1.  Title: Population growth and its spatial distribution as factors in the deforestation of Nang Rong, Thailand. Author: Entwisle B; Rindfuss RR; Walsh SJ; Page PH Source: Geoforum. 2008 Mar;39(2):879-897. Abstract: Frontiers constitute a major source of global land cover change hot spots, with forests and grasslands being converted into agricultural uses. As such, frontiers provide an opportunity to see how people manipulate the land and their lives in the context of social, cultural and environmental constraints. This paper examines frontier settlement and land cover change in Nang Rong district, Northeast Thailand for the last half century. It uses a Cellular Automata (CA) model to explore the land cover consequences of alternative patterns of settlement in a setting where people establish dwelling units in nucleated villages and work agricultural plots that surround villages. Forested land around the center of a village is converted into agricultural uses in an inverse relationship to the distance from the village center, but frequently modified by biophysical conditions. Land at the center of the village may be reforested after the village is established as a source of shade as well as fruit and other products. Model variation in land cover change is more sensitive to the spatial reach of village households than their temporal reach, suggesting the important role that technology plays in how villagers travel to their Welds (walking versus motorized transit). (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION GROWTH | DEFORESTATION | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | FORESTS | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Migration Document Number: 325391 |
| 2. Title: Population growth and natural-resources pressures in the Mekong River Basin. Author: Pech S; Sunada K Source: AMBIO. 2008 May 1;37(3):219-224. Abstract: The main purpose of this paper is to stimulate policy debate over the current national focus on food self-sufficiency and a broader national and regional development agenda in the Mekong River Basin. We provide the context, empirical evidence, and an analysis of the demand (real or perceived) associated with population growth. We also present a comparison of demand forecasts with the sustainable potential of the natural-resources base of the Mekong River Basin in order to contribute to a better understanding of this immense and complex Mekong River Basin environment. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | MYANMAR | LAOS | THAILAND | CAMBODIA | VIETNAM | RESEARCH REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | NATURAL RESOURCES | FOOD SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH ESTIMATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | WATER SUPPLY | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Estimation Techniques | Research Methodology | Rural Development | Economic Factors Document Number: 327067 |
| 3. Title: Change and continuity in a pastoralist community in the high Peruvian Andes. Author: Postigo JC; Young KR; Crews KA Source: Human Ecology. 2008 Aug;36(4):535-551. Abstract: Pastoralists of the high Andes Mountains raise mixed herds of camelids and sheep. This study evaluates the land use of herdsmen who are confronted by both socioeconomic and climate changes in Huancavelica, central Peru. Land use/ land cover change (LULCC) was measured through satellite imagery, and pastoralists' capacity to adapt to socioenvironmental changes was evaluated through interviews and archival research. The most dynamic LULCCs between 1990 and 2000 were large increases in wetlands and a loss of permanent ice. We conclude that the people's responses to these changes will depend on availability of institutions to manage pastures, other household resources, and perceptions of these biophysical changes. Socioenvironmental change is not new in the study area, but current shifts will likely force this community to alter its rules of access to pastures, its economic rationales in regards to commodities produced, and the degree of dependence on seasonal wage labor. In this scenario, households with a greater amount of livestock will fare better in terms of assets and capital that will allow them to benefit from the increasing presence of a market economy in a landscape undergoing climate change. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PERU | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | RURAL POPULATION | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND TENURE | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | AGRICULTURE | CLIMATE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 327976 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: No change for thirty years: The renewed question of women's land rights in rural China. Author: Judd ER Source: Development and Change. 2007 Jul;38(4):689-710. Abstract: Since the mid-1990s, a new land-use rights regime has gradually come into effect in China. It follows upon a series of earlier changes - land reform, collectivization and the first wave of contracting land to households - that paid attention to women's role in publicly recognized work and provided access to land. The new regime, which has gradually come into effect as previous (usually fifteen-year) terms expired, authorizes an adjustment in land allocation which is then normally frozen for thirty years. An apparently inadvertent effect of this policy is not only the exclusion of young people from direct access to land for up to thirty years from birth, but the de facto separation of the majority of women who marry or remarry patrilocally from allocated land. 'No change for thirty years' (sanshi nian bu bian) has thus become the distinctive feature for women of China's current land-use regime. The state has renounced its potential to reallocate land periodically and there is no indication that market mechanisms are filling, or are capable of filling, the void thereby created. This article examines local conceptions, responses and practices regarding land-use rights and their transfer within this new framework, using field evidence from three upland agricultural communities in Chongqing and Sichuan (studied in 2003, 2004 and 2005), where land allocations were fixed in 1995, 1999 and 2001 respectively. The ethnographic findings are further explored in relation to contemporary research on gender and land rights. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | WOMEN | AGRARIAN REFORM | LAND TENURE | LAND SUPPLY | PATRIARCHY | GENDER ISSUES | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 313735 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Rural mobility as a response to land shortages: the case of Malawi. Author: Potts D Source: Population, Space and Place. 2006;12:291-311. Abstract: Malawi is the most densely populated country in southern Africa, and its economy and the livelihoods of the vast majority of its people are dependent on agriculture. Rural land is, therefore, a critical resource. Malawi is divided into three Regions and during the colonial period, such economic development as did occur tended to be concentrated in the Southern Region. The Northern Region was often characterised, by contrast, as the 'dead North'. Levels of economic development in the Central Region fell between the other two regions. At independence in the 1960s, internal migration patterns reflected this, with net in-migration to the Southern Region and net out-migration from the Northern. In the 40 years since, there have been marked changes in these patterns, and in the last intercensal period, 1987--1998, the Northern Region was experiencing net in-migration from the Southern Region, and was the fastest growing region. This paper traces these changes over time through analysis of census data, and relates them to increasingly serious land shortages in the south and the geography of tobacco estate development since independence. This analysis is further supported by a range of other surveys and research which indicate the depth of land shortage and rural poverty in the south of the country. The paper concludes that rural--rural migration, although under-studied, particularly in southern Africa, is a vitally important aspect of rural livelihood change and positive adaptation in sub-Saharan Africa which deserves more attention. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION STATISTICS | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | MIGRANTS | AGRICULTURE | INTERNAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | CENSUS | LAND SUPPLY | TOBACCO USE | RURAL AREAS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Migration | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Behavior Document Number: 302406 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Land use and marriage timing in Nepal. Author: Yabiku ST Source: Population and Environment. 2006 May;27(5-6):445-461. Abstract: I examine the relationship between patterns of land use and marriage timing in the Chitwan Valley, a rural area in south-central Nepal. In this setting, I conceptualize a relevant dimension of land use as the portion of land in each neighborhood devoted to agriculture. Using discrete-time event history models, I examine the relationship between the proportion of land devoted to agriculture and the rate of marriage among 811 never-married individuals aged 15--20 years. Agricultural land has a positive association with marriage rates. As potential intervening mechanisms between agricultural land and marriage rates, I propose nonfamily organizations, school and work activities, and local marriage markets. A portion of the relationship between land and marriage rates appears to be mediated through the accessibility of nonfamily employers. Respondents' actual employment activities, however, fail to mediate the effects of agricultural land or nonfamily employers. The precise mechanisms linking land use to marriage remain unclear. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | ADULTS | RURAL AREAS | AGRICULTURE | LAND SUPPLY | MARRIAGE | AGE FACTORS | FERTILITY | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | BEHAVIOR | MIGRATION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Nuptiality | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 309617 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Population dynamics and tropical deforestation: state of the debate and conceptual challenges. Author: Carr DL; Suter L; Barbieri A Source: Population and Environment. 2005 Sep;27(1):89-113. Abstract: What is the role of population in driving deforestation? This question was put forth as a discussion topic in the cyberseminar hosted by Population Environment Research Network (PERN) in Spring, 2003. Contributors from diverse backgrounds weighed in on the discussion, citing key factors in the population-deforestation nexus and suggesting further courses of action and research. Participants explored themes of their own choosing, with many coming to the forefront. Scale, time, and place-based effects were cited as areas in need of particular attention. Consumption patterns as the mechanism for spurring deforestation were discussed, drawing attention to the differential patterns associated with urban vs. rural demands on forest resources and land. The applicability of the IPAT formula and the influence of its component parts, affluence and technology, when operating in tandem with population, was debated. The relation of demographic factors to these pathways was critically examined. Institutional and governmental influence, such as infrastructure and policies affecting access and incentives, the valuation of resources, and institutional failures such as mismanagement and corruption emerged as a crucial set of factors. This article synthesizes the critical debates in the population-deforestation literature, makes suggestions for future paths of research, and discussed possible policy and direct action initiatives. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Demographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Natural Resources Document Number: 300366 |
8.  Title: Land, intergenerational transfers, and fertility in Nyeri, Kenya. Author: Shreffler KM; Chepngeno G; Dodoo F Source: [Unpublished] 2005. Presented at the 2005 Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, March 31 - April 2, 2005. 29 p. Abstract: The current study presents a qualitative insight into the processes that connect diminishing land availability and farm size on declining fertility in rural Kenya. Our goal is to contribute to the current understanding of the land-fertility relationship by using focus group discussions and individual interviews to demonstrate how rural Kenyans perceive the importance of land to their own fertility behaviors. Results from focus group discussions and in-depth interviews suggest that decisions regarding the number of children to have stemmed primarily from the resources that parents believe they will be able to provide and pass down through inheritance. Declines in land availability and farm size were among the primary reasons that respondents reported deciding to limit their fertility. Although discussants stated that the high costs of education impacted fertility decisions, they reported that this was because education has become a substitute for land inheritance. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FOCUS GROUPS | RURAL POPULATION | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | LAND SUPPLY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FAMILY SIZE, DESIRED | EDUCATION | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Size | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 319311 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Relative deprivation and migration in an agricultural setting of Nepal. Author: Bhandari P Source: Population and Environment. 2004 May;25(5):475-499. Abstract: Are individuals from a relatively more deprived household more likely to migrate for work reasons compared to those from a relatively less deprived household? In this paper, I have empirically tested the relative deprivation hypothesis of migration put forth by Oded Stark and his colleagues. I used data from 1465 farming households in a rural agricultural setting of Nepal. The data was collected from the western Chitwan Valley in 1996. With these data, I used a logistic regression analysis technique to examine the influence of relative deprivation on migration. My findings support the hypothesis that individuals from households with relatively less access to cultivated land are more likely to migrate in search of work compared to those from a relatively well-off household with more land holdings. My findings can be useful in understanding the significance of relative deprivation in household migration decisions where access to cultivable land is declining due to land fragmentation as a result of population growth and land division by inheritance. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NEPAL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LOW INCOME POPULATION | MIGRANTS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | INTERNAL MIGRATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | LAND TENURE | AGRICULTURE | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | POPULATION GROWTH | LAND SUPPLY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Economic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Natural Resources | Environment Document Number: 278745 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Proximate population factors and deforestation in tropical agricultural frontiers. Author: Carr DL Source: Population and Environment. 2004 Jul;25(6):585-612. Abstract: Forest conversion for agriculture expansion is the most salient signature of human occupation of the earth’s land surface. Although population growth and deforestation are significantly associated at the global and regional scales, evidence for population links to deforestation at micro-scales—where people are actually clearing forests—is scant. Much of the planet’s forest elimination is proceeding along tropical agricultural frontiers. This article examines the evolution of thought on population–environment theories relevant to deforestation in tropical agricultural frontiers. Four primary ways by which population dynamics interact with frontier forest conversion are examined: population density, fertility, and household demographic composition, and in-migration. (author’s) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | THEORETICAL STUDIES | THEORETICAL MODELS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | DEFORESTATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | GEOGRAPHIC FACTORS | AGRICULTURE | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION THEORY | POPULATION DENSITY | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | LAND SUPPLY | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | FERTILITY | Research Methodology | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Environment | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Demography | Social Sciences | Population Dynamics Document Number: 278747 |
| 11. Title: Formulating a good urban land policy for Nigeria. Author: Ogedengbe PS Source: Journal of Human Ecology. 2004;15(2):91-96. Abstract: Urban land policy is a part of the overall urban development policy hence it should be viewed within the framework of general development policies whose goal is to mobilize the resources of a given country towards the achievement of socio economic development. Since all human activities that determine the existence of man are based on land, urban land policy has to be formulated using a socioeconomic approach. This implies that we have to examine carefully and carry out a detailed analysis of the roles land has played in the lives of the people and more importantly, how the existing land tenure system has affected the people. Economically, as with any other factor of production, the value of land is determined by the interaction of the market forces of demand and supply-whether overtly in a relatively free market or covertly as latent value in a controlled society. All these are some of the issues to be taken into consideration in the formulation of an urban land policy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | URBAN AREAS | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | LAND TENURE | TAXATION | LAND SUPPLY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Geographic Factors | Population | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Planning | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Natural Resources | Environment | Programs Document Number: 304586 |
| 12. Title: World population, agriculture, and malnutrition. Author: Pimentel D; Wilson A Source: World Watch. 2004 Sep-Oct;:22-25. Abstract: Entering the new millennium, stark contrasts are apparent between the availability of natural resources and the demands of billions of humans who require them for their survival. According to the Population Reference Bureau, each day almost a quarter-million people are added to the roughly 6.4 billion who already exist. Yet the stocks of natural resources that support human life--food, fresh water, quality soil, energy, and biodiversity--are being polluted, degraded, and depleted. Global population has doubled during the last 45 years. If the present growth rate of 1.3 percent per year persists, the population will double again within a mere 50 years. Growth rates vary from one country or region to another. For example, China's present population of 1.4 billion, despite the governmental policy of permitting only one child per couple, is still growing at an annual rate of 0.6 percent. Although China recognizes its serious overpopulation problem and recently passed legislation strengthening the policy, its young age structure means that the number of Chinese will continue to increase for another 50 years. India, with nearly 1.1 billion people (living on approximately one- third the land of either of the United States or China), has a current population growth rate of 1.7 percent per year. This translates to a doubling time of 41 years. Taken together, the populations of China and India constitute more than one-third of the total world population. In Africa, despite the AIDS epidemic, the populations of most countries also are expanding. The populations of Chad and Ethiopia, for example, are projected to double in 21 and 23 years, respectively. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | POPULATION | AGRICULTURE | MALNUTRITION | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | POPULATION STABILIZATION | LAND SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | ENERGY SUPPLY | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Development | Population Size | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors Document Number: 285091 |
| 13. Title: Descent group composition and population pressure in fringe Enga clan, Papua New Guinea. Author: Wohlt PB Source: Human Ecology. 2004 Apr;32(2):137-162. Abstract: Genealogical data, land clearance patterns, and garden inheritance histories from a patrilineal clan in the Highlands of Papua New Guinea are used to reconstruct population size and agrarian resources for the descent group over a period of 170 years. The resulting analysis reveals a strong relationship between fluctuations in population pressure on agrarian resources and changes in the composition of social groups that in turn accelerates change, then regulates it. Two quantitative relationships show that numbers of outsiders incorporated into the group and their kinship distance both covary closely with pressure on land as measured by an occupational density index. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAPUA NEW GUINEA | CRITIQUE | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | TRIBES | KINSHIP NETWORKS | IMMIGRANTS | POPULATION PRESSURE | PATRIARCHY | GENEALOGIES | LAND SUPPLY | LAND TENURE | INHERITANCE | Oceania | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Family Characteristics | Family Research | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Ownership Document Number: 287446 |
| 14. Title: The state of food insecurity in the world, 2003. Monitoring progress towards the World Food Summit and millennium development goals. Author: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO] Source: Rome, Italy, FAO, 2003. [40] p. Abstract: This fifth edition of The State of Food Insecurity in the World (SOFI) provides the latest estimates of the number of chronically hungry people in the world and reports on global and national efforts to reach the goal set by the World Food Summit (WFS) in 1996 – to reduce that number to half the level reported at the time of the Summit by the year 2015. The report is divided into four main sections. The first, Undernourishment around the world, analyses the latest data on hunger. The second contains a special feature on international trade. The third, Towards the Summit commitments, discusses approaches to fulfilling the commitments in the WFS Plan of Action. Finally, tables provide detailed indicators for developing countries and countries in transition. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | FAMINE | FOOD SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | LAND SUPPLY | POVERTY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Economic Development | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 189425 |
| 15. Title: [Land availability and demographic strategies] Disponibilite de la terre et strategies demographiques. Author: Gastineau B Source: In: Regulations demographiques et environnement. Actes des VIes Journees demographiques de l'ORSTOM, 22-24 septembre 1997 - Paris, sous la direction de Laurent Auclair, Patrick Gubry, Michel Picouet, Frederic Sandron. Paris, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 2001 Feb. :57-65. (Etudes du CEPED No. 18) Abstract: For a long time, the population-environment debate has been limited to the relationship between population and resources. However, the question of whether available resources determine population size has slowly broadened over the past 25 years. There now exists a considerable body of research findings upon the consequences of population growth upon the regional and global environments. Relations between population and resources depend closely upon individuals' demographic strategies in response to specific environmental constraints. The author develops this theme, paying particular attention to the rural context and households working in the agricultural sector. Working from the notion that farmers adhere to joint economic and demographic strategies, the author notes how one may question the nature of environmental changes upon one, the other, or both strategies. She wonders if families are able to adapt to changing environmental conditions by changing their reproductive behaviors. Farming household size depending partly upon the number of living children, thereby determining the availability of the labor force is a possible indicator of the demographic situation. While the term "environment" covers many social, economic, cultural, and ecological realities, the author recognizes environment to mean the totality of constraints individuals perceive to carrying out their farming activities. Household size as a result of child supply and demand, or the economic value of children; access to land as a condition to marriage and nuptiality as a regulator of fertility; multitasking as an economic strategy in the context of land shortage; and the relationship between household size and exploitable land area are discussed. French Abstract: Pendant longtemps, le débat sur la population et l'environnement s'est limité aux relations entre la population et les ressources. La question est si les ressources disponibles déterminent le niveau de la population. La problématique s'est peu à peu élargie depuis 25 ans. Il y a actuellement de nombreuses recherches qui traitent des conséquences de la croissance démographique sur l'environnement au niveau planétaire ou régional. Les relations entre la population et les ressources dépendent à un niveau plus fin des stratégies démographiques des individus en réponse à des contraintes environnementales spécifiques. L'auteur développe ce thème, en accordant de l'attention particulière au monde rural et aux ménages qui travaillent dans le secteur agricole. Partant de l'hypothèse que les exploitants agricoles mènent conjointement des stratégies économiques et des stratégies démographiques, l'auteur note qu'on peut s'interroger sur les conséquences des changements environnementaux sur l'une, l'autre, ou les deux stratégies. Elle se demande si les familles peuvent s'adapter aux modifications de leur environnement en changeant leurs comportements de reproduction. L'effectif du ménage exploitant qui dépend entre autre du nombre d'enfants vivants et qui détermine la disponibilité en main-d'oeuvre est un indicateur possible de la situation démographique. Bien que le terme "environnement" recouvre beaucoup de réalités sociales, économiques, culturelles, et écologiques, l'auteur accorde une signification au terme de l'ensemble des contraintes que les individus perçoivent au cours de leurs activités agricoles. L'effectif du ménage comme résultat d'une offre et d'une demande d'enfants, ou la valeur économique de l'enfant; l'accès à la terre comme condition au mariage et la nuptialité comme régulateur de fécondité; la pluriactivité comme stratégie économique face à la pénurie de terre; et la relation entre l'effectif du ménage et la superficie de l'exploitation sont discutés. Language: French Keywords: RURAL POPULATION | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | LAND SUPPLY | CHILD WORTH | FAMILY SIZE | HOUSEHOLDS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRICULTURE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | Population Characteristics | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Labor Force | Human Resources | Macroeconomic Factors | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 158127 |
| 16. Title: [The search for agricultural lands on the periphery of Bangui and its impact on the periurban environment] La recherche de terres agricoles en peripherie de Bangui et son impact sur l'environnement periurbain. Author: Issomna Gbadya-Nyo J Source: In: Regulations demographiques et environnement. Actes des VIes Journees demographiques de l'ORSTOM, 22-24 septembre 1997 - Paris, sous la direction de Laurent Auclair, Patrick Gubry, Michel Picouet, Frederic Sandron. Paris, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 2001 Feb. :229-36. (Etudes du CEPED No. 18) Abstract: Bangui, capital of the Central African Republic, is located along the edge of a dense, humid forest. The metropolitan area has experienced growing population pressure over the past 2 decades. The size of Bangui's population, strong immigration, and recent economic problems have encouraged, in periurban areas, more intense appropriation and use of firewood and agricultural lands, leading to rapid deforestation. Existing maps, as well as data collected during the Natural Resources Development Project (PARN) intervention, point to rapid deforestation in the intervention zone. At the current annual rate of deforestation, all forests in the region will have been eradicated by 2007. This situation provoked the country's Ministry of Water and Forests to implement PARN. After reviewing PARN's plan, the author describes the study site, its population characteristics, and occupation of the land area. Particular attention is given to study villages in which project activities were implemented. At the most recent census conducted in 1988, an estimated 14,365 people inhabited the study zone, 4528 of whom resided in the pilot villages. Most inhabitants of these latter villages are farmers mainly involved in itinerant cultivation. They farm a parcel of land for a while, then move onto more fertile land when yields begin to decline. The abandoned plot may then remain fallow for either a short or long period, depending upon the availability of alternate farming sites. French Abstract: Bangui, capitale de la République centrafricaine, se situe en bordure de la forêt dense humide. Les environs de la ville ont subi depuis les deux dernières décennies une pression croissante. L'importance démographique de la capitale, une forte immigration, et la conjoncture économique difficile des dernières années ont favorisé, en zone périurbaine, une exploitation plus intensive du bois de feu et surtout des terres agricoles menant à une rapide dégradation du milieu forestier. L'analyse des cartes existantes, ainsi que des données recueillies au cours de l'intervention effectuée par le Projet d'aménagement des ressources naturelles (PARN), montre une progression rapide du rythme du recul de la forêt dans la zone d'intervention. Au rythme de déboisement actuel annuel, toutes les forêts de la région auront disparu d'ici l'an 2007. Cette situation a provoqué le ministère centrafricain chargé des Eaux et forêts de lancer le PARN. Après avoir examiné le volet agroforestier du projet PARN, l'auteur présente la zone d'étude, les caractéristiques de la population, et son occupation des terres. De l'attention particulière est accordée aux villages témoins où des études approfondies ont été effectuées dans le cadre de ce projet. Au dernier recensement de 1988, la population totale dans la zone d'étude est estimée à 14.365 d'habitants, dont 4528 résident dans les villages témoins. La plupart des habitants dans les villages témoins sont des paysans qui pratiquent pour la plupart une culture itinérante. Ils cultivent pendant un certain temps une parcelle de terre, puis changent d'endroit quand les rendements diminuent. La parcelle abandonnée peut demeurer en jachère plus ou moins longtemps selon la disponibilité des terres. Language: French Keywords: CENTRAL AFRICAN REPUBLIC | RESEARCH REPORT | NONMETROPOLITAN POPULATION | SUBURBANIZATION | POPULATION PRESSURE | LAND SUPPLY | AGRICULTURE | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | DEFORESTATION | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation Document Number: 158142 |
| 17. Title: [Population pressure, agricultural production and environmental degradation in the most densely populated rural areas of western Cameroon] Pression demographique, production agricole et degradation de l'environnement dans les zones a fortes densites rurales de l'ouest du Cameroun. Author: Kelodjoue S Source: In: Regulations demographiques et environnement. Actes des VIes Journees demographiques de l'ORSTOM, 22-24 septembre 1997 - Paris, sous la direction de Laurent Auclair, Patrick Gubry, Michel Picouet, Frederic Sandron. Paris, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 2001 Feb. :209-17. (Etudes du CEPED No. 18) Abstract: The populations of Cameroon's Western Highlands have long ensured their food security through an existing equilibrium between subsistence farming, market crop cultivation, and cattle raising along mountain slopes. However, for a decade, increasing agricultural yield has been possible only by expanding cultivable land area at the expense of fallow fields, pastures, and least accessible forests. Such expansion upsets the balance between man and natural resources, while farmers and breeders in the region are having trouble adapting their operations in an economic and demographic context vulnerable to rapid changes. The author examines whether population growth is responsible for environmental degradation observed in the studied region. After describing the main environmental and demographic characteristics of the study area, Menoua district, the author assesses the influence of demographic and environmental changes upon modes of production and consumption at the local level. Next, consideration is given to the impact of exogenous factors upon natural resources management and subsistence strategies. Population growth led to fundamental changes in agricultural production systems, significantly altering the use of natural resources and land tenure in the district. A complex relationship exists between population growth, agricultural production, and the environment. Farmers need to play an important role in creating and implementing local strategies designed to responsibly manage natural resources. French Abstract: Les populations des Hautes Terres de l'Ouest du Cameroun ont assuré pendant longtemps leur sécurité alimentaire grâce à l'équilibre entre les cultures vivrières, les cultures de rente, et l'élevage bovin sur les parcours de montagne. Depuis une décennie, l'augmentation de la production agricole n'est possible que par l'extension des surfaces cultivées aux dépens des jachères, des pâturages, et des forêts situées dans les sites les moins accessibles. La brutalité de ces actions bouleverse l'équilibre entre les hommes et les ressources naturelles, et les agriculteurs et les éleveurs de la région ont du mal à adapter leurs pratiques dans ce contexte économique et démographique susceptible à des changements rapides. L'auteur examine si l'accroissement démographique est responsable de la dégradation de l'environnement observée dans la région étudiée. Après avoir présenté les principales caractéristiques environnementales et démographiques de la zone d'étude, le département de la Ménoua, l'auteur analyse l'influence des changements démographiques et environnementaux sur les modes de production et de consommation au niveau local. Ensuite, un regard est donné sur l'impact des facteurs exogènes sur la gestion des ressources naturelles et les stratégies de subsistance. La croissance démographique a entraîné des ajustements au sein des systèmes de production agricole, modifiant beaucoup l'usage des ressources naturelles et l'occupation du sol dans le département. Il existe un rapport complexe entre la croissance démographique, la production agricole, et l'environnement. Il faut que les agriculteurs jouent un rôle important dans la formulation et la mise en oeuvre de stratégies locales visant à gérer de manière durable des ressources naturelles. Language: French Keywords: CAMEROON | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION GROWTH | AGRICULTURE | PRODUCTION | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | LAND SUPPLY | NATURAL RESOURCES | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Carrying Capacity | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 158140 |
| 18. Title: Population advocacy and the proposed comprehensive land (and water) use policy. Author: Llorin RA Source: Human Development Legislator. 2001 Oct;II(8):32-37. Abstract: Stress on our natural resources is a direct outcome of a growing population. Statistics shows that the Philippine population has reached 76.5 million, growing at a rate of 2.36% every year. The succeeding charts and figures illustrate the trajectory treaded by the absence of a comprehensive national land (and water) use policy, and its proportional impacts on the quality of life of the population. Unplanned use of land and water resources resulting to rapid depletion of natural resources, and being complicated by an unmanaged population growth, will most likely result to greater inequality and poverty. This will persist in the absence of policies that would tone population with land and water use. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: PHILIPPINES | CRITIQUE | LEGISLATION | LAND AND RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | WATER QUALITY | POPULATION PRESSURE | DEFORESTATION | NATURAL RESOURCES | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Environment | Environmental Pollution | Carrying Capacity | Water Document Number: 308161 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: Empowerment and disempowerment of forest women in Uttarakhand, India. Author: Sarin M Source: Gender, Technology and Development. 2001 Sep-Dec;5(3):341-364. Abstract: Empowering women of forest based societies to participate in local forest management has become an essential rhetorical commitment of donor funded 'participatory' forestry projects and state policies for devolution of forest management. Instead of increasing women's empowerment, the top-down interventions of a World Bank funded forestry project in Uttarakhand are doing the opposite by disrupting and marginalizing their own struggles and achievements, transferring power and authority to the forest department and local elite men. A number of case studies illustrate the project's insensitivity to the dynamic functioning of existing self-governing institutions and the women's ongoing struggles within them to gain greater voice and control over forest resources for improving their quality of life and livelihood security. The article argues for active engagement of forest women and their communities in the policy and project formulation process itself, which permits building upon women's and men's own initiatives and struggles while strengthening gender-equal democratization of self-governing community forestry institutions. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | WOMEN'S GROUPS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | FORESTS | NATURAL RESOURCES | WOMEN'S EMPOWERMENT | INEQUALITIES | WORLD BANK | AGRARIAN REFORM | LAND SUPPLY | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Interest Groups | Political Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Environment | Women's Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | International Agencies | Organizations | Rural Development Document Number: 186532 |
| 20. Title: [Impoverishment, population pressure, and land degradation in the rural environment: the case of Yemessoa, Cameroon] Pauperisation, pression demographique et degradation des terres en milieu rural: le cas de Yemessoa (Cameroun). Author: Takouo D Source: In: Regulations demographiques et environnement. Actes des VIes Journees demographiques de l'ORSTOM, 22-24 septembre 1997 - Paris, sous la direction de Laurent Auclair, Patrick Gubry, Michel Picouet, Frederic Sandron. Paris, France, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement, 2001 Feb. :219-27. (Etudes du CEPED No. 18) Abstract: In recent decades in Cameroon, the pull of the city, flight from traditional constraints, scarce job opportunities, and basic town infrastructures have fueled rural out-migration. In this context, any migration back to rural regions was comprised of mainly retirees and the elderly. However, other factors, including Cameroon's public sector hiring freeze, the closing of and problems with many state agencies, and the bankruptcy of many businesses have destabilized many families residing for years outside of their birth villages. Given this growing instability, populations have increasingly returned to rural areas to work the land. Some studies have shown a strong trend toward urban out-migration from Yemessoa. Massive return migration is lowering the school attendance rate and prompting the overexploitation of available lands with subsistence farming. The author describes the main concepts employed and the socioeconomic context of the study zone, analyzes the relationships between impoverishment and population pressure, and describes the main characteristics of population pressure in Yemessoa, as well as its impact upon soil fertility. One direct consequence of population pressure upon land in the study area will no doubt be a shortening of time during which fields lay fallow. The risk of losing equilibrium between agriculture and the environment is cause for major concern. French Abstract: Au Cameroun, au cours des dernières décennies, l'attrait du milieu urbain, la fuite des contraintes traditionnelles, la rareté des opportunités d'emploi, et des infrastructures de base au village ont provoqué l'exode rural. Dans ce contexte, le retour au village est devenu surtout un phénomène des retraités et des personnes âgées. Mais d'autres facteurs, y compris le gel des recrutements dans la fonction publique camerounaise, la fermeture et les problèmes conjoncturels de nombreuses sociétés d'Etat, et la faillite de nombreuses entreprises ont déstabilisé de nombreuses familles installées durant ces dernières années hors de leur village natal. Dans ce contexte de précarité grandissante, des populations se sont retournées aux villages pour reprendre le travail de la terre. Les résultats de certaines études montrent une forte tendance à l'exode urbain de la localité de Yémessoa. Le retour massif des populations vient ainsi s'ajouter à la non-scolarisation des enfants et à l'accroissement de l'exploitation des cultures vivrières pour élever la pression sur la terre. L'auteur explique les principaux concepts utilisés, décrit le contexte socio-économique de la zone d'étude, analyse des relations entre la paupérisation et la pression démographique, et décrit les principales caractéristiques de la pression démographique à Yémessoa ainsi que l'impact de celle-ci sur la fertilité des sols. Une des conséquences directes de la pression humaine sur la terre dans cette zone sera sans doute le raccourcissement de la durée des jachères. La menace de disparition de l'équilibre entre l'agriculture et le milieu pose des questions fondamentales. Language: French Keywords: CAMEROON | RURAL POPULATION | RETURN MIGRATION | POPULATION PRESSURE | POVERTY | LAND SUPPLY | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | AGRICULTURE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors Document Number: 158141 |
| 21. Title: Sustainable food and agricultural production including landuse and sustainable development. Author: Raman KV; Rajagopalan S Source: [Unpublished] 2000. Presented at the Millennium Conference on Population, Development and Environment Nexus, New Delhi, India, February 14-16, 2000. 26 p. Abstract: India has witnessed an unprecedented population growth during the 20th century. From 238 million in 1901, the population increased to 846 million according to the 1991 census. During the first 50 years from 1901, the population added was 122.7 million. This increase is mainly due to rapid decline in mortality rates after 1921; the decline in fertility started much later, in 1971. Moreover, life expectancy at birth, which was supposed to be around 22 during the beginning of 20th century, has increased to around 60 during 1991-96. The birth rate has declined from over 45 to around 27. The old age population has increased, yet the most significant increase will be in the proportion of population in the 15-64 age group. This dimension, along with the increase in urban population, will determine patterns of demand for food, clothing, housing, education, and infrastructure. This paper briefly discusses the demand projections for food to meet the requirements of this growing population and strategies to overcome the challenges of meeting the food requirement of the ever-growing population. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | POPULATION GROWTH | FOOD SUPPLY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Economic Development Document Number: 154636 |
| 22. Title: [The population-environment problem in Rwanda: the case of soil degradation] Problematique population-environnement au Rwanda: cas de la degradation du sol. Author: Ruty J. Ngarambe P Source: In: Population, environnement et developpement durable, [compiled by] Morocco. Institut National de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquee. Programme de Formation en Population et Developpement Durable. Rabat, Morocco, Institut National de Statistique et d'Economie Appliquee, Programme de Formation en Population et Developpement Durable, 2000. :[64] p.. (Population et Developpement Durable: Serie de Recherches Monographiques Vol. 9) Abstract: In 1998, an estimated 7,883,000 people inhabited Rwanda's total land mass of 26,338 sq. km. Rwanda therefore has a mean population density of approximately 300 inhabitants per sq. km, the highest density in Africa except for Mauritius, which is home to more than 500 people per sq. km. 1995 average population density in Africa was 24 inhabitants per sq. km. Rwanda's population was growing slightly faster than 3% annually in 1991, one of the highest growth rates in the world. Fertility remains rather high, with total fertility rates of 8.5, 6.9, and 6.5 children per woman, respectively, in 1978, 1991, and 1996. Despite the implementation of a family planning campaign, the population remains quite pronatalist. Rising population density results in the intensification of human activity which, if poorly managed, leads to environmental degradation and resource degradation. In Rwanda's case, the author considers Rwanda's physical, socioeconomic, and demographic characteristics; land pressure and soil degradation; the consequences of such degradation; matching population with available resources; and a global approach to sustainable development. Existing space constraints prohibit any expansion into additional arable land. Farmers have therefore intensified land use, while neither permitting their fields to lay fallow, nor supplementing their fields with necessary additional nutrients. Soil degradation is condemning farmers to major rural poverty and precarious living conditions. French Abstract: La population rwandaise est estimée à 7.883.000 habitants en 1998 pour une superficie totale de 26.338 km carré. Donc, le Rwanda connaît une densité moyenne de l'ordre de 300 habitants par km carré, la densité la plus forte en Afrique avec l'exception de l'Ile Maurice qui dépasse 500 habitants par km carré. La moyenne africaine estimée était de 24 habitants par km carré en 1995. Le taux d'accroissement de la population rwandaise se situait à un peu plus de 3% par an en 1991, un des taux les plus élevés du monde. La fécondité reste assez forte, avec des indices synthétique de fécondité de 8,5, 6,9, et 6,5 enfants par femme respectivement en 1978, 1991, et 1996. Malgré la mise en place d'une campagne de planning familial, la population garde bien sa mentalité nataliste. On sait que l'accroissement de la densité de population se traduit par une intensification des activités humaines qui, si elle est mal gérée, entraîne une dégradation de l'environnement et un appauvrissement des ressources. Pour le cas du Rwanda, l'auteur considère les aspects physiques, socio-économiques, et démographiques du Rwanda; la demande des terres et la dégradation des sols; les conséquences d'une telle dégradation; l'ajustement de la démographie aux ressources; et une approche globale du développement durable. L'extension des terres n'est plus possible au Rwanda à cause des limitations de l'espace disponible. Donc, malgré eux, les paysans sont passés à l'intensification agricole, privant les champs de toute jachère, sans compensation en intrants agricoles. La perte de fertilité du sol condamnent les paysans à une grande pauvreté rurale et une précarité des conditions de vie. Language: French Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | POPULATION PRESSURE | POPULATION DENSITY | AGRICULTURE | PRODUCTION | SOIL DEGRADATION | LAND SUPPLY | SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Environmental Degradation | Economic Development Document Number: 161712 |
| 23. Title: The relevant population dynamics to land degradation in the northeast region. Author: Santiphop T Source: JOURNAL OF POPULATION AND SOCIAL STUDIES. 2000 Jan;8(2):67-89. Abstract: This paper reviews the possible linkage between population factors such as population size/growth, in-migration/out-migration, and age/sex structures and land degradation in northeastern Thailand. Using both qualitative and quantitative methods, the feasible relationship between population factors and land degradation are analyzed. In addition, a review of the existing reforestation and population policy of the Thai government is presented. Analysis within sample units demonstrated a significant relationship between land degradation and population dynamics and economic factors. The sample analyses showed that the rate of change was influenced by environmental conditions, which play an important role in the man-forest interaction. Based on the findings, four concluding remarks are drawn. These include: 1) population growth usually appears as the major cause for land degradation; 2) overgrazing, and especially cassava growing in the northeast, have destroyed vegetation which led to the loss of topsoil; 3) the promotion of mono-cash crops by the government increased land clearing for cultivation in the northeast both for the domestic market and for export; and 4) population factors are viewed as an intermediate variable; social variables such as agricultural technology, fertilizer, irrigation, economic factors are influenced by population growth which exacerbates the effect of these processes. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | STATISTICAL STUDIES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | DEFORESTATION | LAND SUPPLY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Environment | Natural Resources Document Number: 151060 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: People in between: conversion and conservation of forest lands in Thailand. Author: Sato J Source: DEVELOPMENT AND CHANGE. 2000 Jan;31(1):155-77. Abstract: The analysis of "ambiguous lands" and the people who inhabit them is most revealing for understanding environmental deterioration in Thailand. "Ambiguous lands" are those which are legally owned by the state, but are used and cultivated by local people. Land with an ambiguous property status attracts many different actors: villagers hungry for unoccupied arable lands in the frontiers; government departments looking for new project sites; and conservation agencies searching for new areas to be protected. This article shows, first, how two types of ambiguous land--state-owned but privately cultivated land, and communal lands--were created. It then examines how the Karen, one of the hill peoples living on the ambiguous lands, have been struggling to survive between the forces of capitalistic development and forest conservation. Using a detailed study of forest use and dependency conducted in two Karen villages, the author argue that the state's efforts to reduce the Karen's forest dependency, or even to evict them from the forests, are not leading to the stated objective of conservation. Finally, the author draws some wider implications with reference to James Scott's thesis on state simplification. (author's) Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | CRITIQUE | FORESTS | LAND SUPPLY | LAND TENURE | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Natural Resources | Environment | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy Document Number: 150943 |
| 25. Title: [Demographic pressure and political constraints: the farmers of the Fleuve rouge delta during the twentieth century upheaval] Pression demographique et contraintes politiques: la paysannerie du delta du Fleuve Rouge dans la tourmente du XXe siecle. Author: Tessier O; Fontenelle JP Source: In: Population et developpement au Viet-nam, [edited by] Patrick Gubry. Paris, France, Karthala, 2000. :495-527. (Economie et Developpement) Abstract: During the 1930s, when Viet Nam’s Red River Delta had an average population density of 430 inhabitants per sq. km, some agronomists and geographers forecasted a gloomy future for the region’s peasantry due to its overpopulation. However, now with a population density of 1500 people per sq. km, the delta has absorbed a population almost 3 times as large as it used to support without suffering any major economic or social crisis. The authors explore the technical, social, and institutional conditions which have allowed the delta to support and feed an ever-growing population. The paper considers these phenomena and key factors during the colonial era, agrarian reforms leading to production cooperatives in which the peasantry was dispossessed, decollectivization and the return of the peasantry, and the socialist market economy. Since 1995-96, facing mounting difficulties accessing capital and de facto exclusion from already saturated commercial networks, many households are having problems innovating and sustaining themselves. The marginalization of a growing number of families leads to a proletarization of the least financially stable households. The urban/rural equilibrium is precarious as the pauperization of a growing fringe of the peasantry facilitates the possibility of true social instability. Moreover, environmental degradation and Viet Nam’s integration into ASEAN, and therefore the peasantry’s integration into regional networks, will also interfere with the delta region’s future development. French Abstract: Dans les années 1930, et au moment où le delta du Fleuve Rouge du Viêt-nam avait une densité moyenne de 430 habitants par km carré, certains agronomes et géographes ont prédis un avenir sombre pour la paysannerie de la région comme résultat de sa surpopulation. Mais aujourd'hui, le delta avec sa densité humaine de 1500 habitants par km carré a absorbé une population près de trois fois supérieure qu'auparavant sans souffrir aucune crise économique ou sociale majeure. Les auteurs explorent quelles sont les conditions techniques, sociales, et institutionnelles qui ont permis au delta du Fleuve Rouge de supporter et de nourrir une population humaine toujours plus nombreuse. Le texte considère les phénomènes et les facteurs importants durant l'époque coloniale, le mouvement d'une réforme agraire aux coopératives de production dans lequel la paysannerie a été dépossédée, la décollectivisation ou le retour de la paysannerie, et l'économie « socialiste de marché ». Depuis 1995-1996, face à une inégalité croissante d'accès au capital et à une exclusion de fait de réseaux de commercialisation déjà saturés, beaucoup de foyers ont des difficultés à innover et à assurer leur autosubsistance. La marginalisation d'un nombre croissant de familles mène à une prolétarisation des foyers les plus fragiles économiquement. L'équilibre ville/campagne semble fragile pendant que la paupérisation d'une frange croissante de la paysannerie facilite la possibilité d'une vraie déstabilisation sociale. De plus, la dégradation de l'environnement et l'intégration du pays à l'ASEAN, et par conséquent l'intégration de la paysannerie dans des réseaux de dépendance régionaux, vont aussi interférer sur le développement à venir du delta. Language: French Keywords: VIETNAM | HISTORICAL REVIEW | POPULATION PRESSURE | CARRYING CAPACITY | LAND SUPPLY | POLITICAL FACTORS | AGRICULTURAL WORKERS | AGRARIAN REFORM | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HOUSEHOLDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Natural Resources | Environment | Labor Force | Human Resources | Rural Development | Family and Household Document Number: 156172 |
| 26. Title: Ample food for increasing population. Source: CHINA POPULATION TODAY. 1999 Dec;16(6):20. Abstract: This article reports the results of a 4-year study conducted by the Austria-based International Institute of Geography of the Chinese Academy of Sciences. The conclusion states that China will be able to feed its people, even when the country's population soars to 1.5 billion, as is projected to happen by 2025. Such a conclusion contradicts the result of earlier research which found that China could not feed its growing population because of a shortage of arable land, and would have to import a large amount of food, pushing up world food prices and threatening the security of other nations. However, authors of the latest study say that the earlier work underestimated China's cultivated land and the larger role that scientific advances and technology could play. According to them, the country has great potential to increase its food supply if appropriate measures are adopted. Language: English Keywords: CHINA | SUMMARY REPORT | FOOD SUPPLY | LAND SUPPLY | POPULATION GROWTH | Developing Countries | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Natural Resources | Environment | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 147976 |
| 27. Title: India, Pakistan sitting on demographic time bomb: study. Source: PUKAAR. 1999 Jul;(26):10. Abstract: According to a latest independent study, India and Pakistan are among the countries that face a "demographic train wreck" by the year 2050 because of their burgeoning population. This study predicts that India will takeover China for being the most populous nation in the next few years, while Pakistan will experience a calamity in terms of resource allocations. Findings of the recent studies showed that the availability of arable land in India, which was already facing a water shortage, will be reduced further to less than one-tenth of a hectare, far less than a typical suburban lot in the US. On the other hand, Pakistan has grimmer prospects with its 1998 population of 142 million exploding to 345 million and its people having only 0.03 hectares per capita of arable land available by 2050. In effect, both nations are expected to suffer by 2050 due to the rapid increase in population growth. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | POPULATION PRESSURE | LAND SUPPLY | RESOURCE ALLOCATION | ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Carrying Capacity | Natural Resources | Environment | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 146135 |
| 28. Title: Childhood malnutrition and postwar reconstruction in rural El Salvador. A community-based survey. Author: Brentlinger PE; Hernan MA; Hernandez-Diaz S; Azaroff LS; McCall M Source: JAMA. 1999 Jan 13;281(2):184-90. Abstract: The peace accord reached in El Salvador in 1992 ended a 12-year civil war rooted in economic inequity, especially for land distribution. War exacerbated hunger. The peace settlement's economic accords included land redistribution and other provisions designed to improve the socioeconomic status of ex-combatants and vulnerable civilians. 6 years after the peace agreement, the authors attempted to describe the association between the postwar social and economic reconstruction effort and child health status in 1 rural area, using child nutrition as an indicator. The study site was a single municipality in Cuscatlan, and involved a representative sample of 761 children under age 5 years, living in 27 villages. 32.4% of the children were stunted, with stunting being significantly more prevalent among children whose families cultivated less land. 1.3% and 9.2% of children were wasted and underweight, respectively. Less than half of newly transferred land was being cultivated by its owners at the time of the study. 84.7% of the children lived in families cultivating 2 hectares or less of redistributed land. Stunting was also more prevalent among children whose households lacked piped water compared to those who had had piped water since before the cease-fire. Language: English Keywords: EL SALVADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | CHILD | MALNUTRITION | WAR | LAND SUPPLY | WATER SUPPLY | AGRARIAN REFORM | HOUSEHOLDS | Developing Countries | Central America | Latin America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Nutrition Disorders | Diseases | Political Factors | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 140792 |
| 29. Title: Breaking out or breaking down. Author: Brown LR; Halweil B Source: WORLD WATCH. 1999 Sep-Oct;12(5):20-9. Abstract: A new kind of challenge looms in several regions of the world, where the historic trend toward longer life expectancy has been sharply reversed. There are three clearly identifiable trends that are causing death rates to increase. The first is the spread of the HIV virus, which causes AIDS. As illustrated by the case of sub-Saharan Africa, the growth of the HIV epidemic damages a nation's social infrastructure, producing lingering demographic and economic effects. It reinforces conditions like poverty, illiteracy, and malnutrition. Second, the depletion of aquifers has become a major threat, particularly in India, where water tables are falling in almost every region. Water shortage leads to such problems as infectious diseases, waterborne microbes, and weakened water irrigation for farmers, which in turn leads to a diminishment of the food supply. The third threat that hangs over the future of nearly all countries where rapid population growth continues is the decline in the amount of cropland per person; this is a threat arising as a consequence of population growth and of the conversion of cropland to other uses. Land scarcity readily translates into malnutrition, hunger, rising mortality, and migration. In order to face all of these threats, leaders all over the world will need to understand that universal access to family planning is not only important for coping with resource scarcity and the spread of HIV/AIDS but is also likely to improve the quality of life for citizens of their countries. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | MORTALITY | DEATH RATE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | ENVIRONMENTAL DEGRADATION | WATER SUPPLY | LAND SUPPLY | CHANGES | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Environment | Natural Resources | Social Change Document Number: 143983 |
| 30. Title: Integration of population and environment II: Ecuador case study. Lessons from the field. Author: de Vargas T Source: Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, World Neighbors, [1999]. xi, 26 p. Abstract: This report reveals the findings of a study comparing alternative models of health and family planning (FP) programs in 12 communities in the Guaranda region of Bolivar Province, Ecuador. The operations research was conducted by CEMOPLAF and World Neighbors in 1993. Six communities had programs emphasizing reproductive health and FP services; 6 had programs emphasizing integrated community development. The research aimed to determine the impact of increasing agricultural production on the rate of acceptors; to compare the social progress of individuals in 2 different settings; to measure the achievements of the project and assess the image of both sponsors; and determine the effectiveness of replication of integrated development programs. Surveys were conducted among 400-480 families in each set of communities. Preliminary results indicate that integrated services can lead to a significant rise in FP knowledge and acceptance. Farmers in integrated programs increased their use of sustainable agricultural methods and held positive views of World Neighbors. CEMOPLAF was also rated highly on service provision. However, integrated communities had higher ratings. Of particular importance were the likelihood of continuing use of services and recommending CEMOPLAF services to friends. Integrated communities rated CEMOPLAF highly on services for low income people, information distribution, and effective treatment of health problems. Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | CASE STUDIES | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAM EVALUATION | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | LAND SUPPLY | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM EVALUATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Natural Resources | Environment | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Health Services Evaluation Document Number: 142544 |
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