1.  Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana. Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38. Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa. Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 330296 |
| 2. Title: Effects of female literacy on family size. Author: Chaudhry MA; Irshad S Source: Pakistan Journal of Medical Research. 2009 Jan-Mar;48(1):4-7. Abstract: Background: Education may indirectly lead to wider use of contraceptives and reduction in fertility. Female education reduces her vulnerability to unwanted pregnancies as a result of increased age at first marriage, being more aware of available contraceptive methods and by limiting family size. Objectives: To determine the effects of female literacy on family size and ascertain indirect effects of education on age at marriage, desired family size, use and knowledge of contraception and female autonomy. Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out in 2005 and included 150 females from Outpatient Department of Combined Military Hospital and Military Hospital, Rawalpindi. The inclusion criteria was married females having children while educational status was an independent variable. Data was collected through convenience sampling using a questionnaire and was analysed using SPSS version II. Results: A total of 150 women were selected for the study, their marriage age ranged from 11-35 years. Forty two were uneducated and rest had some degree of education. Out of the total, 125 were using contraceptives. One hundred and thirty (87%) females desired small family and the fertility gap was higher in educated females. One hundred and thirty (87%) had knowledge of family planning with media being the strongest source of dissemination of information. One hundred and thirty-six (91%) females favored education of girl child. About 82% educated females had a small family with 3 or less children while only 18% had 4 or more children. Only 4 (10%) uneducated females had small family and rest 38 (90%) had a large family size. Conclusion: Educated women have fewer children, are more likely to use contraception and marry later. Improving educational status of women seems to be a cost effective intervention for controlling population growth in developing countries like Pakistan. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | FAMILY SIZE | MARRIAGE AGE | LITERACY | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 340190 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Breastfeeding knowledge and practices amongst mothers in a rural population of North India: a community-based study. Author: Kishore MS; Kumar P; Aggarwal AK Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Jun;55(3):183-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: National family health survey-3 of India has revealed startling lower exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) rates (16.9%) in the state of Haryana compared with national data (46%). The barriers to breastfeeding in this population are not clearly known. Therefore, a study was conducted in a rural population of the state to study their breastfeeding practices, knowledge regarding usefulness of breastfeeding and factors influencing the breastfeeding practices. METHODS: In six villages of Panchkula district of Haryana, all the mothers of infants between 0-6 months were interviewed using a pretested semi-structured questionnaire. Time at initiation of breastfeeding, duration of EBF and their understanding about the usefulness of breastfeeding were assessed. Position of the baby during breastfeeding and attachment of the baby's mouth to the breast were assessed by direct observation while feeding. Breastfeeding knowledge of the mother was evaluated. RESULTS: Out of the 77 mothers, 30% and 10% exclusively breastfed their infants till 4 and 6 months of age, respectively. There was 'good attachment' in 42% mother-infant pairs and infants were held in 'correct position' by 60% mothers. Thirty-nine percent of the mothers had 'satisfactory' breastfeeding knowledge. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, lack of breastfeeding counseling was significantly associated with decreased rates of EBF at 4 months and 6 months (p-value 0.01 and 0.002, respectively) and 'full' breastfeeding (FBF) at 6 months of age (p-value 0.002). CONCLUSIONS: EBF/FBF practices and breastfeeding knowledge are suboptimal among the rural North Indian mothers. Breastfeeding counseling with emphasis on correct technique can improve the EBF/FBF rates. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | TIME FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | OBSTACLES | LITERACY | COUNSELING | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Population Dynamics | Organization and Administration | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs Document Number: 341968 |
4.  Title: Educational inequalities in the midst of persistent poverty: diversity across Africa in educational outcomes. Author: Lloyd CB; Hewett PC Source: New York, New York, Population Council, 2009. 27 p. (Poverty, Gender, and Youth Working Paper No. 14) Abstract: This paper explores inequalities in education across sub-Saharan Africa. Although we mainly focus on primary school completion rates, attention is also given to literacy as a more proximate indicator of human capital acquisition. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys and UNICEF's Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys, we explore cross-country variations in primary school completion rates, gender and wealth gaps in education, and literacy rates in relation to one another and in relation to cross-country variations in national income per capita. While these data paint a picture of overall educational progress, particularly for girls, this general picture is juxtaposed against an extremely diverse landscape across Africa with respect to primary school completion rates and retained literacy. Although cross-country variation in primary school completion rates can be partially explained by variation in national per capita income, the same cannot be said for literacy rates. Even the poorest countries have significant variation in achieved literacy, suggesting that learning can occur even in resource-poor environments. At the same time, our findings are sobering: in many countries, international educational goals are unlikely to be reached by 2015, and poor learning outcomes are frequently widespread. (Author's abstract) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | INEQUALITIES | POVERTY | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | LITERACY | GOALS | INCOME | Developing Countries | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Schools | Planning | Organization and Administration Document Number: 331434 |
| 5. Title: Socio-demographic variables associated with AIDS epidemic: evidence from the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the African countries. Author: Al-Asfahani AM; Girvan JT Source: African Journal of Food, Agriculture, Nutrition and Development. 2008 Sep;8(1):1-16. Abstract: The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) has been spreading rapidly worldwide for the past two decades, causing a variety of symptoms known as the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), which has killed millions of people, and which looks likely to kill millions more. Generally, HIV infection rates are currently decreasing in several countries, but globally the number of people living with HIV/AIDS continues to rise both geographically and among specific demographic groups. For example, despite the remarkable efforts that are being made throughout Africa to avert the spread of HIV and reduce its impact, the HIV/AIDS pandemic in Africa continues to spread obstinately. Among the vexing issues related to the AIDS epidemic are the insufficient provisions of planners, policy makers and the public in general in curbing its devastating consequences to the health sector, households, schools, workplaces, economies and the quality of life as a whole. This paper presents information on the association between socio-demographic variables and AIDS prevalence in some African and the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The studied variables included size of population; population density; urbanization; average life expectancy; average female life expectancy; average male life expectancy; literacy; female and male literacy; population increase; infant mortality; average daily calorie intake; gross domestic product (GDP) per capita; religion; fertility rates; death rates; and AIDS-rate. Several parametric and nonparametric statistical techniques were adopted including Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests. Insignificant difference in the means of AIDS-rates between the OECD countries and the African group was found, but the difference was significant when the USA was excluded from the analysis. As initially expected, life expectancy in the OECD countries was significantly higher than that of the African group while the average rates of infant mortality, population growth, fertility, and death were significantly higher within the African group. Significant association between AIDS-rate and life expectancy was only found for African males, while association with fertility, infant mortality, population density, and calorie intakes was statistically insignificant. No clear difference between urban and rural areas with respect to AIDS-rates was discerned. Communities of Muslims were less subject to the AIDS problem. In conclusion, future studies should devote more attention toward impacts on HIV/AIDS prevalence of other equally important variables such as access to social and health care services, cultural norms, ethnic diversity, and educational facilities. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV TRANSMISSION | POPULATION DENSITY | URBANIZATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LITERACY | INFANT MORTALITY | POPULATION DYNAMICS | QUALITY OF LIFE | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Urban Population Distribution | Length of Life | Mortality | Demographic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare | Biology Document Number: 322509 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Contextual correlates of child malnutrition in rural Maharashtra. Author: Bawdekar M; Ladusingh L Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Sep;40(5):771-786. Abstract: This paper examines the role of observed contextual factors like topography, development and literacy on severe malnutrition among social groups in rural Maharashtra based on the Reproductive and Child Health District Level Household Survey (RCH-DLHS) Round II (2002-04) data. Multilevel modelling techniques were applied in order to examine the district-wise variations in severe malnutrition associated with the characteristics of the places (contextual effects), as the relationships with the type of people (compositional effects) have already been well established. The results show that developmental aspects such as road connectivity, community literacy, toilet facilities and household standard of living contribute positively to the status of severe malnutrition. Also, the scheduled tribe, aboriginal underprivileged group are more at risk of severe malnourishment due to a lack of proper development, poor awareness about maintaining and enhancing the nutritional value of food and lack of hygiene and sanitation as compared with the scheduled castes, another aboriginal group. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | CENSUS | RURAL AREAS | TRIBES | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | LITERACY | AGRICULTURE | POVERTY | STANDARD OF LIVING | HYGIENE | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Geographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Public Health | Health Document Number: 308355 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of nutritional status of pre-school children in India. Author: Bharati S; Pal M; Bharati P Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Nov;40(6):801-814. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to assess the spatial distribution of nutritional status of children of less than three years through Z-scores of weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height using data collected by the National Family Health Survey (NFHS-2, 1998-99), India. The nutritional status of pre-school children was regressed on different sociodemographic factors after eliminating the effect of age. The data show that there are gender differences and spatial variations in the nutritional status of children in India. Gender difference is not very pronounced and almost disappears when the effects of age and socio-demographic variables are removed. The spatial difference, especially the rural-urban difference, was found to be very large and decreased substantially when the effects of age and socioeconomic variables were removed. However, the differences were not close to zero. All the variables were found to affect significantly the nutritional status of children. However, the literacy of mothers did not affect height-for-age significantly. The weight-for-age and height-for-age scores showed a dismal picture of the health condition of children in almost all states in India. The worst affected states are Bihar, Madhya Pradesh, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh. Assam and Rajasthans are also lagging behind. Weight-for-height scores do not give a clear picture of state-wise variation. Goa, Kerala and Punjab are the three most developed states in India and also have the lowest percentages of underweight children according to the Z-scores. Along with these three states come the north-eastern states where women are well educated. Thus overall development, enhancement of level of education and low gender inequality are the key factors for improvement in the health status of Indian children. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILDREN | MOTHERS | MALNUTRITION | NUTRITION INDEXES | LITERACY | STANDARD OF LIVING | CASTE | RELIGION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Nutrition | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Class Document Number: 326468 |
| 8. Title: Life expectancy and human capital investments: Evidence from maternal mortality declines. Author: Jayachandran S; Lleras-Muney A Source: Cambridge, Massachusetts, National Bureau of Economic Research, 2008 Apr. 51 p. (NBER Working Paper No. 13947) Abstract: Longer life expectancy should encourage human capital accumulation, since a longer time horizon increases the value of investments that pay out over time. Previous work has been unable to determine the empirical importance of this life-expectancy effect due to the difficulty of isolating it from other effects of health on education. We examine a sudden drop in maternal mortality risk in Sri Lanka between 1946 and 1953, which creates a sharp increase in life expectancy for school-age girls without contemporaneous effects on health, and which also allows for the use of boys as a control group. Using additional geographic variation, we find that the 70% reduction in maternal mortality risk over the sample period increased female life expectancy at age 15 by 4.1%, female literacy by 2.5%, and female years of education by 4.0%. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | VITAL STATISTICS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | MORTALITY DECLINE | SEX FACTORS | LITERACY | EDUCATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | INCOME | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326614 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Accuracy of child morbidity data in demographic and health surveys. Author: Manesh AO; Sheldon TA; Pickett KE; Carr-Hill R Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Feb;37(1):194-200. Abstract: The Demographic and Health Surveys (DHSs) have been used throughout the developing world for the last 20 years to provide data on the distribution of disease in order to inform planning. Data on child illness and death are reported by mothers and are susceptible to error. We conducted an in-depth study of the Iranian DHS carried out in 2000-2001 and reviewed 110 DHS carried out around the world to check for bias by assessing the social gradient in reported child morbidity and mortality. We found that the reported under-5 child morbidity and mortality rates for the 28 Iranian provinces were inversely correlated (r = -0.592, P less than 0.001) and that the adjusted social gradient of child morbidity implied increased illness in those who had literate vs illiterate mothers (OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.20-1.32) compared with a decrease in mortality with increased literacy (OR = 0.52, 95% CI 0.46-0.59). Many of the other DHSs also show increased rates of reported child diarrhoea in households with higher levels of maternal education, access to piped water and urban (vs rural) dwellings, the reverse of what is found with mortality rates. This suggests that there may be significant recall and reporting bias in under-5 childhood morbidity in DHSs. Caution should be used in the interpretation and use of data from DHSs and the survey methods should be reviewed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | CHILD HEALTH | PREVALENCE | ERROR SOURCES | BIAS | CHILD MORTALITY | DISEASES | LITERACY | DIARRHEA | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SANITATION | Developing Countries | Middle East | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Health | Measurement | Mortality | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health Document Number: 324317 |
| 10. Title: A case study of women's education within the Moroccan development model. Author: Marrakchi NL Source: Journal of North African Studies. 2008 Mar;13(1):55-73. Abstract: This paper examines the current efforts being made in Morocco in the field of women's education and evaluates the success of the Moroccan Development Model in the field of women's education by examining the topic through three lenses: international aid agencies, Moroccan government and royal efforts and the Moroccan Women's Movement. Consideration of the historical, religious and economic frameworks for each actor maintains priority within the study as a means of evaluating the progress made to date, the current status of women's education and the long-term goals and timeframes. The findings within this paper are primarily based on UN statistics, ratings, and definitions as well as other reputable sources such as the World Bank. Sources used include magazine articles, websites, academic journals and papers, and sociological, political and anthropological books on Morocco and women. It must be noted that this evaluation focuses on Anglophone and Francophone sources only and does not consider Arabophone sources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOROCCO | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | GOVERNMENT | WOMEN'S GROUPS | EDUCATION | LITERACY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Interest Groups | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Human Rights Document Number: 323794 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of skilled birth attendant utilization in Afghanistan: a cross-sectional study. Author: Mayhew M; Hansen PM; Peters DH; Edward A; Singh LP; Dwivedi V; Mashkoor A; Burnham G Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Oct;98(10):1849-56. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: We sought to identify characteristics associated with use of skilled birth attendants where health services exist in Afghanistan. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in all 33 provinces in 2004, yielding data from 617 health facilities and 9917 women who lived near the facilities and had given birth in the past 2 years. RESULTS: Only 13% of respondents had used skilled birth attendants. Women from the wealthiest quintile (vs the poorest quintile) had higher odds of use (odds ratio [OR] = 6.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4, 8.9). Literacy was strongly associated with use (OR = 2.5; 95% CI = 2.0, 3.2), as was living less than 60 minutes from the facility (OR = 1.5; 95% CI = 1.1, 2.0) and residing near a facility with a female midwife or doctor (OR = 1.4; 95% CI = 1.1, 1.8). Women living near facilities that charged user fees (OR = 0.8; 95% CI = 0.6, 1.0) and that had male community health workers (OR = 0.6; 95% CI = 0.5, 0.9) had lower odds of use. CONCLUSIONS: In Afghanistan, the rate of use of safe delivery care must be improved. The financial barriers of poor and uneducated women should be reduced and culturally acceptable alternatives must be considered. Language: English Keywords: AFGHANISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PREGNANT WOMEN | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | PREVALENCE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | LITERACY | DISTANCE | SEX FACTORS | CHILDBIRTH | FEES | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services | Measurement | Socioeconomic Factors | Educational Status | Geographic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Financial Activities Document Number: 328529 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Adult education and child nutrition: The role of family and community. Author: Moestue H; Huttly S Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008 Feb;62(2):153-159. Abstract: It is well established that mothers' education has positive effects on child nutrition in developing countries. Less explored is the effect exerted by the education of other individuals-mothers' friends, neighbours and family. The objectives were to examine independent effects of mothers', fathers' and grandmothers' education on child height-forage and weight-for-age z-score, and the role of community-level maternal literacy over and above parental education and other individual-level factors. Cross-sectional data were analysed for 5692 children from Andhra Pradesh State in India and Vietnam sampled within "sites" (20 from each country) and then within "communities" (31 from Vietnam and 102 from India). Multilevel regression analysis was undertaken to account for confounders and geographical clustering of observations. Child nutrition is positively and independently associated with mothers', fathers' and grandmothers' education. The association with grandmothers' education was statistically significant in the India sample only and was stronger for boys: the adjusted mean difference in height-for-age z-scores between boys living with an educated grandmother and those not was 0.64 (95% CI 0.29 to 0.99, p less than 0.001). In the Vietnam sample, child nutrition was associated with the proportion of literate mothers in the community, adjusting for parental education and other confounders (height 0.81, 95% CI 0.29 to 1.31, p=0.002). The results imply that an individual-level perspective may fail to capture the entire impact of education on child nutrition, and support a call for a widening of focus of nutrition policy and programmes from the mother-child pair towards the broader context of their family and community. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PARENTS | OLDER ADULTS | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | CHILD HEALTH | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | EDUCATION | CHILD NUTRITION | LITERACY | ANTHROPOMETRY | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Asia, Southeastern | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Measurement | Communication Document Number: 323621 |
| 13. Title: Poverty alleviation and integrated service delivery: Literacy, early child development and health. Author: Nordtveit BH Source: International Journal of Educational Development. 2008 Jul;28(4):405-418. Abstract: This paper argues that many internationally financed literacy programs do not sufficiently take into consideration important daily life issues of the learners, including nutritional deficiencies that may hinder learning, or of children-parent-society interactions that may improve learning. As a result, many programs have become synonymous with increased supply of a low-quality education. Often, these programs address almost exclusively Education for All (EFA) international policy targets, without sufficiently addressing other poverty alleviation targets, as defined by the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). This paper further contends that approaches that would generate the greatest effects within an EFA-perspective may not be the best way to alleviate poverty within a MDGs-perspective. Based on a case study of a women's literacy program in Senegal, this paper proposes to look at needs within an MDG perspective, and to use multi-pronged and integrated approaches to intervene in sectors where the poverty alleviation impact is the greatest. Current achievements against the MDG indicators show that significant efforts are needed to reduce maternal and child mortality, boost primary school enrollments, and remove obstacles so that a greater number of girls can attend school. One important target group for promoting greater achievements against these indicators would be young adults living in poverty, especially girls and young women. An approach that combines youth and family literacy, early child development (ECD), as well as health and nutrition interventions, could help to break a cycle of poverty that is fundamentally intergenerational in nature. Further, it is argued that integration of these different interventions, which are usually offered as separate services (but addressing essentially the same target group) could be more cost-effective than implementing each component as separate projects. Accordingly, this paper recommends the integration of such services as nutritional training for youth andadults; information and services for family planning; training on STD/HIV prevention and management; access to immunization for children and pregnant women; assistance to obtain antenatal registration and care as well as training and treatment of existing and non-complex conditions; and, if needed, micro-nutrient supplementation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVENTIONS | WOMEN | POVERTY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | LITERACY | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | WOMEN'S HEALTH | INFANT HEALTH | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | NUTRITION PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Biology | Health | Child Health | Women's Status | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 326932 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic profile of sero-discordant couples enrolled in clinical research in Rwanda and Zambia. Author: Stephenson R; Barker J; Cramer R; Hall MA; Karita E Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Mar;20(3):395-405. Abstract: This paper examines the demographic profile of two cohorts of sero-discordant couples enrolled in research activities at two clinical research sites in Kigali, Rwanda and Lusaka, Zambia and compares their background characteristics by country, gender and sero-status. Differences between the two cohorts represent economic and cultural differences between the two countries. Recruitment procedures appear to be successful in reaching the intended audience - couples from poor urban communities - and we suggest that similar recruitment strategies could be adopted to reach other population groups in other settings. The profiles of sero-discordant couples highlight several potential intervention points, and call for attention to be focused towards prevention efforts aimed at young women and their male partners. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | URBAN AREAS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | COUPLES | HIV TESTING | HIV | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | QUALITY OF LIFE | LITERACY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Central | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Geographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Factors | Social Welfare | Educational Status | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 325508 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Multilevel analysis of hepatitis A infection in children and adolescents: a household survey in the northeast and central-west regions of Brazil. Author: Ximenes RA; Martelli CM; Merchan-Hamann E; Montarroyos UR; Braga MC Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Aug;37(4):852-861. Abstract: The objectives were to estimate the prevalence of hepatitis A among children and adolescents from the Northeast and Midwest regions and the Federal District of Brazil and to identify individual-, household- and area-levels factors associated with hepatitis A infection. This population-based survey was conducted in 2004-2005 and covered individuals aged between 5 and 19 years. A stratified multistage cluster sampling technique with probability proportional to size was used to select 1937 individuals aged between 5 and 19 years living in the Federal capital and in the State capitals of 12 states in the study regions. The sample was stratified according to age (5-9 and 10- to 19-years-old) and capital within each region. Individual- and household-level data were collected by interview at the home of the individual. Variables related to the area were retrieved from census tract data. The outcome was total antibodies to hepatitis A virus detected using commercial EIA. The age distribution of the susceptible population was estimated using a simple catalytic model. The associations between HAV infection and independent variables were assessed using the odds ratio and corrected for the random design effect and sampling weight. Multilevel analysis was performed by GLLAMM using Stata 9.2. The prevalence of hepatitis A infection in the 5-9 and 10-19 agegroup was 41.5 and 57.4%, respectively for the Northeast, 32.3 and 56.0%, respectively for the Midwest and 33.8 and 65.1% for the Federal District. A trend for the prevalence of HAV infection to increase according to age was detected in all sites. By the age of 5, 31.5% of the children had already been infected with HAV in the Northeast region compared with 20.0% in the other sites. By the age of 19 years, seropositivity was _70% in all areas. The curves of susceptible populations differed from one area to another. Multilevel modeling showed that variables relating to different levels of education were associated with HAV infection in all sites. The study sites were classified as areas with intermediate endemicity area for hepatitis A infection. Differences in age trends of infection were detected among settings. This multilevel model allowed for quantification of contextual predictors of hepatitis A infection in urban areas. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RISK FACTORS | HEPATITIS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 327852 |
| 16. Title: Early marriage and HIV risk: the case of Burkina Faso. Author: Guttmacher Institute Source: New York, New York, Guttmacher Institute, 2007 Jan. [2] p. (In Brief) Abstract: For African women, marrying early in life means increased exposure to HIV/AIDS. Husbands of adolescent brides tend to be much older than their wives, more sexually experienced and therefore more likely to be HIV positive. Early marriage exposes young women to frequent, unprotected sex with their husbands, especially when the couple is trying to have children. For many young women, relying on their husbands to remain faithful to them is the sole protection they have from the virus. This problem is compounded by the fact that adolescent brides are often forced to drop out of school and lead homebound lives, cut off from public sources of information. Consequently, young married women in Africa receive very little information about how to protect themselves from unintended pregnancy, sexually transmitted infections and the HIV/AIDS epidemic plaguing many of their countries. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | SUMMARY REPORT | PREVALENCE | YOUTH | MARRIAGE AGE | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | HIV INFECTIONS | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | EXPOSURE | LITERACY | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Biology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 310870 |
| 17. Title: Broadband revolutionizes education on remote Maldives atolls. Author: UNICEF Source: Rashdoo Island, Maldives, UNICEF, 2007 Nov 26. [2] p. Abstract: In a historical event for the Maldives today, the country is launching 20 broadband-enabled, child-friendly learning centres, which link 20 of the country's atolls. Supported by UNICEF, the connected Teacher Resource Centres (TRCs) will create a virtual learning environment accessible throughout the Maldives. Because this Indian Ocean archipelago is made of 1,200 small islands - 200 of which are inhabited - up to 80 per cent of teacher-training costs are related to transportation. As a result, many teachers remain untrained. The TRCs will greatly alleviate these logistical problems, reaching teachers and children that are otherwise hard to reach. "It's down to basics. Transport is costly, making it expensive and often dangerous for children to travel between islands to get a better education and for teachers to upgrade their skills," said UNICEF Representative in the Maldives Ken Maskall. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: MALDIVES | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | STUDENTS | INTERNET | EDUCATIONAL METHODS | LITERACY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Schools | Education | Information Networks | Communication | Educational Activities | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326168 |
| 18. Title: Impact of educational support to children affected by HIV / AIDS in coastal Andhra Pradesh, India. Author: Vasavya Mahila Mandali Source: Sahrudaya. 2007 Jun;6:1-2. Abstract: When it comes to the literacy levels, the state average is 61.10% whereas male literacy rate is 70.80% and female literacy rates are as low as 51.20%. Most of the children are admitted into the schools but completion of education till high school among male is more whereas the girls dropout from the school around their puberty due to the tradition. And then Children affected by HIV/AIDS are dropping from school due to financial burdens and to take care of sick parents, grannies and siblings. In poverty affected families, food security, basic shelter and survival take precedence over the child's education. As a result, children are dropping out of school to support their families with meager income from some odd menial jobs. The low status of women means that girls are usually the first to stop their education. Vasavya Mahila Mandali (VMM) started working with children to promote education by encouraging children to continue their education in formal and non-formal settings in spite of various problems they have been facing, to place them better in the life. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PROGRESS REPORT | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | CHILDREN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV | AIDS | EDUCATION | LITERACY | LITERACY PROGRAMS | EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITIES | BEST PRACTICES | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Programs | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 319714 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Female sterilization by tubal ligation: a re-appraisal of factors influencing decision making in a tropical setting. Author: Adesiyun AG Source: Archives of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2007 Apr;275(4):241-244. Abstract: Female sterilization by tubal ligation is the most commonly used method of fertility regulation. However, in some lesser-developed country like Nigeria, it has not been accepted as a popular method of contraception. The objective was to assess the pattern of female sterilization and determine factors that may influence its acceptability. A retrospective study of 102 cases of tubal ligation (TL) performed between January 1999 and December 2004. Of the 102 patients/clients, 60 (58.8%) had TL at caesarean section, 28 (27.5%) had TL with repair of ruptured uterus and 14 (13.7%) clients had TL alone on request. In the reproductive age group, the rate of TL increased with age. In the group that had TL at caesarean section, the highest incidence of TL (65%) was recorded against parity 4. However, in the groups that had TL with repair of ruptured uterus and TL alone, the highest proportion of TL was recorded against parity 6, with rates of 46.3 and 57.1%, respectively. The rates of TL increased with the level of literacy. In the group that had TL alone, 92.9% of the clients were in a monogamous union. On the contrary, 89.3% of patients that had TL with repair of uterine rupture were in a polygamous union. There was relative distribution of patients/clients amongst the two religions and five ethnic grouping. In 55 of the 102 patients/clients, the indication for TL was completion of family size, though 41 of the 55 patients had TL at caesarean section. Demand for TL alone was low. A greater percentage of the patients had TL in conjunction with another surgical procedure. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | FEMALE STERILIZATION | TUBAL LIGATION | POMEROY METHOD | DECISION MAKING | LITERACY | PARITY | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Behavior | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Reproduction Document Number: 313023 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Health workers and vaccination coverage in developing countries: An econometric analysis. Author: Anand S; Barnighausen T Source: Lancet. 2007 Apr 14;369(9569):1277-1285. Abstract: Vaccine-preventable diseases cause more than 1 million deaths among children in developing countries every year. Although health workers are needed to do vaccinations, the role of human resources for health as a determinant of vaccination coverage at the population level has not been investigated. Our aim was to test whether health worker density was positively associated with childhood vaccination coverage in developing countries. We did cross-country multiple regression analyses with coverage of three vaccinations-measles-containing vaccine (MCV); diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis (DTP3); and poliomyelitis (polio3)-as dependent variables. Aggregate health worker density was an independent variable in one set of regressions; doctor and nurse densities were used separately in another set. We controlled for national income per person, female adult literacy, and land area. Health worker density was significantly associated with coverage of all three vaccinations (MCV p=0.0024; DTP3 p=0.0004; polio3p=0.0008). However, when the effects of doctors and nurses were assessed separately, we found that nurse density was significantly associated with coverage of all three vaccinations (MCV p=0.0097; DTP3 p=0.0083; polio3 p=0.0089), but doctor density was not (MCV p=0.7953; DTP3 p=0.7971; polio3 p=0.7885). Female adult literacy was positively associated, and land area negatively associated, with vaccination coverage. National income per person had no effect on coverage. A higher density of health workers (nurses) increases the availability of vaccination services over time and space, making it more likely that children will be vaccinated. After controlling for other determinants, the level of income does not contribute to improved immunisation coverage. Health workers can be a major constraining factor on vaccination coverage in developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CHILD | VACCINES | INCOME | LITERACY | VACCINATION | HEALTH SERVICES | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Immunization | Primary Health Care Document Number: 313390 |
| 21. Title: Hospital based study on breastfeeding practices in Aligarh. Author: Ansari MA; Khan Z; Khan IM Source: Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine. 2007 Jan-Jun;38(1-2):69-74. Abstract: What are the breastfeeding practices among mothers of newborn babies? The objectives were to ascertain time of initiation of breastfeeding; to assess the impact of literacy level on breastfeeding practices; to find out the impact of health education of breastfeeding practices. The design used was a hospital based cross-sectional study. The setting for the study was Obstetric and Gynaecology wards of JN Medical College Hospital, AMU, Aligarh. The participants in the study were 1102 mothers and the data was collected through interviews. The statistical analysis used were proportions, chi-square test. In cases of full term normal deliveries, breastfeeding was initiated within half hour in only 3.4% of the babies while majority of mothers (69.5%) put their babies to their breasts between half and five hours followed by more than 5 to 24 hours (12.2%). In cases of caesarean and other type of deliveries, maximum numbers of babies were given breastfed between half hour to five hours. In comparatively more education mothers, early initiation of breast feeding was observed. Bottle-feeding practice was noticed only in 4% of the babies, mostly in middle social class. Majority of the mothers (88.6%) received health education on various aspects of breastfeeding by health professionals during their stay in the hospital. In informed mothers, breastfeeding was started earlier as compared to the non-informed group of mothers. Efforts are needed to motivate the mothers to attend antenatal clinics where they should be informed on various aspects of breastfeeding. Health professionals are to be trained especially on counseling skills to bring that change in attitude of the community on breastfeeding practices. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BREASTFEEDING | LITERACY | TIME FACTORS | CESAREAN SECTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | SOCIAL CLASS | HEALTH EDUCATION | ANTENATAL CARE | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Obstetrical Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Education | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323907 |
| 22. Title: Prevalence of HIV infection among patients of pulmonary tuberculosis attending chest diseases hospital, Jammu (Jammu and Kashmir). Author: Bahl R; Singh B; Singh R Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2007 Oct;32(4):288-289. Abstract: In the backdrop of increase in reporting of HIV positive cases in chest and tuberculosis hospital at Jammu, a study was carried out to assess the prevalence of HIV infection among cases of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) attending this hospital. The study was carried out in the chest diseases hospital of Government Medical College, Jammu, which is the only referral centre for cases of PTB in province. It included all such cases attending this centre during the study period w.e.f. 1 April 2003 to 30 June 2004 and involved analysis in respect of the demographic variables, i.e. age, sex, marital status, occupation and religion. A structured schedule was employed to interview the patients. Diagnosis was based on clinical examination by the chest disease specialist for TB or TB with HIV/AIDS followed by appropriate investigations, i.e. sputum for AFB and/or sputum for culture of AFB and/or radiological (X-ray chest PA view). Tuberculin test, ELISA for HIV infection (repeated with different kits in case ofpositivity). A total of 5387 patients were diagnosed who were suffering from PTB; 84 were dually infected with PTB and HIV. Seroprevalence of HIV among PTB patients was 1.6%. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | TUBERCULOSIS | HIV INFECTIONS | PREVALENCE | HOSPITALS | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Measurement | Research Methodology | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Educational Status Document Number: 323823 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Health literacy and contraception: A readability evaluation of contraceptive instructions for condoms, spermicides and emergency contraception in the USA. Author: El-Ibiary SY; Youmans SL Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Mar;12(1):58-62. Abstract: Objective: To assess readability of over-the-counter (OTC) contraceptive product instructions currently available, compare the results with previous studies from a decade ago, and review the implications for health care providers, in particular pharmacists counseling on OTC contraceptives. Methods: A sample of contraceptive instructions was submitted to a readability analysis using four standard readability formulas. Products included condoms, spermicides, and emergency contraception instruction pamphlets. Results: Reading grade levels for condoms ranged from 6th to 12th grade. The average reading levels for the spermicides were 9th-10th grade and for the emergency contraceptives 10th-12th grade. These results were consistent with those of similar studies performed a decade ago. Conclusions: Consumers need to have at least a high school reading level in order to comprehend current product instructions. Very little has changed in the past decade regarding readability of OTC contraceptive patient instructions, despite calls to simplify written instructions. Healthcare providers, in particular pharmacists, must be aware of these disparities to enhance patient education and advocate for simpler reading materials. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PHARMACISTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | LITERACY | SPERMICIDAL CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONDOMS | PRINTED MEDIA | COUNSELING | READING | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Mass Media | Communication | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 313274 |
| 24. Title: Indigenous girls in Guatemala: poverty and location. Author: Hallman K; Peracca S; Catino J; Ruiz MJ Source: In: Exclusion, gender and education: case studies from the developing world, edited by Maureen Lewis and Marlaine Lockheed. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2007. :145-175. Abstract: Although enrollment rates are increasing in Guatemala, educational attainment continues to be among the lowest in Latin America as a result of late entry, repetition, and early dropout. Vast inequalities in access and attainment - linked to ethnicity, gender, poverty, and geography - remain. Adult literacy, estimated at 85 percent in Latin America, is just 70 percent in Guatemala. While indigenous peoples generally have less schooling than nonindigenous peoples throughout Latin America, ethnic differences are greatest in Guatemala, where indigenous adults have less than half the schooling of nonindigenous adults (2.5 years of education compared with 5.7 years). Recent trends show the ethnic gap narrowing among younger people, but large inequalities remain. Among 10- to 19-year-olds, the indigenous literacy rate is 82 percent that of nonindigenous people (74 percent compared with 90 percent). Gender differences in literacy and education are also large in Guatemala. The female-to-male literacy ratiois 0.77 among adults and 0.86 among 15- to 24-year-olds. Although the girl-to-boy primary enrollment ratio of 0.95 in 2000 indicates great improvements, the gender ratio of primary completion for 15- to 24-year-olds is substantially lower, at 0.82. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GUATEMALA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | LOW INCOME POPULATION | CHILD, FEMALE | LOCALE | POVERTY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | INEQUALITIES | SEX DISCRIMINATION | LITERACY | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 321919 |
| 25. Title: The global gender gap report 2007. Author: Hausmann R; Tyson LD; Zahidi S Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Economic Forum, 2007. 162 p. Abstract: Gender-based inequality is a phenomenon that affects the majority of the world's cultures, religions, nations and income groups. Yet there are differences in the way gender disparities manifest themselves and how they have evolved over time. It is vital to develop frameworks for capturing the magnitude of these disparities in order to design effective measures for reducing them. A challenge that can be measured can be addressed. The Global Gender Gap Index,1 introduced by the World Economic Forum last year, is one such framework. It aims to be a tool for benchmarking and tracking global gender-based inequalities on economic, political, education and health-based criteria. The country rankings are meant to serve a dual purpose. They are designed to create greater awareness among a global audience of the challenges posed by gender gaps and the opportunities created by reducing them. It is also hoped that the rankings, together with the detailed country profiles, will serve as a catalyst for change by providing policy-makers with a snapshot of their country's relative strengths and weaknesses of their country's performance compared to that of other nations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | ANNUAL REPORT | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | PARTICIPATION | GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT | PAY EQUITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | LITERACY | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | HEALTH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SEX RATIO | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Production | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Women's Status | Educational Status | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 323005 |
| 26. Title: Knowledge and practices of family planning in an urban slum of Mumbai. Author: Joshi SM; Patil SB Source: Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine. 2007 Jan-Jun;38(1-2):1-4. Abstract: What is the knowledge of family planning and what are the factors, which are most commonly influencing methods of contraception? The objectives were to find out the distribution of family planning practices with respect to socio-demographic factors like, religion, education, age of the mother, family structure and parity. The study used was a cross-sectional study. The setting for the study was an urban slum field practice area under the Urban Health Center, Tilak Nagar, Mumbai. The population studied were women in the age group 15-44 years living with their spouses and residents of the slum. The study variables were socio-demographic variables like religion, education, age of the mother, family structure, number of living children and contraceptive use. 44.5% of the women were acceptors. Among the acceptors, 52.8% were using spacing methods and 47.19% had used terminal methods. Use of contraception increased with increase in age and literacy. Family planning acceptance was found to be greater in nuclear families (48.1%) than joint families (40.2%). The percentage of acceptance increase with an increase in the number of living children, especially male children. Age of the mother, literacy and living male children are strong incentive for family planning. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | URBAN AREAS | WOMEN | MOTHERS | SLUMS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | KNOWLEDGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PARITY | LITERACY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | AGE FACTORS | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Family Planning Programs | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Fertility Measurements | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323898 |
| 27. Title: Achieving the Health Millennium Development Goals in Asia and the Pacific. Policies and actions within health systems and beyond. Author: Kay T; Tata S; Postigo Angon A; Roncarati M; Barth B Source: New York, New York, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific [ESCAP], 2007. [120] p. (Asia-Pacific MDG Study SeriesST/ESCAP/2450) Abstract: Enjoying good health, remaining free from disease and having access to health care are basic human rights. The inclusion of health targets in the Millennium Development Goals supports the contention that good health is important for overcoming poverty and achieving the wider goal of socio-economic development. While all MDGs are in some way related to health, three refer specifically to health: (a) Goal 4, reduce child mortality; (b) Goal 5, improve maternal health; and (c) Goal 6, combat HIV/ AIDS, malaria and other diseases. Despite the significant improvements that have been made in income indicators over the last decade - with most countries in Asia and the Pacific having reduced the number of people below the poverty line (Goal 1, target 1) - large segments of the population in the region continue to be without access to basic services, such as health care, education, clean water or sanitation. The ESCAP subregions offer a mixed picture: a number of countries may fail to meet one or more of the MDG health targets unless their efforts are stepped up. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | SUMMARY REPORT | GOALS | CHILD MORTALITY | MATERNAL MORTALITY | DISEASE PREVENTION | HEALTH | HEALTH POLICY | EXPENDITURES | SOCIAL WELFARE | FEES | HUMAN RIGHTS | DRUGS | LITERACY | HEALTH EDUCATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CHOICE | WATER SUPPLY | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Planning | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Education | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Natural Resources | Environment | Programs | Program Evaluation Document Number: 319343 |
| 28. Title: Girls in Lao PDR: ethnic affiliation, poverty, and location. Author: King EM; van de Walle D Source: In: Exclusion, gender and education: case studies from the developing world, edited by Maureen Lewis and Marlaine Lockheed. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2007. :31-70. Abstract: Schooling is one of the best hopes for improving the lifetime prospects of a child-even a child from a poor family. The benefits-physical, economic, and social-cascade across generations, increasing socioeconomic mobility and reducing poverty. Unfortunately, the poorest children and those who live in remote rural areas are often the hardest and costliest to reach. This chapter examines educational progress in the Lao People's Democratic Republic and the factors that explain current enrollment and attainment. It examines how familiar variables such as household income and access to schools affect school attendance and school outcomes and how these effects vary by gender, geographical location, and ethnolinguistic affiliation. The evidence presented shows that these divisions are indeed important in determining whether a child has access to schools (especially to good schools) and what level of education the child can attain. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: LAOS | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | SEX FACTORS | LOCALE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | LANGUAGE | INEQUALITIES | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Communication | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 321916 |
| 29. Title: Tunisia: Strong central policies for gender equity. Author: Lockheed ME; Mete C Source: In: Exclusion, gender and education: case studies from the developing world, edited by Maureen Lewis and Marlaine Lockheed. Washington, D.C., Center for Global Development, 2007. :205-230. Abstract: The gender implications of selective education systems have received little attention. Studies show that girls are more likely than boys to drop out of school in Kenya and Tanzania, but these studies do not make explicit linkages between dropping out and performance in school, performance on the primary school-leaving examinations, and parental demand for girls' schooling. A priori it is not clear whether the selective education systems would exacerbate the gender gap in schooling (even if such systems reinforce socioeconomic inequalities in society or turn out to be inefficient due to high repetition rates at the end of each schooling cycle). In particular, if girls do not face major disadvantages in the household resource allocation process and basic education schools are not female unfriendly (that is, include such essential requirements as clean, functioning restrooms and female teachers as role models for girls), then a selective education system may not necessarily increase the gender gap inschooling outcomes. This chapter aims to contribute to this literature by using data from Tunisia, a country that until 2000 implemented examinations to regulate passage from the sixth to seventh grade in basic education. A focus on Tunisia in the second half of the 1990s is a useful complement to the empirical literature, which focuses on Kenya and Tanzania, because developing countries that continue to implement highly selective secondary education strategies will face circumstances similar to Tunisia's pre-reform environment (with less pressure on available secondary education "seats" due to fertility transition) at some point in time. Tunisia differs from Kenya and Tanzania in another important way: its population is highly homogeneous. Tunisia's examination system, therefore, cannot reinforce discrimination based on ethnic or linguistic differences among population subgroups. Rural students are at a disadvantage, but, with a few exceptions, this disadvantage is based more on economic factors than ethnicones. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TUNISIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | DROPOUTS | SCHOOL AGE POPULATION | SOCIAL POLICY | GENDER ISSUES | INEQUALITIES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | PRIMARY SCHOOLS | Africa, North | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | |