (P0.01). In the LYN group, no significant alterations in the lipid parameters occurred. In the IUD group, cholesterol levels decreased significantly (P0.05) and a significant (P0.01) rise in HDL-cholesterol/cholesterol ratio was seen. Triglyceride levels did not change. The results obtained suggest that the low-dose EE+LYN and LYN OCs do not induce such changes in serum lipids that could be related to the risk of development of atherosclerosis. The decrease in cholesterol levels during IUD use remains to be confirmed by other further studies. (author's modified)
Language: English
Keywords:
ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, LOW-DOSE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | DISEASES | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | IUD | COPPER | METALS | INORGANIC CHEMICALS | ANALYSIS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LYNESTRENOL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Lipids | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Vitamins and Minerals | Ingredients and Chemicals | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Endocrine System
Document Number: 024918  

27.
Title: [Advances in research on the steroid contraceptives]
Author: Wang CQ
Source: REPRODUCTION AND CONTRACEPTION. 1984 Nov;4(4):9-18.
Abstract: A general overview of the chemical structures and development of synthetic estrogens and steroid contraceptives is presented. The first truly successful steroid contraceptive, Enovid, was developed in 1960. There are now some 40 steroid contraceptives marketed around the world. The specific properties of various highly effective, long term antiovulatory oral contraceptives, i.e., lynestrenol and desogestrel, are discussed. The formation of progesterone-receptor complexes in cellular fluids and other biochemical processes, the biochemical action of antispermotoxins, i.e., Danazol, and biochemical synthesis of steroid contraceptives are explored in further detail.
Language: Chinese
Keywords:
LYNESTRENOL | HORMONES | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | LITERATURE REVIEW | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 029951  

28.
Title: [Changes of serum lipoproteins in women taking combined oral contraceptives] Modificaciones de las lipoprotienas sericas en mujeres tratadas con anticonceptivos orales combinados.
Author: Bellod P; Serrano C; Diaz A; Tejero T; Nuno J; De Oya M
Source: Revista Clinica Espanola. 1983 Sep 30;170(6):275-8.
Abstract: Serum levels of cholesterol and triglycerides were compared after 12 hours of fasting in 83 oral contraceptive (OC) users ranging in age from 19-41 years with an average age of 31 years, and 135 control women ranging in age from 20-40 years and averaging 31 years who did not use OCs, were not pregnant, and received no other drugs. Among epidemiological variables examined, the study group differed from the controls only in containing a higher proportion of smokers. The hormones studied were ethinyl estradiol, mestranol, levonorgestrel, and lynestrenol. Women using high doses of estrogens showed increases in total triglyceride levels but the differences were not statistically significant. A significant increase in total cholesterol was observed in women receiving higher doses of progestogens. A significant increase of high density lipoprotein-C (HDL-C) was observed accoding to duration of treatment in women receiving both low estrogen dose and low progestogen dose. Total cholesterol levels and levels of very low density lipoprotein-C (VLDL-C) increased over time in women receiving moderate doses of estrogen. The group receiving high doses of estrogens showed increases in low density lipoprotein-C (LDL-C) and low density lipoprotein-T (LDL-T) over time. Although no important changes in plasma lipid levels were found in the study group in comparision with the control group, there were changes in the triglyceride distribution between HDL, LDL, and VLDL in women receiving higher doses of estrogens and progestogens. (summary in ENG, GER, FRE)
Language: Spanish
Keywords:
CONTRACEPTION | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | CHOLESTEROL | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, ESTROGEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | CHANGES | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | MESTRANOL | LEVONORGESTREL | LYNESTRENOL | SIDE EFFECTS | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Lipids | Physiology | Biology | Social Change | Treatment
Document Number: 021082  

29.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Effect of oral contraception by progesterone pill on lipids and glucose metabolism.
Author: Blum M; Werchow M; Gelernter I
Source: Contraceptive Delivery Systems. 1983 Jan;4(1):55-9.
Abstract: The influence of oral contraception with 0.5 mg ethynodiol diacetate (Femulen) on blood lipid and glucose tolerance test (GTT) was studied in a group of 14 nulliparous women ages 17-24 years before and 3 months after treatment. In another group of 13 women of matched age, contraception was managed by providing a combined pill (estrogen and progesterone). The continuous treatment of ethynodiol diacetate did not result in the increase in serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and did not affect the GTT, as observed when the combined pill was administered. Femulen had no side effects, except for 2 cases of vaginal spotting. Ethynodiol diacetate does not induce the decrease in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels which is an anti-risk factor for the prevention of accelerated atherosclerotic disease. Oral contraception with this pill is indicated for all women, especially when there is an absolute contraindication for the use of combined pills (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE CONTROL AGENTS | CONTRACEPTION | GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST |