| 1. Title: Quality-of-life assessment of family adopters through user perspectives in the District of Karimnagar. Author: Avasarala K Source: Indian Journal of Community Medicine. 2009 Jan;34(1):24-28. Abstract: Background: Small families adopting family planning are usually considered happy families. They are expected to lead a better qualitative life. Quality-of-life (QOL) is routinely assessed for knowing patients' health status. Recently, the QOL concept has become increasingly popular for evaluating the impact of public health interventions. Hitherto, QOL is usually assessed by means of program achievements or indicators, which may sometimes be misleading. Hence, the new culture of QOL assessment by means of user perspectives is now becoming popular. Research Questions: 1) Is the quality-of-life of family planning (FP) adopters better than that of non-FP adopters? 2) Are the user perspectives helpful in QOL assessment? Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among 50 FP adopting families and 50 non-FP adopting families from the village of Vutoor and the city of Karimnagar in Andhra Pradesh. Sampling Methods: Random sampling, Proportions and Chi square test. Results: Program perspectives revealed a better standard of living for FP adopters because they have amenities like housing, television, and vehicles and less mortality and morbidity (P < 0.001). However, they lack positive feelings towards life, general adaptation, personal relationships, and leisure opportunities. Finally, self-assessment by FP adopters themselves revealed no significant increase in their qualitative life after family planning (P = 0.05). Conclusions: While assessing the impact of a health program on quality-of-life, multiple methods of assessments including user perspectives are better than program indicators alone. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CLIENTS | FAMILY PLANNING | QUALITY OF LIFE | LIFE STYLE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior Document Number: 328705 |
2.  Title: Recent heterosexual partnerships and patterns of condom use: a weighted analysis. Author: Copas AJ; Mercer CH; Farewell VT; Nanchahal K; Johnson AM Source: Epidemiology. 2009 Jan;20(1):44-51. Abstract: BACKGROUND: In epidemiologic studies of sexual partnerships, characteristics are often collected in part through detailed questions concerning recent partnerships. These data present challenges for analysis. First, although research interest generally lies in all partnerships in a certain time period, participants may be asked to provide detailed information only concerning their most recent, up to a fixed number. As more recent partnerships may differ from others, a simple analysis of these data may lead to bias. Second, the total number of partnerships for a study participant may be informative, so the analyst must choose between inference for the population of partnerships or for a typical partnership from the population of individuals. Third, data may be more fully recorded for study participants than their partners, and not all partners may be eligible to participate. METHODS: We propose weighting to deal with these challenges. Weighting provides a sensitivity analysis for the possible selection bias due to incomplete reporting. We analyze heterosexual condom use in Britain, using data from the National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles 2000. RESULTS: The sensitivity of estimates to possible selection bias is low. We find that the choice of population for inference is important for prevalence estimates, but has relatively little impact on measures of association. By defining within-participant partnership predictors we demonstrate how participants vary their condom use. We establish that, at least for male participants, shorter partnership duration is linked to a higher probability of condom use at last sex but lower probability at first sex. CONCLUSION: We recommend a weighted analysis approach to recent partnership data, which can be simply implemented in standard survey analysis software. In other surveys the sensitivity of estimates to possible selection bias may be substantial and this will need to be assessed in each case. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | HETEROSEXUALS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | ATTITUDES | LIFE STYLE | CONDOM USE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 341365 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Use of contraceptive services in Britain: findings from the second National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles (Natsal-2). Author: French RS; Mercer CH; Johnson AM; Fenton KA; Erens B; Wellings K Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jan;35(1):9-14. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To describe contraceptive service use and identify demographic and sexual behavioural characteristics associated with use (and non-use) of different services. METHODS: Probability survey sample of men and women aged 16-44 years, resident in Britain. Participants comprised 3369 men and 4375 women reporting vaginal intercourse in the last year (excluding those reporting exclusive use of sterilisation or medical investigations for infertility). Main outcome measures were use of contraceptive services, grouped as: general practice, community contraceptive clinics, retail services and nonuse of services. RESULTS: General practice was the most commonly reported source of contraceptive supplies for women (59.2%), while retail services were most frequently reported by men (42.7%). 16.3% of women and 7.3% of men reported using more than one type of service. 20.7% of women and 45.1% of men had used no service in the last year, and amongst 16-17-year-olds the proportions reporting non-use of services was 13.8% and 31.2%, respectively. Use of community contraceptive clinics was associated with being younger, childless, single and reporting more heterosexual partners in the last year. CONCLUSIONS: There was relatively little 'shopping around' between different services, suggesting that choice of contraceptive providers ensures a range of needs is met for most people. While general practice is the most commonly used source of supplies, community contraceptive clinics are seeing those potentially at higher sexual health risk, particularly the young and those with multiple partners. Ways of improving young people's access to services for contraceptive supplies need to be addressed. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | LIFE STYLE | ATTITUDES | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Planning | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329637 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Changing health status and health expectancies among older adults in China: gender differences from 1992 to 2002. Author: Gu D; Dupre ME; Warner DF; Zeng Y Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Jun;68(12):2170-9. Abstract: Numerous studies document improvements in health status and health expectancies among older adults over time. However, most evidence is from developed nations and gender differences in health trends are often inconsistent. It remains unknown whether changes in health in developing countries resemble Western trends or whether patterns of health improvement are unique to the country's epidemiologic transition and gender norms. Using two nationally representative samples of non-institutionalized adults in China aged 65 years and older, this study investigates gender differences in the improvements in disability, chronic disease prevalence, and self-rated health from 1992 to 2002. Results from multivariate logistic regression models show that all three indicators of health improved over the 10-year period, with the largest improvement in self-rated health. With the exception of disability, the health of women improved more than men. Using Sullivan's decomposition methods, we also show that active life expectancy, disease-free life expectancy, and healthy life expectancy increased over this decade and were patterned differently according to gender. Overall, the findings demonstrate that China experienced broad health improvements during its early stages of the epidemiologic transition and that these changes were not uniform by gender. We discuss the public health implications of the findings in the context of China's rapidly aging population. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | ADULTS | GENDER ISSUES | LIFE EXPECTANCY | DISEASES | LIFE STYLE | QUALITY OF LIFE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Social Welfare | Economic Factors Document Number: 342740 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Improvement in quality-of-life questionnaire measures in obese adolescent females with polycystic ovary syndrome treated with lifestyle changes and oral contraceptives, with or without metformin. Author: Harris-Glocker M; Davidson K; Kochman L; Guzick D; Hoeger K Source: Fertility and Sterility. 2009 Sep 23; Abstract: We studied the effect of metformin or placebo in a lifestyle modification program combined with oral contraceptives (OC) on quality-of-life parameters measured by the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) questionnaire in obese adolescent women with validated PCOS. The quality-of-life indicators were measured at baseline and conclusion for five domains on the PCOS questionnaire, with equal improvement in scores in both placebo and metformin groups, suggesting that the addition of metformin does not add improvement to quality-of-life measures above those observed with lifestyle modification and OC treatment. Language: English Keywords: BULGARIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ADOLESCENTS | QUALITY OF LIFE | LIFE STYLE | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342996 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex work in Mexico: vulnerability of male, travesti, transgender and transsexual sex workers. Author: Infante C; Sosa-Rubi SG; Cuadra SM Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):125-37. Abstract: In Mexico, male sex workers (MSW) and travesti, transgender and transsexual (TTT) sex workers are among the groups most affected by HIV. They suffer from stigma and discrimination, yet are often absent from the design of programmes and HIV prevention campaigns. The objective of this study was to provide an account of the social context in which MSW and TTT sex workers live, by focusing on their sexual identities, sexual practices and vulnerability to HIV. Data collection took place in Mexico City and involved observational work together with 36 in-depth interviews. Findings reveal a differentiation of vulnerability by sub-group. In general, vulnerability is influenced by the social context, stigma related to homosexuality and sex work, as well as sex workers' access to scarce social capital and the lack of response in terms of social and health programmes. In order to diminish the vulnerability of MSW and TTT sex workers and reduce their risk of HIV infection, preventive measures are needed which take into account their specific health and social needs, promote meaningful participation and the encourage respect for human rights. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | MEN | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | LIFE STYLE | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 341619 |
| 7. Title: Docosahexaenoic acid in red blood cells of women of reproductive age is positively associated with oral contraceptive use and physical activity. Author: Magnusardottir AR; Steingrimsdottir L; Thorgeirsdottir H; Gunnlaugsson G; Skuladottir GV Source: Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids. 2009 Jan;80(1):27-32. Abstract: Optimal intake of the long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and proper balance between intake of n-6 PUFA and n-3 PUFA are important for human health. Considerable evidence exists to show that DHA has a marked benefit during pregnancy. Lifestyle factors can affect the biosynthesis of DHA from dietary precursors, incorporation into membranes and degradation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the PUFA composition of red blood cells (RBCs) from women (n=40) in reproductive age, and how it is affected by diet and other lifestyle factors. Of all the lifestyle factors tested oral contraceptive use and physical activity were the ones correlated with DHA in RBCs, after adjustment for DHA intake. The findings indicate that oral contraceptive use and physical activity have a positive impact on the DHA status, as assessed by RBC level, of women in reproductive age. Language: English Keywords: ICELAND | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | WOMEN | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | FITNESS | HEMATOLOGICAL EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | DIET | NUTRITION | LIFE STYLE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Hemic System | Physiology | Biology | Behavior Document Number: 330996 |
| 8. Title: Facial lipoatrophy: appearances are not deceiving. Author: Sanches RS; Mill J; Machado AA; Donadi EA; Morais Fernandes AP Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses In AIDS Care. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):169-75. Abstract: Lipodystrophy syndrome (LS) has been reported as visible markers that can identify HIV status. Changes in body shape are detrimental in terms of psychological welfare and may affect well-being and increase the stigma associated with HIV disease. In the current study, the psychosocial impact of LS was evaluated. A total of 84 HIV-infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy and exhibiting dyslipidemia were interviewed in an urban hospital setting in Brazil in 2006 using a standardized questionnaire. Of the 84 patients exhibiting dyslipidemia, 40 patients also exhibited body changes, and of these, 25 had facial lipoatrophy. From a psychosocial perspective, patients presenting with facial lipoatrophy reported alterations in self-image and self-esteem and believed that other people noticed their body changes. The results are relevant for nurses who need to be well-prepared to recognize lipodystrophy, to implement nursing interventions including lifestyle changes, and to provide psychosocial support to patients with LS. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SELF ESTEEM | LIFE STYLE | CHANGES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 342071 |
9.  Title: More positive living: strengthening the health sector response to young people living with HIV. Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; UNICEF Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2008 Jul. 15 p. Abstract: This document is based on the outcome of a WHO/UNICEF consultation that brought together service providers, programmers, and young people living with HIV. The group highlighted the special needs of young people living with HIV and came to consensus about activities the health sector must undertake to meet these needs. The publication is intended for a wide audience, including policy-makers and program staff, and it provides an overview of the challenges confronting young people living with HIV and recommendations for ways to improve treatment, care, support, and prevention services for them Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | QUALITY OF LIFE | LIFE STYLE | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Clinic Activities | Program Activities Document Number: 342031 |
| 10. Title: Migrants and changing urban periphery: social relations, cultural diversity and the public space in Istanbul’s new neighbourhoods. Author: Ayata S Source: International Migration. 2008 Oct;46(3):27-64. Abstract: This study examines the dynamics of socio-cultural change in a peripheral neighbourhood in Istanbul, an "edge city" that is ethnically mixed, culturally heterogeneous, socially differentiated and spatially multi-functional. One major focus in the study is the changing nature of social relations in traditional groups. Though kinship, hems¸ eri (place of origin) and neighbourhood solidarity is still crucial in the lives of the migrants, participation in these groups becomes more voluntary and the ties among members less obligatory. Secondly, the ethnic and religious groupings in the neighbourhood are not always exclusive, authoritarian and patriarchal communities. What generally appears as rigid communitarian fragmentation is often one of cultural diversity for the residents of the locality. The associational pluralism that exists in the neighbourhood enables people to claim multiple ethnic, religious, political and cultural identities. Thirdly, though they compare unfavourably with their middle class counterparts in the city, the new neighbourhoods provide greater opportunities and more public space for interaction among the members of the locality than for instance, the rural communities. The study also questions the often taken-for-granted image of a rigidly polarized city in view of empirical evidence that indicates the multiple and complex economic and political links between the new neighbourhoods and the broader urban society. Finally, isolation from middle class areas in the city does not necessarily lead to the exclusion of the whole peripheral urban population from urban life, urban institutions and urban culture. These become increasingly present in the new neighbourhoods and available for the majority of the residents. The main conclusion is that Istanbul contains a number of such edge cities, which have powerful integrating and urbanizing influences on individuals. Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | YOUTH | MIGRANT WORKERS | SOCIAL CHANGE | CULTURE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | URBANIZATION | LIFE STYLE | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 329498 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Health-risk behaviour in Croatia. Author: Becue-Bertaut M; Kern J; Hernandez-Maldonado ML; Juresa V; Vuletic S Source: Public Health. 2008 Feb;122(2):140-150. Abstract: The objective was to identify the health-risk behaviour of various homogeneous clusters of individuals. The study was conducted in 13 of the 20 Croatian counties and in Zagreb, the Croatian capital. In the first stage, general practices were selected in each county. The second-stage sample was created by drawing a random subsample of 10% of the patients registered at each selected general practice. Methods: The sample was divided into seven homogenous clusters using statistical methodology, combining multiple factor analysis with a hybrid clustering method. Seven homogeneous clusters were identified, three composed of males and four composed of females, based on statistically significant differences between selected characteristics (P less than 0:001). Although, in general, self-assessed health declined with age, significant variations were observed within specific age intervals. Higher levels of self-assessed health were associated with higher levels of education and/or socio-economic status. Many individuals, especially females, who selfreported poor health were heavy consumers of sleeping pills. Males and females reported different health-risk behaviours related to lifestyle, diet and use of the healthcare system. Heavy alcohol and tobacco use, unhealthy diet, risky physical activity and non-use of the healthcare system influenced self-assessed health in males. Females were slightly less satisfied with their health than males of the same age and educational level. Even highly educated females who took preventive healthcare tests and ate a healthy diet reported a less satisfactory self-assessed level of health than expected. Sociodemographic characteristics, life style, self-assessed health and use of the healthcare system were used in the identification of seven homogeneous population clusters. A comprehensive analysis of these clusters suggests health-related prevention and intervention efforts geared towards specific populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CROATIA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | RISK ASSESSMENT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S HEALTH | SATISFACTION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | LIFE STYLE | BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | DIET | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Evaluation | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Psychological Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Socioeconomic Status Document Number: 324039 |
| 12. Title: [Understanding and reaching young clandestine sex workers in Burkina Faso to improve response to HIV] Comprendre et atteindre les jeunes travailleuses du sexe clandestines du Burkina Author: Berthe A; Huygens P; Ouattara C; Sanon A; Ouedraogo A; Nagot N Source: Sante. 2008 Jul-Sep;18(3):163-73. Abstract: In 1998, researchers in Burkina Faso enrolled 300 women more or less involved in commercial sex work in an open cohort to determine whether adequate management of their sexually transmitted infections and exposure to well-designed, well-delivered, and plentiful communication for behaviour change (CBC) might reduce their vulnerability to HIV. In 2000, they observed that the non-professional sex workers (occasional or clandestine sex workers) were more difficult to reach, to mobilize and to keep involved in the project's different activities. This group was also infected at the same or higher rates than professional sex workers because they did not use condoms routinely. To accomplish the project objectives, they therefore chose to recruit more non-professional sex workers in the new cohort of 700 women. This social-anthropological study was conducted to help them to enrol young clandestine sex workers. The overall objective of this study was to understand the life of this category of sex workers and to identify strategic actors to reach them. Using a qualitative method, social anthropologists reviewed literature, identified and geo-referenced all local places suitable to encountering these women, obtained life stories from some of them and interviewed key informants and participants in the field. The results showed that in Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso): - most young women who are clandestine sex workers are Burkinabe, and girls entering the sex trade are increasingly young and increasingly uneducated; - most of them come from families with low capital (financial, cultural, or social). The parents' socioeconomic status (contextual poverty) results in unmet financial needs, which in turn exposes them to starting work early, including commercial sex work; - of all the income-generating activities available to unskilled young girls, commercial sex work is one of the most profitable and easily accessible; - in the three-fold context of an HIV epidemic, poverty, and unemployment, clandestine commercial sex work is a rational action, insofar as condom use reduces the risk of HIV infection, "clandestinity" reduces the risk of social stigma, and earnings increase financial capital; - girls are coopted into sex work through an initiation process and the initiator explains to the initiate how sex workers think, act, and live, as well as the rules of the trade; - young clandestine commercial sex workers use various strategies to do their work in secret, unidentified, by changing the time, place, period, district, city or country of their work; - young clandestine commercial sex workers maintain friendly relations with men or boys in but have no or conflictual relationships with women and girls. Thus, only other participants in this trade, peer counsellors, and room renters can serve as strategic actors to reach, mobilize and keep these young girls in HIV programmes. Social anthropologists have concluded that one problem in the fight against official or professional commercial sex work is the development of clandestine commercial sex work, which is more dangerous, firstly for its practitioners, who are harder to reach by messages about HIV and thus do not change their behaviour, secondly, for their sexual partners who do not use condoms systematically, and finally for society as a whole, to the extent that social actors are embedded in an informal network, more or less extensive, of sexual partners. Language: French Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | SEX WORKERS | COMMUNICATION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | MANAGEMENT | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LIFE STYLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | HIV PREVENTION | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 341591 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Not truly partnerless: Non-residential partnerships and retreat from marriage in Spain. Author: Castro-Martin T; Dominguez-Folgueras M; Martin-Garcia T Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jun 6;18(16):443-468. Abstract: Nearly two-thirds of Spanish women aged 20-34 have not yet entered their first union. However, almost half of them have a stable partner living in a different household. Hence, the drop in marriage rates and low prevalence of cohabitation cannot be rightly interpreted as a decline in partnership formation, but rather as a postponement of coresidential unions. This article examines the prevalence and determinants of nonresidential stable partnerships among women aged 20-34, in relation to cohabitation and marriage, using a multinomial logit model of current partnership type. The analysis is based on data from the 1999 Spanish Fertility Survey. We find that women's high educational attainment and their partner's work instability deter co-residential partnerships. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SPAIN | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | SEXUAL PARTNERS | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | AGE DISTRIBUTION | EDUCATION | MARRIAGE | LIFE STYLE | Europe, Southwestern | Europe | Developed Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Nuptiality Document Number: 327313 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Essential contraceptives: public movement and technical advocacy. Author: Edouard L Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Oct;34(4):269-70. Abstract: User choice is central to contraceptive practice, as opposed to therapeutic care where the view of the prescriber tends to prevail. Provider organisations have to make difficult decisions in selecting the methods of contraception that are offered, particularly with the multitude of new products and the controversies that have surrounded the value of some of them. The World Health Organization (WHO) Model List of Essential Medicines is a valuable tool in strengthening the provision of contraceptive commodities as part of international development efforts. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | WHO | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | LIFE STYLE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | MEDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETATE | ADVOCACY | INFORMED CHOICE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Behavior | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Communication | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329388 |
| 15. Title: Girls' education and vulnerability to HIV infection in Africa. Author: Hargreaves J; Boler T Source: In: Gender equality, HIV, and AIDS. A challenge for the education sector edited by Sheila Aikman, Elaine Unterhalter, and Tania Boler. Oxford, United Kingdom, Oxfam GB, 2008. :33-44. Abstract: AIDS has been a reality in many parts of the world for more than 25 years.As the epidemic evolves and matures across areas of eastern and southern Africa, researchers have tried to keep pace with its changing course. Evidence often conflicts within and across countries and can -at times -lead to a frustrating situation in which the response is forced to rush ahead of the evidence. In the field of education and HIV and AIDS, there have been two opposing points of view in which some have argued that individuals with higher levels of education are more vulnerable to HIV (Kelly 2006), whereas others argue that more education (especially girls' education) protects against HIV infection (see Global Campaign for Education 2004). In the middle of this debate is growing evidence of the 'feminisation of the epidemic', in which girls and women are becoming disproportionately infected with the virus. Although there are a number of reasons why women might be more vulnerable to infection (see Glynn et al. 2001), many have suggested that underlying gender inequality leaves women vulnerable to HIV. One of the pivotal responses to this claim has been to promote universal girls' education in order to reduce HIV vulnerability. However, one underlying assumption is that higher levels of education reduce HIV vulnerability for girls.Yet the evidence varies considerably from country to country, over time, and across regions.Moreover, there is little understanding about how simply going to school might reduce HIV vulnerability, or how much schooling is needed: is primary schooling enough, or is it secondary education that really matters? This chapter attempts to answer some of these questions by first discussing relevant results from recent systematic reviews of the evidence and then going on to discuss in detail the probable reasons behind these trends and potential responses to them. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EDUCATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | RISK FACTORS | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | IMPACT | CONDOM USE | LIFE STYLE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 330171 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: The impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adolescent women in two randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials. Author: Hoeger K; Davidson K; Kochman L; Cherry T; Kopin L; Guzick DS Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Nov;93(11):4299-306. Abstract: CONTEXT: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents in adolescence, and obesity is a common finding. The benefits and risks of alternate approaches to the management of PCOS in obese adolescent women are not clear. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the effects of metformin, oral contraceptives (OCs), and/or lifestyle modification in obese adolescent women with PCOS. DESIGN: Two small, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials were performed. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 79 obese adolescent women with PCOS participated. INTERVENTIONS: In the single treatment trial, subjects were randomized to metformin, placebo, a lifestyle modification program, or OC. In the combined treatment trial, all subjects received lifestyle modification and OC and were randomized to metformin or placebo. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Serum concentrations of androgens and lipids were measured. RESULTS: Lifestyle modification alone resulted in a 59% reduction in free androgen index with a 122% increase in SHBG. OC resulted ina significant decrease in total testosterone (44%) and free androgen index (86%) but also resulted in an increase in C-reactive protein (39.7%) and cholesterol (14%). The combination of lifestyle modification, OC, and metformin resulted in a 55% decrease in total testosterone, as compared to 33% with combined treatment and placebo, a 4% reduction in waist circumference, and a significant increase in HDL (46%). CONCLUSIONS: In these preliminary trials, both lifestyle modification and OCs significantly reduce androgens and increase SHBG in obese adolescents with PCOS. Metformin, in combination with lifestyle modification and OC, reduces central adiposity, reduces total testosterone, and increases HDL, but does not enhance overall weight reduction. Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SUPPORT GROUPS | OBESITY | OVARIAN CYSTS | LIFE STYLE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ANDROGENS | LIPIDS | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | TESTOSTERONE | SERUM PROTEIN EFFECTS | ANTHROPOMETRY | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Behavior | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Hormones | Endocrine System | Hematological Effects | Hemic System | Measurement Document Number: 329306 |
| 17. Title: Environmental health and safety of Chinese sex workers: a cross-sectional study. Author: Holroyd EA; Wong WC; Gray A; Ling DC Source: International Journal of Nursing Studies. 2008 Jun;45(6):932-941. Abstract: Aim: This paper presents a Hong Kong (HK) data on the effect that sex work has on women's environmental health and safety. An outreach role that highlights safety and human rights is suggested for nurses working with female sex workers (FSWs) as clients. Background: In HK it was estimated that there were at least 200,000 FSWs in 2002 and the total population involved as workers, support staff, clients and partners of the clients exceeded half a million in a city of 6.8 million people. Despite these numbers, both locally and internationally there are very limited outreach nursing services that address the FSW's occupational health needs. Method: A cross-sectional survey, was undertaken over a 5 month period commencing in October 2003. A validated Chinese version of the World Health Organisation Quality of Life Measure was administered to a convenience sample of 89 female street sex workers. A focus group interview was later conducted to gain contextual information. Results: The predominantly mainland Chinese FSWs had a mean age of 36.1 years. These women tended to be less educated and older than the general population of FSWs. They worked long hours with most of their income sent back home to China. Many lived in sub-optimal conditions and risked being abused while at work. The women scored significantly lower in the environmental domains when compared to the general female population. Conclusion: Highlighted is the critical importance of developing a new role, both international and within the Asian region, for community nurses working in an outreach capacity. This role should be visible, affordable and accessible, for at risk populations such as FSWs. The primary focus of the new role would be to establish a close working relationship between sex workers, sex industry owner/operators, health agencies and local authorities. Risk awareness programs developed and conducted by community nurses should embrace the complexity of occupational health issues. Such programs would also have the benefit of affirming the health rights of sex workers and public health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | SEX WORKERS | WOMEN | SAFETY | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | LIFE STYLE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Demographic Factors | Population | Public Health | Health | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327338 |
| 18. Title: Do lifestyle changes work for improving erectile dysfunction? Author: Horasanli K; Boylu U; Kendirci M; Miroglu C Source: Asian Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jan;10(1):28-35. Abstract: The main cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) is organic in nature, with vascular etiologies being the most common risk factors. Although there have been sufficient data on the relationship between ED and several well-recognized risk factors, including aging, coronary artery disease, atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, high blood pressure, and pelvic surgeries, little attention has been paid by the urologists to the role of lifestyle factors in ED. However, accumulating data from basic science and clinical studies have determined a link between the occurrence of ED and a number of lifestyle factors, such as smoking, obesity, alcohol consumption, and lack of physical activity. The application of findings from animal and human studies to the clinical practice regarding the modification of lifestyle factors could help improving ED as well as reducing the risks of developing cardiovascular diseases. This communication addresses the impact of lifestyle factors on erectile function and the potential benefits of modifying these factors to improve ED in respect to the current evidence. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | MEN | RISK BEHAVIOR | LIFE STYLE | IMPOTENCE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | OBESITY | TOBACCO USE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Genital Effects, Male | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Body Weight | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 323373 |
| 19. Title: Habitual physical activity levels are positively correlated with CD4 counts in an HIV-positive South African population. Author: Kinsey K; McVeigh J; Chantler I Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2008 Jul;7(2):237-242. Abstract: In order to assess the relationship between CD4 cell count, habitual physical activity levels and functional independence in a South African adult population positive for HIV, we administered a questionnaire concerning lifestyle and physical activity. Data collection took place at an antiretroviral (ARV) roll-out site at Helen Joseph Hospital, Johannesburg. The study involved 186 HIV-positive outpatients (47 male and 139 female), with a mean age of 35.2 years, who were either taking (n = 121) or not taking (n = 65) ARV medication. We compared CD4 cell count, habitual physical activity levels (metabolic intensity in MET hours per month) and functional independence as assessed from the responses to the questionnaire. There was a positive and significant correlation between the patients' length of time on ARV medication and CD4 cell counts (p < 0.0001, r = 0.45), and between CD4 cell counts and total habitual physical activity levels (p = 0.0067, r = 0.20). Patients considering themselves functionally independent also had significantly higher CD4 cell counts (p = 0.0031). The use of ARV medication, despite the related side-effects, was associated with a higher CD4 cell count, which in this population was also associated with increased habitual physical activity levels and a greater sense of functional independence. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | QUESTIONNAIRES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | METABOLIC EFFECTS | FITNESS | LIFE STYLE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Physiology | Biology | Health | Behavior Document Number: 341267 |
| 20. Title: Early sexual maturity among Pume foragers of Venezuela: fitness implications of teen motherhood. Author: Kramer KL Source: American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2008 Jul;136(3):338-50. Abstract: Because humans have slow life histories, discussions of the optimal age at first birth have stressed the benefits of delayed reproduction. However, given the diversity of ecological, fertility, and mortality environments in which humans live, reproductive maturity is expected to be highly variable. This article uses reproductive histories to examine a pattern of early menarche and first birth among the Pume, a group of South American foragers. Age at menarche and first birth are constructed using both retrospective and cross-sectional data for females over the age of 10 (n = 83). The objectives are first to define these patterns and then discuss their reproductive consequences. On average, Pume girls reach menarche at age 12.9, and give birth to their first child at age 15.3-15.5 (retrospective and cross-sectional data, respectively). This populational average falls several years prior to what often is considered the human norm. Two questions are then considered. What are the infant mortality costs across a mother's reproductive career? How does surviving fertility vary with age at first birth? Results indicate that the youngest of first-time mothers (<14) are four times more likely to loose their firstborns than older first-time mothers (> or =17). Given parity-specific mortality rates, the optimal strategy to minimize infant mortality and maximize reproductive span is to initiate childbearing in the midteens. Women gain no additional advantage in surviving fertility by delaying childbearing until their late teens. Language: English Keywords: VENEZUELA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | NATIVE AMERICANS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | MOTHERS | MENARCHE | INFANT MORTALITY | FIRST BIRTH | AGE FACTORS | LIFE STYLE | DIET | South America, Northern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Menstruation | Reproduction | Mortality | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Behavior | Nutrition | Health Document Number: 328384 |
| 21. Title: Migrant workers and HIV vulnerability in Korea. Author: Lee J Source: International Migration. 2008 Aug;46(3):217-233. Abstract: Despite a rapid increase of both migrant workers and incidence of HIV infection in Korea, little is known about the relation between the two. This paper examines the vulnerability to HIV infection of migrant workers in Korea, highlighting socio-cultural, political and economic contexts. Major information sources include articles, government reports, archives in migrant-support and AIDS-prevention organizations and in-depth interviews with government officials, NGO representatives and migrant workers. The study reveals migrant workers in Korea face an environment of discrimination and isolation because of their status as foreigners from less developed countries and with jobs characterised by low pay and status. Encountering stress and loneliness and without family support, migrant workers -especially single males, those undocumented and females in the sex industry -engage in risky sexual behaviours such as commercial and casual sex, leaving them vulnerable to HIV infection. Little knowledge of STD/HIV, few STD/HIV prevention programs and easy access to commercial sex compound migrant workers' vulnerability to HIV infection. The situation is worsening and current government policy, including lack of education, largely contributes to the problem. Language: English Keywords: DEMOCRATIC PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | MIGRANT WORKERS | SEX WORKERS | HIV INFECTIONS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK FACTORS | MIGRATION | LIFE STYLE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 329503 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of metformin, oral contraceptives, and lifestyle modification on polycystic ovary syndrome in obese adolescent women: do we need a new drug? Author: Legro RS Source: Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism. 2008 Nov;93(11):4218-20. Abstract: Context: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) presents in adolescence, and obesity is a common finding. The benefits and risks of alternate approaches to the management of PCOS in obese adolescent women are not clear. Objective: We investigated the effects of metformin, oral contraceptives (OCs), and/or lifestyle modification in obese adolescent women with PCOS. Design: Two small, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trials were performed. Patients and Participants: A total of 79 obese adolescent women with PCOS participated. Interventions: In the single treatment trial, subjects were randomized to metformin, placebo, a lifestyle modification program, or OC. In the combined treatment trial, all subjects received lifestyle modification and OC and were randomized to metformin or placebo. Main Outcome Measures: Serum concentrations of androgens and lipids were measured. Results: Lifestyle modification alone resulted in a 59% reduction in free androgen index with a 122% increase in SHBG. OC resulted ina significant decrease in total testosterone (44%) and free androgen index (86%) but also resulted in an increase in C-reactive protein (39.7%) and cholesterol (14%). The combination of lifestyle modification, OC, and metformin resulted in a 55% decrease in total testosterone, as compared to 33% with combined treatment and placebo, a 4% reduction in waist circumference, and a significant increase in HDL (46%). Conclusions: In these preliminary trials, both lifestyle modification and OCs significantly reduce androgens and increase SHBG in obese adolescents with PCOS. Metformin, in combination with lifestyle modification and OC, reduces central adiposity, reduces total testosterone, and increases HDL, but does not enhance overall weight reduction. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | OBESITY | OVARIAN CYSTS | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | LIFE STYLE | BODY WEIGHT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Behavior Document Number: 329435 |
| 23. Title: Effects of reproductive and demographic changes on breast cancer incidence in China: a modeling analysis. Author: Linos E; Spanos D; Rosner BA; Linos K; Hesketh T; Qu JD; Gao YT; Zheng W; Colditz GA Source: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2008 Oct 1;100(19):1352-60. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Breast cancer incidence is currently low in China. However, the distribution of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors for breast cancer among Chinese women is changing rapidly. We quantified the expected effect of changes in breast cancer risk factors on future rates of breast cancer in China. METHODS: We first validated and calibrated the Rosner-Colditz log-incidence breast cancer model in Chinese women who participated in the Shanghai Women's Health Study cohort (N = 74,942). We then applied the calibrated model to a representative sample of Chinese women who were aged 35-49 years in 2001 using data from the Chinese National Family Planning and Reproductive Health Survey (NFPRHS, N = 17,078) to predict the age-specific and cumulative breast cancer incidence among all Chinese women of this age group. We evaluated the relative impact of changes in modifiable risk factors, including alcohol intake, parity, postmenopausal hormone use, and adult weight gain, on cumulative incidence of breast cancer. RESULTS: Breast cancer incidence in China is expected to increase substantially from current rates, estimated at 10-60 cases per 100,000 women, to more than 100 new cases per 100,000 women aged 55-69 years by 2021. We predicted 2.5 million cases of breast cancer by 2021 among Chinese women who were 35-49 years old in 2001. Modest reductions in hormone and alcohol use, and weight maintenance could prevent 270,000 of these cases. CONCLUSIONS: China is on the cusp of a breast cancer epidemic. Although some risk factors associated with economic development are largely unavoidable, the substantial predicted increase in new cases of breast cancer calls for urgent incorporation of this disease in future health care infrastructure planning. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HEALTH SURVEYS | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVALENCE | BREAST CANCER | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | LIFE STYLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | AGE FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Health | Family Planning | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Measurement | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Population | Behavior | Population Characteristics | Biology Document Number: 329022 |
| 24. Title: An aging world - demographics and challenges [editorial] Author: Lunenfeld B Source: Gynecological Endocrinology. 2008 Jan;24(1):1-3. Abstract: The world has seen enormous changes over the past century, including historically unprecedented declines in mortality rates and increases in population, followed by equally unprecedented declines in fertility rates. This century will see a new set of demographic challenges, including a mix of falling fertility rates alongside persisting worldwide population growth, and the subsequent aging of populations in both developing and developed countries. The 20th century was the century of population growth; the 21st century will go into the history books as the century of aging. A holistic approach to this new challenge of the 21st century will necessitate a quantum leap in multidisciplinary and internationally coordinated research efforts, supported by a new partnership between industry and governments, philanthropic and international organizations. This collaboration we hope will enrich us with a better understanding of healthy aging, permit us to help to improve quality of life, prevent the preventable, and postpone and decrease the pain and suffering of the inevitable. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | OLDER ADULTS | POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | FERTILITY RATE | QUALITY OF LIFE | POPULATION PROJECTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | LIFE EXPECTANCY | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | LIFE STYLE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | PREVENTIVE MEDICINE | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Fertility Changes | Length of Life | Mortality | Natural Resources | Environment | Behavior | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 324751 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Ethnicity and sexual lifestyles among college students in a high-risk environment, Durban, South Africa. Author: Maharaj P; Cleland J Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Aug;20(7):838-41. Abstract: The aim of the study is to examine the protective behavioural strategies used by college students in response to high levels of HIV infection, with a particular emphasis on ethnic variations. The data for the study are drawn largely from self-completed questionnaires among college students in Durban. The results suggest that abstinence is most common protective factor among Indian and white students. However, among African students, abstinence is less common, particularly for men, despite the fact that concern about HIV is high in this group. Among the sexually active, the majority have more than one sexual partner. However, condom use among all sexually active students is high. Almost 70% reported using condoms at last sexual intercourse but consistent use remains elusive. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | ETHNIC GROUPS | STUDENTS | YOUTH | UNIVERSITIES | LIFE STYLE | SEXUALITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | CONDOM USE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Age Factors | Schools | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 328870 |
| 26. Title: Sexual health risk among dance drug users: cross-sectional comparisons with nationally representative data. Author: Mitcheson L; McCambridge J; Byrne A; Hunt N; Winstock A Source: International Journal On Drug Policy. 2008 Aug;19(4):304-10. Abstract: AIMS: To describe the sexual behaviour and related risk of a sample of dance drug users and compare this with data from the UK National Survey of Sexual Attitudes and Lifestyles 2000 survey. METHODS: Cross-sectional purposive sampling using both self-completion postal and web-based questionnaires. FINDINGS: This sample of dance drug users are more sexually active and have more concurrent partners than the general population. Rates of anal or vaginal sex within the last year without condom use are high and of concern (men 80 per cent; women 90 per cent). These dance drug users appear also to have higher lifetime prevalence of sexually transmitted infections than the general population and are also more likely to have ever attended a sexual health clinic. CONCLUSIONS: Clubbing and dance drug use, as part of a socially active lifestyle, is associated with elevated and pronounced sexual health risk. Future epidemiological studies of sexual health risk should incorporate investigation of both clubbing and recreational drug use in order to confirm the representativeness of these observations. Clubbers should be considered a target for dedicated sexual health promotion interventions, which may also be combined with interventions targeting drug and alcohol use. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | IV DRUG USERS | RISK FACTORS | SEX BEHAVIOR | LIFE STYLE | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Biology Document Number: 328627 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Regional differences in mortality in Greece (1984-2004): the case of Thrace. Author: Papastergiou P; Rachiotis G; Polyzou K; Zilidis C; Hadjichristodoulou C Source: BMC Public Health. 2008 Aug 23;8:297. Abstract: Mortality differences at national level can generate hypothesis on possible causal association that could be further investigated. The aim of the present study was to identify regions with high mortality rates in Greece. Age adjusted specific mortality rates by gender were calculated in each of the 10 regions of Greece during the period 1984-2004. Moreover standardized mortality rates (SMR) were also calculated by using population census data of years 1981, 1991, 2001. The mortality rates were examined in relation to GDP per capita, the ratio of hospital beds, and doctors per population for each region. During the study period, the region of Thrace recorded the highest mortality rate at almost all age groups in both sexes among the ten Greek regions. Thrace had one of the lowest GDP per capita (11 123 Euro) and recorded low ratios of Physicians (284) per 100 000 inhabitants in comparison to the national ratios. Moreover the ratio of hospital beds per population was in Thrace very low (268/100 000) in comparison to the national ratio (470/100 000). Thrace is the Greek region with the highest percentage of Muslim population (33%). Multivariate analysis revealed that GDP and doctors/100000 inhabitants were associated with increased mortality in Thrace. Thrace is the region with the highest mortality rate in Greece. Further research is needed to assess the contribution of each possible risk factor to the increased mortality rate of Thrace which could have important public health implications. Language: English Keywords: GREECE | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | CENSUS | DEATH RATE | LIFE STYLE | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Statistics | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior Document Number: 308275 |
| 28. Title: Determinants of self rated health and mortality in Russia -- Are they the same? Author: Perlman F; Bobak M Source: International Journal for Equity in Health. 2008 Jul 25;7(19):[24] p. Abstract: Research into Russia's health crisis during the 1990s includes studies of both mortality and self-rated health, assuming that the determinants of the two are the same. In this paper, we tested this assumption, using data from a single study on both outcomes and socioeconomic, lifestyle and psychological predictor variables. We analysed data from 7 rounds (1994-2001) of the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, a panel study of a general population sample (11,482 adults aged over 18 living in households of 2 or more people). Self-rated health was measured on a 5 point scale and dichotomised by combining responses "very poor" and "poor" into poor health. Deaths (n=782) during a mean follow up of 4.1 years were reported by another household member. Associations between several predictor variables and poor or very poor self-rated health and mortality were measured using logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards analysis respectively. Poor self-rated health was significantly associated with mortality; hazard ratios, compared with very good, good or average health, were 1.69 (1.36-2.10) men and 1.74 (1.38- 2.20) in women. Low education predicted both mortality and poor self-rated health. Income was a better predictor of mortality than of self-rated health. Smoking doubled the risk of death but was not related to subjective wellbeing. Frequent drinkers reported better health but had increased mortality, compared with occasional drinkers. Greater life satisfaction was related to self-rated health but not to mortality. Although subjective health predicted mortality, the predictors of these two outcomes differed. Influences on subjective health other than serious disease and risk factors for relatively sudden deaths in apparently well people may be important, but require further research. Meanwhile, caution is required when using findings studies of self-rated health in Russia to understand the determinants of mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | HEALTH | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | SELF-PERCEPTION | MORTALITY | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | RISK FACTORS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | LIFE STYLE | QUALITY OF LIFE | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Biology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Social Welfare Document Number: 327931 |
| 29. Title: [To bleed or not--a new dogma or a real choice in contraception?] Les regles n'ont plus la cote: une question de contraception ou de choix? Author: Renteria SC Source: Revue Medicale Suisse. 2008 Oct 22;4(176):2246-50, 2252. Abstract: Let's talk about it Suppression of menstruation, by extending the duration of contraceptives containing estro-progestins (oral contraception, patch or vaginal ring) to long cycles, is a new approach in the field of contraception. These extended cycles aim at obtaining prolonged amenorrhea, interrupted periodically by a free interval of 7 days without hormone intake and thus causing breakthrough bleeding. Pathologies, which are supposed to get some benefit from the suppression of menstruation and of hormone level variations related to ovarian activity, are widely recognized as an indication. Some interest is also coming up for so called life style indications. Treatment issues, advantages and disadvantages are examined in the light of women's expectations and right to access to informed consent and independent choice. Language: French Keywords: RESEARCH REPORT | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | MENSTRUATION | BLEEDING | LIFE STYLE | INFORMED CONSENT | Family Planning | Contraceptive Methods | Reproduction | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329814 |
| 30. Title: Negotiating with modernity: young women and sexuality in Iran. Author: Sadeghi F Source: Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East. 2008;28(2):250-259. Abstract: Iranian society has changed considerably during the past twenty-seven years. While these changes are mostly visible in the appearance of the people and cities, less visible changes have also happened in traditional family norms and private life, especially where the young people are concerned. When they are acknowledged, these changes are referred to as a "generation gap" that occurred after the Islamic revolution.1 Among young women, changes in behavior and identity are evident not only among the "misveiled" (badhijab) girls (those who wear hijab in order to accommodate themselves to Iranian legal requirements yet intentionally disregard the spirit if not precisely the letter of the law) but also among "veiled" girls (often referred to as chadori, whether or not they actually wear the chador). Based on research done in 2005 -6 through in-depth interviews with young urban Iranian women about their private and public lives, this essay examines whether as these girls are becoming less overtly traditional they are claiming their own subjectivity. The analysis indicates that although these young women are not as docile to traditional norms as previous generations were, they can hardly be considered a radically modern generation in terms of breaking with the deeper social conventions of the past. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | YOUTH | ISLAM | SEXUALITY | LIFE STYLE | PERSONALITY | PERSONHOOD | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL CHANGE | Middle East | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sex Behavior Document Number: 327869 |
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