1.   Title: Association between number of siblings and cause-specific mortality in the Glasgow alumni cohort study. Author: Galobardes B; McCarron P; Jeffreys M; Smith GD Source: European Journal of Epidemiology. 2008 Feb;23(2):89-93. Abstract: In the Glasgow University Alumni cohort, students with no siblings experienced higher respiratory disease mortality. This risk diminished after accounting for potential confounders. We did not find strong evidence of an association with all cause, coronary heart disease, stroke or stomach cancer mortality. Number of siblings is a proxy for other exposures and exploring its association with specific disease outcomes can help disentangle some of the pathways relating early life exposures to adult mortality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SCOTLAND | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | UNIVERSITIES | CAUSES OF DEATH | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | SIBLINGS | RISK FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | Developed Countries | United Kingdom | Europe, Western | Europe | Research Methodology | Education | Schools | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Biology | Family Research Document Number: 324658 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Risk preferences and the timing of marriage and childbearing. Author: Schmidt L Source: Demography. 2008 May;45(2):439-460. Abstract: The existing literature on marriage and fertility decisions pays little attention to the roles played by risk preferences and uncertainty. However, given uncertainty regarding the availability of suitable marriage partners, the ability to contracept, and the ability to conceive, women's risk preferences might be expected to play an important role in marriage and fertility timing decisions. By using data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), the author finds that measured risk preferences have a significant effect on the timing of both marriage and fertility. Highly risk-tolerant women are more likely to delay marriage, consistent with either a search model of marriage or a risk-pooling explanation. In addition, risk preferences affect fertility timing in a way that differs by marital status and education, and that varies over the life cycle. Greater tolerance for risk leads to earlier births at young ages, consistent with these women being less likely to contracept effectively. In addition, as the subgroup of college-educated, unmarried women nears the end of their fertile periods, highly risk-tolerant women are likely to delay childbearing relative to their more risk-averse counterparts and are therefore less likely to become mothers. These findings may have broader implications for both individual and societal well-being. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | WOMEN | RISK ASSESSMENT | DECISION MAKING | MARRIAGE AGE | FERTILITY | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | MARITAL STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LIFE CYCLE | TIME FACTORS | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Evaluation | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors Document Number: 308649 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Women: More than mothers. Source: Lancet. 2007 Oct 13;370(9595):1283. Abstract: 20 years ago, the Safe Motherhood Initiative was launched by WHO and others to help reduce the severe global burden of pregnancy-related illness and death. Sadly, today, most of that burden remains unchanged. Over 300 million women in the developing world suffer from illness brought about by pregnancy and childbirth; nearly 536 000 die each year. Additionally, newborn babies whose mothers die in childbirth are three to ten times more likely to die within 2 years than those whose mothers survive. It is disappointing that little progress has been made to halt these largely preventable deaths. On Oct 18-20, 2007, to mark the initiative's 20th anniversary, the Women Deliver conference in London, UK, aims to reflect on the immense challenges faced by women and their families. This week's issue of The Lancet includes research and policy articles that should inform discussion and action that flows from the conference. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | POLICYMAKERS | MATERNAL HEALTH | MATERNAL MORTALITY | ABORTION | CHILD SURVIVAL | HEALTH POLICY | LIFE CYCLE | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Survivorship | Length of Life | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research | Family and Household Document Number: 321855 Notification |
| 4. Title: Discrimination from conception to childhood: a study of girl children in rural Haryana, India. Author: Agrawal S; Unisa S Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :247-266. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: The authors investigated both qualitative and less explored factors that can influence child sex ratio. In this study, the made use of the ecological model of gender discrimination developed by Heise (1998). As a first dimension in gender discrimination study, consideration of the individual perpetrator, i.e., the woman who has witnessed or experienced discrimination, marital violence or child abuse in her childhood. The diversity of synergistic effects that impinge on childhood is often ignored by social scientists. Here, the authors argue that their attention to a mother must start not once she has become a mother, neither when she is just about to become a mother, but when she was an infant and a child, as what happened to her during her own childhood may eventually determine the adequacy of her physical and mental state as a mother. Another dimension of gender discrimination examined in this study relates to marital conflicts, wealth control and decision-making in the family. Most of the time, it is found that women's fertility is culturally produced and controlled by marital arrangement. Hence, the importance of married life in demographic analysis cannot be ignored as women spend a major part of their life in marital union and their behaviour is greatly influenced by its characteristics. Studies on marital instability in some developing countries show that the presence of a son in the family consistently decreases the likelihood of marital instability. In this study, the authors posit that the various spheres of women's autonomy may affect their reproductive behaviour and sex preferences. Education, work participation, and exposure to mass media are some of the means by which women gains status and autonomy. It has often been argued that women's status is an indicator of the level of development of a given society. Women's autonomy is likely to have a significant impact on demographic and health seeking behaviour of couples by altering women's relative control over fertility and contraception as well as influencing their attitudes and abilities. In the above perspective, the present study tries to investigate sex-selective discrimination in terms of active and passive elimination of a girl child through life-cycle approach. The specific purpose of the study is to examine female child neglect leading to death (passive elimination) and selective abortion (active elimination) according to childhood experiences, autonomy status and marital instability of the mothers. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | CENSUS METHODS | KAP SURVEYS | CHILD, FEMALE | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX PRESELECTION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SEX RATIO | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ABORTION | LIFE CYCLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Census | Population Statistics | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Child | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Technologies | Reproduction | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Sex Distribution | Sex Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Research | Family and Household Document Number: 308903 Notification |
| 5. Title: Gender shapes adolescence. Author: Buvinic M; Guzman JC; Lloyd CB Source: Development Outreach. 2007 Jun;:[9] p. Abstract: Sex and gender differences emerge most sharply with the onset of puberty, affecting the life trajectories of girls and boys in profoundly different ways. This is especially so in developing societies which have been less exposed to the gender equalizing forces of development and where local cultures prescribe very different social and economic roles for men and women. With a few but growing exceptions, in these societies adolescent girls are at an initial disadvantage when compared to adolescent boys; this disadvantage influences the nature and level of opportunity, agency, and second chances available to adolescents, and calls for greater policy and program efforts targeted to adolescent girls, to equalize outcomes for both genders. Puberty signals the potential of motherhood for girls. In some societies this potential is actualized quickly, and girls are married young, often with the support and encouragement of parents who see that early marriage is in their daughter's and the family's best interest. Their adolescence is, therefore, cut short and their life trajectory is narrowed to fulfilling traditional gender roles. In less restrictive societies, or when family restrictions fail, and where adolescents have little access to modern contraception, schooling and early work experiences for adolescent girls can be compromised through premature pregnancy. Many empirical studies find that childbearing or marriage often coincides with the end of schooling for girls. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENTS, MALE | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | GENDER ISSUES | SEX FACTORS | PUBERTY | LIFE CYCLE | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CULTURE | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | WOMEN'S STATUS | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Family Research | Family and Household | Biology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 320278 |
| 6. Title: Puberty and the education of girls. Author: Cavanagh SE; Riegle-Crumb C; Crosnoe R Source: Social Psychology Quarterly. 2007 Jun;70(2):186-198. Abstract: This study extends previous research on the social psychological implications of pubertal timing to education by applying a life course framework to data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and from the Adolescent Health and Academic Achievement Study. Early pubertal timing, which has previously been associated with major social psychological changes in girls' lives during middle school, predicted girls' grade point average and probability of course failure at the start of high school. Because of this initial failure during the high school transition, it also predicted their probability of dropping out of high school, and, among those who graduated, their grade point average at the end of high school. Such research demonstrates one way in which the immediate social psychological risk of early pubertal timing, measured as the age at menarche, translates into long-term disadvantage for girls, thereby opening up new avenues of research for social psychologists interested in youth development, health, and education. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PUBERTY | TIME FACTORS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LIFE CYCLE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Population Dynamics | Behavior | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 320812 |
| 7. Title: Research issues in sexual and reproductive health for low- and middle-income countries. Author: de Francisco A; Dixon-Mueller R; d'Arcangues C Source: Geneva, Switzerland, Global Forum for Health Research, 2007. 68 p. Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to outline a conceptual framework and a number of thematic and cross-cutting research issues in sexual and reproductive health as a first step in a consultative process towards the identification of gaps and priorities for research in this field. The information contained here depicts the complexity of the field of sexual and reproductive health and proposes that research in this area needs to be tackled using a multidisciplinary spectrum of approaches encompassing basic - biomedical, epidemiological, social - science, behavioural and policy and health systems research. The intended audience of this document are those who will be engaged in this collective process of formulating a global priority research agenda, such as representatives of international health and development agencies; government health, education and planning ministries; foundations; nongovernmental organizations; research institutes and researchers; academic programs; the private sector; and international and national health research networks, many of whom are already familiar with most of the policy, programmatic, and research issues raised here. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH PROPOSAL | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | INEQUALITIES | LIFE CYCLE | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | HEALTH POLICY | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Research Methodology | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 326310 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Growth trajectories of sexual risk behavior in adolescence and young adulthood. Author: Fergus S; Zimmerman MA; Caldwell CH Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2007 Jun 1;97(6):1096-1101. Abstract: Adolescence and young adulthood (ages 18-25 years) are periods of development and change, which include experimentation with and adoption of new roles and behaviors. We investigated longitudinal trajectories of sexual risk behaviors across these time periods and how these trajectories may be different for varying demographic groups. We developed multilevel growth models of sexual risk behavior for a predominantly African American sample (n=847) that was followed for 8 years, from adolescence to young adulthood. We investigated differences in growth parameters by race/ethnicity and gender and their interactions. The final model included linear and quadratic terms for both adolescence and young adulthood, indicating acceleration of sexual risk behaviors during adolescence and a peak and deceleration during young adulthood. African American males exhibited the highest rate of sexual risk behavior in ninth grade, yet had the slowest rate of growth. Compared with their White peers, African American males and females exhibited less sexual risk behavior during young adulthood. Our results suggest that youths of different races/ethnicities and genders exhibit varying sexual risk behavior trajectories. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | YOUTH | BLACKS | ETHNIC GROUPS | SEX BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | LIFE CYCLE | SEX FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Behavior | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 316675 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health: From slogan to service delivery. Author: Kerber KJ; de Graft-Johnson JE; Bhutta ZA; Okong P; Starrs A Source: Lancet. 2007 Oct 13;370(9595):1358-1369. Abstract: The continuum of care has become a rallying call to reduce the yearly toll of half a million maternal deaths, 4 million neonatal deaths, and 6 million child deaths. The continuum for maternal, newborn, and child health usually refers to continuity of individual care. Continuity of care is necessary throughout the lifecycle (adolescence, pregnancy, childbirth, the postnatal period, and childhood) and also between places of caregiving (including households and communities, outpatient and outreach services, and clinical-care settings). We define a population-level or public-health framework based on integrated service delivery throughout the lifecycle, and propose eight packages to promote health for mothers, babies, and children. These packages can be used to deliver more than 190 separate interventions, which would be difficult to scale up one by one. The packages encompass three which are delivered through clinical care (reproductive health, obstetric care, and care of sick newborn babies and children); four through outpatient and outreach services (reproductive health, antenatal care, postnatal care and child health services); and one through integrated family and community care throughout the lifecycle. Mothers and babies are at high risk in the first days after birth, and the lack of a defined postnatal care package is an important gap, which also contributes to discontinuity between maternal and child health programmes. Similarly, because the family and community package tends not to be regarded as part of the health system, few countries have made systematic efforts to scale it up or integrate it with other levels of care. Building the continuum of care for maternal, newborn, and child health with these packages will need effectiveness trials in various settings; policy support for integration; investment to strengthen health systems; and results-based operational management, especially at district level. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | CHILDREN | INFANT | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CHILD SURVIVAL | LIFE CYCLE | PUBLIC HEALTH | ANTENATAL CARE | POSTPARTUM PROGRAMS | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Maternal Health Services | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning Document Number: 321880 |
| 10. Title: Child mortality and injury in Asia: policy and programme implications. Author: Linnan M; Giersing M; Linnan H; Cox R; Williams MK Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2007 Oct. [24] p. (Innocenti Working Paper No. IWP-2007-07Special Series on Child Injury No. 4) Abstract: This paper presents a summary of the findings of the national and subnational surveys on child injury in this series and discusses implications of the results for child health policy and programmes. The principal finding is that injury has been largely unrecognized as a leading cause of child death. This is largely because the previous estimates of child mortality causality were unable to include injury due to technical issues. The surveys provide convincing evidence that injury is a leading cause of child death after infancy and that the types of injury vary with the age group of the child. Similar convincing evidence shows that injury is a leading cause of serious morbidity and permanent disability in children and that the types of injury with these outcomes also vary with the age of the child. The implications discussed are (1) an effective measure of child mortality needs to be developed to include all ages of childhood; (2) prevention of mortality and serious morbidity from injury in childrenwill require a life-cycle approach; (3) continued progress on child survival programming in children under five years of age will require injury reductions; (4) since drowning is the single injury cause responsible for about half of all injury deaths, targeting it for reduction would be an efficient strategy; and (5) there are efficient strategies for targeting other subtypes of child injury as well. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | ASIANS | CHILD MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | ACCIDENTS AND INJURIES | CAUSES OF DEATH | CHILD SURVIVAL | LIFE CYCLE | Health | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Diseases | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Family Research | Family and Household Document Number: 326761 |
| 11. Title: "Generations" in forced migration: Towards greater clarity. Author: Loizos P Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007 Jun;20(2):193-209. Abstract: This paper considers some of the existing uses of the concept of 'generation' as applied in the context of forced migration research. It focuses on an analysis of two little known classics and argues in favour of a renewed interest in the relevance of the concept as an analytical tool. It suggests that conceptual rigour is a prerequisite to undertaking empirical research, particularly in the context of studying long term patterns of adaptation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | PERIOD ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | GENERATIONS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | SOCIAL CHANGE | GENEALOGIES | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research Document Number: 319036 |
| 12. Title: Timing of childbearing and disability in older age. Author: Spence NJ Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [28] p. Abstract: I draw on a life course theoretical perspective to examine the relationship between fertility and later life well-being. Broadly, a life course approach suggests that women's childbearing experiences may have direct long-term implications or indirect effects through influences on social, economic, and health status mechanisms. However, the mechanisms linking childbearing-which may happen over a 30-year interval from the teenage years to early midlife-to health some 20 years later may vary according to reproductive patterns, comprised of factors such as: 1) when a woman began childbearing, 2) when a woman completed childbearing, and 3) how many children a woman had. Such factors may influence the extent to which childbearing interferes with the pursuit or the maintenance of social and economic status, and they may be associated with differential health implications in later life. This paper utilizes data from a nationally representative cohort of women aged 30-44 years old in 1967 in the United States to investigate the relationship between women's reproductive patterns and later life well-being, with attention to influences of early life and adult social and economic circumstances. Specifically, I examine the timing of first birth, parity, and age at last birth as they relate to physical disability among mothers in later life. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | WOMEN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | PREGNANCY HISTORY | LIFE CYCLE | FIRST BIRTH | PARITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | DEPRESSION | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Mental Disorders | Diseases Document Number: 317383 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Domestic violence is associated with adult and childhood asthma prevalence in India. Author: Subramanian SV; Ackerson LK; Subramanyam MA; Wright RJ Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2007 Jun;36(3):569-579. Abstract: Little is known on the influence of stressful psychosocial circumstances in predicting asthma. We examine the link between asthma prevalence and domestic violence (DV) in a nationally representative sample of adults and children in India. Analyses were based on the 1998-99 cross-sectional nationally representative Indian National Family Health Survey administered in 92 486 households. Individual-level prevalence of asthma was the primary outcome for this study. Exposure to DV was based on women's self-report of DV. In adjusted models, women who experienced DV either recently or in the past were at greater risk of being asthmatic [odds ratio (OR) range 1.26-1.37], compared with those who did not report any abuse. In households where women reported to have experienced DV, asthma risk was higher for all individuals in those households (OR range 1.15-1.19). The association between household DV and individual risk for asthma was also observed in gender-stratified analysis, and also in age-stratified analysis, with strong association observed in age groups of under-five, 5-14, 15-24 and 25-44 years. We find a consistent association between being exposed to, and having experienced, DV and asthma prevalence. Stress-induced mechanisms, partially captured through violence and social circumstances, may be a critical explanatory link in furthering our understanding of the social disparities in asthma. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | HEALTH SURVEYS | HOUSEHOLDS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | ASTHMA | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | RISK FACTORS | PREVALENCE | AGE FACTORS | STRESS | LIFE CYCLE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Pulmonary Effects | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Measurement | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Family Research Document Number: 319030 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Household demographic change and land use / land cover change in the Brazilian Amazon. Author: VanWey LK; D'Antona AO; Brondizio ES Source: Population and Environment. 2007 Jan;28(3):163-185. Abstract: Demographic interest in population and environment has grown in recent decades. One of the most prominent research areas in this tradition addresses the impact of population on land use and land cover change. Building on this tradition, we examine the effects of household demographic composition on land use and land cover on small farms in two study areas in the Brazilian Amazon. Fixed effects regression models of used area and forested area show few consistent effects of changes in household demography on land use and land cover change. Effects are inconsistent with the household life cycle model that currently dominates the literature on household demographic effects in frontiers. Changes in the number of children and women, particularly young women, have the most significant effects on land use and land cover change. We conclude by arguing that households strategically access cash for investment in agriculture and that specific strategies are determined by economic and institutional context. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERVIEWS | HOUSEHOLDS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CHANGES | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LIFE CYCLE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population | Social Change | Rural Development | Family Research Document Number: 317644 |
| 15. Title: Female Migrants: Bridging the Gaps throughout the Life Cycle. Selected papers of the UNFPA-IOM Expert Group Meeting, New York, 2-3 May 2006. Author: Expert Group Meeting on Female Migrants: Bridging the Gaps throughout the Life Cycle (2006: New York) Source: New York, New York, United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2006. 136 p. Abstract: Women make up nearly half of all migrants, an estimated 95 million of 191 million people living outside their countries of origin in 2005. Having said this, after many years of observing migration and collecting data there is remarkably little reliable information about women as migrants. This anomaly underlines their continuing invisibility to policymakers and development planners. The High-Level Dialogue on International Migration and Development by the General Assembly on 14-15 September 2006 offers the best opportunity in a generation to address the rights, needs, capabilities and contribution of women migrants. Equal numbers do not confer equality of treatment. Women have fewer opportunities than men for legal migration; many women become irregular migrants with concomitant lack of support and exposure to risk. Whether they migrate legally or not, alone or as members of a family unit, women are more vulnerable than men to violence and exploitation. Their needs for health care, including reproductive health care, and other services are less likely to be met. They have more limited opportunities than men for social integration and political participation. Migration can be beneficial, both for women and for the countries which send and receive them. Women migrants make a significant economic contribution through their labour, both to their countries of destination and, through remittances, to their countries of origin. In societies where women's power to move autonomously is limited, the act of migration is in itself empowering. It stimulates change in women migrants themselves, and in the societies which send and receive them. In the process women's migration can become a force for removing existing gender imbalances and inequities, and for changing underlying conditions so that new imbalances and inequities do not arise. Women's voluntary migration is a powerful force for positive change in countries both of origin and of destination. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MIGRANTS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | LIFE CYCLE | UNFPA | GROUP MEETING | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | REMITTANCES | GENDER ISSUES | HUMAN RIGHTS | ORIGIN | Research Methodology | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Communication | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 309881 |
| 16. Title: Reducing the incidence of low birth weight in low-income countries has substantial economic benefits. Author: Alderman H; Behrman JR Source: World Bank Research Observer. 2006 Spring;21(1):25-48. Abstract: Reducing the incidence of low birth weight not only lowers infant mortality rates but also has multiple benefits over the life cycle. This study estimates the economic benefits of reducing the incidence of low birth weight in low-income countries, both through lower mortality rates and medical costs and through increased learning and productivity. The estimated economic benefits, under plausible assumptions, are fairly substantial, at about $5 10 per infant moved from a low-birth-weight status. The estimated gains are primarily from increases in labor productivity (partially through more education) and secondarily from avoiding costs due to infant illness and death. Thus there may be many interventions to reduce the incidence of low birth weight that are warranted purely on the grounds of saving resources or increasing productivity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS | INFANT | LOW BIRTH WEIGHT | INFANT MORTALITY | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | DEATH RATE | LIFE CYCLE | PRODUCTIVITY | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Birth Weight | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Development | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 294947 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Coming-out across the life course: implications of age and historical context. Author: Floyd FJ; Bakeman R Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2006 Jun;35(3):287-296. Abstract: Effects of age and the calendar year when individuals first self-identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual on their sexual orientation identity development were examined in a large community sample (N = 767, 47% female, 18--74-years-old). These 2 variables were used to examine the timing and sequencing of 7 coming-out experiences: first awareness of same-sex attraction; first sexual experiences with opposite-sex partners; first sexual experiences with same-sex partners; self-identification as gay, lesbian, or bisexual; disclosure to someone other than a parent; disclosure to mother; and disclosure to father. The significant effects of age revealed that self-identification in adolescence as opposed to adulthood was associated with an overall young coming-out trajectory for all milestone experiences, which occurred in both earlier and recent historical contexts. Adolescents as opposed to adult self-identifiers were also more likely to demonstrate identity-centered sequences in which self-identification preceded same-sex sexual experiences, and fewer of these individuals had any heterosexual experience. Significant historical context effects indicated recent trends toward younger disclosure of orientation to others and to parents, greater likelihood of an identity-centered sequence, and younger ages for first heterosexual but not same-sex, sexual experiences. Among women, there was a recent trend toward greater likelihood of having a bisexual identity milestone. In general, the maturational effects were independent of historical context, with the exception that only adolescent self-identifiers who came out recently disclosed to others and to parents at an average age younger than 18 years. These developmental and historical trends expand on the stage-sequential framework to show how the process of sexual orientation identity development is driven by maturational factors as well as social changes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HOMOSEXUALS | ADOLESCENTS | LIFE CYCLE | AGE FACTORS | FIRST INTERCOURSE | SELF-PERCEPTION | SEX FACTORS | SOCIAL CHANGE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Perception | Psychological Factors Document Number: 306451 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Sexual practices in youth: Analysis of lifetime sexual trajectory and last sexual intercourse. Author: Heilborn ML; Cabral CS Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2006 Jul;22(7):1471-1481. Abstract: This article examines the sexual practices of young Brazilians based on data from the GRAVAD Research Project, a household survey targeting males and females from 18 to 24 years of age (n = 4,634) in three Brazilian State capitals: Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, and Salvador. The set of practices experienced over the course of their sexual careers is characterized by traits of social belonging, elements from individual life histories, and prescribed rules of conduct for men and women. The authors compared the young people's range of lifetime practices and those from last sexual relations in order to discuss the spread and incorporation of practices into life histories. The data point to the hegemony of vaginal sex in both the lifetime repertoire of sexual practices and the last sexual encounters, such that vaginal sex provides the prime definition of heterosexuality. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | YOUTH | PEER GROUPS | HETEROSEXUALS | URBAN POPULATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | LIFE CYCLE | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Behavior | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction Document Number: 316666 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research. Part 1: the role of education in the study of first childbearing. Author: Hoem JM; Kreyenfeld M Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Nov 29;15:461-484. Abstract: Procedures that seek to explain current behavior by future outcomes (anticipatory analysis) constitute a widespread but problematic approach in life-course analysis because they disturb the role of time and the temporal order of events. Nevertheless the practice is often used, not least because it easily produces useful summary measures like the median age at first childbearing and the per cent permanently childless in various educational groups, defined by ultimate attainment. We use an empirical example to demonstrate the issues involved and to propose an alternative "non-anticipatory" research strategy that makes use of the incomplete data most commonly collected. A weakness of the latter method is that to make things work it builds on assumptions that may be unrealistic, and still it does not equally easily provide summary measures. There is no satisfactory alternative to better data collection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION RESEARCH | THEORETICAL MODELS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | LIFE CYCLE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FIRST BIRTH | TIME FACTORS | MATERNAL AGE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 310148 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Anticipatory analysis and its alternatives in life-course research. Part 2: Two interacting processes. Author: Hoem JM; Kreyenfeld M Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Nov 29;15:485-498. Abstract: In the present second part of these reflections, we use the connection between marriage and first birth to demonstrate further issues involved in anticipatory analysis when two individual-level processes operate in interaction. The wish to have children is probably a very important determinant of marriage. Unfortunately, longitudinal data on fertility intentions are rarely available. In order to demonstrate how childbearing intentions guide marriage behavior, one might be tempted to use anticipatory research strategies. In this paper we discuss the drawbacks involved with such an approach and display a non-anticipatory research strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DENMARK | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION RESEARCH | THEORETICAL MODELS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | WOMEN | LIFE CYCLE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | FIRST BIRTH | TIME FACTORS | MATERNAL AGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Pregnancy History | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 310149 |
| 21. Title: What is the demographic dividend? Author: Lee R; Mason A Source: Finance and Development. 2006 Sep;43(3):[5] p.. Abstract: Industrial countries have largely completed what is called the "demographic transition"--the transition from a largely rural agrarian society with high fertility and mortality rates to a predominantly urban industrial society with low fertility and mortality rates. At an early stage of this transition, fertility rates fall, leading to fewer young mouths to feed. During this period, the labor force temporarily grows more rapidly than the population dependent on it, freeing up resources for investment in economic development and family welfare. Other things being equal, per capita income grows more rapidly too. That's the first dividend. This dividend period is quite long, lasting five decades or more, but eventually lower fertility reduces the growth rate of the labor force, while continuing improvements in old-age mortality speed growth of the elderly population. Now, other things being equal, per capita income grows more slowly and the first dividend turns negative. But a second dividend is also possible. A population concentrated at older working ages and facing an extended period of retirement has a powerful incentive to accumulate assets--unless it is confident that its needs will be provided for by families or governments. Whether these additional assets are invested domestically or abroad, national income rises. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | LABOR FORCE | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | STANDARD OF LIVING | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | TIME FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | Research Methodology | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 307832 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: Population ageing and demographic dividends: The time to act is now. Author: Mason A Source: Asia-Pacific Population Journal. 2006 Dec;21(3):7-16. Abstract: Every country in the Asian and Pacific region is in the midst of a demographic transition that is producing large changes in age structure with important implications for economic growth and standards of living. In the early stages of the transition, high fertility and declining infant and child mortality produce a bulge in the population at young ages. The middle of the transition is marked by an increase in the share of the population concentrated at the working ages as large cohorts of children reach adulthood and as the relative number of children are depressed by fertility decline. At the end of the transition, the share of the older population increases. In part, this is a consequence of continued reductions in mortality rates, but of greater consequence are the low fertility rates that characterize the final stages of the demographic transition. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | POPULATION | OLDER ADULTS | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | LIFE CYCLE | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | RETIREMENT | CONSUMPTION | SOCIAL POLICY | ECONOMIC POLICY | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Dynamics | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Employment Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 315590 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Similarities and differences between two cohorts of young adults in Italy: results of a CATI survey on transition to adulthood. Author: Mazzuco S; Mencarini L; Rettaroli R Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Sep 14;15(5):105-146. Abstract: This paper analyses the results of a CATI survey, consisting of a representative national sample of 3083 young Italian people of two different generations: those aged 23-27 and 33-37 in the first half of 2004. The analysis is targeted particularly at the older cohort and examines the late transition to adulthood and its effect on fertility. Is the situation in Italy converging towards the European one? We also analyse transition processes to all "life course" events as interrelating mechanisms, in which each process is the premise for the next step, but in which they are all probably considered indispensable in choosing to have a child. The results suggest the spread of new family forms among youth, but a persistent delay in family formation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ITALY | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | YOUTH | ADULTS | FERTILITY | LIFE CYCLE | DECISION MAKING | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | Europe, Southern | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Reproductive Behavior Document Number: 306496 |
| 24. Title: Beyond population and environment: household demographic life cycles and land use allocation among small farms in the Amazon. Author: Perz SG; Walker RT; Caldas MM Source: Human Ecology. 2006 Dec;34(6):829-849. Abstract: Most research featuring demographic factors in environmental change has focused on processes operating at the level of national or global populations. This paper focuses on household-level demographic life cycles among colonists in the Amazon, and evaluates the impacts on land use allocation. The analysis goes beyond prior research by including a broader suite of demographic variables, and by simultaneously assessing their impacts on multiple land uses with different economic and ecological implications. We estimate a system of structural equations that accounts for endogeneity among land uses, and the findings indicate stronger demographic effects than previous work. These findings bear implications for modeling land use, and the place of demography in environmental research. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUESTIONNAIRES | HOUSEHOLDS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | REMITTANCES | ENVIRONMENT | SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE | LIFE CYCLE | AGRARIAN REFORM | RURAL DEVELOPMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Agriculture | Macroeconomic Factors | Family Research Document Number: 309298 |
| 25. Peer Reviewed Title: Test-retest reliability of self-reported sexual behavior, sexual orientation, and psychosexual milestones among gay, lesbian, and bisexual youths. Author: Schrimshaw EW; Rosario M; Meyer-Bahlburg HF; Scharf-Matlick AA Source: Archives of Sexual Behavior. 2006 Apr;35(2):225-234. Abstract: Despite the importance of reliable self-reported sexual information for research on sexuality and sexual health, research has not examined reliability of information provided by gay, lesbian, and bisexual (GLB) youths. Test--retest reliability of self-reported sexual behaviors, sexual orientation, sexual identity, and psychosexual developmental milestones was examined among an ethnically diverse sample of 64 self-identified GLB youths. Two face-to-face interviews were conducted approximately 2 weeks apart using the Sexual Risk Behavior Assessment Schedule for Homosexual Youths (SERBAS-Y-HM). Overall, the mean of the test--retest reliability coefficients was substantial for 6 of the 7 domains: lifetime sexual behaviors (M=.89), sexual behavior in the past 3 months (M=.96), unprotected sexual behavior in the past 3 months (M=.93), sexual identity ( =.89), sexual orientation (M=.82), and ages of various psychosexual developmental milestones (M=.77). Inconsistent reliability was found for reports of sexual behaviors while using substances. A small number of gender differences emerged, with lower reliability among female youths in the lifetime number of same-sex partners. The overall findings suggest that a wide range of self-reported sexual information can be reliably assessed among GLB youths by means of interviewer-administered questionnaires, such as the SERBAS-Y-HM. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEW YORK | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | KAP SURVEYS | HOMOSEXUALS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | RELIABILITY | PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT | LIFE CYCLE | RISK BEHAVIOR | PERSONHOOD | SEX FACTORS | QUESTIONNAIRES | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Behavior | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Measurement | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors Document Number: 302141 |
| 26. Title: Life cycle and gender perspectives on the double burden of malnutrition and the prevention of diet related chronic diseases. Author: Shrimpton R Source: SCN News. 2006;(33):11-14. Abstract: Increasingly all developing countries in the world, including those in ECOWAS, have both an undernutriton and an overnutrition problem, i.e. the double burden of malnutrition. This transition towards the double burden of malnutrition is associated with economic development, industrialization and urbanization. As countries develop economically these two contrasting types of malnutrition increasingly co-exist, at first more in urban than rural areas, but then increasingly in the same communities and eventually even in the same households. Having overweight parents (typically mothers more than fathers) and underweight children in the same household, is a paradox. To gain more insight into this seemingly absurd contradiction we need to explore and understand better the lifecycle and gender dimensions of the double burden of malnutrition and the nutrition transition. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | DIET | CHRONIC DISEASES | MALNUTRITION | DISEASE PREVENTION | GROWTH | LIFE CYCLE | HEALTH POLICY | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Nutrition | Health | Diseases | Nutrition Disorders | Prevention and Control | Child Development | Biology | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Political Factors Document Number: 308221 |
| 27. Title: Does son preference influence children's growth in height? A comparative study of Chinese and Filipino children. Author: Song S; Burgard SA Source: [Unpublished] 2006. Presented at the Population Association of America, 2006 Annual Meeting, Los Angeles, California, March 30 - April 1, 2006. 36 p. Abstract: We compare children's growth trajectories in height in China and the Philippines, two countries with very different histories of son preference, using longitudinal survey data from the China Health and Nutrition Survey and the Cebu Longitudinal Health and Nutrition Survey. Our individual growth models show that boys' advantage in growth in height over girls is greater in China, where the level of son preference is higher, than that in the Philippines, where level of son preference is low. Our research bridges a gap in the current literatures of demography and social stratification and completes the emerging life course picture of how gender inequality is being reproduced from life stage to life stage, and from generation to generation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | PHILIPPINES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | NUTRITION SURVEYS | SONS | SEX PREFERENCE | BODY HEIGHT | LIFE CYCLE | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Nutrition | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Physiology | Biology | Family Research Document Number: 317413 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Rudiments of recent fertility decline in Hungary: postponement, educational differences, and outcomes of changing partnership forms. Author: Speder Z Source: Demographic Research. 2006 Oct 17;15:253-288. Abstract: Our study describes fundamental changes in childbearing behavior in Hungary. It documents current postponement of entry into motherhood (first birth) and uncovers signs of delay in second birth. We place the behavioral modifications into historical time and reveal the basic role of the political, economic, and societal transformation of Hungary that started in 1989-1990 in these modifications. We document postponement as well as differentiation, and mothers' highest level of education will represent the structural position of individuals. We shed light on the different speed of postponement and support the assumption of behavioral differences according to the highest level of education. Particular attention will be paid to changing partnership relations: Fertility outcomes remain to be strongly associated with the type of partnership and its development; profound changes in partnership formation, namely the proliferation of cohabitation and the increasing separation rate of first partnerships, may therefore facilitate fertility decline in Hungary. The analysis is based on the first wave of the Hungarian panel survey "Turning points of the life course" carried out in 2001/2002. (author's) Language: English Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | SEXUAL PARTNERS | WOMEN | FERTILITY DECLINE | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MATERNAL AGE | CULTURE | POPULATION DYNAMICS | LIFE CYCLE | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | GENDER RELATIONS | Europe, Central | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Parental Age | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Gender Issues Document Number: 310142 |
| 29. Title: [Towards a new fertility regime. The timing of childbearing in the life course, the effects of partnership types and educational differences] Mintavaltas kozben. A gyermekvallalas idozitese az eletutban, kulonos tekintettel a szulo nok iskolai vegzettsegere es parkapcsolati statusara. Author: Speder Z Source: Demografia. 2006;49(2-3):113-149. Abstract: This paper describes some basic features of changing childbearing behaviour, moving from the early childbearing fertility regime to a new not (yet) stabilised regime of childbearing behaviour. In the analyse the first wave of the Hungarian panel survey "Turning points of the life-course" carried out in 2001/2002 is used. A cohort specific application of retrospective data from the survey reveals two types of ongoing postponement: first, the well-known postponement of entry into motherhood (first birth) and, second, the early signs of a postponement of second birth. After documenting the basic nature of postponement two types of differentiating factors are closer analysed: the level of education of the mothers and the forms of partnership. Highly educated mothers adapted themselves more quickly to social change, therefore experienced longer postponement. However if opted for the first child there were no any postponement of second birth. The influence of education is not clear, but there are signs that educational differentials are assuming a growing importance in childbearing behaviour. Partnership relation changed profoundly and contributed in different extent to fertility decline. The postponement of union formation, rapid rise of cohabitation as first partnership, the growing instability of partnerships are all accompanied with lower fertility outcomes. (author's) Language: Hungarian Keywords: HUNGARY | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | COUPLES | LOW FERTILITY POPULATION | LIFE CYCLE | AGE FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | DELAYED CHILDBEARING | BIRTH INTERVALS | DIFFERENTIAL FERTILITY | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Research | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 308246 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: The mortality divide in India: the differential contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living across the life course. Author: Subramanian SV; Nandy S; Irving M; Gordon D; Lambert H Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2006 May;96(5):818-825. Abstract: We investigated the contributions of gender, caste, and standard of living to inequalities in mortality across the life course in India. We conducted a multilevel cross-sectional analysis of individual mortality, using the 1998-1999 Indian National Family Health Survey data for 529321 individuals from 26 states. Substantial mortality differentials were observed between the lowest and highest standard-of-living quintiles across all age groups, ranging from an odds ratio (OR) of 4.61 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.98, 7.13) in the age group 2 to 5 years to an OR of 1.97 (95% CI = 1.68, 2.32) in the age group 45 to 64 years. Excess mortality for girls was evident only for the age group 2 to 5 years (OR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.13, 1.58). Substantial caste differentials were observed at the beginning and end stages of life. Area variation in mortality is partially a result of the compositional effects of household standard of living and caste. The mortality burden, across the life course in India, falls disproportionately on economically disadvantaged and lower-caste groups. Residual state-level variation in mortality suggests an underlying ecology to the mortality divide in India. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HEALTH SURVEYS | POPULATION | CASTE | SEX FACTORS | STANDARD OF LIVING | LIFE CYCLE | INEQUALITIES | MORTALITY DETERMINANTS | AGE FACTORS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Health | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Family Research | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics Document Number: 299884 |
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