1.  Title: Adolescent childbearing in Nicaragua: a quantitative assessment of associated factors. Author: Lion KC; Prata N; Stewart C Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):91-96. Abstract: Data from the 2001 Nicaragua Demographic and Health Survey were used to examine the sexual and reproductive behavior of 3,142 females ages 15-19. Age at sexual debut and age at first birth were assessed using life table analysis, and the impacts of various factors on these measures were then examined in Cox proportional hazard models. Among sexually active females, current use of modern contraceptives was examined using logistic regression analysis. Rural residence, rising levels of education, and greater wealth were associated with older age at sexual debut. Having had first sex before age 15 was associated with an increased risk of having an earlier first birth, whereas having first had sex at age 16 or later was associated with a decreased risk. Among sexually active females, current use of a modern method was positively associated with being married or in a stable union and with having given birth, and negatively associated with lacking health care autonomy and wanting a baby within two years. Language: English Keywords: NICARAGUA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FIRST INTERCOURSE | FIRST BIRTH | MATERNAL AGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARITAL STATUS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Parental Age | Contraception | Family Planning | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 339885 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: The Femilis LNG-IUS: contraceptive performance-an interim analysis. Author: Wildemeersch D; Janssens D; Andrade A Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Apr;14(2):103-10. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To provide an update on the experience with the Femilis levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) used for up to five years by parous and nulliparous women, particularly with regard to its contraceptive performance. STUDY DESIGN: An interim, open, prospective non-comparative study of the Femilis LNG-IUS releasing 20 microg of levonorgestrel/day. RESULTS: Two-hundred and eighty insertions were carried out in women with a mean age of 35.7 years (range 17-48), 60% of whom were parous and 40% nulliparous. Twenty-four women with uterine pathology (e.g., fibroids, menorrhagia) were included in the study. The cumulative gross discontinuation life table rates were determined. The total observation period was 8,028 woman-months. The LNG-IUS was easy to insert in 95.7% of the cases, and no perforations occurred. No pregnancies were observed and only one expulsion took place (rate 0.4/100 women at five years). The cumulative total use-related discontinuation rate was 14.7/100 at five years. There were nine removals because of pain, six of which were in nulliparous women. Four women requested removal of the IUS for bleeding problems. Fourteen removals were done for 'other' medical reasons among which mood disturbances (five cases) were the most frequent, and 12 for non-medical reasons. Fifteen removals were requested for pregnancy wish. Twelve of these women became pregnant within one year and all had uneventful pregnancies. The Femilis LNG-IUS was equally well accepted by nulliparous as by parous women. Most women with heavy menstrual bleeding prior to insertion, whether associated with fibroids or not, reported much less bleeding, scanty bleeding or even no bleeding at all after insertion. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the Femilis LNG-IUS, which releases 20 microg LNG/d, is a highly effective, well tolerated and well retained contraceptive both in parous and nulliparous women. The shorter crossarm of the LNG-IUS has simplified its insertion technique, which may contribute to its safety. This could promote use by non specialist providers and enhance the application of the method. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | IUD, HORMONE RELEASING | LEVONORGESTREL | IUD COMPLICATIONS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | METRORRHAGIA | CONTRACEPTIVE SAFETY | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Bleeding | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 330932 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Life expectancy of individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in high-income countries: a collaborative analysis of 14 cohort studies. Author: Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration Source: Lancet. 2008 Jul 26;372(9635):293-299. Abstract: Background: Combination antiretroviral therapy has led to significant increases in survival and quality of life, but at a population-level the effect on life expectancy is not well understood. Our objective was to compare changes in mortality and life expectancy among HIV-positive individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy. Methods: The Antiretroviral Therapy Cohort Collaboration is a multinational collaboration of HIV cohort studies in Europe and North America. Patients were included in this analysis if they were aged 16 years or over and antiretroviral-naive when initiating combination therapy. We constructed abridged life tables to estimate life expectancies for individuals on combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, and stratified by sex, baseline CD4 cell count, and history of injecting drug use. The average number of years remaining to be lived by those treated with combination antiretroviral therapy at 20 and 35 years of age was estimated. Potential years of life lost from 20 to 64 years of age and crude mortality rates were also calculated. Findings: 18 587, 13 914, and 10 854 eligible patients initiated combination antiretroviral therapy in 1996-99, 2000-02, and 2003-05, respectively. 2056 (4.7%) deaths were observed during the study period, with crude mortality rates decreasing from 16.3 deaths per 1000 person-years in 1996-99 to 10.0 deaths per 1000 person-years in 2003-05. Potential years of life lost per 1000 person-years also decreased over the same time, from 366 to 189 years. Life expectancy at age 20 years increased from 36.1 (SE 0.6) years to 49.4 (0.5) years. Women had higher life expectancies than did men. Patients with presumed transmission via injecting drug use had lower life expectancies than did those from other transmission groups (32.6 [1.1] years vs 44.7 [0.3] years in 2003-05). Life expectancy was lower in patients with lower baseline CD4 cell counts than in those with higher baseline counts (32.4 [1.1] years for CD4 cell counts below 100 cells per µL vs 50.4 [0.4] years for counts of 200 cells per µL or more). Interpretation: Life expectancy in HIV-infected patients treated with combination antiretroviral therapy increased between 1996 and 2005, although there is considerable variability between subgroups of patients. The average number of years remaining to be lived at age 20 years was about two-thirds of that in the general population in these countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | NORTH AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | QUALITY OF LIFE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Developed Countries | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 327889 |
4.  Peer Reviewed Title: An integrated approach to cause-of-death analysis: cause-deleted life tables and decompositions of life expectancy. Author: Beltran-Sanchez H; Preston SH; Canudas-Romo V Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 25;19(35):1323-1350. Abstract: This article integrates two methods that analyze the implications of various causes of death for life expectancy. One of the methods attributes changes in life expectancy to various causes of death; the other method examines the effect of removing deaths from a particular cause on life expectancy. This integration is accomplished by new formulas that make clearer the interactions among causes of death in determining life expectancy. We apply our approach to changes in life expectancy in the United States between 1970 and 2000. We demonstrate, and explain analytically, the paradox that cancer is responsible for more years of life lost in 2000 than in 1970 despite the fact that declines in cancer mortality contributed to advances in life expectancy between 1970 and 2000. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | CAUSES OF DEATH | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CANCER | DEATH RATE | MORTALITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Neoplasms | Diseases Document Number: 327870 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: The modal age at death and the shifting mortality hypothesis. Author: Canudas-Romo V Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 8;19(30):1179-1204. Abstract: The modal age at death is used to study the shifting mortality scenario experienced by low mortality countries. The relations of the life table functions at the modal age are analyzed using mortality models. In the models the modal age increases over time, but there is an asymptotic approximation towards a constant number of deaths and standard deviation from the mode. The findings are compared to changes observed in populations with historical mortality data. As shown here the shifting mortality scenario is a process that might be expected if the current mortality changes maintain their pace. By focusing on the modal age at death, a new perspective on the analysis of human longevity is revealed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | MORTALITY CHANGES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life Document Number: 327676 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of avoidable mortality on life expectancy at birth in Spain: changes between three periods, from 1987 to 2001. Author: Gispert R; Serra I; Bares MA; Puig X; Puigdefabregas A Source: Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2008 Sep;62(9):783-789. Abstract: Objective: To evaluate the impact of avoidable mortality on the changes in life expectancy at birth in Spain. Methods: Standard life table techniques and the Arriaga method were used to calculate and to decompose life expectancy (LE) changes by age, effects and groups of causes of avoidable mortality among three periods (1987-91, 1992-6 and 1997-2001). A list of causes of avoidable mortality reached by consensus and previously published in Spain was used. Main results: Life expectancy increased in all ages and both sexes. The main contribution to the increase of LE at birth was due to people over 50. Mortality in young adults produced a reduction in LE between the first two periods, but there was an important increase in LE between the last two periods; in both cases, this was the result of factors amenable to health policy interventions. The highest improvement in LE was due to non-avoidable causes, but avoidable mortality through health service interventions showed improvements in LE in those younger than 1 year and in those aged 45-75 years. Conclusions: Making a distinction between several groups of causes of avoidable mortality and using decomposition by causes, ages and effects allowed us to better explain the impact of avoidable mortality on the LE of the whole population and gave a new dimension to this indicator that could be very useful in public health. Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | LIFE EXPECTANCY | MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | CAUSES OF DEATH | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Length of Life | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics Document Number: 307983 |
| 7. Title: Association of maternal HIV infection with increase of infant mortality in Malawi. Author: Hong R Source: Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health. 2008 May;44(5):291-296. Abstract: The aim was to determine the association between maternal HIV infection and infant mortality in Malawi. A synthetic cohort life table based on the birth history of 2618 childbirths during 1999 and 2004, from the subsample of 2020 mothers who completed interview and were tested for HIV virus in the 2004 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey was used. The survey collected socio-demographic and health data of a natural representative sample of women aged 15 to 49; and obtained voluntary counselling tests for HIV infection from one-third of the representatives of the sample. Associations of maternal HIV status and other factors with infant mortality were estimated using survival regression analysis and the results are presented as hazard ratios (HR) with level of statistical significance (P-value). Children born to HIV-infected mothers were more than two times as likely to die during infancy as those born to uninfected mothers (HR = 2.21; P less than 0.01). Controlling for other risk factors and confounding factors for infant mortality further sharpened this relationship (HR = 2.70; P less than 0.01). Boys are more likely to die in infancy than girls. Young mothers and mothers not receiving prenatal care, and low-birthweight children and children living in rural areas, particular so in the northern region, were associated with a higher risk of infant mortality. Maternal HIV infection is strongly associated with infant mortality in Malawi independent of many other factors. Results from this study suggest that the HIV/AIDS epidemic has had an enormous impact on child well-being, child survival and infant mortality. The impact increases as the HIV/AIDS epidemic matures and infection in mothers and adults increases. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | INFANT | HIV INFECTIONS | INFANT MORTALITY | CHILD SURVIVAL | RISK FACTORS | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | ANTENATAL CARE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Survivorship | Length of Life | Biology | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326087 |
| 8. Title: Higher-risk sexual behaviour among HIV patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in Ibadan, Nigeria. Author: Olley BO Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 May;7(1):71-78. Abstract: A stress-coping model was tested to examine the role that negative life events, coping methods, and depression might play in moderating the associations between HIV-related factors (ARV drug regimen, HIV staging and CD4 count) and higher-risk sexual behaviours of people living with HIV/AIDS. The model depicted hypothesised relationships among several characteristics of HIV-related variables, negative life events, coping behaviours and depression. One hundred and fifty-four HIV patients who were receiving antiretroviral therapy through the PEPFAR programme in Ibadan, Nigeria, responded to a questionnaire. In a hierarchical multiple regression analysis, variables were entered into the equation in the order specified a priori by the model. The results show that: (a) patients on the combined 3-drug ARV regimen were more likely to have engaged in higher-risk sexual behaviours as compared to those on a regimen of two or one ARV drugs; (b) negative life events and (c) a coping method characterised by HIV-status denial both predicted increased higher-risk-sexual-behaviour practice among the patients. The study underscores the need for continuous evaluation of the level of higher-risk-sexual-behaviour practice and associated factors, particularly among HIV/AIDS patients receiving ARV treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | RESPONDENTS | STRESS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | TREATMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327161 |
| 9. Title: Estimating mortality and causes of death in Turkey: Methods, results and policy implications. Author: Akgun S; Rao C; Yardim N; Basara BB; Aydin O Source: European Journal of Public Health. 2007;17(6):593-599. Abstract: Cause-specific mortality statistics are primary evidence for health policy formulation, programme evaluation, and epidemiological research. In Turkey, a partially functioning vital registration system in urban areas yields fragmentary evidence on levels and causes of mortality. This article discusses the application of innovative methods to develop national mortality estimates in Turkey, and their implications for national health development policies. Child mortality levels from the Demography and Health Survey (DHS) were applied to model life tables to estimate age-specific death rates. Reported causes of death from urban areas were adjusted using re-distribution algorithms from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study. Rural cause structure was estimated from epidemiological models. Local epidemiological data was used to adjust model-based estimates. Life expectancy at birth in 2000 was estimated to be 67.7 years (males) and 71.9 years (females), about 8-10 years lower than in Western Europe. Leading causes of death include major vascular diseases (ischaemic heart disease, stroke) causing 35-38% of deaths, chronic obstructive lung disease and lung cancer in men, but also perinatal causes, lower respiratory infections and diarrhoeal diseases. Injuries cause about 6-8% of deaths, although this may be an underestimate. Mortality estimates are uncertain in Turkey, given the poor quality of death registration systems. Application of burden of disease methods suggests that there has been progress along the epidemiological transition. Key health development strategies for Turkey include improved access to communicable disease control technologies, and urgent attention to the development of a reliable, nationally representative health information system. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CHILD MORTALITY | VITAL STATISTICS | CAUSES OF DEATH | HEALTH POLICY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | DATA QUALITY | NEEDS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Analysis | Data Analysis | Economic Factors Document Number: 323356 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Age at first marriage in Nepal: Differentials and determinants. Author: Aryal TR Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007 Sep;39(5):693-706. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the differentials and determinants of female age at first marriage in rural Nepal. The life table technique was employed to calculate median age at marriage. The proportional hazard model was used to study the effect of various socioeconomic variables, and to identify the magnitude and significance of their effects on the timing of first marriage. The data were taken from a sample survey of Palpa and Rupandehi districts in rural Nepal. Both married and unmarried females of marriageable age were included in the survey. Median age at marriage was about 17 years for data from only married females, whereas it was about 18 years for data from married as well as unmarried females of marriageable age. Median age at marriage was about 16 years for uneducated females and 19 years for females educated up to intermediate or higher level. The analysis underestimates the median age at marriage for married females, probably due to right censoring. The risk of getting married early decreased gradually with increasing year-of-birth cohort. The risk of early marriage was higher among females of high socioeconomic status compared with those of low socioeconomic status. Females engaged in service married earlier than those engaged in household work. High socioeconomic status families are motivated, for religious and prestige reasons, to get their daughters married at an early age, preferably before menarche. Thus, education, occupation and age at menarche are the most powerful factors in deciding the timing of first marriage in Nepal. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | LIFE TABLE METHOD | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | MARRIAGE AGE | DEMOGRAPHICS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 313737 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Association between age at menarche and early-life nutritional status in rural Bangladesh. Author: Bosch AM; Willekens FJ; Baqui AH; van Ginneken JK; Hutter I Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2007;:[15] p. Abstract: Age at menarche is associated with anthropometry in adolescence. Recently, there has been growing support for the hypothesis that timing of menarche may be set early in life but modified by changes in body size and composition in childhood. To evaluate this, a cohort of 255 girls aged less than 5 years recruited in 1988 were followed up in 2001 in Matlab, Bangladesh. The analysis was based on nutritional status as assessed by anthropometry and recalled age at menarche. Data were examined using lifetable techniques and the Cox regression model. The association between nutritional status indicators and age at menarche was examined in a multivariate model adjusting for potential confounding variables. Censored cases were accounted for. The median age at menarche was 15.1 years. After controlling for early-life predictors (birth size, childhood underweight, childhood stunting) it appeared that adolescent stunting stood out as the most important determinant of age at menarche. Adolescent stunting stillresonates from the effect of stunting in early childhood (OR respectively 2.63 (p less than 0.01 CI: 1.32-5.24) and 8.47 (p less than 0.001 CI: 3.79-18.93) for moderately and severely stunted under-fives as compared with the reference category). Birth size was not a significant predictor of age at menarche. It is concluded that age at menarche is strongly influenced by nutritional status in adolescence, notably the level of stunting, which is in turn highly dependent on the level of stunting in early childhood. A 'late' menarche due to stunting may be detrimental for reproductive health in case of early childbearing because of the association between height and pelvic size. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | MENARCHE | AGE FACTORS | CHILD NUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | MALNUTRITION | GROWTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Analysis | Data Analysis | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Menstruation | Reproduction | Nutrition | Health | Measurement | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Child Development | Biology Document Number: 313961 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Indonesia's social capacity for population health: The educational gap in active life expectancy. Author: Hidajat MM; Hayward MD; Saito Y Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2007 Apr;26(2):219-234. Abstract: In this paper, we lay the initial groundwork for anticipating Indonesia's future burden of disease by developing a demographic model of population health. We develop this model within the analytic framework of a Markov-based multistate life table model to calculate an important indicator of the burden of disease, the expected years of active life of elderly Indonesians. The magnitude of the gap points to the potential consequences of improvements in the nation's educational level for the future burden of disease. The results show that having some education increases life expectancy but it also expands the expected years with a major functional problem. Overall educational attainment levels, however, are very low, indicating that Indonesia's elderly are at the leading edge of improvements in the nation's social capacity for health. The life tables suggest that at the early stages of development, longer life is accompanied by an expansion of morbidity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | POPULATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | EDUCATION | SEX FACTORS | HEALTH | BIOLOGICAL AGING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 313531 |
| 13. Title: Differential mortality in Iran. Author: Khosravi A; Taylor R; Naghavi M; Lopez AD Source: Population Health Metrics. 2007 Jul 28;5(1):7. Abstract: Among the available data provided by health information systems, data on mortality are commonly used not only as health indicators but also as socioeconomic development indices. Recognizing that in Iran accurate data on causes of death were not available, the Deputy of Health in the Ministry of Health and Medical Education (MOH&ME) established a new comprehensive system for death registration which started in one province (Bushehr) as a pilot in 1997, and was subsequently expanded to include all other provinces, except Tehran province. These data can be used to investigate the nature and extent of differences in mortality in Iran. The objective of this paper is to estimate provincial differences in the level of mortality using this death registration system. Data from the death registration system for 2004 for each province were evaluated for data completeness, and life tables were created for provinces after correction for under-enumeration of death registration. For those provinces where it was not possible to adjust the data on adult deaths by using the Brass Growth Balance method, adult mortality was predicted based on adult literacy using information from provinces with reliable data. Child mortality (risk of a newborn dying before age 5) in 2004 varied between 47 per 1000 live births for both sexes in Sistan and Baluchistan province, and 25 per 1000 live births in Tehran and Gilan provinces. For adults, provincial differences in mortality were much greater for males than females. Adult mortality (risk of dying between ages 15 and 60 for females varied between 0.133 in Kerman province and 0.117 in Tehran province; for males the range was from 0.218 in Kerman to 0.149 in Tehran province. Life expectancy for females was highest in Tehran province (73.8 years) and lowest in Sistan and Baluchistan (70.9 years). For males, life expectancy ranged from 65.7 years in Sistan and Baluchistan province to 70.9 years in Tehran. Substantial differences in survival exist among the provinces of Iran. While the completeness of the death registration system operated by the Iranian MOH&ME appears to be acceptable in the majority of provinces, further efforts are needed to improve the quality of data on mortality in Iran, and to expand death registration to Tehran province. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | MORTALITY CHANGES | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | PROBABILITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DEATH RECORDS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Statistical Studies | Length of Life | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics Document Number: 313730 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1964-2004. Author: Khosravi A; Taylor R; Naghavi M; Lopez AD Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2007 Aug;85(8):607-614. Abstract: Reliable information on the pattern, level and trend of mortality is essential for evidence-based policy to improve health. Various sources of mortality data in the Islamic Republic of Iran have not been critically assessed. This paper aims to document and evaluate the completeness of the different data sources on mortality and to estimate the level and trends of mortality over the past 40 years according to various mortality indices such as child mortality, adult mortality and life expectancy. We undertook a systematic review of all available studies on infant mortality from 1964 to 2004 and estimated the most probable trend in child mortality. Death registration data from between 1992 and 2004 were assessed for completeness to estimate the level of adult mortality. Life tables for 2004 were constructed for the Islamic Republic of Iran based on these data, corrected for under-registration of death. Infant mortality decreased from an estimated 154 deaths per 1000 live births in 1964 to 26 in 2004.The risk of adult mortality in 2004 was estimated to be 0.124 and 0.175 for females and males respectively. According to adjusted death registration data, life expectancy at birth in 2004 was 71.2 for females and 68.7 for males. The average completeness of death registration for ages 5 years and older across all systems was 76% for the period 2001-2004. There has been a general decline in child mortality in the Islamic Republic of Iran over the past three decades. Adult mortality levels also have declined, but less substantially. Mortality information systems have improved, yet serious concerns remain regarding the completeness and quality of data. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | MORTALITY | MORTALITY CHANGES | MORTALITY DECLINE | CHILD MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY | INFANT MORTALITY CHANGES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DEATH RECORDS | Developing Countries | Middle East | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics Document Number: 313747 |
| 15. Title: Risks and causes of mortality among low-birthweight infants in childhood and adolescence. Author: Lin CM; Chen CW; Chen PT; Lu TH; Li CY Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2007 Sep;21(5):465-472. Abstract: The purpose of the study was to estimate the risks of mortality among infants with low birthweight (LBW, < 2500 g) during their childhood and adolescence using a prospective cohort design. A total of 341 249 livebirths were registered in the 1985 Taiwan Birth Registry. We identified the 11 701 LBW singletons and randomly selected the same number of normal-birthweight (NBW) singletons. Study subjects of both LBW and NBW groups were linked, through the individual's unique personal identification number, to the Taiwan Death Registry to identify those who died between 1985 and 2003. Using the life-table method, we calculated the age-specific and cumulative survival rate for both LBW and NBW groups. We used Cox's proportional hazard model with adjustment for potential confounders to estimate the age-specific hazard ratio (HR) of mortality. Age-specific causes of mortality were presented for both groups. The result showed that the cumulative survival rate over an 18-year period for the LBW and NBW subjects was estimated at 95.83% and 99.37%, respectively. Significantly increased adjusted HR of mortality associated with LBW was limited to ages < 1 year (boys: 8.99; girls: 8.29) and 1-4 years (boys: 2.19; girls: 2.25). Conditions originating in the perinatal period and congenital anomalies were the most prevalent cause of death among LBW and NBW, respectively. Between ages 1 and 18 years, injury and poisoning became the top ranked causes of death irrespective of birthweight and gender. Although there were small numbers of congenital anomalies, they were still a leading cause of death for LBW subjects, but not for NBW subjects, at ages 5-18 years. The LBW subjects were also likely to suffer from respiratory causes at 5-18 years. This study suggested, therefore, that LBW infants tended to have significantly elevated mortality rates under the age of 5 years, and were vulnerable to more non-injury deaths in their childhood and adolescence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | INFANT | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | RISK FACTORS | CAUSES OF DEATH | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | CHILD MORTALITY | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | DEATH RECORDS | AGE FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Theoretical Models | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Health | Vital Statistics | Population Statistics Document Number: 319454 |
| 16. Title: Child mortality and injury in Asia: survey methods. Author: Linnan M; Le Vu Anh; Pham Viet Cuong; Rahman F; Rahman A Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2007 Oct. [42] p. (Innocenti Working Paper No. IWP-2007-05Special Series on Child Injury No. 2) Abstract: This paper presents a more detailed description of the survey methodology for technical specialists interested in understanding the major differences between the surveys and the methods used in making the previous estimates of child deaths. A detailed description is provided for survey governance, sampling design, survey instruments, the classification scheme for mortality and morbidity measured in the surveys, the fieldwork procedure, the analytic framework, weighting and adjustments and survey costs. Following this, a number of methodological lessons are addressed, such as: the need to count all children and not only those under five years of age; the need to count all clearly identifiable causes of death in those same groups; the need to count morbidity as well as mortality; and the need to count the deaths in the community where they occur to avoid the various biases associated with facility-based counting. A number of examples from the surveys are shown to illuminate the issues so that they are clear for non-technical readers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | CHILDREN | LIFE TABLE METHOD | CHILD MORTALITY | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | CAUSES OF DEATH | CHILD SURVIVAL | INFANT MORTALITY | Health | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Demographic Analysis | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Survivorship | Length of Life Document Number: 326760 |
| 17. Title: Birth-spacing patterns in Huaning County, Yunnan Province, PRC: Is the adoption of a small family norm sustainable? Author: Lofstedt P; Ghilagaber G; Johansson A Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2007;35(3):257-264. Abstract: China's family planning programs have emphasized delayed marriage and longer spacing between births. Since 1970, the fertility has declined from 6 to 1.8 births and the mean age at first marriage has gone up but the recommended spacing intervals have not been fully realized. Despite the fertility decline it is being debated among scholars whether China has completed a sustainable demographic transition or not, especially in rural areas. The aim of this study was to analyze trends in the timing and patterns of marriage and childbearing in relation to successive family planning policies. A cluster random sample of 1,336 women aged 15-64 at the time of the survey (2000) was selected in one rural county in Yunnan province. Life-table techniques were used to analyze the cumulative proportion of women marrying and having a certain number of births. Cox's hazard regression model was used to estimate the effects of various covariates on the "hazard" for a woman to have a second birth. Our findings demonstrate how childbearing patterns have changed in the direction of delayed marriage, a decreased interval between first marriage and first child, and significantly longer spacing between the first and second child. This transformation of childbearing patterns corresponds well with the requirements of the policies. Considering the characteristics of Yunnan, it seems likely that the changing fertility behavior has been more influenced by a strictly enforced family planning policy than by societal changes leading to the adoption of a new, smaller family norm. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | BIRTH SPACING | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | ANTINATALIST POLICY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | BIRTH RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 313551 |
| 18. Title: Ghana's mortality profile: with and without HIV / AIDS. Author: Mba CJ Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 23 p. Abstract: The acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Infection with the virus leads to the destruction of a person's immune system, making the victim highly susceptible to multiple infections and ultimately results in the inevitable death of the victim since there is no cure for AIDS. Research advances, funded through extraordinary investment in biomedical research, have resulted in effective treatments and a striking decrease in AIDS-related death rate in most developed countries. However, the toll in suffering and death in developing nations remains enormous and overshadows the epidemic in the developed world. The life expectancy in several African countries has decreased dramatically and has negated gains made during the past few decades on the pandemic. The present study seeks to further raise awareness and expand knowledge about the deleterious effect of HIV/AIDS mortality on Ghana's life expectancy. Using the multiple and associated single decrement life table techniques, the study estimates the total number of Ghanaians who would die from HIV/AIDS by the time they reach age 75 from a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 live births, assuming that the mortality conditions of 2000 prevailed. The findings indicate that under the prevailing mortality conditions 7.2 percent of Ghanaian babies will eventually die of HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, 13.0 percent and 23.4 percent of Ghanaians aged 60 years, and 75 years and above, respectively will die of HIV/AIDS. An overwhelming majority of deaths due to AIDS will come from persons within the reproductive and productive age groups in the country. There is a remarkable gain in life expectancy to the tune of about 10 years (from 53.3 to 63.0 years) for Ghana that would result in the absence of HIV/AIDS. As full-blown AIDS is fatal, sociologically the survivors feel its main impact. Although the survivors are considered as secondary victims, it is the survivors upon whom the full weight of sustaining a decimated, confused and demoralised community falls. The elderly persons, who are the grandmothers and grandfathers, are likely to be the most active persons to manage the family affairs in the event of the death of their adult children. This condition is likely to impoverish the elderly population. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | AIDS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DEATH RATE | PREVALENCE | CAUSES OF DEATH | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Measurement Document Number: 317858 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of HIV / AIDS mortality on South Africa’s life expectancy and implications for the elderly population. Author: Mba CJ Source: African Journal of Health Sciences. 2007 Jul-Dec;14(3-4):201-211. Abstract: The study seeks to raise awareness and expand knowledge about the deleterious effect of HIV/AIDS mortality on South Africa's life expectancy, a country with a relatively high HIV/AIDS prevalence rate (19. percent). Using the multiple and associated single decrement life table techniques, the study estimates the total number of South Africans who would die from HIV/AIDS by the time they reach age 75 from a hypothetical cohort of 100,000 live births, assuming that the mortality conditions of 1996 for South Africa prevailed. The findings indicate that 5.7 percent of babies will eventually die of HIV/AIDS. Furthermore, 7.7 percent and 11.5 percent of those aged 60 years, and 75 years and above respectively will die of HIV/AIDS. Overwhelming majority of deaths will come from persons within the reproductive and productive age groups. A tremendous gain in life expectancy to the tune of about 26 years would result in the absence of HIV/AIDS. The elderly persons, who are the grandmothers and grandfathers, are likely to manage family affairs following the death of their adult children. This condition is likely to impoverish the elderly population. Everything should be done to reduce HIV/AIDS mortality in order to increase life expectancy in the country. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | HIV | AIDS | MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | OLDER ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS, 80 AND OVER | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Adults | Population Characteristics Document Number: 327669 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Reasons and correlates of contraceptive discontinuation in Kuwait. Author: Shah NM; Shah MA; Chowdhury RI; Menon I Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2007 Sep;12(3):260-268. Abstract: The objectives were: (1) To examine the probability of discontinuation of various methods within 1, 2, and three years of use and the reasons for discontinuation; 2) to analyse the sociodemographic correlates of discontinuation. Data from a survey of Kuwaiti women in reproductive ages conducted in 1999 were used. Information on duration of use of modern and traditional methods, and reasons for discontinuation during the 72 months before the survey were analysed. Probabilities of discontinuation were estimated through multiple decrement life table analysis. After 1 year, 30% of modern and 40% of traditional method users had discontinued; after 3 years, discontinuation increased to 66 and 70%, respectively. After 36 months, only 40% of IUD users discontinued compared with 74% of oral contraceptive users. The desire to become pregnant was the leading reason for discontinuation of most modern methods, while method failure was an equally important reason for traditional methods. Discontinuation was significantly more frequent among higher parity, non-working and Bedouin women, and among those who said Islam disapproves of contraception. Contraception is used largely for spacing. More than two-thirds of the women studied had discontinued most methods after three years, except the IUD, which was used only by about 10% of them. Traditional methods are often discontinued due to method failure and may result in an unintended pregnancy. Better counselling is warranted for traditional methods. Health care for managing side effects of modern methods also needs improvement. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | BIRTH SPACING | Developed Countries | Middle East | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 313823 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Performance of contraceptive patch compared with oral contraceptive pill in a high-risk population. Author: Bakhru A; Stanwood N Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2006 Aug;108(2):378-386. Abstract: The objective was to evaluate the potential benefit of the transdermal contraceptive patch compared with the oral contraceptive pill for its acceptability and compliance in a population at high risk for future unintended pregnancies and abortions. Assessment of the contraceptive patch and pill was prospective. We gathered information on women undergoing contraceptive counseling at three Planned Parenthood clinics. Discontinuation, adverse effects, and pregnancy outcomes were catalogued. The primary outcome was time to discontinuation of the patch or pill. Survival analyses with life tables and Cox proportional hazards were used to assess acceptability and compliance. Pearl indices were calculated for both the pill and patch. A total of 1,230 contraceptive-naive women were identified. Subjects were a racially diverse group of primarily single women. Eighty-nine percent of the study population met our definition of being at high risk for a future unintended pregnancy or pregnancy termination. Loss to follow-up was higher among patch users (45.2% versus 29.5%, P < .001). Verified continued use beyond the first three cycles was lower with a patch (67% versus 89%, P < .001). Skin irritation and site reactions were the treatment-limiting factor for 3.3% of patch users. The 3,206 cycles captured in this study resulted in a Pearl index of 3.62 for the pill and 14.84 for the patch. Differences in the baseline demographic and contraceptive practices may account for this discrepancy although, in multivariate analysis, patch users continued to do worse. In this high-risk population, we found the contraceptive patch to have lower continuation and effectiveness rates. Further research should investigate factors contributing to poorer real-world performance by the patch. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LIFE TABLE METHOD | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, FEMALE | CONTRACEPTION TERMINATION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | DERMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 306608 |
| 22. Title: Estimating county-level life expectancy in China. Author: Cai Y Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the 2006 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 18 p. Abstract: Using data collected in China's 2000 census, we construct sex-specific life tables at county-level. One challenge to this effort is to provide reliable and robust estimates of infant mortality rate, which are more prone to underreporting. In this paper, we construct life table for each of China's 2367 county-level units and compare three different methods of estimating infant mortality rate: conventional estimates based on reported births and deaths, Brass logit model adjustments based on mortality rates of other age groups and a standard mortality schedule, and empirical Bayes estimates based on infant mortality rates reported in the neighboring counties. The results show a good correspondence among these three estimates, particularly between the empirical Bayes estimates and the Brass model estimates. The study not only confirms the overall quality of Chinese mortality data, but also demonstrates the power of empirical Bayes method as a useful tool for small area population estimation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | POPULATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SEX FACTORS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | INFANT MORTALITY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 318936 |
| 23. Title: A study of cause specific mortality for persons at ages 40 years and above in Guwahati city: 1991 and 2001. Author: Choudhury L; Rajbongshi R Source: Demography India. 2006 Jul-Dec;35(2):319-336. Abstract: Information about cause of death is an indispensable item in any mortality analysis. Such data provide a valuable insight into the network of interactions between a viable human host and a series of environmental, genetic and behavioural factors which result in one or more morbid conditions that lead ultimately to the death of the host (Preston et al., 1972). The cause of ill health is not only the concern of individual or his near and dears; the state is equally concerned about the causes of morbidity and mortality among its population. As such the knowledge of the causes of death among the population of the state or a particular area during a certain period of time, is of paramount importance for an organization, which is responsible for the upliftment of health status of the people in that area. From several studies conducted in the developed as well as in developing countries like India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, it has been observed that the deaths due to infectious and parasitic diseases have drastically gone down during the last few decades, perhaps because of the implementation of different health programmes by the respective governments to prevent the recurrence of the infectious diseases (RGI (SCD), 1995; Caminiratne, 1984). From these studies, it has also been found that the trends of death rates from non-infectious diseases like cardiovascular disorders, neoplasm, diabetes, cirrhosis of liver, renal failures etc. are increasing. This phenomenon has occurred in all developed countries, and the developing countries are in transition towards this state (Crimmins et al., 1994). These noninfectious and degenerative diseases seem to have their onsets on and around the age 40 years and deaths in India are higher specially from age 40 years (Dyson, 1987). No studies have so far been conducted in Assam, in general and Guwahati city, in particular, that could provide a systematic description of the different diseases, which are claiming a heavy toll of lives at different ages, particularly at 40 years and above. The objectives of this study are: (a) to study the change in mortality level by leading causes of death during 1991 to 2001; (b) to study the age and sex differentials of leading causes of death. Of course in these two cases deaths are calculated from the age 40; (c) to construct life tables for Guwahati, 2001 (males and females) and to estimate gains in life expectancy, after partial elimination of the major cause of death. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | OLDER ADULTS | URBAN POPULATION | CAUSES OF DEATH | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | SEX FACTORS | LIFE EXPECTANCY | LIFE TABLES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Adults | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Length of Life Document Number: 324138 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Assessing adult mortality in HIV-1-afflicted Zimbabwe (1998-2003). Author: Lopman BA; Barnabas R; Hallett TB; Nyamukapa C; Mundandi C Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Mar;84(3):189-197. Abstract: The objective was to compare alternative methods to vital registration systems for estimating adult mortality, and describe patterns of mortality in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, which has been severely affected by HIV. We compared estimates of adult mortality from (1) a single question on household mortality, (2) repeated household censuses, and (3) an adult cohort study with linked HIV testing from Manicaland, with a mathematical model fitted to local age-specific HIV prevalence (1998-2000). The crude death rate from the single question (29 per 1000 person-years) was roughly consistent with that from the mathematical model (22-25 per 1000 person-years), but much higher than that from the household censuses (12 per 1000 person-years). Adult mortality in the household censuses (males 0.65; females 0.51) was lower than in the cohort study (males 0.77; females 0.57), while mathematical models gave a much higher estimate, especially for females (males 0.80-0.83; females 0.75-0.80). The population attributable fraction of adult deaths due to HIV was 0.61 for men and 0.70 for women, with life expectancy estimated to be 34.3 years for males and 38.2 years for females. Each method for estimating adult mortality had limitations in terms of loss to follow-up (cohort study), under-ascertainment (household censuses), transparency of underlying processes (single question), and sensitivity to parameterization (mathematical model). However, these analyses make clear the advantages of longitudinal cohort data, which provide more complete ascertainment than household censuses, highlight possible inaccuracies in model assumptions, and allow direct quantification of the impact of HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MORTALITY | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | CENSUS METHODS | COHORT ANALYSIS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Dynamics | Demographic Analysis | Census | Population Statistics Document Number: 297465 |
| 25. Title: Recent age patterns of mortality in Tanzania: an examination of the impact of HIV / AIDS on mortality. Author: Mswia R; Zuberi T Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 15 p. Abstract: In this study, we set out to investigate the cause structure of mortality and the age patterns of mortality in Tanzania, and whether they reflect a significant impact of HIV/AIDS. Age patterns of mortality may differ systematically from the existing model life tables. We empirically test the applicability of the existing model life tables to Tanzanian mortality. We do not refine the existing model life table systems. However, we suggest which model life tables may be applicable to contemporary sub-Saharan African countries suffering from the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Additionally, using the life table techniques, we investigate the demographic effects of the HIV/AIDS mortality on the Tanzanian populations by estimating the potential gains in life expectancy if deaths from the HIV/AIDS were eliminated from these populations. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | POPULATION | AGE SPECIFIC DEATH RATE | HIV INFECTIONS | MORTALITY | HEALTH POLICY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Death Rate | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 317425 |
| 26. Title: Gender differences in AIDS mortality since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Author: Reniers G; Araya T; Sanders EJ Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 9 p. Abstract: The rollout of antiretroviral treatment (ART) in eastern and southern Africa will be one of the most important public health interventions in the years to come. Among the lingering dangers in that effort is that inequalities in infection rates will be compounded by inequities in the access to treatment. Because of a lack of vital registration systems, however, the settings where these concerns are probably most legitimate go without monitoring. We use 5-year data from an ongoing surveillance of burials at all cemeteries of Addis Ababa to investigate the population level impact of antiretroviral treatment on sex-specific adult mortality trends. To that end, we use life table techniques as well as methods that are based on the lay reports of the causes of death. Preliminary results suggest that AIDS mortality indeed declined since the introduction of ART, but more so for men than for women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LIFE TABLE METHOD | ADULTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DEATH RATE | SEX FACTORS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Analysis | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Mortality | Population Dynamics | HIV | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health | Evaluation Document Number: 317428 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Life table estimates of adult HIV / AIDS mortality in Addis Ababa. Author: Reniers G; Araya T; Sanders EJ Source: Ethiopian Journal of Health Development. 2006;20(1):3-9. Abstract: With the expansion of antiretroviral treatment in the country, HIV prevalence figures alone, are expected to become insufficient for monitoring the HIV/AIDS epidemic The objective was to develop a life table method for estimating AIDS mortality based on a surveillance of deaths at burial sites in Addis Ababa. An empirical life table for 2001 based on observed deaths and the projected population is matched with a model life table on an age range where AIDS mortality is minimal. Excess mortality in adulthood is attributed to AIDS. Between 54.7 and 62.4% of adult deaths in Addis Ababa (age 20-64) are attributed to AIDS. The absolute numbers of AIDS deaths for the year 2001 is estimated between 7,000 and 9,000. Estimates of the absolute number of deaths are sensitive to under-reporting of burials and therefore on the conservative side. In terms of the share of AIDS attributable mortality, women are worse affected than men. The absolute number of AIDS deaths is higher for men than for women. Life table methods corroborate earlier estimates of AIDS mortality based on other methodologies. Burial surveillance data used as an input to life table methods may be used for monitoring the demographic impact of AIDS as well as the population level effects of the provision of antiretroviral treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | LIFE TABLES | LIFE TABLE METHOD | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MORTALITY | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics Document Number: 306202 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Update:Today contraceptive sponge returns to U.S. drugstore shelves. Source: Contraceptive Technology Update. 2005 Jun;26(6):[3] p.. Abstract: Women who have been waiting for news of the Today contraceptive sponge’s reemergence on U.S. market shelves can relax; the popular over-the-counter contraceptive should return to drugstore shelves this summer following the Food and Drug Administration’s (FDA’s) recent approval of the sponge’s manufacturing facility. Allendale (NJ) Pharmaceuticals plans to begin U.S. production immediately, and it will begin retail distribution this summer, reports Gene Detroyer, Allendale Pharmaceuticals’ president and chief executive officer. Retail cost for the sponge should be about $2.50 to $3 each. The sponge was not removed from the market by the FDA. Its former manufacturer, Whitehall-Robins Healthcare of New York City, ceased production when it determined it cost too much to correct problems caused by water quality issues at the old factory where the sponge was made. Allendale Pharmaceuticals acquired manufacturing and marketing rights to the sponge in 1999, and it has been working with the FDA since that time to have updated labeling and manufacturing approved for the over-the-counter contraceptive. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | VAGINAL SPONGE | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | CONTRACEPTIVE DISTRIBUTION | USFDA | PRICES | TIME FACTORS | NONOXYNOL-9 | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Commerce | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Spermicidal Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents Document Number: 287026 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: TCu 380A IUD: a reversible permanent contraceptive method in women over 35 years of age. [DIU TCu 380A: método anticonceptivo permanente reversible en mujeres de más de 35 años] Author: Bahamondes L; Faundes A; Sobreira-Lima B; Lui-Filho JF; Pecci P Source: Contraception. 2005;72:337-341. Abstract: The objective of the study was to evaluate the performance of the TCu 380A IUD in women who had been using the device for more than 10 years and who were 35 years of age or more on completion of the 10th year of IUD use. A total of 228 women who had an IUD inserted between 1987 and 1992 were included in the study. The cutoff date for analysis was January 31, 2004. Clinical performance was evaluated by life-table analysis. The mean age of women at 10 years of use was 38.8 ± 0.4 years and mean parity was 2.2 ± 0.08 (mean ± SD). The duration of follow-up beyond 10 years ranged from 1 to 72 months. No pregnancy was observed in 366 woman-years of observation beyond 10 years of use. The main reason for discontinuation was removal of the device because the clients had previously been informed that the IUD was not approved for use beyond 10 years. This reason accounted for a gross cumulative 6 years discontinuation rate of 42.5 per 100 women beyond 10 years. The other main reasons for discontinuation beyond 10 years of use were surgical sterilization, menopause and expulsion with gross cumulative 6-year termination rates of 19.2, 11.0 and 21.2 per 100 women, respectively. The cumulative continuation rate beyond 10 years was 67.0 at the end of the first year of follow-up and 21.2 at the end of the sixth year. We found no evidence that the TCu 380A IUD loses its effectiveness after 10 years of use. The concept that women who have insertion of a TCu 380A IUD at the age of 25 years or older could use this IUD as a reversible but permanent method of contraception up to the menopause continues to be supported by the accumulation of evidence, although definitive evidence remains to be obtained. (author's) Spanish Abstract: El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el desempeño del DIU TCu 380A en mujeres que hubieran utilizado el dispositivo intrauterino durante más de 10 años y tuvieran 35 años o más una vez finalizado dicho periodo de uso. En el estudio se incluyó un total de 228 mujeres a quienes se les había insertado el dispositivo entre 1987 y 1992. Se escogió el 31 de enero de 2004 como fecha límite para el análisis. Se evaluó el desempeño clínico mediante el análisis de tablas de vida. La media de edad de las mujeres a los 10 años de utilización del dispositivo fue 38,8 ± 0,4 años y la media de la paridad fue 2,2 ± 0,08 (media ± DE). La duración del seguimiento después del período de 10 años varió entre 1 y 72 meses. No se observó embarazo en los 366 mujeres-años de observación durante y después de los 10 años de uso. La principal razón para la interrupción del estudio fue la extracción del dispositivo debido a que previamente se había informado a la paciente que el DIU no estaba aprobado para ser utilizado durante más de 10 años. Este motivo fue la causa de un índice bruto acumulado de interrupción de 6 años de 42,5 cada 100 mujeres después de los 10 años. La segunda causa principal para la interrupción después de 10 años de uso fue la esterilización quirúrgica, menopausia y expulsión del dispositivo y se reflejó en un índice bruto acumulado de finalización de 6 años equivalente a 19,2, 11,0 y 21,2 cada 100 mujeres, respectivamente. El índice acumulado de continuidad después de 10 años fue del 67,0 al término del primer año del seguimiento y del 21,2 al término del sexto año. No se encontraron pruebas de que el DIU TCu 380A perdiera efectividad después de 10 años de uso. La hipótesis de que las mujeres a quienes se insertó un DIU TCu 380A a partir de los 25 años de edad podrían utilizar este dispositivo como un método reversible pero permanente de anticoncepción hasta la menopausia sigue recibiendo el apoyo de la acumulación de pruebas, si bien aún se deben obtener pruebas definitivas. (del autor) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | WOMEN | AGE DISTRIBUTION | PARITY | IUD, COPPER RELEASING | TIME FACTORS | CONTRACEPTIVE EFFECTIVENESS | LONGTERM EFFECTS | HEMOGLOBIN LEVEL | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | IUD | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Usage Document Number: 291945 |
| 30. Title: Age at sexual debut in South Africa. Author: Bakilana A Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2005;4(1):1-5. Abstract: It is important to understand the age at which sexual relations start in designing HIV prevention strategies. Most studies on age of sexual activity of young people provide estimated percentages of those that are sexually active in specific age groups, and tend either to not provide data for age at sexual debut, or to overlook the complexities of analysing data concerning sexual debut. This study considers the rate of entry into sexual relations in South Africa by providing the median age of women at time of first sexual relations as well as other percentiles, and analyses the hypothesis that age at sexual debut has been falling. The analysis uses data from the 1998 South African Demographic and Health Survey, including a nationally representative sample of 11 735 women, aged 15 to 49, interviewed in 1998. The analysis uses life-table techniques and multivariate analysis. About 8% of the respondents had had sex by age 15. The median age at time of first sex was approximately 18 years, and virtually all the women had had sex by age 23. There is evidence that the peak of the rate of entry into sexual relations occurs at age 18 and that younger cohorts of women are entering sexual relations at a younger age. The rate of entry into sexual relations is 14% to 20% faster for the younger cohorts, based on information given by the older respondents concerning their own behaviour at the same age. Age of entry into sexual relations of the women who participated in this study is compared to findings of demographic and health surveys in Tanzania and Zimbabwe, and rates of entry into marriage are also presented. The lag between entry into sexual relations and rate of entry into marriage is compared across countries. It appears that, whereas South Africans tend to enter into sexual relations later than Tanzanian counterparts and more or less at the same stage as Zimbabweans, their rates of entry into marriage are hugely delayed. The consequences for HIV infection control are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | TANZANIA | ZIMBABWE | RESEARCH REPORT | LIFE TABLE METHOD | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE AGE | HIV PREVENTION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Demographic Analysis | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 302426 |
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