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1.
Title: Understanding the effects of personal and school religiosity on the decision to abort a premarital pregnancy.
Author: Adamczyk A
Source: Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 2009 Jun;50(2):180-95.
Abstract: Although much research has examined the relationship between religion and abortion attitudes, few studies have examined whether religion influences abortion behavior. This study looks at whether individual and school religiosity influence reported abortion behavior among women who become pregnant while unmarried. Hierarchical Logistic Models are implemented to analyze two waves of data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health. Findings show that personal religiosity is unrelated to reported abortion behavior. However, conservative Protestants appear less likely to obtain abortions than mainline Protestants, Catholics, and women of non-Christian faiths. Regardless of personal religious affiliation, having attended a school with a high proportion of conservative Protestants appears to discourage abortion as women enter their twenties. Conversely, women from private religious high schools appear more likely to report obtaining an abortion than women from public schools.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | YOUTH | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | PREGNANCY | UNMARRIED | RELIGION | ABORTION | CATHOLICISM | CHRISTIANITY | DECISION MAKING | PREMARITAL PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Reproduction | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 342236 Notification

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Peer Reviewed

Title: Increasing the acceptability of HIV counseling and testing with three C's: convenience, confidentiality and credibility.
Author: Angotti N; Bula A; Gaydosh L; Kimchi EZ; Thornton RL; Yeatman SE
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(12):2263-70.
Abstract: Agencies engaged in humanitarian efforts to prevent the further spread of HIV have emphasized the importance of voluntary counseling and testing (VCT), and most high-prevalence countries now have facilities that offer testing free of charge. The utilization of these services is disappointingly low, however, despite high numbers reporting that they would like to be tested. Explanations of this discrepancy typically rely on responses to hypothetical questions posed in terms of psychological or social barriers; often, the explanation is that people fear learning that they are infected with a disease that they understand to be fatal and stigmatizing. Yet when we offered door-to-door rapid blood testing for HIV as part of a longitudinal study in rural Malawi, the overwhelming majority agreed to be tested and to receive their results immediately. Thus, in this paper, we ask: why are more people not getting tested? Using an explanatory research design, we find that rural Malawians are responsive to door-to-door HIV testing for the following reasons: it is convenient, confidential, and the rapid blood test is credible. Our study suggests that attention to these factors in VCT strategies may mitigate the fear of HIV testing, and ultimately increase uptake in rural African settings.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | FEAR | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 342741

Title: Minimally invasive surgery for children with HIV/AIDS.
Author: Banieghbal B
Source: Journal of Laparoendoscopic and Advanced Surgical Techniques. Part A. 2009 Feb;19(1):97-101.
Abstract: AIM: Human deficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) have resulted in millions of deaths in Sub-Saharan Africa from opportunist infections. Children are not spared and are similarly affected. Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) can be used, in a selected number of children, as a mean to establish diagnosis or render a treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was comprised of a 7-year retrospective analysis of a single pediatric surgeon's experience in South Africa. Forty-eight children, with ages 3 months to 14 years, with HIV/AIDS underwent laparoscopic/thoracoscopic exploration and treatment. RESULTS: Diagnostic laparoscopy and biopsy were the most common procedures (29 cases) indicated for nonspecific abdominal pain or rectal bleeding. The second most common procedure was laparoscopic antireflux fundoplication (10 cases) for damaged lower esophageal sphincter secondary to chronic candidal infection. The remaining procedures were for other rare surgical conditions, seen often in AIDS patients. No significant procedure-related complications occurred, but there were 2 mortalities from the underlying pathology in this cohort. CONCLUSIONS: This is the largest report on MIS for children with HIV/AIDS in the medical literature. It is shown that laparoscopic/thoracoscopic exploration and treatment in children with HIV/AIDS is safe and indicated for establishing the diagnosis and treatment of these unfortunate children.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SURGERY | LAPAROSCOPY | PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | PAIN | BLEEDING | CANDIDIASIS | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | COMPLICATIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Endoscopy | Examinations and Diagnoses | Signs and Symptoms | Bacterial and Fungal Diseases | Infections | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 330998

Title: Combined oral contraceptive use and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Author: Bernier MO; Mikaeloff Y; Hudson M; Suissa S
Source: Arthritis and Rheumatism. 2009 Mar 30;61(4):476-481.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess whether the risk of incident systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is associated with the use of combined oral contraceptives (COCs), because studies of the link between exogenous hormonal exposure and the risk of SLE have produced conflicting results. METHODS: We conducted a population-based nested case-control study among women ages 18-45 years, using the UK's General Practice Research Database. All incident cases of SLE from 1994-2004 (n = 786) were identified in the database and matched with up to 10 controls (n = 7,817) among women without SLE at the time of the case's diagnosis. RESULTS: The adjusted rate ratio (RR) of incident SLE associated with any use of COC was 1.19 (95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.98-1.45), whereas with current use it was 1.54 (95% CI 1.15-2.07). The rate was particularly increased in current users who had only recently started COC use (RR 2.52, 95% CI 1.14-5.57) compared with longer-term current users (RR 1.45, 95% CI 1.06-1.99). The risk appearedto be particularly elevated with current exposure to first- or second-generation contraceptives (RR 1.65, 95% CI 1.20-2.26), and increasing with the dose of ethinyl estradiol (RR 1.42, 1.63, and 2.92 for Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | SYSTEMIC LUPUS ERYTHEMATOSUS | PREVALENCE | RISK FACTORS | RISK ASSESSMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Diseases | Measurement | Health | Evaluation
Document Number: 330926

Peer Reviewed

Title: Is sexual risk taking behaviour changing in rural south-west Uganda? Behaviour trends in a rural population cohort 1993 2006.
Author: Biraro S; Shafer LA; Kleinschmidt I; Wolff B; Karabalinda A; Nalwoga A; Musinguzi J; Kirungi W; Opio A; Whitworth J; Grosskurth H
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i3-i11.
Abstract: Objective: To describe sexual behaviour trends in a rural Ugandan cohort in the context of an evolving HIV epidemic, 1993-2006. Methods: Sexual behaviour data were collected annually from a population cohort in which HIV serological surveys were also conducted. Behaviour trends were determined using survival analysis and logistic regression. Trends are reported based on the years in which the respective indicators were collected. Results: Between 1993 and 2006, median age at first sex increased from 16.7 years to 18.2 years among 17-20-year-old girls and from 18.5 years to 19.9 years among boys. Both sexes reported a dip in age at sexual debut between 1998 and 2001. One or more casual partners in the past 12 months among men rose from 11.6% in 1997 to 12.7% in 2004 and then declined to 10.2% in 2006. Among women it increased from 1.4% in 1997 to 3.7% in 2004 and then reduced to 1.4% in 2006. The rise in casual partners between 1997 and 2004 was driven mainly by older age groups. Trends in condom use with casual partners varied by age, increasing among those aged 35+ years, declining in the middle age groups and presenting a dip and then a rise in the youngest aged group (13-19 years). Conclusion: Among youth, risky behaviour declined but increased in the late 1990s/early 2000s. Among those aged 35+ years, condom use rose but casual partners also rose. Several indicators portrayed a temporary increase in risk taking behaviour from 1998 to 2002.
Language: English
Keywords:
UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | RURAL POPULATION | MULTIPLE PARTNERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | SEX FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | CONDOM USE | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexual Partners | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior
Document Number: 340101

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sustained immunological responses to highly active antiretroviral therapy at 36 months in a Ghanaian HIV cohort.
Author: Collini P; Schwab U; Sarfo S; Obeng-Baah J; Norman B; Chadwick D; Bibby D; Bedu-Addo G
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Apr 1;48(7):988-91.
Abstract: Two hundred thirty-seven Ghanaian human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients who were starting antiretroviral therapy underwent clinical and immunological monitoring for 3 years. Seventy-eight percent of patients had disease classified as World Health Organization stage III or IV. The mean increase in the CD4 cell count was 395 cells/mm(3), 13% of patients experienced immunological failure, and 8% of patients switched treatment to a second-line regimen. However, two-thirds of patients who experienced immunological failure did not switch treatment, and 31% of all patients were lost to follow-up.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | IMMUNITY, CELLULAR | TIME FACTORS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 330985

Peer Reviewed

Title: Measuring trends in age at first sex and age at marriage in Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Mushati P; Hallett T; Mupambireyi Z; Nyamukapa C; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i34-i40.
Abstract: The authors analyzed longitudinal data from three rounds of a population-based cohort in eastern Zimbabwe. Reports of age at first sex and age at marriage from 6,837 individuals attending multiple rounds were classified according to consistency. Survival analysis was used to identify trends in the timing of first sex and marriage. In this population, women initiate sex and enter marriage at younger ages than men but spend much less time between first sex and marriage. Among those surveyed between 1998 and 2005, median ages at first sex and first marriage were 18.5 years and 21.4 years for men and 18.2 years and 18.5 years, respectively, for women aged 15-54 years. High levels of reports of both age at first sex and age at marriage among those attending multiple surveys were found to be unreliable. Excluding reports identified as unreliable from these analyses did not alter the observed trends in either age at first sex or age at marriage. Tracing birth cohorts as they aged revealed reporting biases, particularly among the youngest cohorts. Comparisons by birth cohorts, which span a period of >40 years, indicate that median age at first sex has remained constant over time for women but has declined gradually for men. Although many reports of age at first sex and age at marriage were found to be unreliable, inclusion of such reports did not result in artificial generation or suppression of trends.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | FIRST INTERCOURSE | AGE FACTORS | MARRIAGE AGE | BIAS | SEX FACTORS | RELIABILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 340105

Peer Reviewed

Title: Patterns of Self-reported Behaviour Change Associated with Receiving Voluntary Counselling and Testing in a Longitudinal Study from Manicaland, Zimbabwe.
Author: Cremin I; Nyamukapa C; Sherr L; Hallett TB; Chawira G; Cauchemez S; Lopman B; Garnett GP; Gregson S
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jul 22;
Abstract: Voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) is promoted as a potential HIV prevention measure. We describe trends in uptake of VCT for HIV, and patterns of subsequent behaviour change associated with receiving VCT in a population-based open cohort in Manicaland, Zimbabwe. The relationship between receipt of VCT and subsequent reported behaviour was analysed using generalized linear models with random effects. At the third survey, 8.6% of participants (1,079/12,533), had previously received VCT. Women who received VCT, both those positive and negative, reduced their reported number of new partners. Among those testing positive, this risk reduction was enhanced with time since testing. Among men, no behavioural risk reduction associated with VCT was observed. Significant increases in consistent condom use, with regular or non-regular partners, following VCT, were not observed. This study suggests that, among women, particularly those who are infected, behavioural risk reduction does occur following VCT.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | HIV PREVENTION | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior
Document Number: 342278

10.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The influence of changes in women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of Northern Ghana.
Author: Doctor HV; Phillips JF; Sakeah E
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Jun;40(2):113-122.
Abstract: Religious affiliation is undergoing major changes in rural Sahelian Africa, with profound consequences for customs that are grounded in traditional belief systems. This study examines the influence of women's religious affiliation on contraceptive use and fertility among the Kassena-Nankana of northern Ghana. Analysis of longitudinal data for women in 1995 and 2003 shows that 61 percent of women changed their religion, with shifts from traditional beliefs to Christianity being dominant. Moreover, women were more likely than men to make such a change. Regression results show that, compared with those who did not change, switching from traditional religion to Christianity or Islam is associated with increased contraceptive use and decreased fertility. The more rapid change in religious affiliation among women than men may have social consequences for the status of women, signaling a trend toward greater autonomy in the family and new aspirations, values, and behavior as evidenced by the proportion of people adopting contraceptives.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | SAMPLING STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | WOMEN | RELIGIOUS ASPECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | BELIEFS | CHRISTIANITY | ISLAM | SOCIAL CHANGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Culture
Document Number: 341895

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: HIV/AIDS epidemic features and trends in iran, 1986-2006.
Author: Fallahzadeh H; Morowatisharifabad M; Ehrampoosh MH
Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):297-302.
Abstract: This study describes the reported HIV/AIDS data for all verified cases in Iran between 1986 and 2006. The cumulative number of the reported cases of HIV/AIDS among Iranians, up to the end of September 2006 was 13,702. Over the 20-year surveillance period, the rate of HIV/AIDS infections diagnosed annually among Iranian citizens gradually increased and, over the period 1997-2004, it reached from 1.38 to 4.6 cases per 100,000 populations per year. Our findings highlight the need for intensified HIV prevention efforts with men who use drugs via injection and strengthened efforts to encourage the individual at risk to get tested for HIV.
Language: English
Keywords:
IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | IV DRUG USERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEN | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | INCIDENCE | HIV TESTING | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 340129

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The effect of changes in health sector resources on infant mortality in the short-run and the long-run: a longitudinal econometric analysis.
Author: Farahani M; Subramanian SV; Canning D
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009;68:1918-1925.
Abstract: While countries with higher levels of human resources for health typically have better population health, the evidence that increases in the level of human resources for health leads to improvements in population health is limited. We use a dynamic regression model to obtain estimates of both the short-run and long-term effects of changes in physicians per capita, our measure of health system resources, on infant mortality. Using a dataset of 99 countries at 5-year intervals from 1960-2000, we estimate that increasing the number of physicians by one per 1000 population (roughly a doubling of current levels of provision) decreases the infant mortality rate by 15% within 5 years and by 45% in the long-run with half the long-run gain being achieved in 15 years. We conclude that the long-run effects of heath system resources are substantially larger than previously estimated. Our results suggest, however, that countries that have delayed action on the Millennium Development Goal of reducing infant andchild mortality rate by two-thirds by 2015 (relative to 1990) may have difficulty meeting this goal even if they rapidly increase resources now.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | PHYSICIANS | HUMAN RESOURCES | INFANT MORTALITY | HEALTH SERVICES | CHANGES | Studies | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 340203

13.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Like parent, like child: Intergenerational transmission of partner violence in Cebu, the Philippines.
Author: Fehringer JA; Hindin MJ
Source: Journal of Adolescent Health. 2009 Apr;44(4):363-371.
Abstract: Purpose: This study investigates the prevalence of partner violence perpetration and receipt among a sample of young men and women in the Philippines, as well as the relationship between witnessing interparental violence during childhood and current violence in partnerships. Methods: We used 1994, 2002, and 2005 data from 472 married or cohabiting young adults from the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey in Cebu, the Philippines. This is a longitudinal data set following more than 2000 Filipino women and their index children since the child's birth in 1983-1984. Results: Prevalence of partner violence perpetration was 55.8% for female and 25.1% for male respondents. Prevalence of victimization was 27.7% for females and 30.5% for males. In all, 45% of females and 50% of males reported having witnessed their parents/caretakers physically hurt one another during childhood. Multinomial logistic regression analysis showed that witnessing interparental violence significantly predicted report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. Greater parental joint decision making and being male were independently associated with a lower risk of report of both reciprocal violent acts and violent act victimization. Duration of marriage or cohabition was associated with report of violent act victimization and reciprocal violent acts. There were gender interaction effects for several factors, including mother's church attendance and household purchase of alcohol at age 11 years. Conclusions: Implications for further research and violence prevention programs include early intervention with adolescents and focus on gender differences in violence determinants.
Language: English
Keywords:
PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | CHILDREN | PARENTS | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | PREVALENCE | SEX FACTORS | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Measurement
Document Number: 341085

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Contraceptive use, birth spacing, and autonomy: an analysis of the Oportunidades program in rural Mexico.
Author: Feldman BS; Zaslavsky AM; Ezzati M; Peterson KE; Mitchell M
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):51-62.
Abstract: Oportunidades, a conditional cash-transfer program instituted in Mexico in 1997, provides cash incentives to mothers to invest in the health and education of family members. Drawing from data gathered by Mexico's National Institute of Public Health, this study assesses the effect of the program on contraceptive use and birth spacing among titulares (female household heads) living in rural areas during the experimental period, 1998-2000, and during 2000-03, after incorporation of the control group. In 2000, titulares were more likely to use modern contraceptives than were women in the control group, although by 2003 all beneficiaries had the same probability of use. Change in autonomy was not a mediator, although baseline autonomy modified the program's influence on contraceptive use. Cox proportional hazard models produced estimates that birth spacing was similar between the beneficiaries and controls. Inconsistent findings may be the result of the way contraceptive use was defined in this study. Findings from this study may be useful for helping program planners better understand the role of conditional cash transfers in modifying family planning and fertility among poor rural women in Latin America.
Language: English
Keywords:
MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | BIRTH SPACING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INCENTIVES | HOME ECONOMICS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Households | Family Planning | Contraception | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors
Document Number: 331287

15.

Title: Birth weight of offspring, maternal pre-pregnancy characteristics, and mortality of mothers: the Jerusalem perinatal study cohort.
Author: Friedlander Y; Manor O; Paltiel O; Meiner V; Sharon N; Calderon R; Hochner H; Sagy Y; Avgil M; Harlap S; Siscovick DS
Source: Annals of Epidemiology. 2009 Feb;19(2):112-7.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To explore the association between birth weight in offspring, a marker of the intrauterine environment, and mortality in their mothers, taking into account maternal pre-pregnancy characteristics, including maternal body mass index (BMI), smoking, and socioeconomic status. Distinguishing the effects of offspring's birth weight and pre-pregnancy characteristics on maternal outcome may provide clues regarding mechanisms underlying the association between birth weight and maternal mortality. METHODS: We studied long-term total mortality (average follow-up period, 29.1 years) in a population-based cohort of 13,185 mothers, aged 15 to 48 years at their offspring's birth, who delivered in West Jerusalem during 1974 through 1976. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate Cox-proportional hazard models used to estimate the hazard of overall mortality among mothers indicated a nonlinear relationship with birth weight of offspring when introduced into the models as a continuous variable, and a linear positive association with maternal pre-pregnancy BMI. Inclusion of maternal BMI and other pre-pregnancy characteristics in the model did not alter the association between offspring's birth weight and mothers' all-cause mortality. When birth weight was introduced as a categorical variable, higher mortality was observed among mothers who gave birth to babies with birth weight less than 2500 g (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.90; 95% confidence interval [95%CI], 1.23-2.94) as compared to mothers whose offspring had birth weight between 3000 and 3499 g. The HR for mothers who gave birth to babies with birth weight 4000 g or more was 1.30 (95%CI, 0.88-1.91). CONCLUSIONS: Independent of pre-pregnancy maternal BMI and other characteristics, birth weight of offspring was associated with mortality in their mothers, suggesting that intrauterine metabolic events reflected by birth weight and not explained by maternal obesity, smoking, and socioeconomic status have remote consequences for maternal health. These findings underline the need to explore specific genetic and/or environmental mechanisms that account for these associations.
Language: English
Keywords:
ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | INFANT | PREGNANT WOMEN | BIRTH WEIGHT | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | MATERNAL HEALTH | Developed Countries | Middle East | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Theoretical Models | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health
Document Number: 331228

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Perinatal outcomes in a South Asian setting with high rates of low birth weight.
Author: George K; Prasad J; Singh D; Minz S; Albert DS; Muliyil J; Joseph KS; Jayaraman J; Kramer MS
Source: BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth. 2009;9:5.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: It is unclear whether the high rates of low birth weight in South Asia are due to poor fetal growth or short pregnancy duration. Also, it is not known whether the traditional focus on preventing low birth weight has been successful. We addressed these and related issues by studying births in Kaniyambadi, South India, with births from Nova Scotia, Canada serving as a reference. METHODS: Population-based data for 1986 to 2005 were obtained from the birth database of the Community Health and Development program in Kaniyambadi and from the Nova Scotia Atlee Perinatal Database. Menstrual dates were used to obtain comparable information on gestational age. Small-for-gestational age (SGA) live births were identified using both a recent Canadian and an older Indian fetal growth standard. RESULTS: The low birth weight and preterm birth rates were 17.0% versus 5.5% and 12.3% versus 6.9% in Kaniyambadi and Nova Scotia, respectively. SGA rates were 46.9% in Kaniyambadi and 7.5% in Nova Scotia when the Canadian fetal growth standard was used to define SGA and 6.7% in Kaniyambadi and < 1% in Nova Scotia when the Indian standard was used. In Kaniyambadi, low birth weight, preterm birth and perinatal mortality rates did not decrease between 1990 and 2005. SGA rates in Kaniyambadi declined significantly when SGA was based on the Indian standard but not when it was based on the Canadian standard. Maternal mortality rates fell by 85% (95% confidence interval 57% to 95%) in Kaniyambadi between 1986-90 and 2001-05. Perinatal mortality rates were 11.7 and 2.6 per 1,000 total births and cesarean delivery rates were 6.0% and 20.9% among live births >or= 2,500 g in Kaniyambadi and Nova Scotia, respectively. CONCLUSION: High rates of fetal growth restriction and relatively high rates of preterm birth are responsible for the high rates of low birth weight in South Asia. Increased emphasis is required on health services that address the morbidity and mortality in all birth weight categories.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | INFANT | INFANT, PREMATURE | PREVALENCE | BIRTH WEIGHT | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | GESTATIONAL AGE | PERINATAL MORTALITY | GROWTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Child Development
Document Number: 331227

17.

Title: Impact of intestinal permeability, inflammation status and parasitic infections on infant growth faltering in rural Bangladesh.
Author: Goto R; Mascie-Taylor CG; Lunn PG
Source: British Journal of Nutrition. 2009 May;101(10):1509-16.
Abstract: A longitudinal study of 298 rural Bangladeshi infants found evidence of growth faltering starting at 3 months of age. Anthropometric status declined substantially in the first 2 years of life, with weight-for-height (WHZ) falling from - 0.49 to - 1.75, weight-for-age (WAZ) from - 1.18 to - 2.87 and height-for-age (HAZ) from - 1.00 to - 1.88. Higher concentrations of the acute-phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and higher gut mucosal damage (as signified by raised lactulose:mannitol (L:M) ratios) were both associated with chronic malnutrition as indicated by poorer HAZ and WAZ scores (P = 0.011 and 0.005 for AGP and 0.039 and 0.019 for L:M ratio, respectively). Higher Hb levels were related to improved z-scores, while elevation of Giardia-specific IgM titre (GSIgM) was associated with poor WAZ and WHZ (P = 0.015 and 0.039, respectively). IgG did not show any significant association with z-scores and the L:M ratio did not correlate with any of the inflammation markers or Giardia infection. The prevalence of geohelminth infections was low (only 4 % in the total study period). However, the level of GSIgM indicated high endemicity of Giardia infection from early in life, although very few cysts were detected from stool samples. These findings suggest that rural Bangladeshi infants are being exposed to high levels of infection with concomitant gut damage and growth faltering.
Language: English
Keywords:
BANGLADESH | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | INFANT | PARASITIC DISEASES | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | GROWTH | MALNUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Child Development | Nutrition Disorders | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunity | Immune System
Document Number: 342008

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Emergence of multiclass drug-resistance in HIV-2 in antiretroviral-treated individuals in Senegal: implications for HIV-2 treatment in resouce-limited West Africa.
Author: Gottlieb GS; Badiane NM; Hawes SE; Fortes L; Toure M; Ndour CT; Starling AK; Traore F; Sall F; Wong KG; Cherne SL; Anderson DJ; Dye SA; Smith RA; Mullins JI; Kiviat NB; Sow PS
Author: University of Washington-Dakar HIV-2 Study Group
Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb 15;48(4):476-83.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: The efficacy of various antiretroviral (ARV) therapy regimens for human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) infection remains unclear. HIV-2 is intrinsically resistant to the nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitors and to enfuvirtide and may also be less susceptible than HIV-1 to some protease inhibitors (PIs). However, the mutations in HIV-2 that confer ARV resistance are not well characterized. METHODS: Twenty-three patients were studied as part of an ongoing prospective longitudinal cohort study of ARV therapy for HIV-2 infection in Senegal. Patients were treated with nucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)- and PI (indinavir)-based regimens. HIV-2 pol genes from these patients were genotyped, and the mutations predictive of resistance in HIV-2 were assessed. Correlates of ARV resistance were analyzed. RESULTS: Multiclass drug-resistance mutations (NRTI and PI) were detected in strains in 30% of patients; 52% had evidence of resistance to at least 1 ARV class. The reverse-transcriptase mutations M184V and K65R, which confer high-level resistance to lamivudine and emtricitabine in HIV-2, were found in strains from 43% and 9% of patients, respectively. The Q151M mutation, which confers multinucleoside resistance in HIV-2, emerged in strains from 9% of patients. HIV-1-associated thymidine analogue mutations (M41L, D67N, K70R, L210W, and T215Y/F) were not observed, with the exception of K70R, which was present together with K65R and Q151M in a strain from 1 patient. Eight patients had HIV-2 with PI mutations associated with indinavir resistance, including K7R, I54M, V62A, I82F, L90M, L99F; 4 patients had strains with multiple PI resistance-associated mutations. The duration of ARV therapy was positively associated with the development of drug resistance (P = .02). Nine (82%) of 11 patients with HIV-2 with detectable ARV resistance had undetectable plasma HIV-2 RNA loads (<1.4 log(10) copies/mL), compared with 3 (25%) of 12 patients with HIV-2 with detectable ARV resistance (P = .009). Patients with ARV-resistant virus had higher plasma HIV-2 RNA loads, compared with those with non-ARV-resistant virus (median, 1.7 log(10) copies/mL [range, <1.4 to 2.6 log(10) copies/mL] vs. <1.4 log(10) copies/mL [range, <1.4 to 1.6 log(10) copies/mL]; P = .003). CONCLUSIONS: HIV-2-infected individuals treated with ARV therapy in Senegal commonly have HIV-2 mutations consistent with multiclass drug resistance. Additional clinical studies are required to improve the efficacy of primary and salvage treatment regimens for treating HIV-2 infection.
Language: English
Keywords:
SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | AIDS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 342643

19.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Sexual behavior change in countries with generalised HIV epidemics? Evidence from population-based cohort studies in sub-Saharan Africa.
Author: Gregson S; Todd J; Zaba B
Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2009 Apr;85(Suppl 1):i1-i2.
Abstract: This introductory article describes the contents of the current issue which presents 10 recent analyses of sexual behaviour data from longitudinal studies in five countries-Uganda, Tanzania, Malawi, Zimbabwe and South Africa- experiencing different sizes and stages of the HIV epidemic. The results provide valuable information for use in evaluating trends in HIV epidemics and the impact of HIV prevention programmes. An underlying purpose of this is to highlight appropriate methods and to encourage better analysis and presentation of sexual behaviour data, especially as they relate to HIV and HIV prevention.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | KAP SURVEYS | COHORT ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | TARGET POPULATION | HIV TRANSMISSION | EPIDEMICS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | SURVIVORSHIP | RISK FACTORS | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Length of Life | Mortality | Health
Document Number: 340100

20.

Title: Poverty, bridging between injecting drug users and the general population, and "interiorization" may explain the spread of HIV in southern Brazil.
Author: Hacker MA; Leite I; Friedman SR; Carrijo RG; Bastos FI
Source: Health and Place. 2009 Jun;15(2):514-9.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to study how structural determinants and the role of injecting drug users (IDUs) as a bridging population to the general population affected the AIDS subepidemic in southern Brazil during 1986-2000. Data from 288 southernmost Brazilian municipalities were analyzed. Using hierarchical modeling and inputs from a Geographic Information System, a multilevel model was constructed. The dependent variable was the logged AIDS standardized incidence rate (among the heterosexual population aged 15-69-years-old); independent variables included indicators for education, water provision, sewage, and garbage collection, per capita income, Gini coefficient (on income), Human Development Index, indicators of accessibility, and AIDS rate among IDUs. Significant predictors included AIDS rate among IDUs, distance from/to highways/railways, the Human Development Index and the ratio of residents who have access to sanitary installations. Poverty (as measured by socioeconomic indicators) and bridging from IDUs contribute to the spread of HIV/AIDS in Brazilian southern municipalities.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | IV DRUG USERS | HIV TRANSMISSION | POVERTY | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | PREVALENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DISTANCE | SANITATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Measurement | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Geographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health
Document Number: 330964

21.

22.

Title: Patterns of postnatal growth in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed children.
Author: Isanaka S; Duggan C; Fawzi WW
Source: Nutrition Reviews. 2009 Jun;67(6):343-59.
Abstract: HIV infection can contribute to disturbances in both linear growth and weight gain in early childhood, with disturbances often apparent as early as 3 months of age. There is little evidence for a difference in the early growth of HIV-exposed but uninfected children compared to healthy controls. Owing to the close association of growth with immune function and clinical progression, an understanding of growth patterns may be an important tool to ensure the provision of appropriate care to HIV-infected and exposed children. Timely growth monitoring may be used to improve the clinical course and quality of life of these children.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | EXPOSURE | HIV INFECTIONS | GROWTH | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | QUALITY OF LIFE | MONITORING | BODY WEIGHT | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Factors | Health | Biology | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Evaluation | Physiology
Document Number: 342157

23.

Title: Virological response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and in patients dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2 in the Gambia and emergence of drug-resistant variants.
Author: Jallow S; Alabi A; Sarge-Njie R; Peterson K; Whittle H; Corrah T; Jaye A; Cotten M; Vanham G; McConkey SJ; Rowland-Jones S; Janssens W
Source: Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 2009 Jul;47(7):2200-8.
Abstract: Drug design, antiretroviral therapy (ART), and drug resistance studies have focused almost exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), resulting in limited information for patients infected with HIV-2 and for those dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2. In this study, 20 patients, 12 infected with HIV-2 and 8 dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2, all treated with zidovudine (ZDV), lamivudine (3TC), and lopinavir-ritonavir (LPV/r), were followed up longitudinally for about 3 years. For 19/20 patients, viral loads were reduced to undetectable levels; the patient whose viral load remained detectable reported adverse effects associated with LPV/r that had caused him to stop taking all the drugs. HIV-2 strains containing mutations in both the protease and the reverse transcriptase gene that may confer drug resistance were observed in two patients with viral rebound, as early as 130 days (4.3 months) after the initiation of therapy. We conclude that the combination of ZDV, 3TC, and LPV/r is able to provide efficient and durable suppression of HIV-1 and HIV-2 for as long as 3 years in HIV-2-infected and dually infected patients. However, the emergence of HIV-1 and HIV-2 strains containing drug-resistant mutations can compromise the efficacy of this highly active ART.
Language: English
Keywords:
GAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | DRUG RESISTANCE | TREATMENT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 342659

24.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Evaluating completeness of maternal mortality reporting in a rural health and social affairs unit in Vellore, India, 2004.
Author: Kim SY; Rochat R; Rajaratnam A; Digirolamo A
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):195-205.
Abstract: Health systems in developing countries infrequently implement and evaluate maternal death surveillance. This study identified under-reported and misclassified maternal deaths among women of reproductive age between 1999 and 2004 in a rural service unit in Vellore, India. In-depth interviews, semi-structured interviews and structured questionnaires were used to identify maternal deaths known to health care providers and community leaders who regularly come in contact with pregnant women. Eighteen under-reported and misclassified cases--or 50% of maternal deaths--were reported. These included 29% of abortion-related and 7% of domestic violence-related deaths. Based on this study's fieldwork, the existing death surveillance system detected 100% of the maternal deaths reported by hospital staff; however, it missed most maternal deaths reported by community workers. The latter are more likely than deaths reported by hospital workers to result from abortion and family violence. The existing surveillance system should be augmented with a community-based death surveillance system. This comprehensive approach identified twice as many maternal deaths than previously recorded and could be applied in other settings. Appropriate public health interventions should be initiated to prevent maternal deaths in this community.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CLASSIFICATION | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | DEATH RATE | MATERNAL MORTALITY | RURAL HEALTH SERVICES | CAUSES OF DEATH | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 331112

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Adjustment to termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly: a longitudinal study in women at 4, 8, and 16 months.
Author: Korenromp MJ; Page-Christiaens GC; van den Bout J; Mulder EJ; Visser GH
Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Aug;201(2):160.e1-7.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: We studied psychological outcomes and predictors for adverse outcome in 147 women 4, 8, and 16 months after termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly. STUDY DESIGN: We conducted a longitudinal study with validated self-completed questionnaires. RESULTS: Four months after termination 46% of women showed pathological levels of posttraumatic stress symptoms, decreasing to 20.5% after 16 months. As to depression, these figures were 28% and 13%, respectively. Late onset of problematic adaptation did not occur frequently. Outcome at 4 months was the most important predictor of persistent impaired psychological outcome. Other predictors were low self-efficacy, high level of doubt during decision making, lack of partner support, being religious, and advanced gestational age. Strong feelings of regret for the decision were mentioned by 2.7% of women. CONCLUSION: Termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly has significant psychological consequences for 20% of women up to > 1 year. Only few women mention feelings of regret.
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | POSTABORTION | POSTABORTION CARE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | STRESS | DEPRESSION | CONGENITAL ABNORMALITIES | DECISION MAKING | IMPACT | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities | Communication
Document Number: 342609

26.
Title: Metabolic profile and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in different reproductive phases of Czech women and their relations to weight, body composition and fat distribution.
Author: KOSKOVA I; PETRASEK R; VONDRA K; DUSKOVA M; STARKA L
Source: Physiological Research / Academia Scientiarum Bohemoslovaca. 2009;58(3):393-402.
Abstract: In our study, 213 healthy Czech women aged 20 to 65 years were examined and divided into fully reproductive, premenopausal, menopausal and postmenopausal groups. In all subjects body composition was determined by classical anthropometry and metabolic profile was assessed. A total of 146 subjects completed 3-year longitudinal study. Total and LDL cholesterol increased and ratio HDL/total cholesterol decreased with age (p<0.001), most significantly in menopause. Triacylglycerols increased only up to menopause. HDL had a very slight trend to decrease in menopause and postmenopause. Fasting blood glucose level increased progressively (p<0.001), in postmenopause frequently exceeded normal range. Higher BMI, total fat mass and central fat indices were associated with higher total and LDL cholesterol, triacylglycerols, C-peptide, insulin and fasting blood glucose level (p<0.001; fasting blood glucose level to waist-to-hip ratio: p<0.01) and lower HDL cholesterol (p<0.001). Higher C-peptide and insulin were associated with lower HDL cholesterol and higher triacylglycerols (p<0.001). Fasting glucose correlated with LDL cholesterol (p<0.01). Higher SHBG was associated with higher HDL and lower LDL cholesterol (p<0.001). Hormone replacement treatment was related to lower fasting blood glucose level in postmenopausal women (p<0.01). Oral contraception is suggestive of a positive influence on lipid spectrum by increasing the ratio HDL/total cholesterol. Markers of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism are not only age-related, but they are also related to BMI, total fat mass and central fat indices. Therefore, preventive programs should be focused above all on menopausal women.
Language: English
Keywords:
CZECHOSLOVAKIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | WOMEN | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | CHOLESTEROL | BODY WEIGHT | ANTHROPOMETRY | AGE FACTORS | MENOPAUSE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Metabolic Effects | Physiology | Biology | Lipids | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Reproduction | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 342621

27.

Title: Maternal weight and lean body mass may influence the lactation-related bone changes in young undernourished Indian women.
Author: Kulkarni B; Shatrugna V; Nagalla B; Ajeya Kumar P; Usha Rani K; Chandrakala Omkar A
Source: British Journal of Nutrition. 2009 May;101(10):1527-33.
Abstract: Lactation is known to be associated with a transient loss of bone mineral density (BMD) during 3-6 months post-partum. Bone changes during lactation in women consuming low dietary calcium are not sufficiently studied. The present longitudinal study examined the BMD changes during lactation in undernourished women and the relationship of bone changes to the nutritional status. Whole-body bone mineral content and BMD at hip, lumbar spine and forearm were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in thirty-six lactating women from the low socio-economic group at four time points -- within 1 month after delivery (baseline), and at 6, 12 and 18 months after delivery. Maternal body composition and biochemical parameters of bone metabolism were estimated at the same time. It was observed that femoral neck BMD reduced by 4.6 % at 6 months, but recovery to the baseline was incomplete at 18 months with a deficit of 2 %. Hip BMD reduction at 6 months was transient. Lumbar spine BMD did not show significant loss at 6 months and BMD increased by 3.6 and 6.3 % at 12 and 18 months, respectively. Regression analyses indicated that baseline lean mass was the most important determinant of bone preservation at femoral neck, hip as well as whole body, whereas baseline body weight was the most important determinant of per cent gain in lumbar spine. Maternal nutritional status as indicated by body weight and lean mass appears to influence the lactation-related BMD changes in undernourished women from the low socio-economic group in India.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | BODY WEIGHT | LACTATION | MALNUTRITION | DIET | SKELETAL EFFECTS | SERUM CALCIUM LEVEL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Puerperium | Reproduction | Physiology | Biology | Maternal Physiology | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Hemic System
Document Number: 342007

29.

Title: Kin influence on the decision to start using modern contraception: A longitudinal study from rural Gambia.
Author: Mace R; Colleran H
Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 May 5;
Abstract: In earlier work in rural Gambia, we found that kin influence reproductive success: matrilineal kin, especially mothers, maternal grandmothers and unmarried older sisters all helped to promote the survival and nutrition of young children; in contrast patrilineal kin, especially husband's mother, promoted fertility. These differing influences of maternal and paternal lineage are predicted on the basis of kin selection and sexual conflict theory, because the costs of reproduction fall more heavily on the mother than the father. These studies covered the period 1950-1975, when this population was essentially "natural fertility, natural mortality." It is not possible to tell whether these effects were due to kin influencing active reproductive decision-making, or due to indirect effects such as kin improving nutrition by helping. Since 1976, modern contraception has become available in this community. In an analysis of the behavioral ecology of the decision to start using modern contraception, we found that high parity for your age was a key determinant of the decision, as was village and calendar year. Here, we examine whether the presence or absence of kin and also whether the contraceptive status of kin influenced the decision to start using contraception. We find little evidence that kin directly influence contraceptive uptake, either by their presence/absence or as models for social learning. However, death of a first husband (i.e., widowhood) does accelerate contraceptive uptake. We discuss our results from an evolutionary demography perspective, in particular regarding theories of sexual conflict, biased cultural transmission, and social learning. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Language: English
Keywords:
GAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MOTHERS | GRANDPARENTS | MATRIARCHY | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Family Planning | Behavior
Document Number: 341044

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Transmission probabilities of HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2, effect of male circumcision and interaction: a longitudinal study in a township of South Africa.
Author: Mahiane SG; Legeai C; Taljaard D; Latouche A; Puren A; Peillon A; Bretagnolle J; Lissouba P; Nguema EP; Gassiat E; Auvert B
Source: AIDS. 2009 Jan 28;23(3):377-383.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: A synergy between HIV and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infections has been reported in observational studies. The objectives of this study were to estimate the per-sex-act female-to-male transmission probabilities (FtoMTPs) of HIV and HSV-2, the effect of each infection on the FtoMTP of the other and the effect of male circumcision on these FtoMTPs. DESIGN: We used longitudinal data collected during the male circumcision trial conducted in Orange Farm (South Africa). METHODS: Results were obtained by specific mathematical modeling of HIV and HSV-2 statuses of the men as functions of their sexual behavior and male circumcision status. The model took into account an estimation of the HIV and HSV-2 statuses of each of their female partners. Confidence intervals (CI) were estimated using a bootstrap resampling method. RESULTS: The HIV and HSV-2 FtoMTPs, during an unprotected sexual contact for an uncircumcised male in the absence of the other virus in both partners, were 0.0047 (95% CI: 0.0014-0.017) and 0.0067 (95% CI: 0.0028-0.014), respectively. HSV-2 in either partner increased HIV FtoMTP with a relative risk (RR) of 3.0 (95% CI: 1.01-7.3). Conversely, HIV in either partner increased HSV-2 FtoMTP (RR= 2.5; 95% CI: 1.1- 6.3). Male circumcision significantly decreased these probabilities with RRs of 0.24 (95% CI: 0.11-0.44) and 0.59 (95% CI: 0.36-0.91), respectively. CONCLUSION: This study gave the first estimates of HSV-2 per-sex-act FtoMTPs in Africa. It demonstrated a synergy between HIV and HSV-2 infections and a protective effect of male circumcision on HSV-2 acquisition by males.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MEN | HETEROSEXUALS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | HERPES GENITALIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Theoretical Models | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 330895