1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Changes in weight, total fat, percent body fat, and central-to-peripheral fat ratio associated with injectable and oral contraceptive use. Author: Berenson AB; Rahman M Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2009 Mar;200(3):329.e1-8. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to determine changes in bodyweight and composition that result from hormonal contraception. STUDY DESIGN: Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry was performed at baseline and every 6 months for 3 years for 703 women (African American, 200; white, 247; Hispanic, 256) who were beginning the use of oral contraception (OC; n = 245), depot medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA; n = 240), or nonhormonal contraception (NH; n = 218). DMPA discontinuers were observed for up to 2 years to examine the reversibility of the observed changes. RESULTS: Over 36 months, DMPA users increased their weight (+5.1 kg), body fat (+4.1 kg), percent body fat (+3.4%), and central-to-peripheral fat ratio (+0.1) more than OC and NH users (P < .01). OC use did not cause weight gain. After DMPA discontinuation, NH users lost 0.42 kg in 6 months; OC users gained 0.43 kg in 6 months. CONCLUSION: Bodyweight and fat significantly increase with the use of DMPA. After discontinuation of DMPA, some decrease in bodyweight and fat occurs when NH is used. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | BODY WEIGHT | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | LIPIDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 330467 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Insulin sensitivity and lipid metabolism with oral contraceptives containing chlormadinone acetate or desogestrel: a randomized trial. Author: Cagnacci A; Ferrari S; Tirelli A; Zanin R; Volpe A Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):111-6. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Second-generation and third-generation oral contraceptives containing 30 mcg or more of ethinylestradiol (EE) decrease insulin sensitivity (SI). In this study, we investigated whether SI is decreased by contraceptives containing lower doses EE or by progestins with antiandrogenic properties. STUDY DESIGN: Twenty-eight young healthy women were randomly allocated to receive 20 mcg of EE and 150 mcg of desogestrel (DSG) (n=14) or 30 mcg of EE and 2 mg of chlormadinone acetate (CMA) (n=14) for 6 months. SI and glucose utilization independent of insulin (Sg) were investigated by the minimal model method. Lipid modifications were also analyzed. RESULTS: SI decreased with EE/DSG (7.09+/-1.4 vs. 4.30+/-0.91; p=.04; n=12), but not with EE/CMA (5.79+/-0.93 vs. 6.79+/-1.1; p=.48; n=12). SI modifications observed in the two groups were significantly different (-2.79+/-1.15 vs. 1.0+/-1.38; p=.05). Sg did not vary with either treatment. The response of C-peptide to glucose increased, but significantly so only with EE/CMA (p=.01). The C-peptide/insulin response increased with both EE/DSG (p=.05) and EE/CMA (p=.04). High-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (p=.02) and triglycerides (p=.02 and p=.01) increased in both groups, but HDL/low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p=.02), apoprotein A1 (Apo-A1) (p=.04) and Apo-A1/apoprotein B (p=.048) increased significantly only with EE/CMA. CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirms that DSG, even when associated with low EE dose, decreases SI. By contrast, EE/CMA does not deteriorate SI and induces a favorable lipid profile. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | PROGESTERONE | DESOGESTREL | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LIPIDS | METABOLIC EFFECTS | SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329611 |
| 3. Title: Maternal mid-pregnancy serum triglyceride levels and neonatal birth weight. Author: Kushtagi P; Arvapally S Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 Mar 25; Abstract: Although disturbances in maternal glucose metabolism and resultant fetal hyperinsulinemia are known to significantly impact fetal overgrowth, it has been suggested that other fuels such as lipids and amino acids may be the determinants of fetal growth in nondiabetics. Maternal serum lipid levels increase in mid to late pregnancy; and in women with gestational diabetes, elevated triglycerides were significantly associated with birth weight corrected for gestational age. Although the role of maternal hyperlipidemia in fetal growth is not known, maternal fasting serum triglyceride levels at 24 to 32 weeks of pregnancy were shown to be significantly and positively associated with neonatal weight at term, independent of maternal prepregnancy obesity, weight gain during pregnancy, or mid-pregnancy plasma glucose levels (either fasting or postprandial) in Japanese and white women. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between maternal mid-pregnancy serum lipid levels and neonatal birth weight in our region. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | BIRTH WEIGHT | PREGNANCY, SECOND TRIMESTER | LIPIDS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | CHOLESTEROL | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | BODY WEIGHT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Physiology | Biology | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Nutrition | Health | Carbohydrate Metabolic Effects | Metabolic Effects Document Number: 341469 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders in HIV-1-infected adults on 4- to 9-year antiretroviral therapy in Senegal: a case-control study. Author: Mercier S; Gueye NF; Cournil A; Fontbonne A; Copin N; Ndiaye I; Dupuy AM; Cames C; Sow PS; Ndoye I; Delaporte E; Simondon KB Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Jun 1;51(2):224-30. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To assess adverse effects of long-term highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), that is, lipodystrophy and metabolic disorders, in a cohort of African patients. METHODS: One hundred eighty HIV-1-infected patients treated with HAART for 4-9 years in Dakar and 180 age-matched and sex-matched controls were enrolled. Regional subcutaneous fat changes were assessed by physicians, and fasting blood samples were drawn. Centralization of body fat was estimated using skinfold ratio, waist circumference, and waist to hip ratio (WHR). RESULTS: Mean duration of HAART was 5.4 years. Main drugs received were zidovudine, stavudine, and protease inhibitors. The prevalence of moderate-severe lipodystrophy was 31.1% (95% confidence interval: 24.3 to 37.9), with 13.3%, 14.5%, and 3.3% for lipoatrophy, lipohypertrophy, and mixed forms, respectively. Mild-severe lipodystrophy affected 65.0% (58.0; 72.0) of patients. Stavudine was the only independent risk factor (any vs. none: odds ratio = 2.8; 1.4 to 5.5). Patients had lower body mass index and skinfolds but greater centralization of body fat (WHR, P < 0.0001 and skinfold ratio, P < 0.001), fasting glucose (P < 0.0001), homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance, and triglyceride levels (P < 0.01 for both) than controls. Moderately-severely lipodystrophic patients had higher triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol than other patients (P < 0.001 and P < 0.05, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Moderate-severe lipodystrophy affected one third of West African patients on long-term HAART and was associated with a less favorable metabolic profile. Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTROL GROUPS | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | SIDE EFFECTS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | LIPIDS | ANTHROPOMETRY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Measurement Document Number: 341775 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of Mirena (levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system) and Ortho Gynae T380 intrauterine copper device on lipid metabolism--a randomized comparative study. Author: Ng YW; Liang S; Singh K Source: Contraception. 2009 Jan;79(1):24-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study aims to assess the effects of levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) on lipid metabolism in an Asian population using Ortho Gynae T380 copper containing (nonhormonal) intrauterine device (IUD) as a control. STUDY DESIGN: Ninety-two healthy women requesting IUD for contraception were randomly allocated to the two groups and were followed up at 6-, 12- and 18-month intervals. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), triglycerides (TG), apolipoprotein A-I (Apo A-I) and apolipoprotein B were measured pre insertion and at each visit following insertion. RESULTS: There was a marginally significant reduction in TC level in the LNG-IUS group. HDL-C showed a significant reduction in the LNG-IUS group at 6 months but reverted back to its preinsertion value by 1 year. TG, LDL-C and the cholesterol ratios remained stable. Levels of Apo A-I and B also showed no significant reduction in both groups, and their ratios remained stable and insignificant. CONCLUSION: In this randomized comparative study among our local Asian population, it is assuring to note that the LNG-IUS does not have any adverse effects on lipid metabolism. Language: English Keywords: ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | ASIANS | LIPIDS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | IUD | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | METABOLIC EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Methods Document Number: 330539 |
| 6. Title: Trans fatty acids and fatty acid composition of mature breast milk in turkish women and their association with maternal diet's. Author: Samur G; Topcu A; Turan S Source: Lipids. 2009 May;44(5):405-13. Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition and trans fatty acid and fatty acid contents of breast milk in Turkish women and to find the effect of breastfeeding mothers' diet on trans fatty acid and fatty acid composition. Mature milk samples obtained from 50 Turkish nursing women were analyzed. Total milk lipids extracts were transmethylated and analyzed by using gas liquid chromatography to determine fatty acids contents. A questionnaire was applied to observe eating habits and 3 days dietary records from mothers were obtained. Daily dietary intake of total energy and nutrients were estimated by using nutrient database. The mean total trans fatty acids contents was 2.13 +/- 1.03%. The major sources of trans fatty acids in mothers' diets were margarines-butter (37.0%), bakery products and confectionery (29.6%). Mothers who had high level of trans isomers in their milk consumed significantly higher amounts of these products. Saturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and monounsaturated fatty acids of human milk constituted 40.7 +/- 4.7%, 26.9 +/- 4.2% and 30.8 +/- 0.6% of the total fatty acids, respectively. The levels of fatty acids in human milk may reflect the current diet of the mother as well as the diet consumed early in pregnancy. Margarines, bakery products and confectionery are a major source of trans fatty acids in maternal diet in Turkey. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | MOTHERS | BREASTFEEDING, EXCLUSIVE | LIPIDS | DIET | HUMAN MILK | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Breastfeeding | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology | Lactation | Maternal Physiology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342185 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Evidence that in healthy young women, a six-cycle treatment with oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg of ethinylestradiol plus 2 mg of chlormadinone acetate reduces fat mass. Author: Uras R; Orru M; Etzi R; Peppi G; Marotto MF; Pilloni M; Zedda P; Lello S; Melis GB; Paoletti AM Source: Contraception. 2009 Feb;79(2):117-21. Abstract: BACKGROUND: We aimed to evaluate whether a six-cycle treatment with oral contraceptive containing 30 mcg of ethinylestradiol (EE2) plus 2 mg of chlormadinone acetate (CMA) (EE2+CMA) alters body weight (BW) and body composition of healthy young women with normal menstrual cycles. The results in treated subjects were compared to those obtained in nontreated women as control. STUDY DESIGN: Multifrequency bioelectrical impedance analysis (MF-BIA) was performed in 48 healthy young women during the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle. Of this group, 24 women were treated with EE2+CMA, and the MF-BIA was repeated at the third and sixth cycle of treatment. The remaining 24 women were submitted to the same examinations after three and six cycles without any treatment. Total body water (TBW), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular water (ECW), fat mass (FM) and fat-free mass (FFM) were calculated. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), BW, blood pressure, and the plasma concentrations of electrolytes were also measured at each visit. RESULTS: Mean FM significantly (p<.05) decreased in the EE2+CMA group from basal levels of 14.23+/-1.03 to 13.51+/-1.09 and 12.71+/-1.02 kg at the third and sixth cycle of treatment, respectively. Stable values were seen in the control group. During observation, other parameters (BW, WHR, TBW, ECW, ICW, FFM) remained unchanged in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS: EE2+CMA reduces FM without altering TBW, ICW, ECW. These preliminary results suggest that progestational activity of CMA could balance both fluid retention and weight gain elicited by EE2. Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BODY WEIGHT | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LIPIDS | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | TREATMENT | Developed Countries | Europe, Southern | Europe | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329610 |
| 8. Title: Initial therapy with nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-containing regimens is more effective than with regimens that spare them with no difference in short-term fat distribution: Hippocampe-ANRS 121 Trial. Author: Duvivier C; Ghosn J; Assoumou L; Soulie C; Peytavin G; Calvez V; Genin MA; Molina JM; Bouchaud O; Katlama C; Costagliola D Source: Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 2008 Oct;62(4):797-808. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact on body fat of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI)-sparing regimens compared with NRTI-containing therapy in HIV-1-infected antiretroviral (ARV)-naive patients. METHODS: A randomized, multicentre, open-label trial in ARV-naive patients. Subjects were randomized (2:1:1) to receive: (i) an NRTI-sparing regimen consisting of a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) plus a boosted protease inhibitor (PI/r); or (ii) an NRTI-containing regimen of (a) a PI/r plus two NRTIs or (b) an NNRTI plus two NRTIs. The primary endpoint was the change in subcutaneous limb fat measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at week (W) 96. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients with treatment failure, plasma HIV-RNA (pVL) <50 copies/mL and safety. RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen patients were enrolled between November 2003 and May 2004: 26% female; 42% from sub-Saharan Africa; median plasma HIV-RNA (pVL) 5.1 log(10) copies/mL; median CD4 count 207 cells/mm(3). A planned interim analysis demonstrated significantly lower treatment and virological responses with the NRTI-sparing strategy, resulting in premature study termination on 19 July 2005. The proportion of patients who remained on their assigned treatment strategy and had pVL <50 copies/mL on the NRTI-sparing regimen was 60.0%, compared with 82.5% on the NRTI-containing regimen at W24 (P = 0.009) and 66.7% and 82.5%, respectively, at W48 (P = 0.059). Treatment failure was associated with the NRTI-sparing strategy in patients with suboptimal adherence and with being from sub-Saharan Africa. No differences in fat distribution were noted. CONCLUSIONS: An initial NRTI-sparing regimen is less successful and virologically less potent than standard NRTI-containing regimen and should not therefore be used as the first line of treatment. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | LIPIDS | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | Africa | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 328850 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Cytological and transcript analyses reveal fat and lazy persister-like bacilli in tuberculous sputum. Author: Garton NJ; Waddell SJ; Sherratt AL; Lee SM; Smith RJ Source: PLoS Medicine. 2008 Apr;5(4):e75. Abstract: Tuberculous sputum provides a sample of bacilli that must be eliminated by chemotherapy and that may go on to transmit infection. A preliminary observation that Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells contain triacylglycerol lipid bodies in sputum, but not when growing in vitro, led us to investigate the extent of this phenomenon and its physiological basis. Microscopy-positive sputum samples from the UK and The Gambia were investigated for their content of lipid body-positive mycobacteria by combined Nile red and auramine staining. All samples contained a lipid body-positive population varying from 3% to 86% of the acid-fast bacilli present. The recent finding that triacylglycerol synthase is expressed by mycobacteria when they enter in vitro nonreplicating persistence led us to investigate whether this state was also associated with lipid body formation. We found that, when placed in laboratory conditions inducing nonreplicating persistence, two M. tuberculosis strains had lipid body levels comparable to those found in sputum. We investigated these physiological findings further by comparing the M. tuberculosis transcriptome of growing and nonreplicating persistence cultures with that obtained directly from sputum samples. Although sputum has traditionally been thought to contain actively growing tubercle bacilli, our transcript analyses refute the hypothesis that these cells predominate. Rather, they reinforce the results of the lipid body analyses by revealing transcriptional signatures that can be clearly attributed to slowly replicating or nonreplicating mycobacteria. Finally, the lipid body count was highly correlated (R/2 = 0.64, p less than 0.03) with time to positivity in diagnostic liquid cultures, thereby establishing a direct link between this cytological feature and the size of a potential nonreplicating population. As nonreplicating tubercle bacilli are tolerant to the cidal action of antibiotics and resistant to multiple stresses, identification of this persister-like population of tubercle bacilli in sputum presents exciting and tractable new opportunities to investigate both responses to chemotherapy and the transmission of tuberculosis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | GAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | TUBERCULOSIS | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LIPIDS | ANTIBIOTICS | DRUG RESISTANCE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 325887 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adolescent women in two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Author: Hoeger K; Davidson K; Kochman L; Cherry T; Kopin L; Guzick DS Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Nov;93(11):4299-306. Abstract: CONTEXT: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents in adolescence, and obesity is a common finding. The benefits and risks of alternate approaches to the management of PCOS in obese adolescent women are not clear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of metformin, oral contraceptives (OCs), and/or lifestyle modification in obese adolescent women with PCOS. DESIGN: Two small, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials were performed. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 79 obese adolescent women with PCOS participated. INTERVENTIONS: In the single treatment trial, subjects were randomized to metformin, placebo, a lifestyle modification program, or OC. In the combined treatment trial, all subjects received lifestyle modification and OC and were randomized to metformin or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations of androgens and lipids were measured. RESULTS: Lifestyle modification alone resulted in a 59% reduction in free androgen index with a 122% increase in SHBG. OC resulted ina significant decrease in total testosterone (44%) and free androgen index (86%) but also resulted in an increase in C-reactive protein (39.7%) and cholesterol (14%). The combination of lifestyle modification, OC, and metformin resulted in a 55% decrease in total testosterone, as compared to 33% with combined treatment and placebo, a 4% reduction in waist circumference, and a significant increase in HDL (46%). CONCLUSIONS: In these preliminary trials, both lifestyle modification and OCs significantly reduce androgens and increase SHBG in obese adolescents with PCOS. Metformin, in combination with lifestyle modification and OC, reduces central adiposity, reduces total testosterone, and increases HDL, but does not enhance overall weight reduction. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SUPPORT GROUPS | OBESITY | OVARIAN CYSTS | LIFE STYLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ANDROGENS | LIPIDS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | TESTOSTERONE | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | ANTHROPOMETRY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Measurement Document Number: 329306 |
| 11. Title: Determinants of insulin-resistant phenotypes in normal-weight and obese Black African women. Author: Jennings CL; Lambert EV; Collins M; Joffe Y; Levitt NS Source: Obesity. 2008 Jul;16(7):1602-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Subsets of metabolically "healthy obese" and "at-risk" normal-weight individuals have been previously identified. The aim of this study was to explore the determinants of these phenotypes in black South African (SA) women. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: From a total of 103 normal-weight (BMI Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | BLACKS | GENETICS | BODY WEIGHT | LIPIDS | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | OBESITY | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FITNESS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Biology | Physiology | Metabolic Effects | Economic Factors | Health Document Number: 328379 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Increase of oxidative stress in human sperm with lower motility. Author: Kao SH; Chao HT; Chen HW; Hwang TI; Liao TL Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2008 May;89(5):1183-1190. Abstract: The objective was to investigate the causal role of oxidative-stress status on human sperm motility. The design was to demonstrate that sperm with higher oxidative damage have a lower antioxidant capacity. The setting was the University hospital infertility center. Seventy-eight semen samples were obtained from 35 healthy donors who had normal semen characteristics and from 43 infertile or subfertile males. The levels of oxidative damage (8-hydroxy-20-deoxyguanosine [8-OHdG] and lipid peroxides) and antioxidants (retinol, a-tocopherol, ascorbate, and protein thiols) in the spermatozoa and/or seminal plasma were measured. We analyzed the specific content of 8-OHdG and lipid peroxides by using highperformance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-electrochemical detection and HPLC-fluorescence analysis, respectively. Retinol and alpha-tocopherol were analyzed by using an HPLC system, whereas ascorbate and protein thiols were determined by using spectrophotometry. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine was visualized by immunofluorescent staining with an anti-8-OHdG antibody that was conjugated with fluorescein isothiocyanate conjugate. Lipid peroxides in spermatozoa were stained with a fluorescent dye, C11-BODIPY/581/591. Statistically significant negative correlations were revealed between sperm motility and 8-OHdG and between motility and lipid peroxides. Statistically significant positive correlations were found between sperm motility and the levels of retinol, a-tocopherol, ascorbate, and protein thiols of seminal plasma. 8-Hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine and lipid peroxides in spermatozoa were found to be present mostly in mitochondria. Oxidative stress and oxidative damage were increased significantly in spermatozoa with declined motility, and the antioxidant capacities in the spermatozoa and seminal plasma were lower in males who had infertility or subfertility. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | INFERTILITY | SPERMATOZOA | SPERM TRANSPORT | OXYGEN | LIPIDS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Inorganic Chemicals | Ingredients and Chemicals Document Number: 326996 |
| 13. Title: Adequacy of vitamin A and fat in the breast milk of lactating women in south Sri Lanka. Author: Liyanage C; Hettiarachchi M; Mangalajeewa P; Malawipathirana S Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2008 Jul;11(7):747-50. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine vitamin A (retinol) and fat concentrations in breast milk during early lactation. METHODS: Healthy lactating women (n 88) aged between 18 and 35 years were randomly selected for the study from urban, semi-urban, rural and estate (plantation) sectors of Galle District. Their anthropometry was recorded; breast milk samples were collected from the right breast one hour after the last feed. Breast milk retinol was determined by HPLC and fat content by the crematocrit method. RESULTS: Subjects were in the 2nd to 9th month of lactation. Retinol concentrations of the breast milk samples ranged from 0.10 to 2.46 micromol/l, with a mean of 0.50 micromol/l, and correlated positively with parity (Pearson correlation coefficient, r = 0.307; P = 0.01) and negatively with period of lactation (r = -0.209; P = 0.05). The fat content of breast milk ranged between 5.09 and 56.46 g/l with a mean of 26.95 g/l. A significant difference in either breast milk fat or retinol content and mean birth weight of the babies was not seen between the groups. The ratio of retinol to fat in breast milk was positively correlated with weight (r = 0.274; P = 0.01) and height (r = 0.328; P < 0.001) of the mothers. CONCLUSIONS: In this primary investigation on breast milk quality the fat content was found to be marginal; the majority of lactating mothers (92.0%) were not providing the minimum daily requirement (1.05 micromol/l) of retinol to their babies. Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | ANTHROPOMETRY | WOMEN | HUMAN MILK | LACTATION | VITAMIN A | LIPIDS | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Vitamins and Minerals | Population Dynamics Document Number: 328817 |
14.  Peer Reviewed Title: Hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly is associated with low levels of antibodies against red blood cell and Plasmodium falciparum derived glycolipids in Yanomami Amerindians from Venezuela. Author: Vivas L; O'Dea KP; Noya O; Pabon R; Magris M; Botto C Source: Acta Tropica. 2008 Mar;105(3):207-214. Abstract: The immunological basis of the aberrant immune response in hyperreactive malarial splenomegaly (HMS) is poorly understood, but believed to be associated with polyclonal B cell activation by an unidentified malaria mitogen, leading to unregulated immunoglobulin and autoantibody production. HMS has been previously reported in Yanomami communities in the Upper Orinoco region of the Venezuelan Amazon. To investigate a possible association between antibody responses against Plasmodium falciparum and uninfected red blood cell (URBC) glycolipids and splenomegaly, a direct comparison of the parasite versus host anti-glycolipid antibody responses was made in an isolated community of this area. The anti-P. falciparum glycolipid (Pfglp) response was IgG3 dominated, whereas the uninfected red blood cell glycolipid (URBCglp) response showed a predominance of IgG1. The levels of IgG1 against Pfglp, and of IgG4 and IgM against URBCglp were significantly higher in women, while the anti-Pfglp or URBCglp IgM levelswere inversely correlated with the degree of splenomegaly. Overall, these results suggest differential regulation of anti-parasite and autoreactive responses and that these responses may be linked to the development and evolution of HMS in this population exposed to endemic malaria. The high mortality rates associated with HMS point out that its early diagnosis together with the implementation of malaria control measures in these isolated Amerindian communities are a priority. (author's) Language: English Keywords: VENEZUELA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | MALARIA | ANTIBODIES | LIPIDS | IMMUNOGLOBULIN ALTERATIONS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | PARASITE CONTROL | DEATH RATE | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Immunologic Factors | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Public Health | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 324951 |
| 15. Title: Evaluation of serum lipid profile of under-five Nigerian children. Author: Akuyam SA; Isah HS; Ogala WN Source: Annals of African Medicine. 2007;6(3):119-123. Abstract: Serum lipid profile assay forms one of the special investigations in most chemical pathology laboratories worldwide. Several studies in children from different countries have shown that serum lipids exhibit age and geographical pattern of variation prior to puberty. This study was conducted to evaluate serum lipid profile in Nigerian children aged 6 to 36 months. A total of 115 randomly selected apparently healthy children were studied. These consisted of 38, 40 and 37 children in groups I (6 to 12 months), II (13 to 24 months) and III (25 to 36 months) respectively. There were 60 male and 55 female children. Serum concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), triglyceride (TG) were measured by enzymatic colorimetric method using reagent kits supplied by Human, Gesel Für Biochemica Und Diagnostica mbH (Wiesbaden, Germany). Serum low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) were subsequently estimated using Friedewald formula. The reference ranges and (Mean +or- SEM) of serum TC, LDL-C, HDL-C, TG, VLDL-C and TC/HDL-C for the total group of children were 1.55-5.42 (2.89+or-0.12), 0.50-3.29 (1.28 +or- 0.15), 0.45- 2.77 (1.12 +or- 0.14), 0.93-3.43 (0.79 +or- 0.14), 0.17-0.72 (0.35 +or- 0.14) mmol/L and 1.01-4.74 (2.19 +or- 0.13) respectively. There were no sex differences in all these parameters. Serum levels of TC, LDL-C, HDL-C and TC/HDL-C in the 3 age groups were also statistically similar (p>0.05). Concentrations of TG and VLDL-C were lower (p<0.001) in group II than in I. These values were also significantly lower (p<0.02) in group III than in I. Serum TG and VLDL-C in groups II and III were statistically comparable (p>0.05). Serum concentrations of TC, TG and VLDL-C decrease with advancing age, with more marked decrease between first and second years of life. We hereby recommend that the reference values established in this study be utilized for the interpretation of serum lipid results in pre-school children in Nigerian hospitals and possibly elsewhere in Africa. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | CHILDREN | BLOOD | TESTING | LIPIDS | CHOLESTEROL | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 320303 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Miglustat has no apparent effect on spermatogenesis in normal men. Author: Amory JK; Muller CH; Page ST; Leifke E; Pagel ER Source: Human Reproduction. 2007 Mar;22(3):702-707. Abstract: In mice, administration of the glycosphingolipid biosynthesis inhibitor miglustat results in reversible infertilty, characterized by impaired sperm motility and markedly abnormal sperm morphology. This observation suggested that miglustat might have utility for fertility control in man. To ascertain the impact of miglustat on human spermatogenesis, we conducted a pilot study of miglustat administration in normal men. After a 2-week baseline period, seven normal men were administered miglustat 100 mg, orally, twice daily for 6 weeks. During treatment, subjects had frequent seminal fluid analyses to assess the impact of treatment on sperm concentration, motility and morphology and the ability to undergo the acrosome reaction by in vitro assays. Five subjects completed all aspects of the study. In these subjects, there was no apparent effect of miglustat on sperm concentration, motility or sperm morphology after 6 weeks of therapy. In addition, no changes in acrosome structure or function were observed with treatment, despite therapeutic concentrations of miglustat in the serum and seminal plasma. All subjects experienced gastrointestinal upset, diarrhoea and mild weight loss during treatment. No other abnormalities in blood counts, serum chemistries, vision or overall health were observed. In contrast to the observations in mice, the oral administration of miglustat does not appear to affect human spermatogenesis. Further elucidation of the mechanism underlying the species specificity of miglustat may improve our understanding of the role of glycosphingolipids in spermatogenesis and result in alternative approaches to male fertility control. (author's) Language: English Keywords: WASHINGTON | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MEN | LABORATORY ANIMALS | SPERMATOGENESIS BLOCKING AGENTS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | SPERM COUNT | SPERMATOZOA | SIDE EFFECTS | BODY WEIGHT | DIARRHEA | LIPIDS | ENZYME INHIBITORS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Agents, Male | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Germ Cells | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Enzymes and Enzyme Inhibitors Document Number: 312204 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acid concentrations in human breast milk worldwide. Author: Brenna JT; Varamini B; Jensen RG; Diersen-Schade DA; Boettcher JA Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2007 Jun;85(6):1457-1464. Abstract: Concentrations of the long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3) and arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) in human breast milk are important indicators of infant formula DHA and AA concentrations, and recent evidence suggests that neural maturation of breastfed infants is linked to breast-milk LCPUFA concentrations. We report a descriptive meta-analysis that considered 106 studies of human breast milk culled to include only studies that used modern analysis methods capable of making accurate estimates of fatty acid (FA) profiles and criteria related to the completeness of reporting. The final analysis included 65 studies of 2474 women. The mean (±SD) concentration of DHA in breast milk (by wt) is 0.32 ± 0.22% (range: 0.06-1.4%) and that of AA is 0.47 ± 0.13% (range: 0.24 -1.0%), which indicates that the DHA concentration in breast milk is lower than and more variable than that of AA. The highest DHA concentrations were primarily in coastal populations and were associated with marine food consumption. The correlation between breast-milk DHA and AA concentrations was significant but low (r = 0.25, P = 0.02), which indicates that the mean ratio of DHA to AA in regional breast milk varies widely. This comprehensive analysis of breast-milk DHA and AA indicates a broad range of these nutrients worldwide and serves as a guide for infant feeding. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | MOTHERS | INFANT | LACTATION | LIPIDS | DIET | HUMAN MILK | INFANT NUTRITION | ANALYSIS | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition | Health | Research Methodology Document Number: 317459 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Fat atrophy at the site of a subdermal contraceptive implant. Author: Chadha-Gupta A; Moss A Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Apr;33(2):123-124. Abstract: Progestogen-only implantable contraceptives are an increasingly popular method of contraception used by women worldwide. The implants are inserted subdermally into the arm and slowly release synthetic progesterone into the systemic circulation to prevent pregnancy. Over the years, in response to well-publicised side effect profiles, there has been an evolution in the composition and insertion methodology of these implants. Prior to their insertion, patients should be counselled regarding associated risks and side effects at both local and systemic levels. Whilst systemic side effects have been extensively researched, we discuss a case of fat atrophy located at the site of an implant, a hitherto unpublicised local side effect. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | PROGESTERONE ANALYSIS | PROGESTERONE | LIPIDS | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 314554 |
| 19. Title: Lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Thai patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Author: Chuapai Y; Kiertiburanakul S; Malathum K; Sungkanuparph S Source: Journal of the Medical Association of Thailand. 2007 Mar;90(3):452-458. Abstract: Lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia are increasing problems in HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). The objective was to determine the prevalence and predicting factors for lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in these patients. A cross-sectional study was performed on HIV-infected patients receiving ART in January 2006. Clinical assessment for lipodystrophy and blood tests for lipid profile were obtained. There were 56 patients with a mean age of 42.3 years and 71.4% were male. Lipodystrophy was detected in 66.1%. Baseline characteristics between patients with and without lipodystrophy were similar except for age, history of receiving d4T and undetectable HIV-RNA (p < 0.05). There was a high prevalence of dyslipidemia (53.6%). By logistic regression, undetectable HIV-RNA (odds ratio (OR) 6.4, p = 0.016) and receiving d4T (OR 7.4, p = 0.022) are predicting factors for lipodystrophy. Lipodystrophy and dyslipidemia in HIV-infected Thai patients receiving ART are common. Clinical monitoring for these abnormalities during ART is highly recommended. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | RISK ASSESSMENT | TESTING | LIPIDS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Evaluation | Measurement | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 313211 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: A one-year randomized double-blind, multicentre study to evaluate the effects of an oestrogen-reduced, continuous combined hormone replacement therapy preparation containing 1 mg oestradiol valerate and 2 mg dienogest on metabolism in postmenopausal women. Author: Endrikat J; Lange E; Kunz M; Schmidt W; Graeser T Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Sep;12(3):229-239. Abstract: The objectives were to evaluate the impact of an oestrogen-reduced, continuous combined hormone replacement therapy preparation containing 1 mg oestradiol valerate (1EV) and 2 mg dienogest (2DNG) on metabolism. In a randomized double-blind study, 1EV/2DNG was compared with a reference preparation containing 1 mg 17ß-oestradiol and 0.5 mg norethisterone acetate (E2/NETA). For the primary variable, i.e. the ratio of HDL cholesterol (week 52 to baseline), at least 98 case evaluations were planned. Secondary variables were other lipid parameters, haemostasis factors and carbohydrate metabolism. After 1 year of treatment, the mean HDL cholesterol levels had decreased by 4.5 +or- 14.8% in the 1EV/2DNG group and by 6.1 +or- 13.9% in the E2/NETA group (treatment difference NS). The ratio of HDL cholesterol (week 52 to baseline) was 0.944 for 1EV/2DNG and 0.929 for E2/NETA (geometric means). The primary efficacy variable, the ratio of the geometric means of the two treatments (1EV/2DNG/E2/NETA) was 1.016, with a lower one-sided 95% confidence limit of 0.973, which was clearly above the prespecified non-inferiority bound of 0.85 (p-value < 0.001). HDL2 cholesterol increased by 0.3 +or- 34.4% (1EV/2DNG) and decreased by 6.2 +or- 34.3% (E2/NETA; treatment difference NS); HDL3 cholesterol decreased by 4.4 +or- 19.9% (1EV/2DNG) and 8.2 +or- 17.7% E2/NETA; treatment difference NS). Changes in the haemostasis and carbohydrate variables were very similar in both treatment groups. This study provides evidence that a new oestrogen-reduced HRT preparation containing 1 mg oestradiol valerate and 2 mg dienogest has no major impact on lipid variables. Minimal changes were seen in haemostatic and carbohydrate variables. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BULGARIA | POLAND | GERMANY | HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | DOUBLE-BLIND STUDIES | WOMEN | HORMONE REPLACEMENT THERAPY | ESTROGENS | LIPIDS | CARBOHYDRATES | TREATMENT | IMPACT | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Europe, Central | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Communication Document Number: 319631 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Positive influence of Centchroman on cardiovascular system and tissue lipid peroxidation in rats. Author: Jatwa R; Kar A Source: Contraception. 2007 Nov;76(5):408-412. Abstract: Centchroman, a nonsteroidal oral contraceptive, was evaluated for its hitherto unstudied effect on cardiovascular system, thyroid function and tissue lipid peroxidation in rats. Wistar sperm-positive female rats were treated with Centchroman (1.5 mg/kg per day, po) for 10 days and the alterations in serum concentration of thyroid hormones [triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4)], insulin, glucose, total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), triglycerides (TG), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phospahatase (ALP) activity, hepatic type-1 iodothyronine 5'-monodeiodinase (5'D) enzyme activity and hepatic, renal, cardiac and serum lipid peroxidation (LPO) were studied. Simultaneously, alterations in endogenous antioxidants [superoxide dismutase (SOD); catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH)], relative risk ratio (RR), atherogenic index (AI) and daily rate of food and water consumption were also investigated as supportive parameters. Centchroman administration resulted in the complete inhibition of pregnancy. It increased serum T4 marginally and HDL-C levels, hepatic SOD, CAT and GSH; cardiac SOD and GSH and renal SOD and CAT activity significantly. However, it reduced LPO in all tissues; concentrations of other serum lipids; AI; RR and activity of ALP. As Centchroman administration did not alter the concentrations of most active thyroid hormone, T3, serum insulin and glucose, it appears that the drug has no side effect on thyroid function and glucose metabolism. Rather, it possesses cardiovascular and antiperoxidative benefits. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | INHIBITION OF FERTILIZATION | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | THYROID EFFECTS | HORMONES | CARBOHYDRATE METABOLIC EFFECTS | LIPIDS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | GLUCOSE METABOLISM EFFECTS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Contraception | Family Planning | Endocrine Effects | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Metabolic Effects Document Number: 321776 |
| 22. Title: Erythrocyte omega-3, omega-6 and trans fatty acids in relation to risk of preeclampsia among women delivering at Harare Maternity Hospital, Zimbabwe. Author: Mahomed K; Williams MA; King IB; Mudzamiri S; Woelk GB Source: Physiological Research. 2007;56(1):37-50. Abstract: We sought to examine the association between maternal erythrocyte omega-3, omega-6 and trans fatty acids and risk of preeclampsia. We conducted a case-control study of 170 women with proteinuric, pregnancy-induced hypertension and 185 normotensive pregnant women who delivered at Harare Maternity Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe. We measured erythrocyte omega-3, omega-6 and trans fatty acid as the percentage of total fatty acids using gas chromatography. After multivariate adjustment for confounding factors, women in the highest quartile group for total omega-3 fatty acids compared with women in the lowest quartile experienced a 14 % reduction in risk of preeclampsia (odds ratio 0.86, 95 % confidence interval 0.45 to 1.63). For total omega-6 fatty acids the odds ratio was 0.46 (95 % confidence interval 0.23 to 0.92), although there was suggestion of a slight increase in risk of preeclampsia associated with high levels of arachidonic acid. Among women in the highest quartile for arachidonic acid the odds ratio was 1.29 (95 % confidence interval 0.66 to 2.54). A strong statistically significant positive association of diunsaturated fatty acids with a trans double bond with risk of preeclampsia was observed. Women in the upper quartile of 9-cis 12-trans octadecanoic acid (C18:2n6ct) compared with those in the lowest quartile experienced a 3-fold higher risk of preeclampsia (odds ratio = 3.02, 95 % confidence interval 1.41 to 6.45). Among women in the highest quartile for 9-trans 12-cis octadecanoic acid (C18:2n6tc) the odds ratio was 3.32 (95 % confidence interval 1.55 to 7.13). Monounsaturated trans fatty acids were also positively associated with the risk of preeclampsia, although of much reduced magnitude. We observed a strong positive association of trans fatty acids, particularly diunsaturated trans fatty acids, with the risk of preeclampsia. We found little support for the hypothesized inverse association between omega-3 fatty acids and preeclampsia risk in this population. Polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly omega-3 fatty acids, were comparatively lower in Zimbabwean than among US pregnant women. Given the limited inter-person variation in omega-3 fatty acids among Zimbabwean women, our sample size may be too small to adequately assess the relation in this population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | PREECLAMPSIA | HOSPITALS | LIPIDS | RISK FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 318096 |
| 23. Title: Effects of a dairy product fortified with multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids on birth weight and gestation duration in pregnant Chilean women. Author: Mardones F; Urrutia M; Villarroel L; Rioseco A; Castillo O Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2007;11(1):30-40. Abstract: The objective was to test the hypothesis that maternal food fortification with omega-3 fatty acids and multiple micronutrients increases birth weight and gestation duration, as primary outcomes. The design was non-blinded, randomised controlled study. Pregnant women received powdered milk during their health check-ups at 19 antenatal clinics and delivered at two maternity hospitals in Santiago, Chile. Pregnant women were assigned to receive regular powdered milk (n = 477) or a milk product fortified with multiple micronutrients and omega-3 fatty acids (n = 495). Intention-to-treat analysis showed that mean birth weight was higher in the intervention group than in controls (65.4 g difference, 95% confidence interval (CI) 5-126 g; P = 0.03) and the incidence of very preterm birth (< 34 weeks) was lower (0.4% vs. 2.1%; P = 0.03). On-treatment analysis showed a mean birth weight difference of 118 g (95% CI 47-190 g; P = 0.001) and a relative fall in both the proportion of birth weight Language: English Keywords: CHILE | RESEARCH REPORT | PREGNANT WOMEN | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | MATERNAL NUTRITION | LIPIDS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | FOOD SUPPLEMENTATION | BODY WEIGHT | INTERVENTIONS | GESTATIONAL AGE | BIRTH WEIGHT | Developing Countries | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology | Nutrition Programs | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 323520 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Fatty acid composition in breast milk and serum phospholipids of healthy term Chinese infants during first 6 weeks of life. Author: Peng YM; Zhang TY; Wang Q; Zetterstrom R; Strandvik B Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2007 Nov;96(11):1640-1645. Abstract: The aim was to compare the fatty acid (FA) pattern in early and mature breast milk with that in plasma phospholipids of cord blood and breast-fed infants. Forty-five mother-infant pairs from western Shanghai were studied. All infants, born at term with normal weight and length, were examined at birth and days 5 and 42. FA was analyzed by capillary gas-liquid chromatography. Cord blood showed higher concentration of long-chain polyunsaturated FA (LCPUFA) but lower saturated (SFA) and monounsaturated (MUFA) FA than postnatal infants' plasma. SFA decreased with age in the infants, but MUFA and linoleic acid (LA, 18:w-6) increased. LCPUFA were lower in the plasma of 5-day-old infants than in cord blood, but LA was 80%, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3_3) 33% and the ratio w-6/w-3 42% higher. At day 42, LA increased further, LCPUFA remained similar, and was in breast milk lower than at day 5, while ALA and y-linolenic acid (18:3w6) were higher. Breast milk FA composition changed markedly from day 5 to 42 with increasing correlation to infants' plasma. Calculation of desaturase activities suggested high capacity of LCPUFA synthesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MOTHERS | INFANT | INFANT NUTRITION | MATERNAL NUTRITION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LIPIDS | HUMAN MILK | BREASTFEEDING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Physiology | Biology | Lactation | Maternal Physiology Document Number: 324849 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Effect of different contraceptive methods on the oxidative stress status in women aged 40–48 years from the ELAN study in the province of Liege, Belgium. Author: Pincemail J; Vanbelle S; Gaspard U; Collette G; Haleng J Source: Human Reproduction. 2007 Aug;22(8):2335-2343. Abstract: Oxidative stress is associated with the development of several disorders including cardiovascular disease and cancer. Among conditions known to influence oxidative stress, the use of oral contraception (OC) in women has been a matter of ongoing discussion. A total of 897 eligible and healthy volunteers were recruited from among the patients of 50 general practitioners participating in the ELAN study (Etude Liegeoise sur les ANtioxydants). A subsample consisting of 209 women aged 40-48 years was studied for a comprehensive oxidative stress status (OSS), including the analysis of antioxidants, trace elements and three markers of oxidative damage to lipids. Among 209 subsample, 49 (23%) were OC users (OCU), 119 (57%) non-contraception users (NCU) and 41 (20%) were intrauterine (hormonal and copper) devices users (IUD). After adjustment for smoking, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and BMI (or waist circumference), a marked and significant increase in lipid peroxides was observed among OCU women when compared with NCU and IUD users. A cut-off value of 660 µM in lipid peroxides allowed the discrimination of OCU from the two other groups. In contrast, no difference was observed in the plasma concentration of both oxidized low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and their related antibodies. The increased level in lipid peroxides was strongly related to higher concentrations of copper (r < 0.84; P < 0.0001, cut-off value 1.2 mg/l). When compared with NCU and IUD users, plasma antioxidant defences were significantly altered in OCU women as shown by lower levels of b-carotene (decrease of 39%; P < 0.01) and gtocopherol (decrease by 22%; P < 0.01). In contrast, higher concentrations of selenium (increased by 11.8%; P < 0.01) were observed in OCU women. Blood concentrations of vitamin C, a-tocopherol and zinc were unaffected by OC use. The intake of OC significantly increases the lipid peroxidation in women aged 40-48 years. This may represent a potential cardiovascular risk factor for these women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BELGIUM | RESEARCH REPORT | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | IUD | LIPIDS | VITAMINS AND MINERALS | RISK FACTORS | CARDIOVASCULAR EFFECTS | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 318913 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of nevirapine, compared with lamivudine, on lipids and lipoproteins in HIV-1-uninfected newborns: The stopping infection from mother-to-child via breast-feeding in Africa lipid substudy. Author: Sankatsing RR; Wit FW; Pakker N; Vyankandondera J; Mmiro F Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2007 Jul 1;196(1):15-22. Abstract: The objective of the present study was to assess whether the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c)-increasing effect of nevirapine (NVP), as observed in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected subjects, at least in part may relate to intrinsic properties of NVP. At 2, 6, and 12 weeks after birth, complete lipid profiles as well as plasma apolipoproteins levels were assessed in 80 HIV-uninfected newborns, half of whom received NVP and half lamivudine (3TC), respectively. Newborns were randomly selected from a randomized trial in which NVP or 3TC had been administered to HIV-uninfected infants born to HIV-infected mothers to try and prevent HIV-1 transmission from occurring during breast-feeding. After 6 weeks of therapy, the expected physiological decline in HDL-c levels in the newborns was attenuated in infants treated with NVP, compared with levels in those treated with 3TC. Apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I) levels were higher at all time points in the NVP arm than they were in the 3TC arm (P = .02), reaching peak levels at 6 weeks. The difference in HDL-c was no longer significant at 12 weeks. apoA-I levels and HDL-c were elevated in HIV-1-uninfected newborns receiving NVP, compared with those receiving 3TC. These data support that NVP may indeed have intrinsic apoA-I and HDL-c elevating properties in humans. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | MOTHERS | INFANT | LIPIDS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV PREVENTION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BREASTFEEDING | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | Developing Countries | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | HIV Document Number: 317160 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Long-term evaluation of lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance test in Norplant users. [Evaluación a largo plazo del perfil lipídico y prueba oral de tolerancia a la glucosa en usuarias de Norplant] Author: Araujo FF; de Lima GR; Guazzelli CA; Barbieri M; Vigorito NM Source: Contraception. 2006 Apr;73(4):361-363. Abstract: This study reports the results of the lipid profile and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in 46 normal patients tested before and after 5 years of Norplant use. After 5 years, there was a substantial decrease of 28.9% in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels and a similar but less pronounced fall of 7.1% in the total cholesterol levels. The Castelli 1 index did not vary, and the triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels remained normal and unchanged throughout the study period. All the mean values of OGTT were significantly lower after 5 years, except for the 90-min glycemia. These findings indicate that long-term Norplant use does not increase cardiovascular risks. (author's) Spanish Abstract: Este estudio informa los resultados del perfil lipídico y de la prueba oral de tolerancia a la glucosa (OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test) en 46 pacientes normales evaluadas antes y después de 5 años de uso de Norplant. Después de 5 años, se registró una disminución sustancial del 28,9% en las concentraciones de colesterol de lipoproteinas de alta densidad y una reducción similar aunque menos pronunciada del 7,1% de las concentraciones de colesterol total. El índice de Castelli 1 no varió, y las concentraciones de triglicéridos y del colesterol de lipoproteínas de baja densidad permanecieron normales y sin cambios durante todo el período de estudio. Todos los valores medios de las pruebas orales de tolerancia de glucosa oral fueron significativamente más bajos después de 5 años, excepto por la glucemia a los 90 minutos. Estos resultados indican que el uso a largo plazo de Norplant no aumenta los riesgos cardiovasculares. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST | LIPIDS | CHOLESTEROL | DIABETES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Laboratory Procedures | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Diseases Document Number: 298530 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Simvastatin improves biochemical parameters in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: results of a prospective, randomized trial. Author: Duleba AJ; Banaszewska B; Spaczynski RZ; Pawelczyk L Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2006 Apr;85(4):996-1001. Abstract: Objective: To test the hypothesis that statins improve hyperandrogenemia in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Design: Prospective, randomized trial. Setting Academic medical center. Patient(s): Forty-eight women with PCOS. Interventions(s): Subject were randomized to a statin group (simvastatin, 20 mg daily plus oral contraceptive pill [OCP]; n = 24) or an OCP group (OCP alone; n=24). Main Outcome Measure(s; Serum T. Result(s): Baseline parameters of both groups were comparable. After 12 weeks of treatment, serum T levels declined by 41% in the statin group and by 14% in the OCP group. In the statin group, there was a greater decrease of LH (43% decrease vs. 9% in the OCP group) and a greater decline of LH/FSH ratio (44% vs.12%). In the statin group, total cholesterol declined by 10% and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) by 24%. In the OCP group, total cholesterol increased by 8%, and LDL was unchanged. Conclusion(s): This is the first study demonstrating that statin decreases T levels and normalizes gonadotropin levels in women with PCOS. Statin therapy might offer a novel approach, providing endocrine and cardiovascular benefits. (author's) Language: English Keywords: POLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | LIPIDS | LUTEINIZING HORMONE | FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Physiology | Biology | Gonadotropins, Pituitary | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System Document Number: 298572 |
| 29. Title: Olive oil consumption and risk of breast cancer in the Canary Islands: a population-based case-control study. Author: García-Segovia P; Sánchez-Villegas A; Doreste J; Santana F; Serra-Majem L Source: Public Health Nutrition. 2006 Feb;9(1A):163-167. Abstract: Breast cancer mortality and incidence rates in the Canary Islands, and particularly in Gran Canaria, are higher than those in the rest of Spain. A case-control study was designed to assess the role of differential fatty acid intakes and olive oil consumption on breast cancer risk in the Canary Islands. The study was conducted between 1999 and 2001, including a total of 755 women: 291 incident cases with confirmed breast cancer and 464 controls randomly selected from the Canary Island Nutrition Survey (ENCA). A semiquantitative food-frequency questionnaire was completed and potential confounders were adjusted using unconditional logistic regression. Compared to the first quintile of intake, the highest quintile of monounsaturated fat intake was significantly related to a lower risk of breast cancer (odds ratio = 0.52; 95% CI 0.30-0.92). Regarding olive oil, the odds ratio for women in the three upper quintiles of consumption ($8.8 g/day) was 0.27 (95% CI 0.17-0.42). Our results support the protective role of olive oil consumption on breast cancer among Canaries women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN | BREAST CANCER | DIET | LIPIDS | RISK FACTORS | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Nutrition | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 297440 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Calcium supplementation for 1 y does not reduce body weight or fat mass in young girls. Author: Lorenzen JK; Molgaard C; Michaelsen KF; Astrup A Source: American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 2006 Jan;83:18-23. Abstract: Accumulating evidence from observational studies indicates that a high calcium intake may reduce body weight and body fat. However, few randomized trials have been conducted. We examined whether calcium supplementation affects body weight and body fat in young girls and whether a relation exists between habitual calcium intake and body weight and body fat. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study was conducted in 110 young girls. The subjects were randomly assigned to receive 500 mg Ca/d as calcium carbonate or placebo for 1 y. Two groups of girls were selected according to habitual calcium intake from a large group; one group consumed 1000-1304 mg/d (40th- 60th percentile; n = 60) and the other group consumed < 713 mg/d (< 20th percentile; n = 50). Height, body weight, body fat, and calcium intake were measured at baseline and after 1 y. At baseline a significant negative correlation was observed between habitual dietary calcium intake and percentage of body fat (r = -0.242, P = 0.011). However, calcium supplementation had no effect on height, body weight, or percentage body fat. Habitual dietary calcium intake was inversely associated with body fat, but a low-dose calcium supplement had no effect on body weight, height, or body fat over 1 y in young girls. It is possible that the effect of calcium on body weight is only exerted if it is ingested as part of a meal, or the effect may be due to other ingredients in dairy products, and calcium may simply be a marker for a high dairy intake. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | DIET | CALCIUM | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | LIPIDS | ANTHROPOMETRY | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Drugs | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Measurement Document Number: 296695 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |