1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Women's perspectives on family planning service quality: an exploration of differences by race, ethnicity and language. Author: Becker D; Klassen AC; Koenig MA; LaVeist TA; Sonenstein FL; Tsui AO Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;41(3):158-65. Abstract: CONTEXT: Despite calls to make family planning services more responsive to the values, needs and preferences of clients, few studies have asked clients about their experiences or values, and most have used surveys framed by researchers', rather than clients', perspectives. METHODS: Forty in-depth interviews exploring lifetime experiences with and values regarding services were conducted with 18-36-year-old women who visited family planning clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2007. Women were categorized as black, white, English- or Spanish-speaking Latina, or of mixed ethnicity to allow examination of differences by racial, ethnic and language group. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and coded thematically; matrices were then used to compare the themes that emerged across the subgroups. RESULTS: Eight themes emerged as important to women's views of services: service accessibility, information provision, attention to client comfort, providers' personalization of care, service organization, providers' empathy, technical quality of care and providers' respect for women's autonomy. Women reported that it was important to feel comfortable during visits, to feel that their decision-making autonomy was respected, to have providers show empathy and be nonjudgmental, and to see the same provider across visits. The only notable difference among racial, ethnic and language groups was that Spanish-speaking Latinas wanted to receive language-appropriate care and contraceptive information. CONCLUSIONS: Future surveys of family planning service quality should include measures of the factors that women value in such care, and efforts to improve providers' communication and counseling skills should emphasize the personalization of services and respect for clients' autonomy. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING | LANGUAGE | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNICATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Clinic Activities Document Number: 342713 |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to research and capacity building at Hispanic-serving institutions: the case of HIV/AIDS research at the University of Puerto Rico. Author: Bernal G; Ortiz-Torres B Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Apr;99 Suppl 1:S60-5. Abstract: Substantive barriers to research, such as cultural, language, and methodological variables, exist in Hispanic-serving institutions. Historical and contextual variables account for the differences between academic settings with research-intensive centers and those with limited infrastructure for competitive research. We provide a case example to serve as a model for developing and strengthening the research infrastructure in Hispanic-serving institutions and for providing the mentorship Latino investigators may need to compete with other investigators in research-intensive centers. We present recommendations to reduce these barriers. Language: English Keywords: PUERTO RICO | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CASE STUDIES | EXPERIMENTAL MODELS | HISPANICS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | UNIVERSITIES | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | HIV | AIDS | CAPACITY BUILDING | CULTURE | LANGUAGE | PARTICIPATION | Caribbean | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Schools | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Social Behavior | Behavior Document Number: 330955 |
| 3. Title: Youth as research fieldworkers in a context of HIV/AIDS Author: Francis D; Hemson C Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):223-230. Abstract: While youth-to-youth research approaches have increased in both popularity and practice, our understanding of the processes and mechanisms underlying the successes or failures of 'peer researchers' is still developing. This study addresses the question through qualitative research, drawing on observations of the process of training out-of-school youths as research fieldworkers, reflections on the interviews with respondents, and focus group discussions with the young fieldworkers. The authors found several advantages to using fieldworkers who are close in their characteristics to that of respondents. These benefits included ready access to respondents, the immediate use of language appropriate to the respondents, and an ability to swiftly establish rapport. They authors also observed several limitations: the peer researchers struggled with the wish of some respondents to establish supportive friendships with them, they lacked the authority of an academic researcher, and they sometimes resorted to false promises in attempts to get cooperation. The authors conclude that using youths as peer researchers is neither better nor worse than using professional researchers, but each approach can produce its own challenges and possibilities. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | INTERVIEWERS | PEER GROUPS | HIV INFECTIONS | TRAINING PROGRAMS | POWER | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | LANGUAGE | ETHICS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Survey Personnel | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior Document Number: 339895 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Health discourse, sexual slang and ideological contradictions among Mozambican youth: implications for method. Author: Groes-Green C Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Aug;11(6):655-668. Abstract: Findings from fieldwork on condom use among young people in Mozambique confirm the need to remain alert to the ideological and linguistic bias of applied research methods. Using conventional health discourse to interview young people about their sexuality resulted in incorrect or socially acceptable answers rather than accurate information about their sexual behavior. In order to gain a deeper understanding of sexual cultures and to make HIV prevention efforts relevant to young people, the author suggests that researchers and policy-makers approach respondents with a language that is sensitive to the local ideological and linguistic context. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | FOCUS GROUPS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | LANGUAGE | INTERVIEWS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | VALIDITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 339891 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: South African teachers' reflections on the impact of culture on their teaching of sexuality and HIV/AIDS. Author: Helleve A; Flisher AJ; Onya H; Mukoma W; Klepp KI Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):189-204. Abstract: The authors investigated how teachers respond to perceived cultural differences between the local community and the content of their teaching. Data were collected through interviews with teachers who taught students in grades 8 or 9 in public high schools. The teachers expressed differing viewpoints on the rationale for teaching about HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Many teachers saw teaching these topics as a response to declining moral standards, while others suggested that they were teaching issues that parents failed to address. The teachers were more concerned about young people's sexual behavior than about preventing HIV/AIDS. They perceived that cultural contradictions between what was taught and local cultural values were an issue to which they needed to respond, although they differed in terms of how to respond. Some took an adaptive approach to try to avoid conflicts, while others claimed the moral neutrality of their teaching. Teaching about sexuality was perceived to be challenging in terms of language and communication norms. Teaching about HIV/AIDS was perceived as challenging because teachers often needed to convince students about the reality of AIDS. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | TEACHERS | COMMUNITY | CULTURE | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALITY | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | MOTIVATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | LANGUAGE | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 341086 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to Canadian immigrants: perceptions of healthcare providers. Author: Newbold KB; Willinsky J Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 May;11(4):369-382. Abstract: Cultural impacts on health experiences and behaviours are profound in the area of reproductive health and family planning. Explored through interviews with family planning healthcare professionals, this paper evaluates their experiences in providing family planning and reproductive healthcare to immigrants in the Greater Toronto and Hamilton area of Ontario, Canada. Results reveal the complexity of delivering care to members of this group, particularly when dealing with language barriers, situations when professional and non-professional interpreters are used, and instances where healthcare professionals realize that they themselves have misconceptions and misunderstandings about other cultures. The paper concludes by discussing future research options and implications for the delivery of reproductive health family planning services to this population. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IMMIGRANTS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | PERCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL CHARACTERISTICS | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL EVALUATION | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | LANGUAGE | BELIEFS | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | North America, Northern | Americas | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Communication | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 330417 |
7.  Title: SAWAKA Jali Watoto Program supporting most-vulnerable children, Tanzania. A case study. Author: Nyangara F; Matiko C; Kalungwa Z Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Jul. 25 p. Abstract: In 2007-2008, the MEASURE Evaluation project evaluated the Jali Watoto (Care for Children) project in Tanzania. Jali Watoto is a child- and community-centered program that provides support to most-vulnerable children and their caregivers. The evaluation assessed the effectiveness of the program model in improving the well-being of most-vulnerable children and their caregivers in communities affected by HIV / AIDS. In addition, the paper outlines the programmatic implications of the findings for service providers and other stakeholders and makes recommendations regarding effective, replicable interventions. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | SUMMARY REPORT | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | CARE AND SUPPORT | NEEDS | LANGUAGE | NUTRITION | EDUCATION | MALNUTRITION | RECOMMENDATIONS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Economic Factors | Communication | Nutrition Disorders Document Number: 331827 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: The language of "sexual minorities" and the politics of identity: a position paper. Author: Petchesky RP Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):105-110. Abstract: In any highly contested political domain, language can be a potent force for change or an obstacle to understanding and coalition building across difference. This is surely the case in the global debates over sexuality and gender, where even those terms themselves have aroused heated conflicts. In this spirit, we want to challenge the uncritical use of the term “sexual minorities”, based on a number of historical and conceptual problems with which that term – like the larger thicket of identities and identity politics it signifies – is encumbered. These include: ignoring history, legitimating dubious normativity, fixing biological categories, and recreating exclusions. With this struggle, we seem caught in a modernist dilemma between two desires: to name and honour difference by signifying identities and to avoid exclusivity and hierarchy by reclaiming universals. The insistence of diverse groups on naming themselves and achieving recognition of their distinctness and variety will go on as long as aspirations for democracy exist, because that is the nature and necessity of emancipatory politics. At the same time, our language needs to reflect the fluidity and complexity of sexuality and gender expressions in everyday life and their intricate interweaving with other conditions such as class, race, ethnicity, time and place. Spanish Abstract: En toda esfera política muy refutada, el idioma puede ser una fuerza potente para lograr cambios o un obstáculo a la comprensión y al desarrollo de coalición para saldar diferencias. Indudablemente, ese es el caso en los debates mundiales sobre la sexualidad y el género, donde incluso esos mismos términos han suscitado conflictos acalorados. En ese espíritu, queremos cuestionar el uso ciego del término “minorías sexuales”, basándonos en varios problemas históricos y conceptuales de los cuales está cargado ese término, como el matorral más amplio de identidades y política de identidades que significa. Algunos ejemplos son: hacer caso omiso de la historia, legitimar normatividad dudosa, arreglar categorías biológicas y recrear exclusiones. Con esta lucha, parecemos estar atrapados en un dilema modernista entre dos deseos: nombrar y honrar diferencias expresando identidades y evitar la exclusividad y jerarquía reclamando universales. La insistencia de diversos grupos en autonombrarse y lograr el reconocimiento de su particularidad y variedad perdurará siempre que existan aspiraciones de democracia, porque esa es la naturaleza y necesidad de la política emancipadora. A la vez, nuestro idioma debe reflejar la fluidez y complejidad de las expresiones de sexualidad y género en la vida cotidiana, así como su intrincado entrelazado con otras condiciones como clase, raza, etnia, tiempo y lugar. French Abstract: Dans tout domaine politique très contesté, le langage peut être une force puissante de changement ou un obstacle à la compréhension et à la création de coalitions dépassant les différences. C'est sûrement le cas dans les débats mondiaux sur la sexualité et le genre, où même ces termes ont suscité des conflits houleux. Dans cet esprit, nous souhaitons remettre en question l'utilisation non critique de l'expression « minorités sexuelles », en nous basant sur les problèmes historiques et conceptuels avec lesquels ce terme, comme l'enchevêtrement d'identités et de politiques identitaires qu'il signifie, est associé. Ignorer l'histoire, légitimer une normativité douteuse, fixer des catégories biologiques et recréer des exclusions figurent au nombre de ces problèmes. Avec cette lutte, nous semblons nous trouver dans un dilemme moderniste pris entre deux désirs : désigner et honorer la différence en signifiant des identités, et éviter l'exclusivité et la hiérarchie en récupérant des normes universelles. L'insistance de divers groupes pour se nommer eux-mêmes et faire reconnaître leur différence se poursuivra aussi longtemps que les aspirations à la démocratie existeront, car telle est la nature et la nécessité des politiques émancipatoires. En même temps, notre langage doit refléter la fluidité et la complexité des expressions de la sexualité et du genre dans la vie quotidienne et leurs liens complexes avec d'autres conditions comme la classe, la race, l'origine ethnique, le temps et le lieu. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | MINORITY GROUPS | GENDER ISSUES | SEXUALITY | POLITICAL FACTORS | LANGUAGE | ADVOCACY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Social Problems | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342019 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Comprehension of a prototype emergency contraception package label by female adolescents. Author: Raymond EG; L'Engle KL; Tolley EE; Ricciotti N; Arnold MV; Park S Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):199-205. Abstract: BACKGROUND: We evaluated female adolescents' comprehension of a prototype over-the-counter package label for an emergency contraceptive pill product. STUDY DESIGN: Volunteers aged 12-17 years who could read English were recruited at malls and clinics in six United States metropolitan areas. After completing a literacy assessment, subjects examined the prototype package and answered 20 questions that assessed understanding of six key concepts related to appropriate use of the product. RESULTS: The analysis population included 335 subjects, 54 to 59 of each year of age between 12 and 17 years. When asked what the product is used for, 264 respondents (79%) specifically indicated contraception. The six key concepts were each understood by 83-96% of subjects. In all 24 population subgroups examined, each key concept was understood by at least 72% of subjects. CONCLUSION: Female adolescents aged 17 years and younger understand the prototype package label well enough to enable safe and effective use without assistance from a clinician. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | READING | LANGUAGE | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | AGE FACTORS | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Adolescents | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Literacy | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Sociocultural Factors | Education | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 330058 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers to adolescents' getting emergency contraception through pharmacy access in California: differences by language and region. Author: Sampson O; Navarro SK; Khan A; Hearst N; Raine TR; Gold M; Miller S; de Bocanegra HT Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;41(2):110-8. Abstract: CONTEXT: In California, emergency contraception is available without a prescription to females younger than 18 through pharmacy access. Timely access to the method is critical to reduce the rate of unintended pregnancy among adolescents, particularly Latinas. METHODS: In 2005-2006, researchers posing as English- and Spanish-speaking females-who said they either were 15 and had had unprotected intercourse last night or were 18 and had had unprotected sex four days ago-called 115 pharmacy-access pharmacies in California. Each pharmacy received one call using each scenario; a call was considered successful if the caller was told she could come in to obtain the method. Chi-square tests were used to assess differences between subgroups. In-depth interviews with 22 providers and pharmacists were also conducted, and emergent themes were identified. RESULTS: Thirty-six percent of all calls were successful. Spanish speakers were less successful than English speakers (24% vs. 48%), and callers to rural pharmacies were less successful than callers to urban ones (27% vs. 44%). Although rural pharmacies were more likely to offer Spanish-language services, Spanish-speaking callers to these pharmacies were the least successful of all callers (17%). Spanish speakers were also less successful than English speakers when calling urban pharmacies (30% vs. 57%). Interviews suggested that little cooperation existed between pharmacists and clinicians and that dispensing the method at clinics was a favorable option for adolescents. CONCLUSIONS: Adolescents face significant barriers to obtaining emergency contraception, but the expansion of Spanish-language services at pharmacies and greater collaboration between providers and pharmacists could improve access. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS | HISPANICS | LANGUAGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | OBSTACLES | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning | Organization and Administration | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Program Evaluation Document Number: 341529 |
| 11. Title: "Tell me so I know you understand": pharmacists' verification of patients' comprehension of antiretroviral dosage instructions in a cross-cultural context. Author: Watermeyer J; Penn C Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2009 May;75(2):205-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Patient comprehension of dosage instructions is an essential condition for adherence to treatment regimens, but previous studies show that pharmacists do not generally check understanding. This study aims to describe and discuss the effectiveness of various strategies for verifying patients' understanding of ARV dosage instructions in a cross-cultural context. METHODS: Twenty-six cross-cultural pharmacist-patient interactions in an ARV pharmacy in South Africa were analysed using Conversation Analysis techniques. Interviews with participants were analysed using Thematic Content Analysis. RESULTS: Various strategies for verifying patient understanding were identified in the data, including eliciting a demonstration of understanding, using specific questions to verify understanding, using response solicitations and monitoring patients' verbal and non-verbal responses. These strategies are illustrated with relevant data extracts. Interviews revealed that patients appeared to have good understanding of ARV-related concepts. CONCLUSION: These strategies for verification of patient understanding appear to be effective tools which enable pharmacists to identify misunderstandings or initiate clarification sequences. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The strategies are felt to be particularly useful in cross-linguistic pharmacy interactions and have implications for other professionals. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PHARMACISTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | OBSTACLES | CULTURE | LANGUAGE | USER COMPLIANCE | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Drugs | Communication | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Evaluation Document Number: 342197 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Do instructions for over-the-counter pre-coital female contraceptives promote "perfect use"? Author: Zite NB; Wallace LS Source: Contraception. 2009 Mar;79(3):211-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to estimate the readability and related features of English-language over-the-counter (OTC) pre-coital female contraceptive (PFC) instructions. STUDY DESIGN: We identified and purchased all currently available OTC PFCs (n=8), including Encare (Contraceptive Gel and Insert), F.C. Female Condom, Ortho Options (Conceptrol, Delfen and Gyncol II Jelly), Today Sponge and VCF Vaginal Film. Reading grade level was calculated using the Simple Measure of Gobbledygook. Text point size was measured and total number of graphics was tallied. Graphic dimensions were also measured. We also assessed OTC PFC instructions on four main criteria--derived from the "User-Friendliness Tool (UFT)"--including layout features, graphic characteristics, presence of a clear message and presentation of manageable information. RESULTS: Reading level ranged from 8th to 12th grade (mean+/-SD=10.0+/-1.2). Mean page length was 24.4+/-7.0 cm (9.6+/-2.76 in.), while average page width was 20.3+/-13.8 cm (7.99+/-5.43 in.). Average text point size was 7.9+/-2.3 (range=6-12). Illustrations, predominantly line drawings, were used throughout (range=3-11), and most were similar in size to a matchbox. None of the "How to Use" sections scored high in all criteria on the UFT. CONCLUSIONS: "How to Use" sections of OTC PFC instructions should be revised to be easier to read and more user friendly. Ideally, the gap between "typical" and "perfect" contraceptive efficacy could potentially be narrowed if instructions were developed that the large majority of women could easily understand. Language: English Keywords: TENNESSEE | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | WOMEN | PHARMACY DISTRIBUTION | USER COMPLIANCE | PROMOTION | LANGUAGE | READING | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | FEMALE CONTRACEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Demographic Factors | Population | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Behavior | Marketing | Economic Factors | Communication | Literacy | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education Document Number: 330056 |
| 13. Title: A comparison of the health of older hispanics in the United States and Mexico: Methodological challenges. Author: Angel RJ; Angel JL; Hill TD Source: Journal of Aging and Health. 2008 Feb;20(1):3-31. Abstract: This study compares various dimensions of physical and emotional health between older Mexican-origin individuals in the United States and in Mexico. The samples are drawn from the Mexican Health and Aging Study (MHAS) and the Hispanic Established Epidemiologic Study of the Elderly (H-EPESE) and include 3,875 Mexican residents with no history of residence in the United States and 2,734 Mexican-origin individuals 65 and older who live in the southwestern United States. Both immigrant and native-born Mexican-origin elders in the United States report more chronic conditions than elderly Mexicans, but they report fewer symptoms of psychological distress. Longer residence in the United States is associated with higher body mass index scores. The discussion addresses the possibility that access to care influences reports of diagnosed conditions and touches on issues of comparability in cross-cultural research and the difficulty in clearly distinguishing cultural and system-level factors in the productionand measurement of health. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HISPANICS | ADULTS | OLDER ADULTS | IMMIGRANTS | NATIVE-BORN | HEALTH | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | CHRONIC DISEASES | STRESS | CULTURE | LANGUAGE | HEALTH INSURANCE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Nationality | Behavior | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 324411 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Vaginal practices: eroticism and implications for women’s health and condom use in Mozambique. Author: Bagnol B; Mariano E Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Aug;10(6):573-585. Abstract: This paper analyses two female sexual practices in Tete Province, Mozambique: (1) the practice of elongating the labia minora and (2) what is sometimes called 'dry sex' involving the insertion of natural and/or synthetic products into the vagina or the ingestion of these products orally. These practices are fundamental to the construction of female identity, eroticism and the experience of pleasure. Notions such as 'closed/open', 'dry/damp', 'hot/cold', 'heavy/light', 'life/death', 'wealth/ poverty' and 'sweet/not sweet' are central to local understandings of sexual practices and reproduction. These notions may affect the women's sexual health because they influence preferences for sex without a condom. These practices may also be associated with the alteration of the vaginal flora and vaginal lesions that may make women more vulnerable to sexually transmitted infections. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX BEHAVIOR | WOMEN'S HEALTH | CONDOM USE | VAGINA | CULTURE | FEMALE ROLE | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | LANGUAGE | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | REPRODUCTION | VAGINAL ABNORMALITIES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Behavior | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Communication | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Diseases Document Number: 327792 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: An assessment of the relationship between condom labels and HIV-related beliefs and intentions. Author: Bleakley A; Fishbein M; Holtgrave D Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2008 May;12(3):452-458. Abstract: The aim of this article is to examine the impact of the FDA's proposed condom package labeling on HIV-related beliefs about condom effectiveness, on intentions to recommend condoms for friends to use, and intentions to use condoms. Using a nationally representative survey we randomized 1,194 adults ages 18-65 years into one of three condom label conditions: the current label on condom packaging; a label with the proposed FDA language; and a label with CDC language on condom effectiveness. In short, there are no significant differences between the proposed FDA label and the current label on HIV-related beliefs and intentions. In contrast, from an HIV prevention perspective, the CDC condom language appears to offer a better alternative to the current condom label for unmarried populations. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CONDOMS | USFDA | LICENSING | HIV PREVENTION | SAFETY | PACKAGING | LANGUAGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | USPHS | Government Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Product Approval | Legislation | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Public Health | Health | Marketing | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 325902 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of four statistical approaches to score child development: A study of Malawian children. Author: Cheung YB; Gladstone M; Maleta K; Duan X; Ashorn P Source: Tropical Medicine and International Health. 2008 Aug;13(8):987-993. Abstract: Assessment of child development often results in a multitude of binary outcome data. There is no agreed way to use them to score the developmental status of children. Conventional methods include age-standardized Z-scores and simple sum of number of passes. Recently two approaches based on the Rasch model and the concept of 'developmental age' have been proposed. This study aims to compare the performance of the four approaches. In a longitudinal study, 473 Malawian children were measured for growth status at age 36 months and administered a new test of developmental milestones between age 3 and 6 years. The test consisted of four domains: gross motor (GM), fine motor (FM), social and language development. The four approaches were used to score the developmental level of each child in each domain, and the results compared. In this sample, the approach based on the Rasch model provided development scores that were more normally distributed than the other approaches did. The four sets of scores werehighly correlated with each other. They gave similar estimates of the effect of height-for-age on GM, social and language development. In FM development, the maximum difference in the effect size estimates was only 0.04 standard deviation despite its statistical significance (P = 0.009). The four approaches were practically equivalent in the context of the estimation of an intervention effect or association. Their relative advantages and disadvantages are discussed. None of them can be universally recommended. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | ANTHROPOMETRY | BODY HEIGHT | LANGUAGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Biology | Measurement | Physiology | Communication Document Number: 327424 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Women with non-Swedish speaking background and their children: a longitudinal study of uptake of care and maternal and child health. Author: Fabian H; Radestad I; Rodriguez A; Waldenstrom U Source: Acta Paediatrica. 2008 Dec;97(12):1721-8. Abstract: AIM: To study uptake of care at the antenatal and child health clinic (CHC), and maternal and child health up to 5 years after the birth, as reported by mothers with a non-Swedish speaking background (NSB). METHODS: A sample of 300 women with a NSB, 175 originated from a poor country and 125 originated from a rich country, were compared with a reference group of 2761 women with a Swedish speaking background. Four postal questionnaires were completed: during pregnancy, and 2 months, 1 year and 5 years after the birth. RESULTS: Mothers with a NSB from a poor country of origin did not differ from the reference group of mothers with a Swedish speaking background regarding number of clinic visits, but they had a lower attendance rate at antenatal and postnatal education classes. Depressive symptoms, parental stress and poor self-rated health were more common in these women, and they reported more psychological and behavioral problems in their 5-year olds. Women with a rich country origin did not differ from the reference group regarding maternal and child health, but had a lower uptake of all out-patient care, except parental classes after the birth. CONCLUSION: Women originating from a poor country seem to be under great stress during pregnancy and the child's first years. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN | CHILDREN | IMMIGRANTS | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | ANTENATAL CARE | LANGUAGE | ORIGIN | DEPRESSION | STRESS | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health Services | Communication | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 330293 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: The feasibility of European reproductive health indicators. Author: Gissler M; Hannikainen-Ingman K; Donati S; Jahn A; da Silva MO; Hemminki E Author: REPROSTAT-group Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Dec;13(4):376-86. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The elaboration of a European health monitoring system is an ongoing process. Our aim was to study the availability, feasibility and comparability of the reproductive health indicators and to illustrate whether cross-country comparisons are feasible for pinpointing areas of concern and future research. METHODS: We surveyed 18 reproductive health indicators from eight countries: Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Romania and Spain. The data were obtained from national sources and international health databases. RESULTS: Indicators based on routine health and population statistics and registers were available, reliable, and comparable. The only exceptions were the proportion of children born after assisted reproductive technology and age-specific teenage birth rates, which were less commonly available. There were more problems in obtaining comparable information for indicators which are to be taken from health surveys. In many cases the data did not exist at all or were old. The comparability was also affected by the significant variation in data collection methods, inclusion criteria and survey-question wording. Consequently, the comparability could not be ascertained with our data. CONCLUSIONS: Health surveys seldom include questions on reproductive and sexual health. The European Health Interview should include core questions on reproductive and sexual health. Language: English Keywords: EUROPE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION INDEXES | DATA COLLECTION | HEALTH SURVEYS | POPULATION | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MONITORING | HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE INDEXES | RELIABILITY | VALIDITY | LANGUAGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Quantitative Evaluation | Evaluation | Health | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Measurement | Communication | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 331101 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Demographic differentials and demographic integration of Turkish and Kurdish populations in Turkey. Author: Koc I; Hancioglu A; Cavlin A Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2008 Aug;27(4):447-457. Abstract: The objectives of the study are threefold: (1) to provide estimates of the total populations and spatial distributions of different language groups in Turkey, (2) to test whether the commonly held belief that Turkish-speaking and Kurdish-speaking populations are "actors" of different demographic regimes is true, and (3) to assess whether a process of integration, in the form of intermarriage of Turks and Kurds is under way in Turkey. Data come mainly from the 2003 Turkish Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003). Based on the assumption that the mother tongue composition of women is also representative of that of the whole population, the results of the TDHS-2003 imply that of the population of Turkey, 83% are Turkish-speaking, 14% are Kurdish-speaking, 2% are Arabic-speaking and the remaining 1% belong to other language groups. Results show that despite intensive internal migration movements in the last 50 years, strong demographic differentials exist between Turkish and Kurdish-speaking populations, and that the convergence of the two groups does not appear to be a process under way. Turks and Kurds do indeed appear to be actors of different demographic regimes, at different stages of demographic and health transition processes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | LANGUAGE | CULTURAL BACKGROUND | ETHNIC GROUPS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Communication | Fertility | Contraception | Family Planning | Health | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 325865 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: What is 'sex' exactly? Using cognitive interviewing to improve the validity of sexual behaviour reporting among young people in rural Zimbabwe. Author: Mavhu W; Langhaug L; Manyonga B; Power R; Cowan F Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 Aug;10(6):563-572. Abstract: Self-reporting of sensitive data is often unreliable, particularly when questions are asked about culturally or socially censured behaviours. This study aimed to improve the validity of questionnaire responses through cognitive interviewing of young people in Zimbabwe to better understand their underlying thought processes when responding to sexual behaviour questions. A questionnaire was developed in English and translated into Shona. Three rounds of cognitive interviewing were conducted with 65 young people. Data were coded and analysed using principles of grounded theory. Young women emphasised that they would not admit to having participated in sexual activities if questions were phrased in such a way that they could be seen as having initiated them. They suggested that in order to legitimise women's participation, the wording of their sexual questions should use the passive tense. The Shona term for 'vaginal sex' is used to refer to both consensual and non-consensual sex. In Shona, there is no formal term for anal sex and phrasing this activity in a way that was both acceptable and understood proved particularly challenging. Cognitive interviewing is useful in exploring the underlying thought processes and the cultural context behind question responses. Examining the cultural and societal norms within a study population is key to obtaining valid responses. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZIMBABWE | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | EVALUATION RESEARCH | KAP SURVEYS | QUESTIONNAIRE DESIGN | RURAL POPULATION | INTERVIEWERS | INTERVIEWS | VALIDITY | SEX BEHAVIOR | RELIABILITY | CULTURE | STIGMA | TABOO | LANGUAGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Evaluation Methodology | Evaluation | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Survey Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Survey Personnel | Data Collection | Measurement | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Social Problems | Communication Document Number: 327791 |
| 21. Title: Acculturation, partner violence, and psychological distress in refugee women from Somalia. Author: Nilsson JE; Brown C; Russell EB; Khamphakdy-Brown S Source: Journal of Interpersonal Violence. 2008 Nov;23(11):1654-1663. Abstract: This study examined the relations among acculturation, domestic violence, and mental health in 62 married refugee women from Somalia. Refugees from Somalia constituted the largest group of refugees entering the United States in 2005, and little is known about the presence of domestic violence in this group. The results showed that women who reported greater ability to speak English also reported more experiences of partner psychological abuse and physical aggression. Experiences of more psychological abuse and physical aggressions also predicted more psychological distress. Implications for future research and psychological services are addressed. Language: English Keywords: SOMALIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEXUAL PARTNERS | REFUGEES | CULTURE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | MENTAL HEALTH | LANGUAGE | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PREVALENCE | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Aggression | Crime | Social Problems | Health | Communication | Violence | Measurement Document Number: 328415 |
| 22. Title: HIV / AIDS prevention in the Nepalese context. Author: Pokhrel P; Regmi S; Piedade E Source: Evaluation and the Health Professions. 2008 Jun;31(2):198-210. Abstract: With their numbers now approaching almost 30 million, Nepalese feature importantly in the South Asian demography. Yet, it has been only 60 years since Nepal gained international recognition as a nation-state. Nepal at present is one of the world's poorest countries and is in dire need of development, especially in the area of health. Given the current civil instability coupled with rapid modernization, the health and well-being of the Nepalese people have been increasingly affected by newer threats, such as HIV/AIDS. The present study discusses the uniqueness of the Nepalese context in relation to HIV/AIDS prevention. The authors suggest that HIV/AIDS prevention programs in Nepal should now focus more on adolescents from rural regions. The authors also suggest the ways one may approach the task of developing a prevention program targeting rural youths. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LITERATURE REVIEW | HIV | AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | OBSTACLES | CULTURE | LANGUAGE | TABOO | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | STIGMA | KNOWLEDGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Evaluation | Organization and Administration | Communication | Social Problems Document Number: 326870 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: Accuracy and coverage of reproductive health information on the Internet accessed in English and Persian from Iran. Author: Rahnavardi M; Arabi MS; Ardalan G; Zamani N; Jahanbin M Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2008 Jul;34(3):153-157. Abstract: Background and methodology: The Internet is a useful resource for obtaining information. We evaluated the accuracy and coverage of reproductive health information on the Internet in English- and Persian-language sites accessed from Iran. An expert committee decided on five reproductive health topics to be evaluated and specified a checklist of content for these (36 items in total). We employed selected keywords in search engines between February and March 2006. About one of every four screened websites (n = 200) addressed at least one target topic and were subjected to in-depth assessment. Three medical doctors independently rated each of the selected websites. Accuracy and coverage percentages were calculated for each website. Results: A total of 168 English- and 32 Persian-language websites were found that addressed the specified topics. The mean accuracy and coverage percentages of the 200 websites assessed were 98.8% (95%CI 98.1-99.6) and 45.2% (95%CI 41.0-49.3), respectively. Thirty-four (17%) websites, all in English, achieved a coverage percentage of 80% or more. Academic referencing was not present in 152 (76%) websites. 'Sexually transmitted diseases' and 'family planning' were the topics with highest coverage in both the English- and Persian-language websites studied. 'Reproductive system and puberty' had the least coverage in the Persian websites. The top 20 websites found for the general population on reproductive health are reported. Discussion and conclusions: Websites providing comprehensive reproductive health information are not easy to locate from Iran; in particular, Persian-language websites and those targeting young people are scarce. However, for the websites identified the accuracy of information provided was acceptable. There is a need to identify high-quality, easily accessible websites for use by both professionals and the general public and to develop new ones. (author's) Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | TARGET POPULATION | PHYSICIANS | INTERNET | INFORMATION SOURCES | LANGUAGE | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | DATA QUALITY | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | FAMILY PLANNING | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Information Networks | Communication | Information | Data Analysis | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases Document Number: 327776 |
| 24. Title: Problems in understanding the Turkish translation of the International Index of Erectile Function. Author: Serefoglu EC; Atmaca AF; Dogan B; Altinova S; Akbulut Z Source: Journal of Andrology. 2008 Jul-Aug;29(4):369-373. Abstract: The objective of our study is to analyze the impact of patient age, education level, and household income on the understanding of the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and to determine the patient characteristics that make this questionnaire less reliable. All men older than 18 years presenting to our clinic were asked to complete the Turkish translation of IIEF upon arrival. Self-reported information related to age, education level, and household income of the patients was also recorded from the questionnaire. The patients were requested to complete the questionnaires once again during their second visit, which was not earlier than 5 hours and no later than 5 days. The patients were requested to complete the questionnaire by themselves; however, those who were unable to do so themselves were allowed to receive the assistance of their companions. The answers of the questions that were replied to properly were defined as "appropriate," and the unanswered questions or those replied to with more than one answer were defined as "inappropriate." A total of 430 patients were included in this study. Only 289 patients (67.2%) were able to respond to all of the questions properly at first visit. The percentage of improper completion increased as age increased, whereas it decreased parallel to the increase in educational level and household income (respectively, P < .027, P , .001, P < .008). Of 430 patients, 68.4% did not need any help from their companions, and the remaining 31.6% needed some assistance during the completion of the questionnaire. A total of 131 patients who completed the questionnaire at their initial admittance to our clinic came for their second visit. Only 61.8% of the patients were capable of completion both at first and second visits. There was a low degree of consistency among the first and second administrations of IIEF (k = 0.369, P < .001). Turkish translation of the IIEF needs further validations for the self-administered mode in order to improve its comprehension as well as its reliability, validity, and specificity, especially in older patients with lower educational levels and household income status, among whom the prevalence and the severity of erectile dysfunction is higher. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | QUESTIONNAIRES | VALIDITY | CLIENTS | MEN | RESPONDENTS | IMPOTENCE | GENITAL EFFECTS, MALE | LANGUAGE | Developing Countries | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Measurement | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Genitalia, Male | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Communication Document Number: 327339 |
| 25. Title: Time use in Russian baby homes. Author: Tirella LG; Chan W; Cermak SA; Litvinova A; Salas KC Source: Child: Care, Health and Development. 2008 Jan;34(1):77-86. Abstract: We investigated time use of Russian children residing in Baby Homes to document their opportunities and experiences during institutional care. Time use of 138 non-special needs, randomly selected children (65 female vs. 73 male, age 1 month to 4 years) in Baby Homes in Murmansk, Russia, was analysed. Baby Home specialists were trained in time-use spot observation methodology. Each child was observed every 10 min for 5 h (31 observations/child; >4000 data points). At each observation, we coded: who the child was with, adult role, what the child was doing, location and vocalizations. Children spent 50% of their time alone, 27% with a caregiver, 15% with another adult, and 7% with another child. Infants spent significantly more time alone (65%) than toddlers (43%) or pre-schoolers (46%) [F(2,133) = 13.05, P < 0.0001]. Caregivers supervised children (58%), led group activities (16%), cared for individuals (14%), or were absent from the room (12%). Children spent the most time (32%) in activities of daily living; remaining time was spent in meaningful play (27%), non-purposeful activity (16%) or sleep (18%). The percentage of time spent in meaningful play significantly increased across age groups [infants 10%, toddlers 25%, pre-schoolers 36%, F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. Infants (23%) and toddlers (20%) spent significantly more time than the older group (10%) in non-purposeful activity [F(2,133) = 26.9, P < 0.001]. In 12% of observations, an adult was speaking to the child, in 10% to the group, and <1% to another adult. Child vocalizations varied by age: infants 42% of observations, toddlers 56%, and pre-schoolers 59%. Older children directed more vocalizations to adults than younger children [F(2,133) = 24.47, P < 0.001]. Time use of children residing in Baby Homes is limited by routinized schedules and care, at the expense of child-directed or interactive play with adults. Despite close proximity and living in group care, children's vocalizations and interactions with others are limited. (author's) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | CHILD CARE | ENVIRONMENT | IMPACT | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | AGE FACTORS | BEHAVIOR | LANGUAGE | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developing Countries | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Communication | Biology Document Number: 323110 |
| 26. Title: Overcoming challenges related to data collection and measurement. Source: Forced Migration Review. 2007 Jan;(27):28-29. Abstract: The following is extracted by the FMR editors from Methods and Systems for the Assessment and Monitoring of Sexual Violence and Exploitation in Conflict Situations - the report of a technical consultation held in December 2005 in New York by the Social Science Research Council, UNFPA and WHO. Despite substantial international interest in tackling sexual and genderbased violence, there is no agreed upon method to be used on a routine, systematic basis for the generation of data and analysis to inform effective response strategies and reduction interventions in conflict situations. Committee (IASC) expressed commitment to improving reporting and data collection on sexual violence. The Social Science Research Council, on behalf of UNFPA and the World Health Organization (WHO), convened a technical consultation in order to evaluate existing methods for monitoring sexual violence in conflict, identify data sources and indicators and chart obstacles to establishing monitoring, assessment and reporting systems amidst conflict. Participants noted that the greatest challenge for designing or utilising any information system is guaranteeing that the physical safety and protection of survivors, their trusted confidantes and service providers are not compromised and that it does not increase the risks to and vulnerability of survivors and those assisting and protecting them. Such challenges may be especially pronounced when the authorities, including those entrusted with ensuring women's protection such as the police, are among the perpetrators of the violence. Disclosing experiences of sexual violence and abuse may expose women and girls to further violence and retaliation, just as documenting violence may put researchers and service providers at risk. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | DATA COLLECTION | DATA ANALYSIS | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | SURVEYS | WOMEN | RAPE | MONITORING | VIOLENCE | SEXUAL ABUSE | LANGUAGE | ERROR SOURCES | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | GENDER RELATIONS | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Evaluation | Behavior | Communication | Measurement | Gender Issues Document Number: 313178 |
| 27. Title: Human resources in developing countries [letter] Author: Ashorn P Source: Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):654-655. Abstract: In his Comment on human resources in developing countries Claudio Lanata states that 0-18% of nurses and midwives trained in sub-Saharan Africa are working in developed countries-mainly Canada, Denmark, Finland, Ireland, Portugal, the UK, and the USA. In view of the strict language and other licensing requirements for health professionals in Nordic countries, it is surprising to see Finland and Denmark in Lanata's list. Indeed, a review of his references gives little support to the claim. The WHO Report 2006 mentions Finland and Denmark as recipients of nurses from sub-Saharan Africa, but no numbers are given and the data source is undefined. The other reference does not mention Nordic countries at all, but describes the pivotal role of the UK in the health personnel exodus. On the other hand, a search from a comprehensive health professional register at the National Authority for Medicolegal Affairs in Finland indicated that, at the end of 2006, none of the 86 162 nurses registered in Finland andonly seven of 21 899 physicians had been trained in sub-Saharan Africa (Elisa Alanen, personal communication). Thus, Lanata's information is incorrect, at least concerning Finland. Earlier research has shown that health professionals migrate particularly to English-speaking countries with insufficient domestic training of nurses or physicians. Finland has a unique language and it currently trains about 1% of every age-group to be doctors and 4% to be nurses. The situation is similar in other Nordic countries. Thus, significant African health professional immigration into this region is highly unlikely. (full text) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MIGRANTS | HUMAN RESOURCES | BRAIN DRAIN | LANGUAGE | MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | WAGES | EMPLOYMENT | Africa | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | International Migration | Communication | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 319655 |
| 28. Title: Wearing the T-shirt: An exploration of the ideological underpinnings of visual representations of the African body with HIV or AIDS. Author: Bates AE Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2007;6(1):67-78. Abstract: The article takes a hermeneutic approach to exploring a selection of visual representations of the African body in relation to the issue of HIV and AIDS in Africa. In particular, it argues that the trope of 'deficiency' ('lack'), wherein Africa is constructed as dirty, degenerate, decaying and dying, continues in visual representations aimed at a northern or UK audience. In contrast, examples of public health material aimed at a South African audience present a postcolonial counter-discourse where the African body is empowered rather than deficient. These two assumptions and their accompanying visuals parallel two differing narratives about HIV and AIDS in Africa. The article explores the ideological underpinnings of those narratives in four sections: 1) Paper-thin facts presents certain attitudes about Africa and the African body that have come into currency in relation to colonialism; 2) A matter of mor(t)ality examines the relationship between morality and the mortality of the African body; 3) The legacies endure analyses selected images aimed at a potential donor, UK audience with reference to the ideologies proposed in the previous sections; and 4) Wearing the T-shirt engages with the proposed counter-discourse and its visual representations, as evident in a selection of South African public health material. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | STIGMA | PERCEPTION | ARTS AND CRAFTS | VISUAL AIDS | CULTURE | ATTITUDES | COLONIALISM | RACE RELATIONS | LANGUAGE | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Educational Methods | Educational Activities | Education | Political Systems | Political Factors | Communication Document Number: 323304 |
| 29. Title: [Communicating with vulnerable women for positive behaviour change: the Yerelon project in Bobo Dioulasso (Burkina Faso)] Communiquer avec les femmes vulnerables pour un changement positif de comportement: l’exemple du projet Yerelon de Bobo-Dioulasso (Burkina Faso). Author: Berthe A; Huygens P Source: Cahiers Sante. 2007 Apr-Jun;17(2):103-109. Abstract: Context and objectives: Since 1998, researchers in Burkina Faso have enrolled about 760 vulnerable women (sex workers, bar waitresses, pedlars, students, etc.) in an open cohort (the Yerelon cohort) to determine whether adequate management of sexually transmissible infection and exposure to well-designed, well-delivered, and plentiful communication for behaviour change (CBC) can reduce their vulnerability to HIV. This qualitative social anthropology study was conducted to: i) analyse the messages assimilated by the women who follow CBC sessions; ii) determine the impact of these messages on the women's behaviour. Methods: The researchers observed CBC sessions in the clinic, in women's homes and at their places of work for 45 days. They also conducted 37 individual in-depth interviews, 8 group interviews and a focus group, selecting a "reasoned" sample of 80 women from the cohort. The data were entered with Word software and analyzed with the 'Atlas TI' qualitative data analysis software. Results: This study shows that: i) these vulnerable women have good knowledge of the themes raised during CBC sessions with the Yerelon peer-leaders and are quite able to reproduce the messages. Most can repeat and explain them; ii) the women find the messages presented during CBC, by peers who live similar lives and speak their "language", to be understandable and applicable to them; iii) they learned much about condom use and negotiation, HIV/AIDS, genital herpes, and other STIs. They know for example that condoms have two sides, one lubricated and the other not, and that condoms effectively protect against pregnancy and some STIs; iv) they negotiate condom use better with all types of sexual partners, thus improving their relation to it; v) a large majority report new positive behaviour, selecting clients and partners, and using condoms routinely, taking it off after intercourse themselves. They also now routinely use modern medical care for any STIs; vi) Of 524 women seronegative at inclusion in 2003, only 0.8% became infected in the first three months of the study, and no others in the year that followed. Conclusion: In Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso, the communication offered in the CBC programme to vulnerable women by peer-advisers trained by a multidisciplinary team, improved to varying degrees the women's knowledge of the various topics covered. This improvement changed their behaviour positively, leading to routine condom use, especially with occasional partners. This has resulted in low HIV incidence. This model can and must be spread to other vulnerable populations. Admittedly, the free services and products provided in the programme make it harder to perpetuate and disseminate. The promotion of health mutuals is one method to provide funding. Language: French Keywords: BURKINA FASO | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | SEX WORKERS | PEER EDUCATORS | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | SAFER SEX | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | KNOWLEDGE | LANGUAGE | CONDOM USE | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Behavior | Education | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 324564 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Developing Spanish-language family planning materials: Lessons learned from extensive field tests. Author: Denny-Garamendi C; Lopez-Rabin J; Guendelman S; Schafer S Source: Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2007 Sep;39(3):176-180. Abstract: Despite the importance of providing family planning clients with educational materials that are easy to read and understand, scant information is available on the development of materials for clients who feel most comfortable speaking and reading Spanish. Language difficulties and low health literacy, including lack of knowledge about contraception or where to get it, are important barriers to Latinas' utilization of reproductive health services and understanding of health information among Latinas. Other barriers, such as cost and lack of health insurance coverage, compound difficulties in accessing services, placing low-income Latina women at high risk of unintended pregnancy. Noncitizens and most recent immigrants are not eligible for Medicaid-covered family planning services, and the proportions of 15-44-year-old women who have no insurance are nearly twice as high among these groups (63% and 66%, respectively) as among those born in the United States (35%). (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PILOT PROJECTS | HISPANICS | WOMEN | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | MATERIALS DEVELOPMENT | LANGUAGE | PAMPHLETS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Education | Communication | Printed Media | Mass Media Document Number: 320216 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |