1.  Title: Trafficking in persons report. Revised ed. Author: United States. Department of State Source: Washington, D.C., United States Department of State, Office of the Under Secretary for Democracy and Global Affairs, 2008 Jun. 292 p. Abstract: The Department of State is required by law to submit a Report each year to the U.S. Congress on foreign governments' efforts to eliminate severe forms of trafficking in persons. This Report is the eighth annual TIP Report. It is intended to raise global awareness, to highlight efforts of the international community, and to encourage foreign governments to take effective actions to counter all forms of trafficking in persons. The U.S. law that guides anti-human trafficking efforts, the Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000, as amended (TVPA), states that the purpose of combating human trafficking is to punish traffickers, to protect victims, and to prevent trafficking from occurring. Freeing those trapped in slave-like conditions is the ultimate goal of this Report-and of the U.S. government's antihuman trafficking policy. There is an ever-growing community of nations making significant efforts to eliminate this atrocious crime. A country that fails to make significant efforts to bring itself into compliance with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking in persons, as outlined in the TVPA, receives a "Tier 3" assessment in this Report. Such an assessment could trigger the withholding by the United States of nonhumanitarian, non-trade-related foreign assistance. In assessing foreign governments' efforts, the TIP Report highlights the "three P's"-prosecution, protection, and prevention. But a victim-centered approach to trafficking requires us also to address the "three R's"-rescue, rehabilitation, and reintegration- and to encourage learning and sharing of best practices in these areas. We must go beyond an initial rescue of victims and restore to them dignity and the hope of productive lives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | TECHNICAL REPORT | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | SEXUAL TRAFFICKING | MIGRANT WORKERS | CHILD LABOR | HUMAN RIGHTS | POLICY | GOVERNMENT | LAWS AND STATUTES | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Political Factors Document Number: 327634 |
| 2. Title: Assessment of progress of the Postabortion Care Initiative in Francophone Africa. Author: Dieng T; Diadhiou M; Diop NJ; Faye Y Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Apr. [67] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: The regional conference on PAC in 2002 was an important first step for the introduction of PAC in countries of Francophone Africa. One outcome of the conference was a recommended model for the introduction of PAC services. In this model emphasis was placed on identification of national champions, advocacy to gain support for PAC services, the need for an initially vertical program, a pilot phase using an operations research approach, and training of trainers. During this six country assessment, these elements were highlighted as key determinants by national stakeholders. In particular the role of an initial OR study and utilization of the findings and the leadership of university professors as facilitating factors for PAC introduction was seen as being highly influential. Ten years later the context has changed. PAC services are widely accepted in most countries and so the challenges today are around scaling up, sustainability, supervision and re-supply of MVA equipment. Another important issue that countries are facing is the organization of services to offer FP to all clients and to link them with other relevant RH services. Partnerships with communities do not yet appear to be a crucial element for the ministries and their partners. Excerpt) Language: EnglishFrench Keywords: AFRICA, WESTERN | SUMMARY REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | POSTABORTION CARE | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | HEALTH SERVICES | LOGISTICS | MONITORING | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | LEGISLATION | LAWS AND STATUTES | Developing Countries | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health | Training Programs | Education | Management | Organization and Administration | Evaluation | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331588 |
3.  Title: Pharmacist conscience clauses and access to oral contraceptives. Author: Flynn DP Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2008 Jul;34(7):517-20. Abstract: The introduction of conscience clauses after the 1973 US Supreme Court decision in Roe v. Wade allowed physicians and nurses to opt out of medical procedures, particularly abortions, to which they were morally opposed. In recent years pharmacists have requested the same consideration with regard to dispensing some medicines. This paper examines the pharmacists' role and their professional and moral obligations to patients in the light of recent refusals by pharmacists to dispense oral contraceptives. A review of John Rawls's concepts of the "original position" and the "veil of ignorance", along with consideration of the concept of compartmentalisation, are used to assess pharmacists' requests and the moral and legal rights of patients to have their prescriptive needs met. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | LEGISLATION | LAWS AND STATUTES | PHARMACISTS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES | ETHICS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 328832 |
| 4. Title: Lo siento pero usted no esta bienvenido: U.S. travel policies and immigration laws for HIV-infected persons. Author: Jones KG; Jones SG Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 Jul-Aug;19(4):325-329. Abstract: Each year, thousands of individuals from around the world seek entry into the United States for either short stays or permanent residency. Although once considered the melting pot of the world for welcoming an influx of diversity, the United States generally prohibits HIV-infected individuals from entering the country. U.S. immigration law imposes travel and immigration regulations prohibiting individuals infected with HIV from entering the country without special waivers and permanent records of the travelers' HIV status inside their passports. With approximately 1.6 million people living with HIV in Latin America (United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS, 2007), these restrictions have an impact on HIV-infected Hispanics attempting to travel or immigrate to the United States. In essence, these persons with HIV may believe that the message being sent to them is "Lo siento pero usted no esta bienvenido" ("I am sorry but you are not welcome"). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | MIGRATION POLICY | HIV INFECTIONS | LAWS AND STATUTES | TRAVEL AND TOURISM | TRAVEL DOCUMENTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Permits | Legislation Document Number: 328320 |
| 5. Title: Lithuanian general practitioners' knowledge of confidentiality laws in adolescent sexual and reproductive healthcare: A cross-sectional study. Author: Lazarus JV; Jaruseviciene L; Liljestrand J Source: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2008 May;36(3):303-309. Abstract: In Lithuania, the legislation addressing confidentiality in adolescent healthcare is contradictory and vague. Previous studies have also revealed that medico-legal knowledge among physicians is poor, and attitudes play a correspondingly greater role than legal knowledge in ensuring the confidentiality of patients. The objective of this study was to survey the knowledge of Lithuanian general practitioner (GPs) of legal issues surrounding confidentiality for minors in sexual and reproductive healthcare. A 41-item questionnaire was sent to a random sample of 607 GPs. Their legal knowledge was evaluated with respect to the provisions of the Lithuanian Law on the Rights of Patients and Compensation for Health Damage. The analysis included descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression to estimate odds ratios for the eight independent variables (age, gender, type, location, ownership, size, frequency of consultations, and existence of a written office policy). The response rate was 73.5%. Of these respondents, 49.3% proved to be knowledgeable about legal standards protecting the confidentiality of adolescents in healthcare. Knowledgeability was found to be higher among GPs who had a written office policy that was based on the law. Respondents stated that the most important measure to improve confidentiality in adolescent healthcare would be the development of an explicit legal framework to address it. GPs' unfamiliarity with existing confidentiality regulations implies that there are ways to improve confidentiality in sexual and reproductive care beyond merely changing the law. This study suggests the need for a comprehensive strategy, including the development of professional guidelines and written office policies coupled with legal educational programmes directed at GPs. (author's) Language: English Keywords: LITHUANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH SERVICES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | LAWS AND STATUTES | PHYSICIANS | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Europe, Eastern | Europe | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Ethics | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel Document Number: 327583 |
| 6. Title: Women's rights, domestic violence, and recourse seeking in rural Bangladesh. Author: Schuler SR; Bates LM; Islam F Source: Violence Against Women. 2008 Mar;14(3):326-345. Abstract: This article seeks to deepen understanding of the reasons that abused women in a resource-poor rural setting seek recourse so seldom and with so little success. Data from in-depth interviews and group discussions are used to explore the range of responses to domestic violence and to examine barriers to recourse seeking. Findings illustrate how the combination of poverty and gender inequality, inequities in the legal framework, and patriarchal attitudes and corruption in both formal and informal institutions at the local level discourage abused women from seeking recourse and decrease the likelihood of a favorable outcome when they do. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN | RURAL POPULATION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | INEQUALITIES | LAWS AND STATUTES | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CULTURE | WOMEN'S STATUS | PERCEPTION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324188 |
| 7. Title: Sex worker incarceration in the People's Republic of China [editorial] Author: Tucker JD; Ren X Source: Sexually Transmitted Infections. 2008 Feb 1;84(1):34-35. Abstract: Tens of thousands of commercial sex workers in China are administratively detained each year in female re-education through labor (RTL) centres for moral education and vocational training. Recent increases in syphilis and heterosexual HIV make tailored HIV prevention efforts for sex workers increasingly important in many regions of China. However, RTL centres focused on detaining commercial sex workers have not traditionally been linked to sexually transmitted infections (STI)/HIV programmes. The stigma of being incarcerated and selling sex complicates STI/HIV prevention for these women. Incarcerated sex workers represent a particularly marginalised HIV risk group that has been excluded from domestic and international HIV programmes to date. Although several laws and administrative decrees provide a legal mandate for sex worker STI/HIV testing, treatment and rights, there is still substantial variation in how laws are implemented. Creating devoted medical services and legal aid for incarcerated sex workers is important in curbing the spread of heterosexual HIV and other STIs in China. Recent legal and social developments suggest that China's RTL system will be transformed in the near future, gaining momentum for reform that could improve the sexual and human rights of incarcerated sex workers. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | SEX WORKERS | PRISONS | HUMAN RIGHTS | STIGMA | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | RISK FACTORS | GOVERNMENT | POLICY | LAWS AND STATUTES | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Evaluation | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Biology Document Number: 323781 |
| 8. Title: Exploring sexuality: a journey towards embracing sexual rights. Author: Centre for Rights Education and Awareness [CREAW]; University of Nairobi. School of Law Source: Nairobi, Kenya, CREAW, [2007]. 42 p. (Youth Perspective Series 1) Abstract: This study was carried out between March and May 2006 as a joint project of the Center for Rights Education and Awareness (CREAW) and the School of Law, University of Nairobi and sought to address the following questions: What are the levels and sources of awareness on sexuality and sexuality-related rights among students at the School of Law in particular and the University of Nairobi in general? What is the nature and extent of sexuality-related rights' violations among students and staff at the School of Law? To what extent do both the law curricula and the university's administrative policies and practices address sexuality issues and sexuality-related rights? What are the prevailing perceptions, attitudes and practices among both students and staff at the School of Law in regard to sexuality and sexuality-related rights? What ought to be done to empower students at the School of Law in particular and University of Nairobi in general, to claim and protect their sexuality-related rights? (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | QUESTIONNAIRES | DATA COLLECTION | YOUTH | STUDENTS | RESPONDENTS | SEXUALITY | KNOWLEDGE | AWARENESS | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | HUMAN RIGHTS | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | GENDER ISSUES | LAWS AND STATUTES | SEX EDUCATION | RAPE | SEXUAL HARASSMENT | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 321134 |
| 9. Title: Hidden in the mealie meal: Gender-based abuses and women’s HIV treatment in Zambia. Author: Human Rights Watch Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2007 Dec. 96 p. (Human Rights Watch Vol 19, No. 18(A)) Abstract: Zambia is one of many countries setting ambitious targets for rapidly scaling up antiretroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS and is making impressive progress. It is addressing a range of obstacles to treatment and receiving substantial donor support to overcome them. However, women's unequal status in Zambian society gravely undermines their ability to access and adhere to antiretroviral treatment (ART), and the government is paying little if any attention to the gender dimension of treatment, especially the impact of entrenched discrimination and gender-based violence and abuse. Women in Zambia report that gender-based human rights abuses are, in fact, very real barriers to accessing and adhering to treatment. HIV programs, activists, and policy makers are increasingly recognizing that discrimination and violence against women must be addressed if the world is to combat the AIDS pandemic. But treatment policies and programs still tend to ignore the connection between domestic violence or women's insecure property rights and their ability to seek, access, and adhere to HIV treatment. Although the Zambian government has taken some steps to address violence and discrimination against women generally, major gaps remain in legislation, HIV treatment programs, and support services to address poverty among women living with HIV/AIDS. This must change if HIV treatment is to be provided equitably and to succeed in saving women's lives. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | TECHNICAL REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | HIV | TREATMENT | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | DECISION MAKING | HEALTH POLICY | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | LAWS AND STATUTES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Policy | Political Factors | Health Services Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 324343 |
| 10. Title: India's homosexual discrimination and health consequences. Author: Agoramoorthy G; Hsu MJ Source: Revista de Saude Publica / Journal of Public Health. 2007 Aug;41(4):657-660. Abstract: A large number of countries worldwide have legalized homosexual rights. But for 147 years, since when India was a British colony, Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code defines homosexuality as a crime, punishable by imprisonment. This outdated law violates the fundamental rights of homosexuals in India. Despite the fact that literature drawn from Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and modern fiction testify to the presence of same-sex love in various forms, homosexuality is still considered a taboo subject in India, by both the society and the government. In the present article, the continuation of the outdated colonial-era homosexuality law and its impact on the underprivileged homosexual society in India is discussed, as well as consequences to this group's health in relation to HIV infection. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | HOMOSEXUALS | LAWS AND STATUTES | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | HIV | AIDS | TABOO | STIGMA | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Culture | Social Problems Document Number: 319767 |
| 11. Title: Family law reform and the feminist debate: Actually-existing Islamic feminism in the Maghreb and Malaysia. Author: Archer B Source: Journal of International Women's Studies. 2007 May;8(4):49-59. Abstract: For an increasing number of Muslim women and women s rights activists, the stark disparity between the principles of justice and equality guaranteed by international and domestic legal norms on the one hand, and the oppressive environment of their homes that is legitimated by repressive family laws on the other, has acted as the catalyst for a unified call for reform. In the Maghreb, an influential Islamic feminist movement has successfully lobbied for family law reform, and this movement s positivist framework has recently been adopted as the model for Malaysia s increasingly vociferous demands for gender equality. Although secular feminists in the West frequently criticize the aims of this Islamic feminism as an oxymoronic anti-feminism, the Maghreby movement serves as proof that only an Islamic feminist reform model can serve as a pragmatic challenge to discriminatory laws. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NORTH AMERICA | MALAYSIA | CRITIQUE | WOMEN | ISLAM | FEMINISM | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | LAWS AND STATUTES | WOMEN'S RIGHTS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | INEQUALITIES | Developed Countries | Americas | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Demographic Factors | Population | Religion | Sociocultural Factors | Human Rights | Political Factors | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 319964 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: A tragically naive Canadian law for tragically neglected global health. Author: Attaran A Source: CMAJ. Canadian Medical Association Journal. 2007 Jun 5;176(12):1726-1727. Abstract: In May 2004 Canada's Parliament was the first in the world to subscribe to reforms enacted by the World Trade Organization, which promised to bring cheaper medicines to poor, epidemic-ridden developing countries. Parliament passed a new law, setting out an "access to medicines regime" that Canada's manufacturers of generic drugs could use to override the patents of brand name drugs in order to manufacture and export generic medicines according to the needs of governments and charities in poor countries. Canada's new law - the Jean Chrétien Pledge to Africa Act - was meant as a grand humanitarian project, and it got a fillip from numerous churches, labour unions, university groups, and especially nongovernment organizations such as the Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network and Médecins Sans Frontières, which lobbied vigorously for its passage. Parliament is now reviewing the law, 2 years after it came into force, but it faces this difficult reality: The law has never been used, and it has caused zero treatments to be manufactured for zero patients. Even the law's advocates concede that it "is failing to meet its goals." (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | HEALTH POLICY | PUBLIC HEALTH | DRUGS | LAWS AND STATUTES | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 317178 |
| 13. Title: Chinese women after the accession to the World Trade Organization: A legal perspective on women's labor rights. Author: Burda J Source: Feminist Economics. 2007 Jul-Oct;13(3-4):259-285. Abstract: The World Trade Organization's law is a potentially powerful instrument for improving the labor rights of Chinese working women, if it is complemented by a broad global and multilateral approach. In contrast to much of the writing on core labor standards, this contribution is based on legal analyses, exploring what is possible, practical, and desirable in terms of WTO law. This paper seeks to assess whether the WTO could be used to pressure the Chinese government to improve women's labor rights. Trade sanctions, even if they fulfill the stringent conditions to be justified under WTO law, do not appear to be the best strategy. The incentive approach, based on both the Generalized System of Preferences (GSP) unilateral scheme and bilateral agreements, appears to be the best solution for improving women's labor rights. Any use of this tool must complement a global and multilateral approach, including better vertical and horizontal cooperation, among other international organizations and civil society. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | LABOR FORCE | HUMAN RIGHTS | ORGANIZATIONS | LAWS AND STATUTES | SOCIAL CHANGE | ADVOCACY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Communication Document Number: 320601 |
| 14. Title: Women and HIV / AIDS in China: Gender and vulnerability. Author: Lin K; McElmurry BJ; Christiansen C Source: Health Care for Women International. 2007 Sep;28(8):680-699. Abstract: A comprehensive literature review was conducted to determine if there was a research gap between women's vulnerability to HIV and research addressing that vulnerability in China. Turmen's article Gender and HIV/AIDS served as a framework for examining the eight determinants placing women and adolescent girls at greater risk of HIV infection than men. Eighty-eight research reports were retrieved and categorized by general characteristics and the eight determinants. Women were found to be more vulnerable than men to HIV infection in China and worldwide. While researchers reported a considerable amount of research regarding women's HIV/AIDS-related issues in China, there is insufficient attention to some risk determinants. Investigators are encouraged to take advantage of political commitment and policy changes in China to conduct more research focusing on female vulnerability and to address the effects of violence, laws, stigma, and discrimination in female HIV prevention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | HIV INFECTIONS | RISK FACTORS | TRANSMISSION | VIOLENCE | LAWS AND STATUTES | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RISK ASSESSMENT | HIV PREVENTION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Biology | Infections | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation Document Number: 319620 |
| 15. Title: Available motherhood: Legal technologies, 'state of exception' and the dekinning of 'war-babies' in Bangladesh. Author: Mookherjee N Source: Childhood. 2007 Aug;14(3):339-354. Abstract: This article takes an ethnographical approach to explore the 'state of exception' through which legal technologies of abortion and adoption of 'war-babies' (children born as a result of wartime rapes) in the Bangladesh war enabled the dekinning and elimination of certain childhoods while the raped women were rekinned within legitimate heterosexual motherhoods. The role of the law in guaranteeing an erasure of blood relations ensured the regulation and availability of women's reproductive capacity and the categorization of the child by the state. Through this process, the Bangladeshi family planning programme was institutionalized, in the context of bilateral foreign aid relating to population control. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | CRITIQUE | MOTHERS | LAWS AND STATUTES | WAR | RAPE | WOMEN | WOMEN'S STATUS | SOCIAL PROTECTION | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | ADOPTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Political Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior Document Number: 313816 Notification |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Should caregivers be compelled to disclose patients' HIV infection to the patients' sex partners without consent? Author: Odunsi B Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2007 Dec;38(4):297-306. Abstract: The emergence of the HIV/AIDS pandemic has added to the tension between patients' private interests and public health interests regarding medical confidentiality. Many people become infected with HIV because they are unaware of the positive serostatus of their sexual partners. Informing or warning the sexual partners of HIV-positive patients of the patients' serostatus could assist in curtailing the spread of HIV/AIDS because sexual partners can thereby choose to avoid having unprotected sex with infected persons. By law, however, doctors have a duty to their patients to protect their medical confidentiality. Doctors, therefore, face a dilemma concerning which should prevail: patients' right to privacy and confidentiality or the importance to society of controlling the spread of the pandemic. Most medical regulatory bodies do not take clear-cut positions on the issue, leaving the decision to the discretion of individual doctors. The question of whether doctors should be legally empowered to breachthe confidence of patients to protect the patients' sexual partners is discussed here with reference to the existing laws of Canada, the United States, and Nigeria. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CANADA | NIGERIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PHYSICIANS | HIV TESTING | SEXUAL PARTNERS | NOTIFICATION | ETHICS | LAWS AND STATUTES | HEALTH POLICY | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | North America | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy Document Number: 322347 |
| 17. Title: Enrolling adolescents in HIV vaccine trials: Reflections on legal complexities from South Africa. Author: Slack C; Strode A; Fleischer T; Gray G; Ranchod C Source: BMC Medical Ethics. 2007 May 13;8(1):5. Abstract: South Africa is likely to be the first country in the world to host an adolescent HIV vaccine trial. Adolescents may be enrolled in late 2007. In the development and review of adolescent HIV vaccine trial protocols there are many complexities to consider, and much work to be done if these important trials are to become a reality. This article sets out essential requirements for the lawful conduct of adolescent research in South Africa including compliance with consent requirements, child protection laws, and processes for the ethical and regulatory approval of research. This article outlines likely complexities for researchers and research ethics committees, including determining that trial interventions meet current risk standards for child research. Explicit recommendations are made for role-players in other jurisdictions who may also be planning such trials. This article concludes with concrete steps for implementing these important trials in South Africa and other jurisdictions, including planning for consent processes; delineating privacy rights; compiling information necessary for ethics committees to assess risks to child participants; training trial site staff to recognize when disclosures trig mandatory reporting response; networking among relevant ethics committees; and lobbying the National Regulatory Authority for guidance. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV PREVENTION | VACCINES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | TRAINING PROGRAMS | ETHICS | LAWS AND STATUTES | INFORMED CONSENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Technology | Economic Factors | Education | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 318119 |
| 18. Title: Approval of laws on the prevention and control of HIV / AIDS and gender equality. Source: Vietnam Population News. 2006 Oct-Dec;(41):1-2. Abstract: On 29 June 2006, the National Assembly (NA) of Viet Nam approved the Laws on the Prevention and Control of HIV/AIDS. The law comprises six chapters with 50 articles. Chapter I identifies rights and duties of HIV infected persons; responsibilities of ministries, civil societies, individuals and families in the prevention and control of HIV/AIDS; Government policies; and acts that are restrictly prohibited. In chapter II, measures for prevention and control of HIV/AIDS include IEC and mobilization of participation of ministries, civil societies, individuals and families. Epidemic surveillance, and counselling and tests are mentioned in Chapter III. Chapter IV consists of articles on treatment, care and support for HIV infected persons. Articles ensuring the implementation of the law. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: VIETNAM | SUMMARY REPORT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | LAWS AND STATUTES | LEGISLATION | HIV PREVENTION | INEQUALITIES | GENDER ISSUES | AIDS PREVENTION | IEC | INFORMATION | EDUCATION | COMMUNICATION | WOMEN'S STATUS | LITERACY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | AIDS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Crime | Social Problems Document Number: 308282 |
| 19. Title: Strengthened Rule of Law and Respect for Human Rights in Nepal. Annual report: 1 October 2005 through 30 September 2006. Author: Associates in Rural Development [ARD] Source: [Kathmandu], Nepal, United States Agency for International Development [USAID], 2006 Oct 31. [30] p. (USAID Award No. 367-C-00-04-00097-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PD-ACJ-885) Abstract: During PY 05-06, there were two judicial tours, one to Washington, DC, and one to Boston, Massachusetts, during which Supreme Court Justices, lower court judges, and court staff learned about court-connected mediation, court and bar relations, case administration, time management, judicial ethics, and judicial independence. The Project supported case briefing projects at the Supreme Court for the purpose of reducing case backlogs. The Project also supported training for court staff in software and computer maintenance and supported a data entry program using data from the case briefing projects. The Project worked with the Lalitpur District Court, Special Court, and Parsa District Court to improve court archives and supported development of a software program for archiving. The Project supported development of case tracking software at the Lalitpur District Court and the Special Court, and prepared Case Tracking Guidelines for use by staff at the two courts. In addition to photographic documentation of court infrastructure, the Project supplied furniture, computers, printers, and office equipment to the Lalitpur District Court and the Patan Appellate Court. The Project supported publication of 13 volumes of Supreme Court Decisions. This was the first time that Supreme Court Decisions having precedential value were reviewed and published with an analysis. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | ANNUAL REPORT | HUMAN RIGHTS | LAWS AND STATUTES | LITIGATION | ON-THE-JOB TRAINING | LOGISTICS | COURT DECISION | POLITICAL FACTORS | JOURNALISM | COORDINATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sociocultural Factors | Training Programs | Education | Management | Organization and Administration | Mass Media | Communication Document Number: 319562 |
| 20. Title: Domestic violence legislation in Albania: post activity report. Author: Chemonics International. Women's Legal Rights Initiative Source: [Tirana], Albania, Chemonics International, Women's Legal Rights Initiative, 2006 Oct. [27] p. (USAID Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00016-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADH-805) Abstract: The purpose of this law is: To prevent and reduce domestic violence in all its forms by appropriate legal means, To guarantee legal protection to members of the family who are subjects of domestic violence, paying particular attention to needs of children, the elderly and the disabled. Objectives of this law are: To set up a coordinated network of responsible authorities for protection, support and rehabilitation of victims, mitigation of consequences and prevention of domestic violence; To direct efforts for the set up of responsible structures and authorities at the central and local level in support of victims and prevention of domestic violence; To empower the judiciary in taking protection measures against domestic violence; and To ensure/guarantee quick, affordable and simple services to the victims of domestic violence provided by courts and other law enforcement agencies in compliance to the law. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | CRITIQUE | TERMINOLOGY | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLASSIFICATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | GOVERNMENT AGENCIES | POLICE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | LAWS AND STATUTES | COORDINATION | COURT DECISION | USAID | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases | Organization and Administration | Litigation Document Number: 312561 |
| 21. Title: Prosecutor protocol on domestic violence in Albania. Author: Chemonics International. Women's Legal Rights Initiative Source: [Tirana], Albania, Chemonics International, Women's Legal Rights Initiative, 2006 Oct. 6 p. (USAID Contract No. GEW-I-00-02-00016-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADH-803) Abstract: The goal of domestic violence prosecution is: To prevent and reduce domestic violence in all its forms by appropriate legal Means; To guarantee legal protection, especially safety, to members of the family who are subjects of domestic violence with special attention to children, the elderly and the disabled; To uphold the law; To hold the abuser accountable; To provide an opportunity for abuser rehabilitation if appropriate. Because of the nature of domestic violence, the likelihood that this is not the first offense nor will it be the last, and the ongoing danger to the victim and others, a domestic violence case will be charged if it meets the criteria even if the victim does not wish to proceed with prosecution. Often times the abuser is threatening the victim to withdraw charges and if the prosecutor insists on going forward, the abuser will see that domestic violence is a crime against the state like any other crime and marriage does not give a person a right to violate the law. Further threats and abuse to the victim will not result in charges being dropped but only in more charges being brought. It is very important to get statements, photos and evidence at the time of the incident because minds quickly change due to threats, a belief that the abuser will change or the necessity to maintain the abuser in the household for income. Speaking to the victim early on will help reduce the fear of the victim and begin to make the victim more comfortable with the prosecutor. Consider asking the court to accept pre-trial admission of evidence because of the likelihood that the victim will be threatened to deny the violence and stop the process. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | MANUAL | TERMINOLOGY | CLASSIFICATION | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | COURT DECISION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERVIEWS | LEGISLATION | LAWS AND STATUTES | USAID | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Litigation | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases | Data Collection | Government Agencies | Organizations Document Number: 312563 |
| 22. Title: Global Consultation on the Rights of People Living with HIV to Sexual and Reproductive Health, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, March 27-30, 2006. Meeting report. Working draft. Author: Global Consultation on the Rights of People Living with HIV to Sexual and Reproductive Health (2006: Addis Ababa) Source: [Unpublished] 2006 Aug. 31 p. Abstract: The global consultation on the rights of people living with HIV to sexual and reproductive health, held in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, from March 27-30, 2006, was coconvened by EngenderHealth, the United Nations Fund for Population Activities (UNFPA), and the World Health Organization (WHO), with involvement from key partners. The objective of the consultation was to identify key issues related to policies and programmes that support the sexual and reproductive health and rights of people living with HIV. A series of six background papers was commissioned by WHO and three papers by UNFPA and EngenderHealth. The background papers were used as a basis for drawing out key issues for discussion during the global consultation. The consultation was inaugurated by the Minister of Health, Ethiopia, and included international participants from networks of women, men and young people living with HIV, as well as policymakers, programme managers, researchers and representatives from donor and UN agencies. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ETHIOPIA | SUMMARY REPORT | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE RIGHTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | COMMUNITY WORKERS | HEALTH POLICY | LAWS AND STATUTES | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Human Rights | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Policy Document Number: 306798 |
| 23. Title: SIECUS PEPFAR country profiles: focusing in on prevention and youth. Cote d'Ivoire. Author: Sexuality Information and Education Council of the United States [SIECUS] Source: New York, New York, SIECUS, [2006]. [8] p. (SIECUS PEPFAR Country Profiles: Focusing in on Prevention and Youth) Abstract: Côte d'Ivoire has the highest HIV rate in West Africa, with a national prevalence rate of 7%, translating to approximately 570,000 Ivorians living with HIV/AIDS. In Côte d'Ivoire, in addition to widespread violence, poverty exacerbates the crisis by diminishing access to information, testing, treatment, and care on all levels. Poverty also constrains individuals' choices about sexual behavior and makes them more vulnerable to infection, especially those who are additionally marginalized or disempowered such as women and young people. For example, a 1996 study showed that 8.2% of women in Côte d'Ivoire ages 20-24 were engaged in commercial sex work. Officials at the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) are concerned that the ongoing conflict is leading to an increase in commercial sex work and transactional sex amongst displaced people in the city, who are mostly poor and jobless. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: COTE D'IVOIRE | SUMMARY REPORT | YOUTH | SEXUALITY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | LAWS AND STATUTES | HUMAN RIGHTS | FUNDS | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities Document Number: 304120 |
| 24. Title: Collection of international instruments and other legal texts concerning refugees and others of concern to UNHCR. 1. International instruments: UNHCR, refugees and asylum, statelessness, internally displaced persons, migrants, human rights. Provisional release. Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, 2006 Nov. [585] p. Abstract: The first edition of the Collection of International Instruments Concerning Refugees was published in 1979. Thereafter, the compilation was updated regularly as new developments took place in the international law relating to refugees and other persons of concern to UNHCR. The 2006 edition takes account of the increasingly apparent inter-relationship and complimentarity between, on one hand, international refugee law and, on the other, human rights, humanitarian, criminal and other bodies of law. The Collection features over 240 instruments and legal texts drawn from across this broad spectrum. Compared to the earlier edition of the Collection, this edition includes many international instruments and legal texts relating to issues such as statelessness, the internally displaced and the asylum-migration debate (such as trafficking, smuggling, maritime and aviation law and migrants) as well as matters such as torture, discrimination, detention and the protection of women and children. The range of relevant regional instruments and legal texts have also been enhanced, not least to ensure that they are used more effectively while advocating for refugees and others of concern to UNHCR. Today, users can access veritable reference resources by electronic means. The Collection itself is accessible on-line. For users not able to access electronic facilities, it provides, in hard copy, the most important instruments in a manner easy to use in daily work. Indeed, even for those otherwise able to take advantage of electronic facilities, the availability of these instruments systematically in a single source offers unique facility and benefits. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | REFUGEES | CHILD | WOMEN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | MIGRANT WORKERS | LABOR FORCE | UN | HUMAN RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SLAVES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LAWS AND STATUTES | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Settlement and Resettlement | Human Resources | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 314639 |
| 25. Title: Collection of international instruments and other legal texts concerning refugees and others of concern to UNHCR. 2. International instruments: international humanitarian law, international criminal law, international maritime and aviation law, miscellaneous. Provisional release. Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, 2006 Nov. [415] p. Abstract: The first edition of the Collection of International Instruments Concerning Refugees was published in 1979. Thereafter, the compilation was updated regularly as new developments took place in the international law relating to refugees and other persons of concern to UNHCR. The 2006 edition takes account of the increasingly apparent inter-relationship and complimentarity between, on one hand, international refugee law and, on the other, human rights, humanitarian, criminal and other bodies of law. The Collection features over 240 instruments and legal texts drawn from across this broad spectrum. Compared to the earlier edition of the Collection, this edition includes many international instruments and legal texts relating to issues such as statelessness, the internally displaced and the asylum-migration debate (such as trafficking, smuggling, maritime and aviation law and migrants) as well as matters such as torture, discrimination, detention and the protection of women and children. The range of relevant regional instruments and legal texts have also been enhanced, not least to ensure that they are used more effectively while advocating for refugees and others of concern to UNHCR. Today, users can access veritable reference resources by electronic means. The Collection itself is accessible on-line. For users not able to access electronic facilities, it provides, in hard copy, the most important instruments in a manner easy to use in daily work. Indeed, even for those otherwise able to take advantage of electronic facilities, the availability of these instruments systematically in a single source offers unique facility and benefits. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | REFUGEES | CHILD | WOMEN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | MIGRANT WORKERS | UN | LABOR FORCE | HUMAN RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SLAVES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LAWS AND STATUTES | LEGISLATION | MIGRATION POLICY | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Settlement and Resettlement | Human Resources | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Marriage | Nuptiality | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 314638 |
| 26. Title: Collection of international instruments and other legal texts concerning refugees and others of concern to UNHCR. 3. Regional instruments: Africa, Middle East, Asia, Americas. Provisional release. Author: United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees [UNHCR] Source: Geneva, Switzerland, UNHCR, 2006 Nov. [385] p. Abstract: The first edition of the Collection of International Instruments Concerning Refugees was published in 1979. Thereafter, the compilation was updated regularly as new developments took place in the international law relating to refugees and other persons of concern to UNHCR. The 2006 edition takes account of the increasingly apparent inter-relationship and complimentarity between, on one hand, international refugee law and, on the other, human rights, humanitarian, criminal and other bodies of law. The Collection features over 240 instruments and legal texts drawn from across this broad spectrum. Compared to the earlier edition of the Collection, this edition includes many international instruments and legal texts relating to issues such as statelessness, the internally displaced and the asylum-migration debate (such as trafficking, smuggling, maritime and aviation law and migrants) as well as matters such as torture, discrimination, detention and the protection of women and children. The range of relevant regional instruments and legal texts have also been enhanced, not least to ensure that they are used more effectively while advocating for refugees and others of concern to UNHCR. Today, users can access veritable reference resources by electronic means. The Collection itself is accessible on-line. For users not able to access electronic facilities, it provides, in hard copy, the most important instruments in a manner easy to use in daily work. Indeed, even for those otherwise able to take advantage of electronic facilities, the availability of these instruments systematically in a single source offers unique facility and benefits. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | AFRICA, NORTH | MIDDLE EAST | ASIA | AMERICAS | SUMMARY REPORT | REFUGEES | CHILD | WOMEN | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | MIGRANT WORKERS | LABOR FORCE | UN | HUMAN RIGHTS | VIOLENCE | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SLAVES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | LAWS AND STATUTES | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Settlement and Resettlement | Human Resources | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 314640 |
| 27. Title: Good research practice in the National Public Health Institute. Handbook. Version 3.1. Author: Aromaa A; Huovinen P; Kantanen ML; Penttinen J; Sarjakoski M Source: Helsinki, Finland, National Public Health Institute, 2006. 119 p. (Publications of the National Public Health Institute B4/2006) Abstract: This book contains recommendations, guidelines and legislation concerning research carried out in the National Public Health Institute (KTL) and it also describes the practices to be followed. It comprises the most important international recommendations, Finnish laws and good practices to be followed in medical research. The book gives guidance on the preparation of a study plan, on ethical issues, on obtaining permits and informed consent as well as on funding issues. When a study has been performed according to this book, the researcher can state that the work has been carried out according to good research practice in KTL. The book begins with a chapter "Good research practice summarized" and ends with reviews on the characteristics of several research types. These are animal experiments, clinical sample studies (laboratory studies), clinical research, epidemiological and other population based research, health-related behavioural and social research and register-based research. In parallel with the printed book we publish an Internet version in Finnish, with links to current laws, decrees and other references. The Internet version is the official one and the Editorial Board makes every effort to keep it up-to-date. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | MANUAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | STUDY DESIGN | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | POLICYMAKERS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BEST PRACTICES | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | PUBLIC HEALTH | LAWS AND STATUTES | MEDICINE | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | GRANTS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Health Services | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 311703 |
| 28. Title: Women, law and human rights in Southern Africa. Author: Banda F Source: Journal of Southern African Studies. 2006 Mar;32(1):13-27. Abstract: This article examines the development of human rights in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). It looks at personal laws and the attempts of parties in postcolonial states to deal with conflicts that arise between the dictates of state customary law, which may be discriminatory towards women, and the move towards embracing human rights with their focus on the removal of sex and gender-based discrimination. While it is clear that there has been enormous progress made in enshrining women's rights, the article urges caution, noting that there are limits to the law's power to change behaviour. Law cannot always provide a solution to discrimination rooted in socio-economic and cultural dispossession. The article is divided into four parts. Part one introduces the legal systems of the region. Part two offers a discussion of the different constitutional models illustrated by case law relating to inheritance. Part three provides an overview of the African engagement with human rights before moving on to consider the two Declarations of the SADC in dealing with gender-based discrimination and violence against women. Part four focuses on the rights contained within the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People's Rights on the Rights of Women, adopted by the African Union in July 2003. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | WOMEN | LAWS AND STATUTES | HUMAN RIGHTS | LEGISLATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | INHERITANCE | COURT DECISION | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Ownership | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Litigation Document Number: 317331 |
| 29. Title: A sense of direction. The trafficking of women and children from Nepal, 2006. A report from Asha-Nepal. Author: Bashford P Source: Emberton, England, Asha-Nepal, 2006. 86 p. Abstract: With a growing awareness that beliefs, attitudes and the popular stance on trafficking of women and children from Nepal were second-hand, outdated and partisan, played down by government and overblown by others, the trustees of Asha-Nepal decided they needed a first-hand, current and thoroughly researched report. This report is based on meetings with Nepali non-governmental organisations (NGOs), international NGOs (INGOs), government departments, victims of trafficking and other stakeholders, plus field studies, all carried out in Nepal and India during Oct-Dec 2005. In addition, material has been gathered from reports by stakeholders published during 2005, further communications with NGOs and INGOs involved in counter-trafficking in SE Asia post-field visit, and other relevant reports. We originally planned to issue this report in March 2006 due to the volatile political situation at that time, we held the report back. Now that democracy has been restored, we are optimistic that the findings and recommendations herein may reach a more receptive audience and help inform policy changes within government as well as the wider NGO and NGO community. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | SUMMARY REPORT | DATA REPORTING | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SEX WORKERS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | EMPLOYMENT | EDUCATION | PHYSICAL ABUSE | LEGISLATION | AWARENESS | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | LAWS AND STATUTES | OBSTACLES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Violence | Political Factors | Knowledge | Organization and Administration Document Number: 321143 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: WHO launches taskforce to fight counterfeit drugs. Author: Burns W Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Sep;84(9):685-764. Abstract: The International Medical Products Anti-Counterfeiting Taskforce (IMPACT) aims to put a stop to the deadly trade in fake drugs, which studies suggest kill thousands of people every year. "We need to help people become more aware of the growing market in counterfeit medicines and the public health risks associated with this illegal practice," said Dr Howard Zucker, Assistant Director-General for the Health Technology and Pharmaceuticals cluster of departments at WHO. The taskforce will encourage the public, distributors, pharmacists and hospital staff to inform the authorities about their suspicions regarding the authenticity of a drug or vaccine. In a parallel move, the taskforce will help governments crack down on corruption in the sections of their police forces and customs authorities charged with enforcing laws against drug counterfeiting. Drug manufacturers will be encouraged to make their products more difficult to fake. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | DRUGS | VACCINES | DISTRIBUTIONAL ACTIVITIES | COMMERCE | SAFETY | WHO | POLITICAL FACTORS | LAWS AND STATUTES | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 305974 |
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