1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Clinical and biochemical characteristics of polycystic ovary syndrome in Korean women. Author: Chae SJ; Kim JJ; Choi YM; Hwang KR; Jee BC Source: Human Reproduction. 2008;23(8):1924-1931. Abstract: BACKGROUND: We investigated the differences in anthropometrical, hormonal and insulin resistance parameters according to the subtype of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in Korean women. METHODS: We recruited 166 women with PCOS and retrospectively recruited 277 controls. PCOS was diagnosed by irregular menstruation (IM), polycystic ovary (PCO) and hyperandrogenism (HA). Subjects were divided into four subgroups: the IM/HA/PCO group (n = 87, 52.4%), the IM/PCO group (n = 52, 31.3%), the IM/HA group (n = 23, 13.9%) and the HA/PCO group (n = 4, 2.4%). Clinical and biochemical variables were compared among the PCOS subgroups. RESULTS: The IM/HA/PCO and IM/HA groups showed higher body mass index (P < 0.001) and waist-to-hip ratio (P < 0.001) than the IM/PCO group. The IM/HA group had higher triglyceride levels than the other groups (P < 0.001). Higher fasting insulin (P < 0.001) and postprandial 2 h insulin (P < 0.01) were noted in the IM/HA/PCO group and the IM/HA group, compared with the IM/PCO group. Women with PCOS showed lower sex hormone-binding globulin (P < 0.001) and higher systolic blood pressure (BP) (P = 0.004), diastolic BP (P = 0.001), fasting insulin (P < 0.001), postprandial 2 h insulin (P < 0.001), homeostatic model for insulin resistance (P < 0.001) and clinical and biochemical parameters of metabolic syndrome (P < 0.05) compared with subjects without PCOS. CONCLUSIONS: Women with PCOS without HA are common in Korea and are less likely to have metabolic dysfunction, insulin resistance and elevated BP. PCOS without HA may be a mild phenotype of PCOS. Therefore, women with PCOS in Korea could have a reduced likelihood of having metabolic syndrome compared with women of other ethnicities. Language: English Keywords: KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | OVARIAN EFFECTS | BLOOD PRESSURE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | MENSTRUATION DISORDERS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Studies | Research Methodology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Hemic System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Diseases Document Number: 327760 |
| 2. Title: Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in unselected women from southern China. Author: Chen X; Yang D; Mo Y; Li L; Chen Y Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2008 Jul;139(1):59-64. Abstract: The objective was to determine the prevalence and metabolic parameters of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in southern China. The study was observational with a parallel study. Participants were studied in a medical examination center. A population of 915 women of reproductive age was investigated at the time of their annual physical examination to determine the prevalence of PCOS in unselected women from southern China. Our results demonstrated a 2.2% (20/915) prevalence of PCOS. Women with PCOS had higher levels of luteinizing hormone and higher luteinizing hormone/follicle-stimulating hormone ratios than those in the other groups. Women with PCOS had higher fasting insulin levels and lower fasting glucose/fasting insulin ratios than women in any of the other groups. Some clinical and biochemical characteristics were apparent in PCOS patients in our population, and ethnic differences may be considered when studying the clinical and metabolic features of PCOS in China. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | OVARIAN EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects Document Number: 327515 |
| 3. Title: The inhibitory effects on adult male reproductive functions of crude garlic (Allium sativum) feeding. Author: Hammami I; Nahdi A; Mauduit C; Benahmed M; Amri M Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jul;10(4):593-601. Abstract: Aim: To investigate the effects of crude garlic on adult male rat reproductive functions. Methods: Thirty male rats were divided into five groups: group 1 (untreated) and groups 2, 3, 4 and 5 were fed for 30 days with 5%, 10%, 15% and 30% crude garlic, respectively. Testes and accessory organs were weighed and some markers were assessed. Light and electron microscopy observations were also performed. Results: A significant decrease was observed in the body weight of groups 4 (14%; P < 0.01) and 5 (20%; P < 0.01); of the prostate weight in group 5 (29.1%; P < 0.05) and of seminal vesicle weight in groups 3 (14.4%; P < 0.01), 4 (18.3%; P < 0.01) and 5 (27.3%; P < 0.01). In contrast, testis and epididymis weights were unchanged. In epididymis tissue, the alpha glucosidase activity and the spermatozoa density were unchanged. The treatment resulted in a significant decrease in testosterone serum levels in groups 3 (77.3%; P < 0.01), 4 (77.3%; P < 0.01) and 5 (90.9%; P < 0.01), associated with a significant increase in LH serum levels (P < 0.01). Testicular histology showed a dose-dependent increase in the percentage of empty seminiferous tubules. Moreover, testicular function was affected; a significant decrease in phosphatase acid activity (P < 0.01) and testosterone (P < 0.05) contents were observed. Conclusion: Crude garlic consumption during 1 month reduced testosterone secretion and altered spermatogenesis at 10%, 15% and 30% doses. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MEN | MEDICINAL PLANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | BODY WEIGHT | PROSTATE | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | TESTIS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | TESTOSTERONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins Document Number: 327404 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects on serum hormone levels of low-dose estrogen in place of placebo during the hormone-free interval of an oral contraceptive. Author: Reape KZ; DiLiberti CE; Hendy CH; Volpe EJ Source: Contraception. 2008 Jan;77(1):34-39. Abstract: The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of low-dose estrogen compared to placebo on ovarian activity during the traditional 7-day hormone-free interval (HFI) of an oral contraceptive (OC). Women were randomized to placebo or low-dose estrogen for 7 days during the HFI. Serum levels of estradiol, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone and inhibin B were obtained before, during and after treatment. Mean hormone levels remained constant or only increased slightly for the low-dose estrogen group compared to greater more sustained increases observed for the placebo group. Estradiol, FSH and inhibin B levels were substantially higher for those on placebo. Differences were most noticeable by the end of the HFI and persisted into the subsequent cycle. Subjects receiving low-dose estrogen for 7 days during the HFI demonstrated more pronounced ovarian suppression compared to placebo as evidenced by attenuation of increases in serum inhibin B, FSH and estradiol levels. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | ESTROGENS | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | ESTRADIOL | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins Document Number: 323056 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Levonorgestrel administration in emergency contraception: Bleeding pattern and pituitary-ovarian function. Author: Tirelli A; Cagnacci A; Volpe A Source: Contraception. 2008 May;77(5):328-332. Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of levonorgestrel administration for emergency contraception (EC) on bleeding pattern and pituitary-ovarian function. In 69 women with a reported stable menstrual cycle length of 24-34 days, we investigated bleeding patterns following EC administration in the follicular (n=26), periovulatory (n=14) and luteal (n=29) phase. In a subgroup of 8 women, hormonal evaluation and ultrasonography were performed. EC taken in the follicular, but not in the periovulatory or luteal phase, significantly shortened cycle length by 10.9 plus or minus 1 days. The subsequent cycle was not affected. EC taken in the late preovulatory phase, prior to the gonadotrophin surge, suppressed ovulation (n=7), while ovulation was not blocked when EC was given during an ongoing luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse (n=1). Our data indicate that EC given before the onset of the lueteinizing hormone (LH) surge inhibits ovulation and hastens the end of the current menstrual cycle. Subsequently, the length of the following menstrual cycle returned as prior to treatment. By contrast, levonorgestrel administered after the expected ovulation has no effect on menstrual cycle length. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | LEVONORGESTREL | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | OVULATION | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | OVARIAN EFFECTS | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones Document Number: 325970 |
| 6. Title: Efficacy of cervical mucus observations plus electronic hormonal fertility monitoring as a method of natural family planning. Author: Fehring RJ; Schneider M; Raviele K; Barron ML Source: Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic, and Neonatal Nursing. 2007 Mar-Apr;36(2):152-160. Abstract: The objective was to determine the effectiveness of an electronic hormonal fertility monitor plus cervical mucus monitoring to avoid pregnancy. Design: A 12-month prospective clinical efficacy trial. Setting and Participants: One hundred ninety five (195) women (mean age 29.8 years) seeking to avoid pregnancy with a natural method at 5 clinical sites in 4 cities. Each participant was taught to track fertility by self-observation of cervical mucus and an electronic monitor that measures urinary levels of estrone-3-glucuronide and luteinizing hormone. Main Outcome Measures: Correct- and typical-use unintended pregnancy rates. There were a total of 26 unintended pregnancies, 3 with correct use. With 1,795 months of use, the correct-use pregnancy rate was 2.1% per 12 months of use (i.e., 97.9% effective in avoiding pregnancy when rules of the method were always followed) and the imperfect-use pregnancy rate was 14.2% per 12 months of use (i.e., 85.8% effective in avoiding pregnancy when rules of the method were not always followed and all unintended pregnancies and months of use were included in the calculations). Correct use of an electronic hormonal fertility monitor with cervical mucus observations can be as effective as other fertility awareness - based methods of natural family planning. Comparative studies are needed to confirm this conclusion. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | CERVICAL MUCUS METHOD | NATURAL FAMILY PLANNING | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | CONTRACEPTION | FERTILITY | SYMPTO-THERMAL METHOD | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Population Dynamics | Family Planning, Behavioral Methods | Family Planning | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 313243 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Are GnRH antagonists comparable to agonists for use in IVF? Author: Huirne JA; Homburg R; Lambalk CB Source: Human Reproduction. 2007;22(11):2805-2813. Abstract: We believe that appropriate comparison of optimal GnRH agonist and antagonist regimens has not been performed yet. Currently available meta-analyses included all comparative studies between GnRH agonists and antagonists performed so far, including less than optimal GnRH antagonist regimens. After critical appraisal of the various studied GnRH antagonist regimens in terms of follicular development and IVF outcome, we postulate that early suppression of endogenous FSH results in optimal follicular development. Additionally, stable and early suppression of LH and progesterone levels during the entire period of stimulation may be an advantage for implantation and pregnancy outcome. In this respect, single dose and particularly flexible protocols seem to be less advantageous. Early FSH and LH suppression can be achieved by early GnRH antagonist administration (stimulation day 1) or by oral contraceptive (OC) pretreatment. More studies comparing long GnRH agonist protocols with 'long' GnRH antagonist protocols, with enough power to identify differences in pregnancy rates, are required before appropriate comparison can be made. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | GONADOTROPINS | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | PREGNANCY RATE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 321407 |
8.  Title: Suprasellar arachnoid cyst with delayed puberty. Author: Kumar R; Singhal N Source: Indian Pediatrics. 2007 Nov;44(11):858. Abstract: A 15-year-old female presented with primary amenorrhea and delayed onset of secondary sexual characteristics. Earlier she was operated for endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) for a tense suprasellar arachnoid cyst with obstructive hydrocephalus. MRI revealed recurrence of hydrocephalus. Hormonal levels were suggestive of hypogonadism and deficiency of growth hormone. She was operated for fenestration of cyst. In this case, suprasellar arachnoid cyst presented with delayed puberty, which is unusual. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | AMENORRHEA | PUBERTY | ENDOCRINE EFFECTS | DEFICIENCY DISEASES | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation Disorders | Diseases | Reproduction | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Disorders | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones Document Number: 322831 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: The most frequent hormone dysfunctions in juvenile bleeding. Author: Lazovic G; Radivojevic U; Milicevic S; Milosevic V; Spremovic S Source: International Journal of Fertility. 2007 Jan-Feb;52(1):35-40. Abstract: The main goal of this study was to investigate the precise hormone dysfunction that leads to dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) in adolescent girls so that, with the appropriate therapy, the occurrence of organic dysfunctions of their reproductive function can be prevented. This study included 70 adolescents with DUB aged 14.70 +or- 1.70 and 30 healthy adolescents aged 13.7+or- 1.83. Hormone examinations indicated the presence of three typical endocrinological findings of the adolescents with DUB: the first group with FSH values within the normal range, but low LH values, the lower value of estradiol and absence of hyperandrogenism; the second group with higher LH values and normal FSH values but one third with hyperandrogenism; and the third group with normal FSH and LH values, but with hyperinsulinemia and hyperandrogenism. Comparing the hormone values obtained in the control group and the group with DUB, we have concluded that hyperandrogenism, hyperinsulinemia, lower values of progesterone, and dysfunctions in secretion of gonadotropin are statistically important factors for the origin of juvenile bleeding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SERBIA AND MONTENEGRO | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HORMONES | METRORRHAGIA | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | ANDROGENS | PROGESTERONE | GONADOTROPINS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Progestational Hormones Document Number: 326061 |
| 10. Title: The salivary ferning test and ovulation in clomiphene citrate-stimulated cycles. Author: Pattanasuttinont S; Sereepapong W; Suwajanakorn S Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2007 May;90(5):876-883. Abstract: The objective was to determine the day of ovulation by the salivary ferning test in clomiphene citrate-treated women. A descriptive study was the design used. The setting used was the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand. Seventy-five infertile women with regular menstrual cycles were studied. Infertile women were given 100 mg of clomiphene citrate for five days and collected their saliva samples daily until seven days after ovulation. Transvaginal ultrasound was performed daily to detect ovulation. The salivary ferning formation was examined by a normal light microscope and graded from 1-3, according to its extent and intensity. The salivary ferning score, the peak salivary ferning day, and the day of ovulation detected by ultrasound. The patients' age and cycle length (mean ± SD) were 32.9 ± 3.7 years and 28.4 ± 1.3 days. The peak salivary ferning day corresponded with the ultrasound ovulation day in only 7.1%. There were two peaks of median salivary ferning scores; one was two days prior ovulation and the other was five days post ovulation. There was no correlation between the peak salivary ferning day and day of ovulation detected by ultrasound (r = 0.102, p > 0.05). In clomiphene citrate-stimulated cycles, the saliva ferning test does not seem to associate with ovulation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | INFERTILITY | CLOMIPHENE | OVULATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents | Family Planning | Menstruation | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 317807 |
| 11. Title: Assessment of insulin resistance in the idiopathic hirsutism. Author: Sarac F; Saygili F; Ozgen G; Tuzun M; Yilmaz C; Kabalak T Source: Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation. 2007 Apr;63(3):126-131. Abstract: Idiopathic hirsutism (IH) is the second most common cause of hirsutism, after polycystic ovary syndrome and occurs in about 15% of hirsute women. There are not many studies showing whether patients with IH also have insulin resistance. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the insulin sensivity in IH with non-obese and changing hormone levels during the hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Twenty (20) non-obese women with IH (Group I) ranging in age from 20 to 30 (mean 25 ± 5) years were studied. Hirsutism in women with normal testosterone (T) levels and regular menstrual cycles is as defined IH. Twenty (20) healthy women (mean age 23 ± 2 years) (Group II) were included in this study as the control group. Insulin sensitivity was assessed with modified euglycemic insulin clamp technique. Samples of prolactin, luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, cortisol, estradiol, progesterone, 17-OH progesterone (17-OHP), total T, and free T (FT) were obtained at baseline and at 2nd hour during clamp. Steady-state (120 min) glucose disposal rates were higher in Group II than Group I (7.51 ± 0.83 vs. 5.76 ± 1.89 mg/kg/min). Mean FT, ACTH, cortisol, LH, prolactin and 17-OHP levels were found to have decreased statistically significantly (p < 0.05) in Group I. Mean FT, ACTH, and prolactin levels were found to have decreased statistically significantly (p < 0.05) in Group II during the clamp. Mean baseline levels of FT, LH and prolactin were greater in women with hirsutism than in the control subjects (p < 0.05). Insulin mediated glucose disposal was lower in the normal weight women with IH than in those without hirsutism. Mean FT, 17-OHP and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate levels decreased during euglcemic-hyperinsulinemic clamp in IH. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | HIRSUTISM | TESTOSTERONE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | PROLACTIN | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | MEASUREMENT | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Reproduction | Pituitary Hormones | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Research Methodology | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects Document Number: 315877 |
| 12. Title: Total salpingectomy during abdominal hysterectomy: Effects on ovarian reserve and ovarian stromal blood flow. Author: Sezik M; Ozkaya O; Demir F; Sezik HT; Kaya H Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Research. 2007 Dec;33(6):863-869. Abstract: The aim was to investigate the short- and medium-term consequences of performing total salpingectomy during abdominal hysterectomy (without oophorectomy) on certain ovarian reserve parameters and blood flow velocity measurements through the ovarian stroma. Twenty-four patients were recruited and randomized into two groups. Group 1 patients (n = 12) underwent total hysterectomy and complete excision of the fallopian tubes bilaterally. In group 2 (classical approach), fallopian tubes were removed partially leaving behind the neighboring paraovarian tissue. Pre- and postoperative (at 1 and 6 months) serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), estradiol values, ovarian volume estimation by transvaginal ultrasound, and ovarian stromal blood flow Doppler velocimetry were assessed during the early follicular phase. Mann-Whitney U-test, Student's t-test and Freidman's test were used for comparisons. Baseline data were similar across the groups (P > 0.05). Mean FSH, LH, estradiol values, and ovarian volume were unchanged after both of the techniques. However, mean pulsatility index, resistance index, and systole/diastole (S/D) ratio were significantly decreased in both groups compared to baseline values (group 1, P = 0.027, P = 0.018, and P = 0.013, respectively; group 2, P = 0.01, P = 0.002, and P = 0.0001, respectively). Postoperative decline in the mean pulsatility index was more pronounced (P = 0.02) in group 2 (partial removal). It appears that complete removal of fallopian tubes during hysterectomy has no advantageous effect on ovarian blood supply. It might be important to protect the ovarian blood supply as much as possible while performing hysterectomy in the reproductive period. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HYSTERECTOMY | OVARIAN EFFECTS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | ESTRADIOL | ULTRASONICS | BLOOD PRESSURE | TUBAL EXCISION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Estrogens | Hemic System | Tubal Occlusion | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning Document Number: 322693 |
| 13. Title: Clinical aspects and luteal phase assessment in patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Author: Spacek J; Buchta V; Jilek P; Forstl M Source: European Journal of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology. 2007 Apr;131(2):198-202. Abstract: Objective: This study was undertaken to characterize the patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Study design: Basic data of personal history and history of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis, lower genital tract symptoms and signs in 50 patients were analyzed in this longitudinal follow-up study including the determination of midluteal serum progesterone and urinary pregnanediol levels during the luteal phase in 84 cycles (recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis) and 60 cycles (healthy controls). Results: All patients suffered primary idiopathic form of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis. Frequently, there was a striking discrepancy between severe symptoms and clinical finding, which was often negligible or normal. There was no redness and no or minimum discharge in 52% of culture documented attacks. In contrast to the healthy controls, the patients had significantly lower levels of progesterone ( p < 0.01) as well as those of urinary pregnanediol ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Culture positive attacks in patients with recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis represented rather a form of vulvovaginal discomfort than attacks of vulvovaginal candidiasis with typical inflammatory changes. Significantly lower progesterone levels in the RVVC patients as compared to the healthy controls suggest a link between an altered hormonal status and one of possible causes of RVVC in these women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CZECH REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | CANDIDIASIS | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | PROGESTERONE | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Diseases | Progestational Hormones Document Number: 313281 |
| 14. Title: Assessment of hormonal and metabolic effects of dietary fiber in young Thai women. Author: Chearskul S; Supingklud N; Nitithamyong A; Sirichakwal P Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2006;89(7):997-1003. Abstract: The objective was to investigate whether daily dietary fiber intake at the reference level has any impact on studied hormones in a population of Thai women. Twenty-eight healthy Thai women (aged 18-20 years, BMI 18.5-25 kg/m2) with a history of regular menstrual cycles committed themselves to prepared food without changing the usual ratio of three major macronutrients. Dietary fiber from natural source at the amount of 8-10 g/day equal to their regular consumption was added to their daily diet for one menstrual cycle, then, increased to be 25-30 g/day for another 2 successive cycles. A single blood sample on midluteal day (day 18-23) was obtained in all three cycles. Plasma luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, estradiol, progesterone, cortisol, and insulin together with total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were analyzed. The measured hormones and lipids did not change significantly when compared between a control and two experimental cycles (p > 0.05). Short-term consumption of 25-30 g/day fiber diet as recommended by the Reference Daily Intake (RDI) in a Thai population did not alter the studied hormones and lipids thus did not create any health problems. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | WOMEN | DIET | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | HORMONES | CHOLESTEROL | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | ESTROGENS | NUTRITION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Menstruation | Reproduction | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Lipids | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins Document Number: 304359 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Simvastatin improves biochemical parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a prospective, randomized trial. Author: Duleba AJ; Banaszewska B; Spaczynski RZ; Pawelczyk L Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2006 Apr;85(4):996-1001. Abstract: Objective: To test the hypothesis that statins improve hyperandrogenemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Prospective, randomized trial. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s): Forty-eight women with PCOS. Interventions(s): Subject were randomized to a statin group (simvastatin, 20 mg daily plus oral contraceptive pill [OCP]; n = 24) or an OCP group (OCP alone; n=24). Main Outcome Measure(s; Serum T. Result(s): Baseline parameters of both groups were comparable. After 12 weeks of treatment, serum T levels declined by 41% in the statin group and by 14% in the OCP group. In the statin group, there was a greater decrease of LH (43% decrease vs. 9% in the OCP group) and a greater decline of LH/FSH ratio (44% vs.12%). In the statin group, total cholesterol declined by 10% and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 24%. In the OCP group, total cholesterol increased by 8%, and LDL was unchanged. Conclusion(s): This is the first study demonstrating that statin decreases T levels and normalizes gonadotropin levels in women with PCOS. Statin therapy might offer a novel approach, providing endocrine and cardiovascular benefits. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | LIPIDS | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 298572 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Rate, extent, and modifiers of spermatogenic recovery after hormonal male contraception: an integrated analysis. Author: Liu PY; Swerdloff RS; Christenson PD; Handelsman DJ; Wang C Source: Lancet. 2006 Apr 29;367(9520):1412-1420. Abstract: Hormonal methods for safe, reliable, and reversible contraception based on the suppression of spermatogenesis could soon become available. We have investigated the rate, extent, and predictors of reversibility of hormonal male contraception. We undertook an integrated multivariate time-to-event analysis of data from individual participants in 30 studies published in 1990-2005, in which sperm output was monitored every month until recovery. The primary outcome was the time for the sperm concentration to recover to a threshold of 20 million per mL, an indicator of fertility. We undertook univariate and multivariate analyses, using Kaplan-Meier and Cox's methods. 1549 healthy eugonadal men who were white (n=965), Asian (almost all Chinese men; n=535), or of other origins (n=49) and aged 18-51 years underwent 1283.5 man-years of treatment and 705 man-years of post-treatment recovery. These data represented about 90% of all published data from individuals using androgen or androgenprogestagen regimens. The median times for sperm to recover to thresholds of 20, 10, and 3 million per mL were 3.4 months (95% CI 3.2-3.5), 3.0 months (2.9-3.1), and 2.5 months (2.4-2.7), respectively. Multivariate Cox's analysis showed higher rates of recovery with older age, Asian origin, shorter treatment duration, shorter-acting testosterone preparations, higher sperm concentrations at baseline, faster suppression of spermatogenesis, and lower blood concentrations of luteinising hormone at baseline. The typical probability of recovery to 20 million per mL was 67% (61-72) within 6 months, 90% (85-93) within 12 months, 96% (92-98) within 16 months, and 100% within 24 months. Hormonal male contraceptive regimens show full reversibility within a predictable time course. Various covariables affect the rate but not the extent of recovery, although their effect sizes are minor. These data are crucial for the further safe and practical development of such regimens. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | SPERMATOGENESIS | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | ANDROGENS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | STERILIZATION REVERSAL | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Population Dynamics | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Reversible Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual Document Number: 299578 |
| 17. Title: Estimation of the day-specific probabilities of conception: current state of the knowledge and the relevance for epidemiological research. Author: Lynch CD; Jackson LW; Louis GM Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2006 Nov;20 Suppl 1:3-12. Abstract: Conception, as defined by the fertilisation of an ovum by a sperm, marks the beginning of human development. Currently, a biomarker of conception is not available; as conception occurs shortly after ovulation, the latter can be used as a proxy for the time of conception. In the absence of serial ultrasound examinations, ovulation cannot be readily visualised leaving researchers to rely on proxy measures of ovulation that are subject to error. The most commonly used proxy measures include: charting basal body temperature, monitoring cervical mucus, and measuring urinary metabolites of oestradiol and luteinising hormone. Establishing the timing of the ovulation and the fertile window has practical utility in that it will assist couples in appropriately timing intercourse to achieve or avoid pregnancy. Identifying the likely day of conception is clinically relevant because it has the potential to facilitate more accurate pregnancy dating, thereby reducing the iatrogenic risks associated with uncertain gestation. Using data from prospective studies of couples attempting to conceive, several researchers have developed models for estimating the day-specific probabilities of conception. Elucidating these will allow researchers to more accurately estimate the day of conception, thus spawning research initiatives that will expand our current limited knowledge about the effect of exposures at critical periconceptional windows. While basal body temperature charting and cervical mucus monitoring have been used with success in field-based studies for many years, recent advances in science and technology have made it possible for women to get instant feedback regarding their daily fertility status by monitoring urinary metabolites of reproductive hormones in the privacy of their own homes. Not only are innovations such as luteinising hormone test kits and digital fertility monitors likely to increase study compliance and participation rates, they provide valuable prospective data that can be used in epidemiological research. Although we have made great strides in estimating the timing and length of the fertile window, more work is needed to elucidate the day-specific probabilities of conception using proxy measures of ovulation that are inherently subject to error. Modelling approaches that incorporate the use of multiple markers of ovulation offer great promise to fill these important data gaps. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | OVULATION | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | MEASUREMENT | FERTILIZATION | PROBABILITY | TIME FACTORS | FAMILY PLANNING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Population Dynamics Document Number: 311790 |
| 18. Title: The science behind 25 years of ovarian stimulation for in vitro fertilization. Author: Macklon NS; Stouffer RL; Giudice LC; Fauser BC Source: Endocrine Reviews. 2006 Apr;27(2):170-207. Abstract: To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal phase progesterone supplementation are usually added. These approaches render ovarian stimulation complex and costly. The stimulation of multiple follicular development disrupts the physiology of follicular development, with consequences for the oocyte, embryo, and endometrium. To allow selection of embryos for transfer after in vitro fertilization, ovarian stimulation is usually carried out with exogenous gonadotropins. To compensate for changes induced by stimulation, GnRH analog cotreatment, oral contraceptive pretreatment, late follicular phase human chorionic gonadotropin, and luteal phase progesterone supplementation are usually added. These approaches render ovarian stimulation complex and costly. The stimulation of multiple follicular development disrupts the physiology of follicular development, with consequences for the oocyte, embryo, and endometrium. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | IN VITRO | FERTILIZATION | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | OVARIAN EFFECTS | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | GONADOTROPINS | EMBRYO | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | CLOMIPHENE | CORPUS LUTEUM | EMBRYO TRANSFER | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Reproduction | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Endometrium | Uterus | Pregnancy | Fertility Agents | Reproductive Control Agents | Family Planning | Reproductive Technologies Document Number: 292153 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Hormonal assessment of women submitted to tubal ligation. [Evaluación hormonal de mujeres sometidas a ligadura de trompas] Author: Fagundes ML; Mendes MC; Patta MC; Rodrigues R; Berezowski AT Source: Contraception. 2005;71:309-314. Abstract: Sixteen fertile women aged 30–35 years with regular menstruations were studied before and 6 months after tubal ligation (TL). The diagnosis of ovulation was based on clinical ultrasonographic and hormonal parameters [follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), E2 and P4]. The menstrual pattern did not vary before and after surgery. Follicular or luteal phase FSH and E2 levels did not differ between the pre- and post-TL period. Luteinizing hormone levels on days -2 and 0 of the follicular phase were significantly higher during the post-TL period, while no difference was observed for the luteal phase. P4 levels during the follicular phase did not differ between the two periods, except for day -4, while they were lower during the post-TL luteal phase. The results of the study suggest that in the present patient group, no modifications in the menstrual pattern could be observed 6 months after TL, and TL appears not to interfere with ovulation. Luteinizing hormone levels showed an increase during the ovulatory period after TL, and progesterone secretion decreased during the post- TL luteal phase. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Se estudiaron 16 mujeres fértiles de 30 a 35 años con menstruaciones regulares antes de la ligadura de trompas (TL, tubal ligation) y a los seis meses de realizada la intervención. El diagnóstico de ovulación se basó en parámetros clínicos ecográficos y hormonales [hormona folículo estimulante (FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone), hormona luteinizante (LH,luteinizing hormone), E2 y P4]. El patrón de menstruaciones no varió antes y después de la cirugía. Las concentraciones de FSH y E2 en fase folicular o luteínica no registraron cambios entre los periodos previo y posterior a la ligadura de trompas. Las concentraciones de hormona luteinizante los días -2 y 0 de la fase folicular fueron significativamente más altas durante el período post quirúrgico, y no se registró diferencia en la fase luteínica. Las concentraciones de P4 durante la fase folicular no presentaron diferencias entre los dos períodos, excepto el día -4, aunque fueron menores durante la fase luteínica posterior al procedimiento. Los resultados del estudio sugieren que en este grupo de pacientes, no se observaron modificaciones en el patrón de menstruaciones 6 meses después de la ligadura de trompas y el procedimiento pareciera no interferir con la ovulación. Las concentraciones de hormona luteinizante aumentaron durante el período ovulatorio post quirúrgico, y la secreción de progesterona se redujo durante la fase luteínica correspondiente al mismo período. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | TUBAL LIGATION | OVULATION | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | PROGESTERONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | ESTRADIOL | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Reproduction | Menstruation | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Progestational Hormones | Estrogens Document Number: 282950 |
| 20. Title: Control of spermatogenesis in primate and prospect of male contraception. Author: Liu YX Source: Archives of Andrology. 2005 Mar-Apr;51(2):77-92. Abstract: The present review is a summary of mechanisms of spermatogenesis in primates with emphasis on anti-spermatogenesis of testosterone (T), gossypol, and “testicular heat stress” for development of male contraception. Both FSH and testosterone stimulate all phases of spermatogenesis. FSH is capable of amplifying the population of the differentiated spermatogonia (B1, B2, B3 and B4) and controls the spermatogonia production rate, and, in synergy with testosterone, regulating spermatogenesis in adult monkeys. Pituitary FSH beta gene expression is governed by a feedback of Beta inhibin, which is a major component of the testicular negative feedback signals. Beta inhibin secreted by Sertoli cells is in turn inhibited by testosterone from Leydig cells under the control of LH. Disturbance of the normal interaction of pituitary FSH with Sertoli cell Beta inhibin is responsible for azoospermia or oligozoospermia induced by exogenous T. Three possible regimens of T, gossypol and “heat stress” have been suggested for male contraception. They act on different sites and stages of spermatogenesis in testis or sperm activity in epididymis. Apoptosis induced by testosterone occurs mainly at stages VII-VIII of spermatogenesis while that by testicular “heat stress” mostly occurs at stages I-IV and X-XII. Low dose of gossypol mainly influences the sperm activity in the epididymis although it also acts on testicular spermatids. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | ANIMALS | MEN | TESTOSTERONE | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | MALE CONTRACEPTION | SPERMATOGENESIS | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Demographic Factors | Population | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins Document Number: 291645 |
| 21. Title: Development of newer approaches to male contraception: prospects of availability for mass application in the near future. Author: Rao AJ Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2005;16(4):243-254. Abstract: Progress in development of a simple, effective reversible male contraceptive has been difficult due to the indispensable role of testosterone in spermatogenesis and maintenance of secondary sexual characters. Efforts are in progress to develop methods, which do not interfere with testosterone production. These include blockade of FSH action by immunization against FSH or FSHR, and interfere with sperm maturation by interfering with estrogen action or by immunization against epididymal or sperm specific proteins. An evaluation of these various approaches for practical application is also presented. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | LABORATORY ANIMALS | MALE CONTRACEPTION | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE VACCINES | TESTOSTERONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | ESTROGENS | SPERM MATURATION | SPERMATOGENESIS | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraception | Family Planning | Technology | Economic Factors | Contraception, Immunological | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Reproduction Document Number: 293685 |
| 22. Title: Biomedical research. Potential long-acting male contraceptive studied. [Investigación Biomédica. Estudio potencial de un anticonceptivo masculino de acción prolongada] Source: Population Briefs. 2004 Sep;10(3):[3] p.. Abstract: Scientists know much more about the basic workings of the female reproductive system than about the male reproductive system. Thus, while for more than 40 years birth control pills and intrauterine devices have been providing highly effective, practical, and acceptable long-term contraception for women, the development of reversible, long-term male contraception has confounded researchers. Much of the work done at the Population Council’s Center for Biomedical Research is geared toward gaining a more complete understanding of male reproductive physiology and developing new male contraceptives. Recent research conducted by Council biomedical researchers and the Council’s International Committee for Contraception Research (ICCR) confirms the promise of MENT, the Council’s trademarked synthetic androgen, as a component of a male contraceptive method. The ICCR, established by the Population Council in 1970, is a network of distinguished scientists and clinical investigators who conduct clinical trials to test the safety, efficacy, and acceptability of Council-developed products. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Los científicos saben mucho más acerca del funcionamiento básico del sistema reproductivo femenino que del masculino. Por lo tanto, si bien durante más de 40 años las píldoras anticonceptivas y los dispositivos intrauterinos han estado ofreciendo anticoncepción a largo plazo efectiva, práctica y aceptable para la mujer, el desarrollo de un anticonceptivo masculino reversible de largo plazo ha frustrado a los investigadores. Gran parte del trabajo hecho en el Centro del Consejo de Población para la Investigación Biomédica está dirigida al aumento de una comprensión más completa de la fisiología reproductiva masculina y al desarrollo de nuevos anticonceptivos masculinos. Investigaciones recientes llevadas a cabo por investigadores del Consejo Biomédico y del Consejo del Comité Internacional para la Investigación de la Anticoncepción (ICCR, International Committee for Contraception Research), confirma la promesa acerca de MENT, la marca registrada del andrógeno sintético del Consejo, como un componente de un método anticonceptivo masculino. El ICCR, fundado por el Consejo de Población en 1970, es una red de científicos e investigadores clínicos destacados que realizan estudios clínicos para probar la seguridad, eficacia y aceptabilidad de los productos desarrollados por el Consejo. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: CHILE | FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY | DOMINICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, MALE | TESTOSTERONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | SPERM COUNT | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Developed Countries | Caribbean | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Androgens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Contraceptive Methods | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 280085 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: The effect of mid-luteal estradiol level on the outcome of ICSI-ET cycles. Author: Aktan E; Bozkurt K; Ozer D; Yucebilgin S; Karadadas N Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Jan;269(2):134-138. Abstract: We investigated if mid-luteal estradiol levels could predict the outcome in intracytoplasmic sperm injection embryo transfer (ICSI-ET) cycles (n = 231). Pregnant and non-pregnant women were compared regarding their peak estradiol levels on human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) injection day, and midluteal estradiol levels on the 7th day following oocyte recovery. Pregnancy rates of the groups that were designed according to the "peak/mid-luteal estradiol level" and the mid-luteal estradiol levels were also compared. Peak and mid-luteal estradiol levels in pregnant women were higher than in non-pregnant women in all patients, although the difference between peak and mid-luteal estradiol levels were similar in pregnant and non-pregnants. Pregnant women had higher mid-luteal estradiol levels in good responders, but the peak estradiol levels of pregnant and non-pregnant women were similar. In poor responders, pregnant and non-pregnant women were similar with respect to peak and mid-luteal estradiol levels. Both in all patients and good responders, women with mid-luteal estradiol levels < 200 pg/ml had lower pregnancy rates than those with > 2,000 pg/ml. Peak/mid-luteal estradiol ratios of pregnant and non-pregnant women were not significantly different in all patients, good responders and poor responders; although a tendency for a lower ratio in pregnants was encountered in good responders. Pregnancy rates of the groups according to the "peak/mid-luteal estradiol ratio" were similar; in all patients, good responders and poor responders. A relation between the midluteal estradiol level and the outcome is encountered only in good responders. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | ESTRADIOL | MENSTRUAL REGULATION | EMBRYO TRANSFER | GONADOTROPINS, CHORIONIC | PREGNANCY RATE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postcoital | Family Planning | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Gonadotropins | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Gonadotropins, Pituitary Document Number: 298142 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Examination of changes caused by tubal sterilization in ovarian hormone secretion and uterine and ovarian artery blood flow rates. Author: Cevrioglu AS; Degirmenci B; Acar M; Yilmazer M; Erol D Source: Contraception. 2004;70:467-473. Abstract: Objectives: To examine the changes caused by tubal sterilization (TS) in ovarian hormone secretion and uterine and ovarian circulation. Design: Tubal sterilization was performed by minilaparotomy and laparoscopy methods in 36 women. Blood samples were taken for hormonal tests on Preoperative Day 3 (D3) of the menstrual cycle, on Postoperative Days 13-15 (periovulatory period) of the same cycle and on D3 in the 1st and 6th months post-TS. Uterine and ovarian artery blood flow rates of the women were measured on the same days as hormonal tests by transvaginal color Doppler ultrasonography (TVCDUSG). The control group was composed of 15 volunteers in the same age group who preferred the barrier method and who had the same TVCDUSG and hormonal analyses in the same periods. Results: There was a decrease in the uterine and ovarian artery pulsatility index (PI) measurements and an increase in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and estradiol (E2) values during the periovulatory period as compared with preoperative and postoperative menstrual measurements in all groups. There was no difference between baseline uterine and ovarian artery PI and serum follicle- stimulating hormone, LH and E2 values and those measured on D3 of the menstrual cycle in the 1st and 6th months post-TS. Conclusions: The 6-month postoperative follow-up of groups that had undergone different TS methods showed no difference in uterine or ovarian artery blood flow rates or ovarian hormone secretion in comparison with baseline values. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | TUBAL LIGATION | OVARIAN EFFECTS | UTERINE EFFECTS | MENSTRUATION | LAPAROSCOPY | LAPAROTOMY | ESTRADIOL | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Uterus | Reproduction | Endoscopy | Physical Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Surgery | Treatment | Estrogens | Hormones | Endocrine System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins Document Number: 276725 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Gonadotropin (LH, FSH) levels in serum and cyst fluid in epithelial tumors of the ovary. Author: Chudecka-Glaz A; Rzepka-Górska I; Kosmowska B Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Nov;270(3):151-156. Abstract: The aim of this work was to determine gonadotropin (LH, FSH) levels in serum and cyst fluid in various type of ovarian epithelial neoplasms (benign, borderline, malignant) and to compare them with levels in benign cysts. Additionally we decided to estimate if there were some significant correlations between serum and ovarian cyst fluid in gonadotropin levels in all investigated groups. The study group included 74 patients before (n=36) and after (n=38) menopause, divided into four groups depending on the histopathologic diagnosis. Serum and cyst fluid levels of LH and FSH were determined in all patients. We found statistically significant differences concerning LH and FSH levels in serum and cyst fluid between malignant and borderline tumors, between malignant tumors and benign cystadenomas and between malignant tumors and non-neoplastic cysts. We also found statistically significant correlations between serum and cyst fluid as to FSH and LH levels in patients with borderline tumors. There were no statistically significant correlations between serum and cyst fluid as to FSH and LH levels in patients with malignant epithelial tumors (group 1) and in patients with benign cystadenomas (group 3). High FSH and LH levels in cyst fluid of malignant epithelial tumors of the ovary are in line with the gonadotropin theory of tumor growth. Simultaneous determination of various types inhibin levels appears to be an interesting topic for our future research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | AGE FACTORS | GONADOTROPINS | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | OVARIAN CYSTS | OVARIAN CANCER | CYTOLOGY | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms Document Number: 298177 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Gonadotrophin dynamics during reproductive life. [Dinámica de la gonadotropina durante la vida reproductiva] Author: de Medeiros SF; Assi PE; de Medeiros MM Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Oct;87(1):24-28. Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in early follicular phase throughout the reproductive years. Method: FSH and LH concentrations were determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Linear and polynomial regressions were carried out considering basal FSH as the dependent and age as the independent variable. Results: FSH levels increased throughout the reproductive years (P<0.025). A positive correlation between age and basal FSH levels was detected (P<0.05). The Pearson squared coefficient of r²=0.889 was obtained. Using polynomial regression, the inclination of the parabole (Y=7.97-0.009x+0.057x²) was 0.359 and the generalized correlation coefficient was r=0.795. The goodness of fit analysis showed that the parabole may better represent the phenomenon (F=4.7; P<0.05). The LH levels remained constant, increasing only beyond 40 years of age. Conclusion: The FSH levels rose in a nonlinear way during the reproductive life and the LH concentrations increased discreetly only in patients over 40 years of age. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Objetivo: Analizar los niveles de hormona folículo estimulante (FSH, follicle-stimulating hormone) y hormona luteinizante (LH, luteinizing hormone) en la fase folicular temprana a lo largo de los años fértiles. Método: Las concentraciones de ambas hormonas se determinaron mediante radioinmunoensayo (RIA, radioimmunoassay). Se realizaron regresiones lineales y polinómicas que consideraban la FSH basal como variable dependiente y la edad como variable independiente. Resultados: Las concentraciones de FSH aumentaron a lo largo de los años fértiles (P < 0,025). Se detectó una correlación entre la edad y las concentraciones de FSH basal (P < 0,05). Se obtuvo el coeficiente cuadrado de Pearson equivalente a r² = 0,889. Mediante regresión polinómica se determinó que la inclinación de la parábola (Y = 7,97 - 0,009x + 0,057x²) fue 0,359 y que el coeficiente generalizado de correlación fue r = 0,795. El análisis de bondad del ajuste mostró que la parábola podría representar mejor el fenómeno (F = 4,7; P < 0,05). Las concentraciones de LH se mantuvieron constantes, y sólo aumentaron después de los 40 años de edad. Conclusión: Las concentraciones de FSH registraron un aumento no lineal durante la vida reproductiva y las de LH registraron un aumento discreto sólo en las pacientes de más de 40 años. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | AGE FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 275096 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of emergency contraception with levonorgestrel or mifepristone on ovarian function. Author: Marions L; Cekan SZ; Bygdeman M; Gemzell-Danielsson K Source: Contraception. 2004 May;69(5):373-377. Abstract: The mechanism of action of levonorgestrel (LNG) and mifepristone (MIF) in emergency contraception (EC), is still not fully known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of preovulatory treatment with LNG and MIF on luteal function in more detail. Two days prior to ovulation (day -2; assessed by ultrasound), we administered LNG (0.75 mg twice, 12 h apart) or MIF (10 mg, single dose) to seven women in different cycles. Follicle development was followed by ultrasound. Urinary estrone glucuronide (E1), pregnanediol glucuronide (P4) and luteinizing hormone (LH) were analyzed by enzyme immunoassays daily starting with day -2 for the rest of the menstrual cycle, along with urinary creatinine (C). The treatment caused either a delay or an inhibition of the LH peak in all subjects. A significant delay in P4 levels and an initial suppression of E1 levels were also noted. The development of the leading follicle was either arrested or continued without signs of rupture. This study indicates that, when used for EC, LNG or MIF administered prior to ovulation acts through an impaired ovulatory process and luteal function. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | LEVONORGESTREL | RU-486 | OVARIAN EFFECTS | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | ULTRASONICS | SEROCONVERSION | ESTRONE | OVULATION SUPPRESSION | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Safety | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Hormone Antagonists | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Ovary | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Immunity | Immune System | Estrogens | Contraceptive Mode of Action Document Number: 192432 |
| 28. Title: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptors. Author: Millar RP; Lu ZL; Pawson AJ; Flanagan CA Source: Endocrine Reviews. 2004 Apr;25(2):235-275. Abstract: GnRH and its analogs are used extensively for the treatment of hormone-dependent diseases and assisted reproductive techniques. They also have potential as novel contraceptives in men and women. A thorough delineation of the molecular mechanisms involved in ligand binding, receptor activation, and intracellular signal transduction is kernel to understanding disease processes and the development of specific interventions. Twenty-three structural variants of GnRH have been identified in protochordates and vertebrates. In many vertebrates, three GnRHs and three cognate receptors have been identified with distinct distributions and functions. In man, the hypothalamic GnRH regulates gonadotropin secretion through the pituitary GnRH type I receptor via activation of G(-q). In-depth studies have identified amino acid residues in both the ligand and receptor involved in binding, receptor activation, and translation into intracellular signal transduction. Although the predominant coupling of the type I GnRH receptor in the gonadotrope is through productive G(-q) stimulation, signal transduction can occur via other G proteins and potentially by G protein-independent means. The eventual selection of intracellular signaling may be specifically directed by variations in ligand structure. A second form of GnRH, GnRH II, conserved in all higher vertebrates, including man, is present in extrahypothalamic brain and many reproductive tissues. Its cognate receptor has been cloned from various vertebrate species, including New and Old World primates. The human gene homolog of this receptor, however, has a frame-shift and stop codon, and it appears that GnRH II signaling occurs through the type I GnRH receptor. There has been considerable plasticity in the use of different GnRHs, receptors, and signaling pathways for diverse functions. Delineation of the structural elements in GnRH and the receptor, which facilitate differential signaling, will contribute to the development of novel interventive GnRH analogs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | LITERATURE REVIEW | ENDOCRINE SYSTEM | PITUITARY HORMONE RELEASING HORMONES | HORMONE RECEPTORS | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | HORMONE ANTAGONISTS | MEMBRANE PROTEINS | HYPOTHALAMUS | Physiology | Biology | Hormones | Gonadotropins | Central Nervous System Document Number: 292154 |
| 29. Title: Interpopulational differences in progesterone levels during conception and implantation in humans. [Diferencias interpoblacionales en el nivel de progesterona durante la concepción y la implantación humanas] Author: Vitzthum VJ; Spielvogel H; Thornburg J Source: PNAS. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2004 Feb 10;101(6):1443-1448. Abstract: Clinical studies of women from the United States demonstrate a sensitivity of the ovarian system to energetic stress. Even moderate exercise or caloric restriction can lead to lower progesterone levels and failure to ovulate. Yet women in many non-industrial populations experience as many as a dozen pregnancies in a lifetime despite poor nutritional resources, heavy workloads, and typical progesterone levels only about two-thirds of those of U.S. women. Previous cross-sectional studies of progesterone may, however, suffer from inadvertent selection bias. In a non-contracepting population, the most fecund women, who might be expected to have the highest progesterone, are more likely to be pregnant or breastfeeding and hence unavailable for a crosssectional study of the ovarian cycle. The present longitudinal study was designed to ascertain whether lower progesterone also characterizes conception, implantation, and gestation in women from nonindustrialized populations. We compared rural Bolivian Aymara women (n = 191) to women from Chicago (n = 29) and found that mean-peak-luteal progesterone in the ovulatory cycles of Bolivian women averaged ˜71% that of the women from Chicago. In conception cycles, progesterone levels in Bolivian women during the periovulatory period were ˜63%, and during the peri-implantation period were ˜50%, those of the U.S. women. These observations argue that lower progesterone levels typically characterize the reproductive process in Bolivian women and perhaps others from non-industrialized populations. We discuss the possible proximate and evolutionary explanations for this variation and note the implications for developing suitable hormonal contraceptives and elucidating the etiology of cancers of the breast and reproductive tract. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: Estudios clínicos de mujeres estadounidenses demuestran una sensibilidad del sistema ovárico al estrés energético. Incluso el ejercicio moderado o la restricción calórica pueden inducir niveles menores de progesterona y anovulación. Sin embargo -aunque no debe descartarse la posibilidad de un sesgo de selección en los estudios transversales previos de progesterona- las mujeres de muchas poblaciones no industriales tienen hasta doce embarazos en el curso de su vida pese a su nutrición deficiente, a su pesada carga laboral y a niveles típicos de progesterona equivalentes a sólo dos tercios de los de sus pares de los EE.UU. En una población que no utiliza métodos anticonceptivos, las mujeres más fértiles, supuestamente poseedoras del máximo nivel de progesterona, son más propensas a quedar embarazadas o a amamantar y, por consiguiente, no pueden participar de un estudio transversal del ciclo ovárico. Este estudio longitudinal se diseñó para establecer si la concepción, la implantación y la gestación en las mujeres de poblaciones no industrializadas también se caracterizaban por un bajo nivel de progesterona. Al comparar un grupo de mujeres Aymará radicadas en el área rural boliviana (n = 191) con mujeres de Chicago (n = 29), se verificó una concentración pico promedio de progesterona en la fase luteínica de los ciclos ovulatorios de las mujeres bolivianas equivalente al 71% de la concentración observada en las mujeres de Chicago. En el ciclo de concepción, los niveles de progesterona de las mujeres bolivianas durante el período periovulatorio fueron del 63%, y durante el período de periimplantación del 50% de los valores para las mujeres estadounidenses. Estas observaciones indican que normalmente el proceso reproductivo en las mujeres bolivianas (y quizá en otras de poblaciones no industrializadas) se caracteriza por niveles más bajos de progesterona. Se analizan los posibles factores inmediatos y evolutivos de esta variación y se consignan las implicaciones para el desarrollo de anticonceptivos hormonales adecuados y la determinación de la etiología de los cánceres de mama y del aparato reproductor. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | BOLIVIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN | IMPLANTATION | PROGESTERONE | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | BREAST CANCER | CANCER | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Central | South America | Latin America | Research Methodology | Studies | Comparative Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy, First Trimester | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Menstruation | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Neoplasms | Diseases | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 191142 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: A single dose of mifepristone (200 mg) in the immediate preovulatory phase offers contraceptive potential without cycle disruption. Author: Brown A; Williams A; Cameron S; Morrow S; Baird DT Source: Contraception. 2003 Sep;68(3):203-209. Abstract: A single dose of mifepristone is an effective emergency contraceptive and has potential as a regular “once-a-month” pill. If given in the early luteal phase, the formation of a secretory endometrium is inhibited or delayed and implantation of the embryo prevented. We have explored the effect of giving the mifepristone just prior to ovulation on the ovarian and endometrial cycle. Seven women with regular menstrual cycles were studied during a control cycle and then in a second cycle when 200 mg mifepristone was given within 24 h of ovulation, i.e., when luteinizing hormone (LH) in serum was >15 IU/L and the dominant follicle was >18 mm. Ovulation was confirmed within 48 h by ultrasound in five of the seven women. The remaining two women had luteinized unruptured follicle. Following mifepristone, menses occurred after a normal luteal phase compared to control cycle (13.7 ± 0.7 vs. 13.7 ± 0.9 days). In all subjects the endometrium on LH + 6 in the treatment cycle showed no, or very little, secretory changes, suggesting it was unlikely that pregnancy would have occurred. We conclude that mifepristone could be given as a “once-a-month” contraceptive pill without causing significant disruption in the menstrual cycle in the majority of women for a 4-day period from just prior to ovulation until LH + 3. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUAL CYCLE | ULTRASONICS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | OVULATION | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | ENDOMETRIUM | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | |