1.  Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana. Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38. Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 330296 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Age patterns of severe paediatric malaria and their relationship to Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity. Author: Okiro EA; Al-Taiar A; Reyburn H; Idro R; Berkley JA; Snow RW Source: Malaria Journal. 2009;8:4. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The understanding of the epidemiology of severe malaria in African children remains incomplete across the spectrum of Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensities through which communities might expect to transition, as intervention coverage expands. METHODS: Paediatric admission data were assembled from 13 hospitals serving 17 communities between 1990 and 2007. Estimates of Plasmodium falciparum transmission intensity in these communities were assembled to be spatially and temporally congruent to the clinical admission data. The analysis focused on the relationships between community derived parasite prevalence and the age and clinical presentation of paediatric malaria in children aged 0-9 years admitted to hospital. RESULTS: As transmission intensity declined a greater proportion of malaria admissions were in older children. There was a strong linear relationship between increasing transmission intensity and the proportion of paediatric malaria admissions that were infants (R2 = 0.73, p < 0.001). Cerebral malaria was reported among 4% and severe malaria anaemia among 17% of all malaria admissions. At higher transmission intensity cerebral malaria was a less common presentation compared to lower transmission sites. There was no obvious relationship between the proportions of children with severe malaria anaemia and transmission intensity. CONCLUSION: As the intensity of malaria transmission declines in Africa through the scaling up of insecticide-treated nets and other vector control measures a focus of disease prevention among very young children becomes less appropriate. The understanding of the relationship between parasite exposure and patterns of disease risk should be used to adapt malaria control strategies in different epidemiological settings. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CHILDREN | COMMUNITY | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | MALARIA | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | TIME FACTORS | LOCALE | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | ANEMIA | INFECTION TRANSMISSION | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Measurement | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Biology | Infections Document Number: 330371 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Residential area as proxy for socio-economic status, paediatric mortality and birth weight in Lusaka, Zambia. Author: Mweemba AJ; Webb E Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2008 Dec;54(6):406-9. Abstract: Systems of socio-economic classification comparable to the Registrar General's Social Classification or post codes are not readily available in many developing countries. Thus health data from developing countries are usually presented without a refined geographical focus. The hierarchical urban residential classification system in Zambia was used as a socio-economic proxy to explore the relationship with mass measures of paediatric health in Lusaka, Zambia. This study shows that the Zambian urban residential classification system appears to be a valid proxy of socio-economic status, revealing residential gradients with respect to birth weight and paediatric mortality rates in Lusaka. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLASSIFICATION | INDIRECT ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | URBAN POPULATION | LOCALE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | BIRTH WEIGHT | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | CHILD MORTALITY | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Estimation Techniques | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Geography | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Death Rate Document Number: 330410 |
4.  Title: Indigenous girls in Guatemala: poverty and location. Author: Hallman K; Peracca S; Catino J; Ruiz MJ Source: In: Exclusion, gender and education: case studies from the developing world, edited by Maureen Lewis and Marlaine Lockheed. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2007. :145-175. Abstract: Although enrollment rates are increasing in Guatemala, educational attainment continues to be among the lowest in Latin America as a result of late entry, repetition, and early dropout. Vast inequalities in access and attainment - linked to ethnicity, gender, poverty, and geography - remain. Adult literacy, estimated at 85 percent in Latin America, is just 70 percent in Guatemala. While indigenous peoples generally have less schooling than nonindigenous peoples throughout Latin America, ethnic differences are greatest in Guatemala, where indigenous adults have less than half the schooling of nonindigenous adults (2.5 years of education compared with 5.7 years). Recent trends show the ethnic gap narrowing among younger people, but large inequalities remain. Among 10- to 19-year-olds, the indigenous literacy rate is 82 percent that of nonindigenous people (74 percent compared with 90 percent). Gender differences in literacy and education are also large in Guatemala. The female-to-male literacy ratiois 0.77 among adults and 0.86 among 15- to 24-year-olds. Although the girl-to-boy primary enrollment ratio of 0.95 in 2000 indicates great improvements, the gender ratio of primary completion for 15- to 24-year-olds is substantially lower, at 0.82. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | LOCALE | POVERTY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INEQUALITIES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | LITERACY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321919 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Malaria treatment in northen Ghana: What is the treatment cost per case to households? Author: James AM; Moses A; Binka FN Source: African Journal of Health Sciences. 2007 Jan-Jun;14(1-2):70-79. Abstract: Although malaria is a major problem in Sub-Saharan African countries including Ghana, there has been little research on its economic impact, particularly the treatment cost at the household level. This study uses data collected from a random sample of 423 households in Kassena-Nankana district (KND) of northern Ghana. Malaria was ascertained through self-reporting of symptoms using a one-month recall period. The paper presents treatment cost analysis of seeking malaria care to households. Direct and indirect costs to households are estimated and examined in terms of location, severity, and wealth. The study shows that indirect cost accounts for 71 percent of total cost of a malaria episode. While cost of malaria care is estimated at 1 percent of the income of the rich, it is 34 percent of the poor households' income, suggesting that the burden of malaria is higher for poorer households. In order to reduce the cost of malaria to households, we recommend that the training of malaria volunteers to assist households in the communities to take more responsibility of the disease and also to intensify public education to promote the use of insecticide treated nets, as they have been found to be cost-effective in the prevention of malaria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | HOUSEHOLDS | EXPENDITURES | MALARIA | HOME ECONOMICS | TREATMENT | LOCALE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | BED NETS | PESTICIDES | DISTANCE | WAITING AREAS AND QUEUES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Microeconomic Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Parasite Control | Public Health | Ingredients and Chemicals | Workplace | Employment | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 323714 |
| 6. Title: Girls in Lao PDR: ethnic affiliation, poverty, and location. Author: King EM; van de Walle D Source: In: Exclusion, gender and education: case studies from the developing world, edited by Maureen Lewis and Marlaine Lockheed. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2007. :31-70. Abstract: Schooling is one of the best hopes for improving the lifetime prospects of a child-even a child from a poor family. The benefits-physical, economic, and social-cascade across generations, increasing socioeconomic mobility and reducing poverty. Unfortunately, the poorest children and those who live in remote rural areas are often the hardest and costliest to reach. This chapter examines educational progress in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the factors that explain current enrollment and attainment. It examines how familiar variables such as household income and access to schools affect school attendance and school outcomes and how these effects vary by gender, geographical location, and ethnolinguistic affiliation. The evidence presented shows that these divisions are indeed important in determining whether a child has access to schools (especially to good schools) and what level of education the child can attain. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LAOS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | SEX FACTORS | LOCALE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | LANGUAGE | INEQUALITIES | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Communication | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 321916 |
| 7. Title: Girls in India: poverty, location, and social disparities. Author: Wu KB; Goldschmidt P; Boscardin CK; Azam M Source: In: Exclusion, gender and education: case studies from the developing world, edited by Maureen Lewis and Marlaine Lockheed. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2007. :119-143. Abstract: This chapter reviews girls' enrollment and achievement, as well as the key factors contributing to gender and social gaps in India. It asks several questions: What are the barriers to girls' education? What accounts for the progress in narrowing gender and social gaps in enrollment and achievement in primary education (grades 1-8)? How large are the gender and social disparities in access to secondary education (grades 9-10)? Are some girls more vulnerable than others during the transition to secondary education? What determines achievement in secondary education? The chapter draws on four datasets: the government's National Sample Surveys, the National Health and Family Surveys, the Sixth and Seventh All India Education Surveys, and two surveys of government and private secondary schools in Rajasthan and Orissa conducted by the authors in 2005. It also draws on the literature on Indian education and the Ministry of Human Resource Development's Selected Education Statistics and Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education. The chapter begins by reviewing girls' enrollment and achievement in primary school. It then describes gender and social gaps in access to secondary education and explores the reasons for the disparities. Next, it examines gender and social gaps in secondary certificate examination pass rates across states. It assesses the determinants of achievement in Rajasthan and Orissa and their policy implications. The last section suggests broader conclusions and policy implications. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | POVERTY | LOCALE | CASTE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | SEX DISCRIMINATION | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Schools | Education | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 321922 |
| 8. Title: PLACE in Zambia: Identifying gaps in HIV prevention in Kapiri Mposhi, Central Province, 2005. Author: Ndubani P; Kamwanga J; Tate J; Buckner B Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2006 Nov. [88] p. (TR-06-43USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: Kapiri Mposhi was selected for a PLACE study because data from antenatal clinics and official projections suggest that the level of HIV prevalence in Kapiri Mposhi is high. HIV prevalence among women attending antenatal care was 20.2% in 2004. Official projections estimate an overall prevalence of 17.4% in Kapiri Mposhi district for 2006. The town of Kapiri Mposhi, located along the Great North Road, is a major transportation hub. The TAZARA rail line that links Zambia and Tanzania terminates in Kapiri Mposhi. At a junction just north of the town, the Lusaka-Ndola road to the Copperbelt merges with the Great North Road leading to neighbouring Tanzania. A large number of people from all parts of Zambia and from many other countries pass through the town of Kapiri Mposhi over the course of a year, and many spend at least one night in or near the town. Because of its central location, the town is susceptible to a high prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (STIs)/HIV/AIDS and road traffic accidents. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IV DRUG USERS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | USAID | LOCALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONDOMS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Population Characteristics Document Number: 323272 |
| 9. Title: PLACE in Zambia: Identifying gaps in HIV prevention in Mongu, Western Province, 2005. Author: Ndubani P; Kamwanga J; Tembo R; Tate J; Buckner B Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center [CPC], MEASURE Evaluation, 2006 Nov. [86] p. (TR-06-42USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GPO-A-00-03-00003-00) Abstract: Mongu was selected for a PLACE study because data from antenatal clinics and official projections suggest that the level of HIV prevalence in Mongu is high. HIV prevalence among pregnant women attending antenatal care was 28.2% in 2004. Official projections estimate an overall prevalence in Mongu district around 21% in 2006. Urban Mongu, a provincial capital, has an active harbor and many markets, and serves as a crossroads for commerce and trade. Increasingly, large numbers of people from other parts of Zambia, neighboring countries, and international tourists pass through Mongu every year. Business men, tradesmen, migrants, and tourists meet and socialize with each other and with the local population, and this social mixing can create opportunities for HIV transmission. While the focus of the study was in the provincial capital of Mongu, anecdotal reports and discussions with key stakeholders suggested that fish camps along the Zambezi River were also likely areas of high risk behavior for transmission of HIV. Therefore, a sample of individuals from four fish camps in Mongu District were interviewed as part of this PLACE study. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | ADMINISTRATIVE DISTRICTS | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IV DRUG USERS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | HIV PREVENTION | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | USAID | LOCALE | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONDOMS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Geographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Sex Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Population Characteristics Document Number: 323273 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: A field study on cause of death in East Delhi. Author: Gupta RK; Pandey A Source: Journal of Family Welfare. 2005 Dec;51(2):46-50. Abstract: Reliable statistics on causes of death in a population are essential for setting priorities in the health sector. Conventional measures of mortality like infant mortality and maternal mortality continue to play an important role in the health policy. Acute Respiratory Infections (ARI), pneumonia and diarrhoeal diseases are major causes of death among infants and children under the age of five years. In India, cause of death reporting system, is inadequate in terms of coverage and also there is poor compliance with guidelines of classification and coding. Earlier, there was a system known as Survey Causes of Death (Rural) (Registrar General of India, Govt. of India), which is based mainly on lay reporting for identification of causes of death in rural areas, where adequate medical facilities are not available. Now, this component of identifying causes of death has been incorporated in the Sample Registration System (Registrar General of India, Govt. of India) that provides estimates only at the State level. There are not many research studies in this direction. Reddaiah et. al studied socio-biological factors among deaths in the 0-5 age group in a rural area. There is greater need for establishing a reliable system in India to ascertain cause of deaths that can provide reliable data for better planning. Indian Council of Medical Research has made an attempt in this direction by developing some instruments based on verbal autopsy and a Study on causes of Deaths by Verbal Autopsy is being undertaken in many states. In the present paper, information has been presented on the causes of deaths that were ascertained by a survey undertaken in the East Delhi. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | CAUSES OF DEATH | DISEASES | ACCIDENTAL DEATHS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | SEX FACTORS | LOCALE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 305298 |
| 11. Title: Social and economic development and change in four Guatemalan villages: Demographics, schooling, occupation, and assets. Author: Maluccio JA; Melgar P; Mendez H; Murphy A; Yount KM Source: Food and Nutrition Bulletin. 2005;26(2 Suppl 1):S25-S45. Abstract: This article uses census data and village histories to examine changes over the last 35 years in the four villages where the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama (INCAP) Longitudinal Study (1969-77) was conducted and offers a rare picture of development and change in rural localities over a long period of time. In addition, by characterizing the environment in which the subjects of this study were raised, we provide context for and inputs into quantitative analyses of data collected at various points in time on these subjects. The villages have undergone massive demographic, social, and economic change. Initial differences have conditioned many of these changes, especially differences associated with agricultural potential and location. Originally these villages were rather isolated, but road and transportation access has improved substantially. The populations in the villages have more than doubled and also have aged. While marriage patterns have held steady, religious practice has changed a great deal. After many years of steady out-migration, three of the four villages are more recently experiencing net in-migration, a pattern associated with ease of access. Schooling access and outcomes also have improved, with average grades of schooling nearly tripling and literacy doubling to levels currently above national averages. Although agriculture remains an important component of individual livelihood strategies, non-agricultural sources of employment have become more important. Much of this change is associated with declining agricultural markets and increased access to non-agricultural jobs near the villages and in the capital. Accompanying these changes has been an improvement in living standards as measured by a number of indicators of household living conditions and consumer durable goods. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CENSUS METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COMMUNITY | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LOCALE | TRANSPORTATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | EDUCATION | OCCUPATIONS | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Studies | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Rural Development | Migration | Population Dynamics | Human Resources Document Number: 311878 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Local dynamics in multi-local, transnational spaces of rural Mexico: Oaxacan experiences. [Dinámica local en espacios multi locales, transnacionales de las zonas rurales de México: experiencias de Oaxaca] Author: Conway D; Cohen JH Source: International Journal of Population Geography. 2003;9(2):141-161. Abstract: Mexico's proximity to the United States, the two economies' increased integration, and the demand for low-cost labour in el norte, has fuelled a transnational circulation of people that is most probably self-perpetuating and is certainly firmly embedded. This investigation of local dynamics in the multi-local transnational spaces of Oaxacan households draws upon a comprehensive set of sample surveys conducted in 12 municipios in the central valleys of Oaxaca over a six-year period. We frame our Oaxaca empirical findings within two constructs developed by the authors. One is a typology of circulation behaviours differentiated by scale of interactive systems of mobility and by behavioural intentions; the other is a household migration and remittance framework that highlights the wide variations in the patterns of investment of remittances by recipient households. Extending these frameworks, we use village- and family-level evidence to demonstrate the crucial significance of local contexts for determining household strategies of migration and remittance investment. What is most apparent from our Oaxacan biographies is, firstly, the wide range of experiences that are present both within and between the various communities; secondly, the strategic use of local circuit moves in concert with national and international (or transnational) sojourns; and thirdly, the various positive and negative impacts of migration and remittance investment that range from self-aggrandisement to community investment. Our analysis concludes that local space is an essential contextual anchor, and the evolving nature of household migration decision-making is in large part determined, or at least significantly influenced, by the spatial nature of the social linkages between people, their households/families, and their local, regional, national and transnational contexts. (author's) Spanish Abstract: La proximidad de México con los Estados Unidos, la creciente integración de las economías de ambos países y la demanda de mano de obra barata en el Norte, han generado una circulación transnacional de personas signada por la gran probabilidad de autoperpetuación y un firme arraigo. Esta investigación de la dinámica local en los espacios transnacionales multi-locales de las familias Oaxacanas se basa en una exhaustiva serie de estudios de muestra realizados en 12 municipios de los valles centrales de Oaxaca durante un período de seis años. Los resultados del presente estudio empírico en Oaxaca se enmarcan en dos modelos desarrollados por los autores. Uno de ellos es una tipología de conductas de circulación diferenciada por medio de una escala de sistemas interactivos de movilidad y por intenciones conductuales; el otro es un marco de migración de familias y remesas que destaca la gran diversidad de patrones de inversión de estas últimas por parte de las familias receptoras. En este análisis ampliado se utilizó evidencia a nivel de las comunas (y familias) para demostrar la vital importancia de los contextos locales en la determinación de las estrategias familiares de migración e inversión de las remesas. Lo que se evidencia más claramente en estas biografías de Oaxaca es, en primer término, la amplia gama de experiencias presentes tanto dentro como entre las diversas comunidades; en segundo término, el uso estratégico de circuitos migratorios locales en conjunción con radicaciones a nivel nacional e internacional (y transnacional); y, por último, los efectos positivos y negativos de la migración y la inversión de las remesas, que se manifiestan en formas tan variadas como el aumento del patrimonio personal y la inversión en la comunidad. El análisis concluye que el espacio local es una base contextual esencial, y que la naturaleza evolutiva de la toma de decisiones de migración familiar es en gran medida determinada, o al menos considerablemente influenciada, por el carácter espacial de los vínculos sociales entre las personas, sus hogares y familias, y sus contextos locales, regionales, nacionales y transnacionales. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | SUMMARY REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL AREAS | LOCALE | COMMUNITY | MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLDS | REMITTANCES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | North America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Family and Household | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 176797 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Land tenure and biodiversity: an exploration in the political ecology of Murang'a district, Kenya. Author: Mackenzie AF Source: Human Organization. 2003 Fall;62(3):255-263. Abstract: This paper situates the relationship between biodiversity and land tenure in the complex interrelationships between the local and the global. Through a case study of Murang'a District, Kenya, it explores how power is exercised through struggles to define rights to land in highly complex situations of legal plurality and how these struggles in turn interrelate with issues of land management, including biodiversity. Gender, cross-cut by class, is a deeply contested arena of social differentiation, and the outcome of struggles for land, labor, and the product of labor have significant implications for the maintenance of biodiversity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | RURAL POPULATION | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | LAND TENURE | BIODIVERSITY | ECOLOGY | POLITICAL FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL CLASS | GENDER ISSUES | LABOR FORCE | LOCALE | AGRARIAN REFORM | OWNERSHIP | KNOWLEDGE | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Environment | Rural Development | Socioeconomic Status | Human Resources | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Financial Activities Document Number: 185557 |
| 14. Title: Prevalence rate of HIV / AIDS and local scenario: use of the PRSG [abstract] Author: Jayakaran R Source: [Unpublished] [2002]. [2] p. Abstract: The PRS (Prevalence rate and Scenario) Grid is a means to enable concerned people to understand clearly in simple language the reality of their situation. The PRSG demystifies the complicated existing ‘scales’ of measurement for the risk of HIV/AIDS in a particular area or community. By studying this, one can carry out a self-assessment to see where they are in as much as their risk to being impacted by HIV/AIDS. The PRSG can be used for group activity with members from the Community at large, some NGOs and government, and then they can be asked to assess at what Danger level (DL) they think they are. The PRSG also has some accompanying charts that enable the group to identify what steps have to be taken. The presentation also has a grid showing where various countries fit on the Danger level scale. These have been prepared based on the WHO figures available as in 1999. The situation has worsened since then. Also one must remember that these are very much on the conservative side, because of the sensitive nature of the information. The effectiveness of the surveillance system in capturing HIV/AIDS related information- which is so ultra sensitive may also be a factor that results in a location on the DL scale that is much lower than it actually is, if one makes the assessment purely by the prevalence rate. However when one looks at the local scenario, the reality of the situation comes to light. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PREVALENCE | RISK ASSESSMENT | GROUP PROCESSES | LOCALE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Social Behavior | Behavior | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population Document Number: 284014 |
| 15. Title: Location and microenterprise performance: evidence from Sri Lanka. Author: Shaw J Source: Development Bulletin. 2002 Feb;(57):97-100. Abstract: This article is based on the findings of a PhD study which investigated the impact of loans on the incomes of participants in two NGO-led microcredit programmes in rural Sri Lanka: Women's Development Federation and Sarvodaya Economic Enterprise Development Services. The principal research instrument was a socioeconomic survey of 253 borrower households, supported by focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with participants and NGO staff. A key objective was to identify the underlying causes of the well-documented microcredit 'impact gap', in which less-poor borrowers - those above and around national poverty lines - have been found to be more likely than the extreme poor to participate in credit programmes and to receive greater benefits from them (Hulme and Mosley 1996, Wood and Sharif 1997). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | SUMMARY REPORT | EVALUATION | SURVEYS | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | RURAL POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | LOCALE | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Organizations | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 192287 |
| 16. Title: Desire for children in Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan. Son preference and perceived instrumentality for value satisfaction. Author: Hortacsu N; Bastug SS; Muhammetberdiev OB Source: Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology. 2001 May;32(3):309-21. Abstract: The purpose of this study was to investigate gender preference among respondents of Turkic origin in Ashgabat and Baku, capitals of Turkmenistan and Azerbaijan, respectively. Gender preference was investigated with respect to two questions, namely desired number of children and perceived instrumentality of children with respect to a number of values. Preference for male children has an indirect influence on child mortality and family size because birth intervals between children are shorter if the first child is female and also because child-bearing is continued until desired number of male children are attained. Previous literature has revealed that cohort, educational level, urban-rural residence, child mortality level, values about children and patriarchal family systems characterized by son preference, patrilineal family, early marriage, and low economic role of women are related to desired number of children and of sons. Younger cohorts and higher levels of education, higher status of women, and urban residence are associated with lower number of desired children; lower levels of education, earlier age at marriage of women, and patriarchal family systems are associated with greater desire for sons than for daughters. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKMENISTAN | AZERBAIJAN | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | SEX PREFERENCE | SONS | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | WOMEN'S STATUS | LOCALE | MARRIAGE AGE | PATRIARCHY | Developing Countries | Asia, Central | Asia | Asia, Southwestern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Family Size | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 158762 |
| 17. Title: Age variation in blood pressure: effect of sex and urbanization in a genetically homogeneous caste population of Andhra Pradesh. Author: Nirmala A Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2001 Nov-Dec;13(6):744-752. Abstract: Age variation in blood pressure (BP) and prevalence of hypertension were studied in relation to sex and urbanization in a caste population of southern Andhra Pradesh living in rural, semi-urban, and urban locales. There is an increase in mean BP from rural to semi-urban areas, and a slight but insignificant decline in urban men. Sex differences in mean BP are significant only in the urban and semi-urban environments. However, the increase in BP with age is sharper in women than in men, and age effects are more perceptible in the urban setting compared to the other two environments. Similarly, age influences systolic BP more strongly than diastolic BP. The prevalence of hypertension is greater in urban than in rural areas, at older ages (>or= 45 years), and in men compared to women. Results of multiple logistic regression suggest that urban residence and alcohol consumption are associated with increased risk of hypertension in men. Higher risk for hypertension in women is more significantly associated with older age (>or= 45) and obesity (body mass index > 25). The results indicate that BP and hypertension are more strongly correlated with the indices of modernization and associated lifestyle patterns in men than in women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PREVALENCE | RURAL POPULATION | URBAN POPULATION | LOCALE | AGE FACTORS | BLOOD PRESSURE | HYPERTENSION | RISK FACTORS | CASTE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 170357 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The main determinants of infant mortality in Nepal. Author: Suwal JV Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2001;53:1667-81. Abstract: Infant mortality has reached a low stable rate in developed countries while it is still high and on a slow decline in developing countries. There are many factors that contribute to the incidence of a high or low level of infant mortality. Although credit for contributing to the lowering of infant mortality has been given to health programs by public health personnel and to the improvement in socioeconomic status by social scientists, in a traditional and agricultural country such a Nepal, both these factors are found to influence infant mortality. Data on infant mortality obtained by the 1991 Demographic Health Survey of Nepal are analyzed in this study. A logistic regression model is used for analyzing the data. Several hypotheses are tested to explain the incidence of infant mortality in Nepal. The various reasons for the persistence of high infant mortality and the difficulties in lowering it are discussed. The findings suggest that among all the variables analyzed in the study, parity, place of residence, immunization, and ethnicity influence infant mortality the most. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | STATISTICAL STUDIES | INFANT MORTALITY | ETHNIC GROUPS | PARITY | LOCALE | IMMUNIZATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 162972 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Excess mortality among urban residents: how much, for whom, and why? Author: House JS; Lepkowski JM; Williams DR; Mero RP; Lantz PM; Robert SA; Chen J Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2000 Dec;90(12):1898-904. Abstract: The goals of this study were to estimate prospective mortality risks of city residence, specify how these risks vary by population subgroup, and explore possible explanations. Data were derived from a probability sample of 3617 adults in the coterminous US and analyzed via cross-tabular and Cox proportional hazards methods. After adjustment for baseline sociodemographic and health variables, city residents had a mortality hazard ratio of 1.62 (95% confidence interval = 1.21, 2.18) relative to rural/small-town residents; suburbanites had an intermediate but not significantly elevated hazard rate ratio. This urban mortality risk was significant among men (hazard rate ratio: 2.25), especially non-Black men, but not among women. Among Black men, and to some degree Black women, suburban residence carried the greatest risk. All risks were most evident for those younger than 65 years. The mortality risk of city residence, at least among men, rivals that of major psychosocial risk factors such as race, low income, smoking, and social isolation and merits comparable attention in research and policy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | URBAN POPULATION | EXCESS MORTALITY | BLACKS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | LOCALE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Biology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 153805 |
| 20. Title: Levels of dichloro-dyphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) metabolites in maternal milk and their determinant factors. Author: Torres-Arreola L; Lopez-Carrillo L; Torres-Sanchez L; Cebrian M; Rueda C; Reyes R; Lopez-Cervantes M Source: ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. 1999 Mar-Apr;54(2):124-9. Abstract: Maternal milk is a vehicle for the elimination of toxic substances from the body. Dichloro-dyphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) is one such substance. Concern is growing over the potential for breast milk pollutants to adversely affect infants' health. Findings are reported from a study conducted to document the levels and determinants of DDT metabolites in the maternal milk of a cohort of 50 adult females living in Mexico City. Mothers' social and dietary characteristics were measured through interview, while levels of DDT metabolites were determined by gas-liquid chromatography. The mean values were 0.162 ppm pp-DDT, 0.138 ppm op-DDT, and 0.594 ppm 2,2(bis)p-chlorophyenyl-1-1-dichloroethylene (DDE). The main determinants of DDT metabolites were maternal age, lifetime lactation, history of living in an agricultural area, and consumption of salted meat and fish. An estimated 6.0% of the breast-fed babies had daily intakes of DDT above the level of 0.005 mg/kg/d recommended by the World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (WHO/FAO). Health outcomes research among children is needed, while investigators should design or adjust current surveillance programs. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | URBAN POPULATION | HUMAN MILK | PESTICIDES | INFANT NUTRITION | MATERNAL AGE | LACTATION | LOCALE | AGRICULTURE | MOTHERS | DIET | North America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Ingredients and Chemicals | Nutrition | Health | Parental Age | Age Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household Document Number: 141782 |
| 21. Title: Residential density and adolescent sexuality and fertility behaviours in Nigeria. Author: Adeniji K; Oni B; Ogbuozobe JE; Adesanya SO; Adeboyejo AT Source: Ibadan, Nigeria, Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research [NISER], Population Research Fund, 1998. xiv, 55 p. Abstract: This study examined the sexuality and fertility behavior of adolescents, within the context of and in relation to, the different forms of residential density. It highlights the complex interactions and inter-relationships between aspects of home environments and features of adolescent sexuality and fertility. Structured questionnaires were administered on randomly selected adolescents from the samples urban and rural settlements in Enugu, Kaduna and Lagos. Information on different aspects of sexuality and fertility were elicited, including marriage and reproduction; sexual behavior and practices; knowledge of sexually transmitted diseases and AIDS and, the practice of abortion; reproductive health facilities and services among others. Multiple focus group discussions were also carried out to probe further into the above issues for additional information. Results show the demographic characteristics of respondents; marriage and reproductive characteristics; residential density and sexual behavior; knowledge of attitude to AIDS/sexually transmitted infections and practice of abortion; and knowledge, attitude and practice of family planning. Several recommendations, policy and research implications are cited based on the given results. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS | RURAL AREAS | URBAN AREAS | LOCALE | FERTILITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors Document Number: 165652 |
| 22. Title: Maternal education and child health: is there a strong causal relationship? Author: Desai S; Alva S Source: DEMOGRAPHY. 1998 Feb;35(1):71-81. Abstract: The authors used data from the first round of Demographic and Health Surveys for 22 developing countries in different parts of the world to examine the effect of maternal education upon infant mortality, children's height-for-age, and children's immunization status. While there is a strong correlation between maternal education and these markers of child health, a causal relationship remains to be established. Once controls for individual socioeconomic characteristics and community effects are introduced, the link between two of the outcome variables becomes less important. Controlling for husband's education and access to piped water and toilets reduces the impact of maternal education upon infant mortality and children's height-for-age. The effect is further reduced by controlling for area of residence through the use of fixed-effects models. In the final model, maternal education has a statistically significant impact upon infant mortality and height-for-age in only a few countries. Maternal education does, however, remain statistically significant for children's immunization status in about half of the countries even after individual-level and community-level controls are introduced. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | FATHERS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD HEALTH | BODY HEIGHT | IMMUNIZATION | SANITATION | WATER SUPPLY | LOCALE | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Physiology | Biology | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Public Health | Natural Resources | Environment | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 131029 |
| 23. Title: Residential segregation and mortality in New York City. Author: Fang J; Madhavan S; Bosworth W; Alderman MH Source: Social Science and Medicine. 1998 Aug;47(4):469-476. Abstract: "The objective of this research was to determine the effect of residential racial segregation on all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality in New York City. A cross-sectional study of residents in New York City was conducted linking mortality records from 1988 through 1994 to the 1990 United States Census data stratified by zip code. All-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality rates for non-Hispanic blacks and whites were estimated by zipcode. Zipcodes were aggregated according to the degree of residential segregation...and mortality rates were compared.... In New York City, although overall mortality rates of blacks exceed whites, these rates varied substantially by locality according to the pattern of racial segregation. Whites living in the higher (mainly white) socioeconomic areas had lower mortality rates than whites living in predominantly black areas.... This was true for all age groups.... Racial segregation in residence is independently associated with mortality. Within racially segregated areas, members of the dominant group, for all ages, among whites and elderly blacks, enjoy outcomes superior both to members of the minority racial group of their community, and to members of the same race residing in other areas, where they are in the minority, independent of socio-economic status." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SEGREGATION | BLACKS | WHITES | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | HEART DISEASES | CAUSES OF DEATH | CENSUS | LOCALE | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | NEW YORK | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | DEATH RATE | AGE FACTORS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 171059 |
| 24. Title: Sexual health and seafarers research and development meeting. Author: Kingma S Source: Civil-Military Alliance Newsletter. 1998 Jul;4(3-4):7-8. Abstract: The project Lindsay Neil and Dr. Alan LeServe have been working on, the EC project 95/217, is administered by the European Commission's D-G 5. One part is to assess the current state of the epidemic and its impact on the marl- time sector. The following statements summarize their findings. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | EUROPEAN UNION | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | SUMMARY REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | WORKERS | WATER | LOCALE | COMMERCIAL SECTOR | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMICS | IMPACT | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Organizations | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Health Document Number: 180797 |
| 25. Title: Recent population trends in nonmetropolitan cities and villages: from the turnaround, through reversal to the rebound. Author: Fuguitt GV; Beale CL; Fulton JA; Gibson RM Source: Madison, Wisconsin, University of Wisconsin, Center for Demography and Ecology, 1997 Dec. 26, [7] p. (CDE Working Paper No. 97-12) Abstract: "The purpose of this study is to track and contrast the patterns of local concentration and deconcentration in nonmetropolitan America between 1950 and 1996.... We compare patterns of growth by nearness to metropolitan areas, and by region of the country. We also examine differences among a subset of nonmetropolitan places distinguished by the primary socioeconomic character of their county. Using a detailed data file from the 1990 census, we are able to give some consideration to commuting." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION GROWTH | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION | LOCALE | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | COMMUTING | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Behavior | Economic Factors Document Number: 255594 |
| 26. Title: The effects of race, socioeconomic status, and household structure on injury mortality in children and young adults. Author: Hussey JM Source: MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH JOURNAL. 1997 Dec;1(4):217-27. Abstract: "Injuries are the leading killer of young persons in the United States, yet significant gaps in our understanding of this cause of death remain. By examining the independent influences of race, education, income, household structure, and residential location on injury mortality in young persons, this study addresses these gaps.... Using data from the National Longitudinal Mortality Study, survival analysis is used to examine the injury mortality risk faced by 0 to 17 year olds over a nine-year follow-up period. Separate models are estimated for homicide, suicide, unintentional injury deaths, and all injury deaths. [Results indicate that] household head's education has an independent effect on youth homicide and unintentional injury mortality risk. By contrast, family income and household structure do not have independent effects on any of the injury outcomes. Finally, much of the excess homicide risk faced by young African-Americans is explained by underlying racial differentials in socioeconomic status, household structure, and residential location." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | RISK FACTORS | THEORETICAL MODELS | BLACKS | HOMICIDE | SUICIDE | ACCIDENTAL DEATHS | INCOME | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | HEAD OF HOUSEHOLD | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | LOCALE | YOUTH | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Crime | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Households | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Age Factors Document Number: 256121 |
| 27. Title: Locality or class? Spatial and social differentials in infant and child mortality in England and Wales, 1895-1911. Author: Reid A Source: In: The decline of infant and child mortality. The European experience: 1750-1990, edited by Carlo A. Corisini and Pier P. Viazzo. Dordrecht, Netherlands, Martinus Nijhoff, 1997. :129-54. Abstract: "Using the 1911 census to calculate trends and differentials in infant and child mortality for the 15 or so years leading up to 1911, I have attempted to reveal more about [the role of class and locality in] the demographic transition in England and Wales.... Analysis of the aggregate results from the 1911 census suggests that a child's chance of survival was strongly conditioned by who its parents were, or, more precisely, by what job its father did.... Using individual records from the same source I have demonstrated that, once other factors are controlled for, the largest differentials in infant and child mortality were associated with where the child lived." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | WALES | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | HISTORICAL REVIEW | SOCIAL CLASS | LOCALE | CHILD SURVIVAL | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | OCCUPATIONS | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Distribution | Survivorship | Length of Life | Human Resources Document Number: 255609 |
| 28. Title: Refugees and the environment: an overview of human induced disasters in the Great Lakes region. Author: Rugumamu W Source: Tanzanian Journal of Population Studies and Development. 1997;4(2):101-15. Abstract: This paper advances that the 1993-94 influxes of Burundian and Rwandese refugees into northwestern Tanzania have triggered human-induced environmental disasters. The vulnerable and risk elements were local population, their natural resources and infrastructure. The thrust of the paper is on the significance of predicting long term adverse impacts of refugee related hazards on the environment and development as a basis for strategic planning and management of refugee affected areas. Whereas section one provides the scope of the paper, section two examines the conditions that render northwestern Tanzania a refugee prone area. It outlines the vulnerable and risk elements noting particularly that refugee influxes exacerbated the existing environmental degradation processes and responses. Section three delves into a discussion of the evidence of refugee related disasters on the environment and development. It focuses on the need to predict and analyze slow onset as well as off-site hazards in refugee situations to guide strategic planning for emergency response in the context of development. In conclusion, a holistic approach to refugee related disaster is proposed, pointing to the application of participatory methodologies in planning and management of human-induced disasters for self-development. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | REFUGEES | MIGRATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | LOCALE | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | IMPACT | LONGTERM EFFECTS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Migrants | Demographic Factors | Population | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Communication | Time Factors Document Number: 166388 |
| 29. Title: [The foreign presence in Italy: the Abruzzo case] La presenza straniera in Italia: il caso dell'Abruzzo. Author: Todisco E Source: Milan, Italy, FrancoAngeli, 1997. 254 p. Abstract: This compilation contains six studies on foreigners in the Abruzzo region of Italy. Enrico Todisco examines the official data sources on foreigners and links them, finding significant differences. Armando Caputo and Carlo Putignano examine criminality among foreigners and compare it to that of the native-born. Fabrizio Calore reports the results of a study measuring the perception and attitude of local authorities in Abruzzo toward foreigners. Enrico Todisco and Sabrina Somma analyze the foreign student population of Abruzzo from the 1950s onward. Roberto Lettere looks at the immigrant labor force and the support structures available. Finally, Antonio Pacinelli addresses the heterogeneity of the Abruzzo region and analyzes local differences in the labor market, particularly as they pertain to the immigrant work force. Language: Italian Keywords: ITALY | FOREIGNERS | IMMIGRANTS | LABOR FORCE | PERCEPTION | PUBLIC OPINION | INFORMATION NETWORKS | CRIME | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | NATIVE-BORN | DATA SOURCES | DATA LINKAGE | ATTITUDES | STUDENTS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | LOCALE | ACCULTURATION | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Social Problems | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Education | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Social Change Document Number: 255351 |
| 30. Title: Seafarers and seaport workers: a hidden population at risk. [Los marinos y los trabajadores portuarios: una población oculta de riesgo] Author: Yeager R; Miller N Source: Civil-Military Alliance Newsletter. 1997 Oct;3(4):1, 10. Abstract: The global maritime industry, some 1.2 million seafers, plus fishing, seaport and other land-based personnel, face a rising risk of HIV infection in many regions of the developing world. Seafarers are a highly mobile population, moving in high infection areas such as Africa, Asia, Latin America and Eastern Europe. Moreover, seaports, where much of the work goes on, are historically environments of high infection for sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. The close proximity of brothels and large sex-worker populations, plus the fact that seafarers are young, mobile and sexually active, compounds the problem and increases the danger of infection. (excerpt) Spanish Abstract: La industria marítima mundial, unos 1,2 millones de marinos, más el personal de pesca, de puertos marinos y otros empleados en bases terrestres, enfrentan el riesgo de infección por VIH en muchas regiones del mundo en vías de desarrollo. Los marinos son una población de mucha movilidad, que se desplaza en áreas de infección elevada como África, Asia, América Latina y Europa oriental. Además, los puertos marítimos, donde se realiza gran parte del trabajo, son ámbitos históricos de infección elevada para las enfermedades de transmisión sexual, incluido el VIH. La estrecha proximidad de los burdeles y la numerosa población de prostitutas, más el hecho de que los marinos son jóvenes, itinerantes, y sexualmente activos, complica el problema y aumenta el peligro de infección. (extracto) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | AFRICA | LATIN AMERICA | EUROPE, EASTERN | POPULATION AT RISK | MILITARY PERSONNEL | SEX WORKERS | WATER | LOCALE | WORKERS | FISHING | URBAN AREAS | HIV PREVENTION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Americas | Europe | Research Methodology | Government | Political Factors | Sex Behavior | |