| 1. Title: Attitudes of healthcare providers towards patients with HIV/AIDS in Bandar Abbas. Author: Aghamolaei T; Tavafian SS; Hasani L; Zare S Source: Archives of Iranian Medicine. 2009 May;12(3):298-301. Abstract: We aimed to investigate the attitudes of healthcare providers towards patients with human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in Bandar Abbas, south of Iran. In this cross-sectional study, a random sample of 250 healthcare providers completed a 20-item questionnaire from January first through February 30th, 2007. There were five domains of attitudes towards patients with HIV. The items measured as a five-point Likert scale ranging from strongly disagree to strongly agree. The mean age of the healthcare providers was 31.3 (SD=7.3) years. Of them 24.4% were males, 42.4% had received Bachelor of Science degree, 19.2% were physicians, 63.2% were nurses, and 17.6% were laboratory technicians. The respondents had fairly positive attitudes towards patients with HIV. Men, older age, more educated participants, and laboratory technicians had more favorable attitude towards HIV (P<0.05). Language: English Keywords: IRAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | STAFF ATTITUDE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Attitudes | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services Document Number: 342660 |
2.  Peer Reviewed Title: Seroreversion in children born to HIV-positive and AIDS mothers from Central West Brazil. Author: Alcantara KC; Pereira GA; Albuquerque M; Stefani MM Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jun;103(6):620-6. Abstract: The spread of HIV-1 infection among women of childbearing age has led to increasing numbers of children at risk of vertical transmission. This study aimed to assess child outcomes among HIV-positive (n=19) and AIDS (n=22) mothers from Central West Brazil. CD4(+) T-cell counts (FACScount, BD) and viral loads (HIV-1 RT-PCR, Amplicor HIV-1 Monitor Roche) were assessed at delivery and during the first 6 months of life. Heteroduplex mobility assay identified env and gag HIV-1 subtypes. Frequencies and medians were calculated. HIV-positive and AIDS mothers did not differ with regard to age, antiretroviral prophylaxis, parity and viral load. AIDS mothers had lower CD4(+) T-cell counts. One vertical transmission and a neonatal death were observed. Gestational age, gender and oral zidovudine prophylaxis were similar regardless of maternal clinical status. Infants born to AIDS mothers had lower birthweight and shorter time to seroreversion. Eight infants were lost to follow-up, and two were breastfed due to delayed maternal diagnosis. HIV-1 B(env)/B(gag) subtype were 75.6%; discordant B(env)/F(gag) were 12.2%. Exposed uninfected infants born to AIDS mothers with lower CD4(+) T-cell counts seroreverted earlier than infants born to asymptomatic HIV-positive mothers. It is possible that maternal immunological status may impact on the time to seroreversion. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | MOTHERS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | BREASTFEEDING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Transmission | Infections | Infant Nutrition | Nutrition | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342742 |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of HIV type 1 sequences from plasma, cell-free breast milk, and cell-associated breast milk viral populations in treated and untreated women in Mozambique. Author: Andreotti M; Galluzzo CM; Guidotti G; Germano P; Altan AD; Pirillo MF; Marazzi MC; Vella S; Palombi L; Giuliano M Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2009 Jul;25(7):707-11. Abstract: We analyzed the sequences of the HIV viral populations obtained from plasma, cell-free breast milk, and breast milk cells of HAART-treated (23) and untreated (30) HIV-infected women to obtain information about the origin of the breast milk virus. Sequence analyses of viruses were performed using the TruGene HIV-1 assay. Direct sequences of the reverse transcriptase (RT) and protease (PR) genes were analyzed using the Phylip 3.68 suite of sequence analysis program and pairwise evolutionary distances were calculated with the Kimura two parameter model for estimation of distances. We found that the genetic distances between the plasma and the cell-free breast milk viruses and between the cell-free and cell-associated breast milk viruses for RT were higher in HAART-receiving women than in untreated women, suggesting viral evolution under selective drug pressure in breast milk. Our data support the hypothesis of the presence of an actively replicating viral population in the breast milk compartment, distinct from that present in plasma. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | HUMAN MILK | HIV | HIV TESTING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | TREATMENT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Lactation | Maternal Physiology | Physiology | Biology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342889 |
| 4. Title: Circumcision's place in the vicious cycle involving herpes simplex virus type 2 and HIV [editorial] Author: Bailey RC; Mehta SD Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Apr 1;199(7):923-5. Abstract: HSV-2 as a biological cofactor in HIV acquisition and transmission has likely contributed substantially to the HIV epidemic. Although it remains possible that HSV-2 suppressive therapy will be efficacious in reducing HIV transmission, it is not clear how and whether a twice daily regimen of acyclovir will be manageable and effective at a population level. Research is needed to develop and test a prophylactic vaccine that, even if only partially protective against HSV-2 acquisition, is likely to be effective in both concentrated epidemics and in generalized epidemics in which a large proportion of HIV transmission occurs in stable partnerships. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | EUROPE | SUMMARY REPORT | INCIDENCE | HERPES GENITALIS | HIV INFECTIONS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV TESTING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 341208 |
| 5. Title: Role of the calcium channel in blastocyst implantation: a novel contraceptive target. Author: Banerjee A; Padh H; Nivsarkar M Source: Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology. 2009;20(1):43-53. Abstract: The proinflammatory blastocyst implantation cascade involves important mediators like prostaglandins (PG). The influx of calcium via the calcium channel acts as a trigger for the activation of the PG synthesis pathway. Hence, it was hypothesized that calcium channel blockers that are known to possess anti-inflammatory activity may interfere with normal implantation. Pregnant Swiss albino mice (Mus musculus) were treated with diltiazem (1) 4 mg/kg, po on days 1-6 of pregnancy, n=6/day) or (2) at the implantation site (25 microg/animal) via intrauterine injection in the right horn at 5:00 pm on day 4. The intact uterus was used to assay lipid peroxidation and superoxide dismutase activity as markers of membrane fluidity or to observe the day 15 fetus. Oral diltiazem treatment in therapeutic dosage before and during the implantation period did not cause any change in normal uterine milieu during the window of implantation. When injected into the uterine lumen 12-14 h before the average implantation time, however, a complete failure in implantation was observed. Thus, the site specific action of diltiazem may be blocking prostaglandin synthesis, hence causing implantation failure. Oral diltiazem treatment did not mimic this action, indicating that although orally safe in pregnancy in therapeutic dosage, calcium channel blockers may provide a new and yet unknown target in female contraceptive research. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | LABORATORY ANIMALS | LIPID METABOLIC EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTION RESEARCH | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Lipids | Physiology | Biology | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342045 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Sensitivity of paediatric AIDS score vs. WHO case classification in Indian children--a retrospective study. Author: Banerjee T; Pensi T; Banerjee D Source: Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;55(2):91-6. Abstract: This study was conducted at the Department of Paediatrics, Dr Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, to test the statistical significance of existing World Health Organization (WHO) clinical case definition (CCD) for diagnosis of AIDS in areas where diagnostic resources are limited. A total of 360 cases between 18 months and 12 years of age satisfying WHO case definitions of AIDS were included in study group. Our study detected 16.66% (60) of HIV incidence in children visiting the paediatrics outpatient clinic. Twenty percent of cases manifested three major and two minor signs, which had sensitivity of 73.33%; specificity, 90.66% and positive predictive value (PPV), 61.11%. Stepwise logistic analysis identified weight loss, chronic fever >1 month and total lymphocyte count <1500 cells mm(-3) as important predictors. Eighty-six cases (23.89%) showed two major and two minor signs with sensitivity and specificity of 86.66 and 88.66%, respectively. Thus a CCD based on 13 clinical signs/symptoms was proposed for paediatric AIDS with better sensitivity and PPV than the WHO case definition but with almost similar specificity. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CHILDREN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV TESTING | AIDS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | STANDARDS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 331192 |
| 7. Title: Evaluation of commercial HIV test kits used in Nigeria. Author: Banwat EB; Peter JY; Egah DZ Source: Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice. 2009 Mar;12(1):11-4. Abstract: BACKGROUND:Accurate and reliable diagnosis of HIV plays a central role in any effective HIV intervention. We decided to evaluate 4 commercial HIV test kits to determine their reliability for use in developing countries. METHODS: Serum samples obtained from clients accessing tertiary health services at the STI clinic, Jos University Teaching Hospital were used to evaluate Sdbioline, Diaspot, Determine and DIALAB Elisa kits. A Western blot was used as the reference kit. RESULTS: DETERMINE kit gave 34 positive and 58 negative reactions and the positive sera were all confirmed by Western blot while DIASPOT kit gave 27 false negative results, which was at variance with the reference kit result. Other kits were SDBIOLINE with 5 false positive and DIALAB Elisa kit, which gave one false positive, and one false negative result. CONCLUSION: We conclude that Determine, SDbioline and DIALAB Elisa kits are reliable for HIV antibody testing in Nigeria and other developing countries. Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | EVALUATION REPORT | CLIENTS | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HIV TESTING | EQUIPMENT AND SUPPLIES | RELIABILITY | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SCREENING | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Evaluation | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Studies | Research Methodology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement Document Number: 342689 |
| 8. Title: Antiretroviral drug resistance surveillance among treatment-naive human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected individuals in Angola: evidence for low level of transmitted drug resistance. Author: Bartolo I; Rocha C; Bartolomeu J; Gama A; Fonseca M; Mendes A; Cristina F; Thamm S; Epalanga M; Silva PC; Taveira N Source: Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 2009 Jul;53(7):3156-8. Abstract: The prevalence of transmitted human immunodeficiency virus type 1 drug resistance in Angola in 2001 in 196 untreated patients was investigated. All subtypes were detected, along with unclassifiable and complex recombinant strains. Numerous new polymorphisms were identified in the reverse transcriptase and protease. Two (1.6%) unrelated patients harbored nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor- and nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-resistant viruses (mutations: M41L, D67N, M184V, L210W, T215Y or T215F, and K103N). Continued surveillance of drug resistance is required for maximization of ART efficacy in Angola. Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CLIENTS | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | HIV | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 342987 |
| 9. Title: Highly divergent subtypes and new recombinant forms prevail in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Angola: new insights into the origins of the AIDS pandemic. Author: Bartolo I; Rocha C; Bartolomeu J; Gama A; Marcelino R; Fonseca M; Mendes A; Epalanga M; Silva PC; Taveira N Source: Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 2009 Jul;9(4):672-82. Abstract: Angola, located in South-Western Africa, has a remarkably low HIV/AIDS prevalence in the adult population (3.7%). It is bordered in the North by the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Republic of Congo that are at the origin of human HIV-1 infections. It is, therefore, likely that HIV-1 strains circulating in Angola are genetically diverse and representative of the origin of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The aim of this work was to investigate in detail the genetic diversity and molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Angola. Almost 400 sequences were obtained from the gag (p17), pol (PR and RT) and/or env (C2C3) genes of 159 HIV-1 infected patients living in eight provinces of Angola (Benguela, Cabinda, Cuanza Norte, Luanda, Lunda Norte, Malange, Uige, and Zaire) and their genotype was determined by phylogenetic analyses. Gene regions representing all HIV-1 group M clades were found as well as unclassifiable sequences. In env and pol (RT), two groups of sequences forming distinct sub-clusters within the subtype A radiation were found and may define new A5 and A6 sub-subtypes. Recombinant forms were found in almost half (47.1%) of the patients of which 36.0% were second-generation recombinants. Fifty-eight different patterns of recombination were found. The A subtype, including CRF02_AG, was represented in most recombinant viruses. Epidemiological data suggests that the AIDS epidemic in Angola has probably started as early as 1961, the major cause being the independence war, and spread to Portugal soon thereafter. The extraordinary degree of HIV-1 group M genetic diversity and evolution in Angola may pose unprecedented challenges to diagnostic, treatment and prevention of HIV-1 infection. Language: English Keywords: ANGOLA | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | EPIDEMIOLOGY | HIV | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | MANAGEMENT | TREATMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Measurement | Research Methodology | Public Health | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Organization and Administration Document Number: 342757 |
| 10. Title: Estimating HIV-1 incidence using the serologic testing algorithm for recent HIV infections at HIV counseling and testing centers in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author: Bassichetto KC; Bergamaschi DP; Veras MA; Sucupira MC; Mesquita F; Diaz RS Source: Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Feb;13(1):9-12. Abstract: The network of HIV counseling and testing centers in Sao Paulo, Brazil is a major source of data used to build epidemiological profiles of the client population. We examined HIV-1 incidence from November 2000 to April 2001, comparing epidemiological and socio-behavioral data of recently-infected individuals with those with long-standing infection. A less sensitive ELISA was employed to identify recent infection. The overall incidence of HIV-1 infection was 0.53/100/year (95% CI: 0.31-0.85/100/year): 0.77/100/year for males (95% CI: 0.42-1.27/100/year) and 0.22/100/ year (95% CI: 0.05-0.59/100/year) for females. Overall HIV-1 prevalence was 3.2% (95% CI: 2.8-3.7%), being 4.0% among males (95% CI: 3.3-4.7%) and 2.1% among females (95% CI: 1.6-2.8%). Recent infections accounted for 15% of the total (95% CI: 10.2-20.8%). Recent infection correlated with being younger and male (p = 0.019). Therefore, recent infection was more common among younger males and older females. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | STATISTICAL STUDIES | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | INCIDENCE | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | EPIDEMIOLOGY | PREVALENCE | TIME FACTORS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Measurement | Public Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342655 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: High human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) prevalence, clinical correlates and high incidence among recently HIV-1-infected subjects in Sao Paulo, Brazil. Author: Batista MD; Ferreira S; Sauer MM; Tomiyama H; Giret MT; Pannuti CS; Diaz RS; Sabino EC; Kallas EG Source: PloS One. 2009;4(5):e5613. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8) is the etiological agent for Kaposi Sarcoma, which occurs especially in HIV-infected subjects. HHV-8 infection and its clinical correlates have not been well characterized in recently HIV-1-infected subjects, especially men who have sex with men (MSM). METHODOLOGY/ PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We assessed the HHV-8 seroprevalence, clinical correlates, and incidence after one year of follow-up in a cohort of 228 recently HIV-1-infected individuals, of whom 83.6% were MSM, using indirect immunofluorescence assay. The prevalence of HHV-8 infection at the time of cohort enrollment was 25.9% (59/228). In the univariate model, there were significant associations with male gender, black ethnicity, MSM practice, and previous hepatitis B virus and syphilis infections. In the multivariate model we could still demonstrate association with MSM, hepatitis B, and black ethnicity. No differences in mean CD4+ cell counts or HIV viral load according to HHV-8 status were found. In terms of incidence, there were 23/127 (18.1%) seroconversions in the cohort after 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: HHV-8 is highly prevalent among recently HIV-1-infected subjects. Correlations with other sexually transmitted infections suggest common transmission routes. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | MEN HAVING SEX WITH MEN | HERPES GENITALIS | PREVALENCE | INCIDENCE | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | SEROCONVERSION | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Measurement | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342160 |
| 12. Title: Novel progesterone receptor modulators with gene selective and context-dependent partial agonism. Author: Berrodin TJ; Jelinsky SA; Graciani N; Butera JA; Zhang Z; Nagpal S; Winneker RC; Yudt MR Source: Biochemical Pharmacology. 2009 Jan 15;77(2):204-15. Abstract: Progesterone receptor (PR) modulators are used in contraception and post-menopausal hormone therapy, and are under clinical development for reproductive disorders such as uterine fibroids and endometriosis. Development of tissue selective PR modulators (SPRMs) with reduced side effects and improved pharmacology represents a large unmet medical need in the area of women's health. One approach to addressing this need is to focus on the two PR isoforms PR-A and PR-B. In vitro and in vivo studies have revealed both distinct as well as overlapping gene regulation and functional responses of the two PR isoforms that suggests that PR-A selective modulators may retain a desired biological profile. We have identified a chemical series of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-substituted piperazine carbimidothioic acid esters (PCEs) that have partial PR agonist activity and selectively activate some PR-A isoform regulated genes in T47D cells. However, full microarray analysis in these cells does not predict a global isoform selective profile for these compounds, but rather a unique gene-selective profile is observed relative to steroidal progestins. Using multiplexed peptide interaction profiling and co-activator recruitment assays we find that the mechanism of partial agonism is only partly defined by the ability to recruit known co-activators or peptides but also depends on the cell and promoter context of the gene under investigation. The data demonstrate global consequences of mechanistic and functional differences that can lead to selective biological responses of novel steroid receptor modulators. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | UTERINE EFFECTS | ENDOMETRIOSIS | NEEDS | WOMEN'S HEALTH | PROGESTERONE | SCREENING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Diseases | Economic Factors | Health | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 329730 |
| 13. Title: Virologic and immunologic responses to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-1 and HIV-2 dually infected patients: case reports from Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire. Author: Borget MY; Diallo K; Adje-Toure C; Chorba T; Nkengasong JN Source: Journal of Clinical Virology. 2009 May;45(1):72-5. Abstract: In four of five HIV-1 and HIV-2 dually infected patients treated with efavirenz-based therapy, viral load was undetectable for HIV-1 only, with limited increase in CD4+ counts. Both viral loads were undetectable and CD4+ counts increased in one patient treated with protease inhibitor regimen. Specific guidelines for treating HIV-dually infected patients are needed that should avoid the use of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Language: English Keywords: COTE D'IVOIRE | RESEARCH REPORT | CASE STUDIES | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | INFECTIONS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | CONTRACEPTIVE USE-EFFECTIVENESS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Contraceptive Effectiveness | Contraception | Family Planning | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342661 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) seroprevalence in population-based samples of African children: evidence for at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission. Author: Butler LM; Dorsey G; Hladik W; Rosenthal PJ; Brander C; Neilands TB; Mbisa G; Whitby D; Kiepiela P; Mosam A; Mzolo S; Dollard SC; Martin JN Source: Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Aug 1;200(3):430-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) infection is endemic among adult populations in Africa. A prevailing view is that childhood transmission is primarily responsible for the high seroprevalence of KSHV among adults that is observed throughout the continent. However, few studies have directly examined children, particularly in locations where KS is not commonly endemic. METHODS: Participants were children aged 1.5-8.9 years, including 427 children from a population-based sample in South Africa, 422 from a population-based sample in Uganda, and 567 from a clinic-based sample in Uganda. All serum specimens were tested by the same laboratory for KSHV antibodies with use of 2 enzyme immunoassays (against K8.1 and ORF65) and 1 immunofluorescence assay. RESULTS: KSHV seroprevalence was 7.5%-9.0% among South African children and was not associated with age. In contrast, in the Ugandan population-based sample, KSHV seroprevalence increased from 10% among 2-year-old children to 30.6% among 8-year-old children ([Formula: see text]). In the Ugandan clinic-based sample, seroprevalence increased from 9.3% among 2-year-old children to 36.4% among 8-year-old children ([Formula: see text]). CONCLUSION: Two distinct relationships between age and KSHV infection among children imply that KSHV transmission among children is not uniform throughout Africa and is therefore not always responsible for the high seroprevalence observed in adults. There are at least 2 patterns of KSHV transmission in Africa. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | CHILDREN | HIV TESTING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV TRANSMISSION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, Eastern | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 342893 |
| 15. Title: [HIV/HCV coinfection at an university hospital in Recife, Brazil] Co-infeccao por HIV/HCV em hospital universitario de Recife, Brasil. Author: Carvalho FH; Coelho MR; Vilella Tde A; Silva JL; Melo HR Source: Revista De Saude Publica. 2009 Feb;43(1):133-9. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and risks factors associated with coinfection in HIV-positive individuals. METHODS: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted with 343 HIV patients attended at a university hospital in Recife, Northeastern Brazil, from March to December 2003. A standardized questionnaire about risk factors was administered. Serum samples were analyzed for anti-HCV antibodies using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), HCV-RNA using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and genotyping using the ABI 377 (PE Biosystems). Univariate and multivariate analyses and multiple logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: HCV prevalence was 4.1% (14/343) using ELISA and 3.2% (11/343) using RT-PCR. The most common genotypes were 1b (45%), 3 (33%) and 1a (22%). Co-infection was higher among those aged 30 to 39 years, and predominantly in males (64.3 %). In the multiple logistic regression, the variable blood transfusion was the single remaining risk factor for HCV (OR=4.28; 95% CI 1.44;12.73). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of HIV/HCV coinfection was low. Blood transfusion was a risk factor and HCV genotype 1b was the most frequently found. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HEPATITIS | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | RISK FACTORS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Measurement | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 341845 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Dried blood spots are a useful tool for quality assurance of rapid HIV testing in Kigali, Rwanda. Author: Chaillet P; Zachariah R; Harries K; Rusanganwa E; Harries AD Source: Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Jun;103(6):634-7. Abstract: A study was conducted in two primary health facilities in Kigali, Rwanda, to determine whether dried blood spots (DBS) used for quality control of HIV testing would give comparable results with serum after being stored for a period of 14 days and 30 days at ambient temperature. DBS and serum specimens were collected from patients undergoing HIV testing. ELISA performed on serum at baseline (gold standard) was compared with DBS results. The study included a total of 491 patients, comprising 92 (19%) males and 399 (81%) females with a median age of 27 years. A total of 148 individuals (30%) were HIV-positive. The average ambient temperature under which DBS specimens were stored at the health facilities was 23 degrees C (range 18-25 degrees C). The kappa statistic at 14 days and 30 days was 0.99 (99.4% agreement) and 0.98 (99.2% agreement), respectively, signifying almost 'perfect agreement (P<0.001)' with the gold standard. In a resource-limited sub-Saharan African country embarking on scaling-up of HIV testing, DBS stored at ambient conditions for up to 1 month were found to be a useful and robust tool to perform quality control of rapid HIV testing at the health centre level. Language: English Keywords: RWANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | Africa, Central | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation Document Number: 342745 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Antiretroviral resistance patterns and HIV-1 subtype in mother-infant pairs after the administration of combination short-course zidovudine plus single-dose nevirapine for the prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV. Author: Chalermchockcharoenkit A; Culnane M; Chotpitayasunondh T; Vanprapa N; Leelawiwat W; Mock PA; Asavapiriyanont S; Teeraratkul A; McConnell MS; McNicholl JM; Tappero JW Source: Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jul 15;49(2):299-305. Abstract: BACKGROUND: World Health Organization guidelines for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) recommend administration of zidovudine and single-dose nevirapine (NVP) for HIV-1-infected women who are not receiving treatment for their own health or if complex regimens are not available. This study assessed antiretroviral resistance patterns among HIV-infected women and infants receiving single-dose NVP in Thailand, where the predominant circulating HIV-1 strains are CRF01_AE recombinants and where the minority are subtype B. METHODS: Venous blood samples were obtained from (1) HIV-infected women who received zidovudine from 34 weeks' gestation and single-dose NVP plus oral zidovudine during labor and (2) HIV-infected infants who received single-dose NVP after birth plus zidovudine for 4 weeks after delivery. HIV-1 drug resistance testing was performed using the TruGene assay (Bayer HealthCare). RESULTS: Most mothers and infants were infected with CRF01_AE. NVP resistance was detected in 34 (18%) of 190 women and 2 (20%) of 10 infants. There was a significantly higher proportion of NVP mutations in women with delivery viral loads of >50,000 copies/mL (adjusted odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval, 2.2-32.8, [Formula: see text] for linear trend) and in those with subtype B rather than CRF01_AE infections (38% vs. 16%; adjusted odds ratio, 3.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-11.8; P = .038). CONCLUSIONS: The lower frequency of NVP mutations among mothers infected with subtype CRF01_AE, compared with mothers infected with subtype B, suggests that individuals infected with subtype CRF01_AE may be less susceptible to the induction of NVP resistance than are individuals infected with subtype B. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | WHO | MANUAL | STANDARDS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | MOTHERS | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | DRUG RESISTANCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV TESTING | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Research Methodology | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses Document Number: 342429 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of laboratory methods for analysis of non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor resistance in Ugandan infants. Author: Church JD; Huang W; Parkin N; Marlowe N; Guay LA; Omer SB; Musoke P; Jackson JB; Eshleman SH Source: AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses. 2009 Jul;25(7):657-63. Abstract: Detailed comparisons of HIV drug resistance assays are needed to identify the most useful assays for research studies, and to facilitate comparison of results from studies that use different methods. We analyzed nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in 40 HIV-infected Ugandan infants who had received nevirapine (NVP)-based prophylaxis using the following assays: an FDA-cleared HIV genotyping assay (the ViroSeq HIV-1 Genotyping System v2.0), a commercially available HIV genotyping assay (GeneSeq HIV), a commercially available HIV phenotyping assay (PhenoSense HIV), and a sensitive point mutation assay (LigAmp). ViroSeq and GeneSeq HIV results (NVP resistance yes/no) were similar for 38 (95%) of 40 samples. In 6 (15%) of 40 samples, GeneSeq HIV detected mutations in minor subpopulations that were not detected by ViroSeq, which identified two additional infants with NVP resistance. LigAmp detected low-level mutations in 12 samples that were not detected by ViroSeq; however, LigAmp testing identified only one additional infant with NVP resistance. GeneSeq HIV and PhenoSense HIV determinations of susceptibility differed for specific NNRTIs in 12 (31%) of the 39 samples containing mixtures at relevant mutation positions. PhenoSense HIV did not detect any infants with NVP resistance who were not identified with GeneSeq HIV testing. In this setting, population sequencing-based methods (ViroSeq and GeneSeq HIV) were the most informative and had concordant results for 95% of the samples. LigAmp was useful for the detection and quantification of minority variants. PhenoSense HIV provided a direct and quantitative measure of NNRTI susceptibility. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | INFANT | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV | POPULATION GENETICS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV TESTING | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Genetics | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342880 |
| 19. Title: Variations in the frequencies of torque teno virus subpopulations during HAART treatment in HIV-1-coinfected patients. Author: Devalle S; Rua F; Morgado MG; Niel C Source: Archives of Virology. 2009;154(8):1285-91. Abstract: Sera from 15 patients coinfected with TTV and HIV-1, collected before and at two times after introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), were tested for TTV load and the presence of the five highly divergent TTV phylogenetic groups. Seven patients showed a 1-5 log TTV load decrease during HAART, while the others did not show significant variations. A decrease in the number of coinfecting TTV genogroups was detected in 12 of 15 patients, with the mean number of TTV genogroups/patient decreasing from 2.33 before HAART to 1.47 at the last collect. All five genogroups were less frequently found after introduction of HAART. Three hundred sixty-seven TTV clones from four different genogroups, derived from two patients, were sequenced. Noticeable fluctuations in TTV subpopulation frequencies were observed in both patients analyzed. In conclusion, HAART tends to reduce the number of TTV genotypes/genogroups and may affect the balance between different TTV isolates coinfecting single individuals. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | HIV TESTING | HIV | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342971 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Impact of obesity on oral contraceptive pharmacokinetics and hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian activity. Author: Edelman AB; Carlson NE; Cherala G; Munar MY; Stouffer RL; Cameron JL; Stanczyk FZ; Jensen JT Source: Contraception. 2009 Aug;80(2):119-27. Abstract: BACKGROUND: This study was conducted to determine whether increased body mass index (BMI) affects oral contraceptive (OC) pharmacokinetics and suppression of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis activity. STUDY DESIGN: Ovulatory reproductive-age women with normal weight (BMI <25 kg/m(2); n=10) and with obesity (BMI >30 kg/m(2); n=10) received OCs for two cycles (prospective cohort). Subjects were admitted for two 48-h inpatient stays at the beginning and end of the hormone-free interval. Ethinyl estradiol and levonorgestrel (LNG) levels were evaluated during both inpatient stays. Gonadotropin pulsatility (follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone) was measured during the second inpatient stay. Estradiol (E(2)) and progesterone (P) were measured daily during inpatient stays and twice per week in Cycle 2. RESULTS: BMI was greater in the obese compared to the normal-BMI group [37.3 kg/m(2) (SD, 6.0) vs. 21.9 kg/m(2) (SD, 1.6); p<.05]. The LNG half-life was significantly longer in the obese group (52.1+/-29.4 vs. 25.6+/-9.3 h, p<.05), which correlated with a lower maximum LNG concentration on Cycle 2, Day 1 [1.9 ng/mL (SD, 0.5) vs. 2.5 ng/mL (SD, 0.7)] and a longer time to reach steady state (10 vs. 5 days) in obese women. There were no significant differences in volume of distribution between groups. LH pulse parameters did not differ statistically between groups but trended toward greater HPO activity in the obese group. Additionally, more obese (6/10 vs. 3/10 normal BMI, p>.05) women exhibited E(2) levels consistent with development of a dominant follicle and P levels consistent with ovulation (2/10 vs. 1/10) during Cycle 2. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to women with normal BMI, obese women exhibit differences in OC pharmacokinetics that are associated with greater HPO activity. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | OBESITY | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | CONTRACEPTION FAILURE | ETHINYL ESTRADIOL | LEVONORGESTREL | GONADOTROPINS, PITUITARY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | TIME FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Body Weight | Physiology | Biology | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraceptive Agents, Estrogen | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Gonadotropins | Hormones | Endocrine System | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics Document Number: 342308 |
| 21. Title: Seroprevalence of human immunodeficiency virus and syphilis in blood donors of Delhi [letter] Author: Ekadashi R; Langer S Source: Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology. 2009 Apr-Jun;27(2):167-8. Abstract: Transfusion of blood and blood products is a life saving measure that benefits numerous patients worldwide. At the same time it is an important mode of infection to the recipients. In up to 15% of the total patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), blood transfusion has been the route of transmission. Syphilis positivity varies from 0.8% in voluntary donors to more than 15% in paid commercial donors. Although HIV infection has been reported in all groups of blood donors in Delhi, it is particularly high among replacement donors. Concealing the medical history by professional or replacement donors pose a great threat to safe blood supply. Problems are also due to the prevalence of asymptomatic carriers in the society, blood donations during the window period, genetic variability in the viral strains and laboratory errors. Only few reports are available regarding the trend of HIV seropositivity and syphilis serology, particularly in blood donors from northern India. In this study, we aimed to assess the prevalence and trend of HIV and syphilis over 4 years, 2004-2007, among blood donors of Central Delhi. A total of 13,672 blood units were collected from blood donors during the period from January 1 2004 to December 31 2007 at the blood bank of Delhi Heart and Lung Institute in New Delhi, India. This is a tertiary care level hospital super specializing in heart and lung ailments. Blood donors were either replacement or voluntary. Care was taken to exclude professional donors by taking appropriate history and examination. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | CRITIQUE | BLOOD DONORS | HIV TRANSMISSION | SYPHILIS | HIV | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SCREENING | SAFETY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Public Health Document Number: 341204 |
| 22. Title: Prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis among women attending gynecology and infertility clinics in Gaza, Palestine. Author: El Qouqa IA; Shubair ME; Al Jarousha AM; Sharif FA Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 May;13(3):334-41. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Chlamydia trachomatis is an obligate intracellular bacterium characterized by a biphasic developmental cycle of replication. The organism is recognized as one of the major causes of sexually transmissible human bacterial infection throughout the world. Since there have been no previous studies dealing with chlamydial diagnosis in Palestine, this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of C. trachomatis infection among women attending gynecology and infertility clinics. METHODS: Endocervical swabs were collected from 109 women, aged 18-52 years (median 29 years), attending gynecology and infertility clinics in Gaza. These specimens were processed using molecular (polymerase chain reaction, PCR) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA; IDEIA PCE Chlamydia) techniques. RESULTS: The results obtained show that the overall prevalence rate of C. trachomatis was 20.2%. The sensitivity was 73% for the EIA, 86% for the MOMP (major outer membrane protein gene)-based PCR, and 100% for the plasmid-based PCR. Meanwhile the specificity was 94% for the EIA, 98% for the plasmid-based PCR, and 100% for the MOMP-based PCR. In multivariate analysis, only cervical discharge was significantly associated with positivity for C. trachomatis (adjusted odds ratio 5.6, 95% confidence interval 2.0-15.5; p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study revealed that a significant proportion of Palestinian women expressed evidence of exposure to C. trachomatis. Women with cervicitis are more likely to have been previously infected or exposed to Chlamydia infection. Furthermore, PCR proved to be superior and more efficient in the diagnosis of C. trachomatis than EIA. Language: English Keywords: GAZA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | SAMPLING STUDIES | CLIENTS | WOMEN | CHLAMYDIA | PREVALENCE | INFERTILITY | CERVICAL EFFECTS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | Middle East | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Demographic Factors | Population | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Reproduction | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342115 |
| 23. Title: Outcomes of a remote, decentralized health center-based HIV/AIDS antiretroviral program in Zambia, 2003 to 2007. Author: Elema R; Mills C; Yun O; Lokuge K; Ssonko C Source: Journal of the International Association of Physicians in AIDS Care. 2009 Jan-Feb;8(1):60-67. Abstract: A cross-sectional study of patients living with HIV/AIDS treated during 2003 to 2007 in decentralized, rural health centers in Zambia was performed to measure virological outcomes after 12 months of antiretroviral therapy and identify factors associated with virological failure. Data from 228 patients who started antiretroviral therapy > 12 months prior were analyzed. In all, 93% received stavudine + lamivudine + nevirapine regimens, and median antiretroviral therapy duration was 23.5 months (interquartile range 20-28). Of the 205 patients tested for viral load, 177 (86%) had viral load <1000 copies/mL. Probability of developing virological failure (viral load >1000copies/ml) was 8.9% at 24 months and 19.6% at 32 months. Predictors for virological failure were <100% adherence, body mass index < 18.5 kg/m², and women <40 years old. Of those with virological failure who underwent 3 to 6 months of intensive adherence counseling, 45% obtained virological success. In a remote, resource-limited setting in decentralized health centers, virological and immunological assessments of patients on antiretroviral therapy > 12 months showed that positive health outcomes are achievable. Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL AREAS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | DECENTRALIZATION | HEALTH SERVICES | HEALTH FACILITIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | TREATMENT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Drugs Document Number: 331331 |
| 24. Title: [Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae among women in a family planning clinic] Infeccao por Chlamydia trachomatis e Neisseria gonorrhoeae em mulheres atendidas Author: Fernandes AM; Daher G; Nuzzi RX; Petta CA Source: Revista Brasileira De Ginecologia E Obstetricia. 2009 May;31(5):235-40. Abstract: PURPOSE: to study infection prevalence by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), among adolescent and young women in a family planning outpatient clinic. METHODS: a total of 230 women up to 24 years old and history of up to four sexual partners have been followed-up for 48 months, with urine collection to search CT and NG, by the polymerase chain reaction method at the 1st, 12nd, 24th, 36th and 48th months. The variables studied were age group, schooling, marital status, number of gestations, abortions and children alive, age at the onset of sexual life, previous and present use of condom, previous use of intrauterine device, number of sexual partners in the previous six months and follow-up time. Bivariate analysis of variables according to positive tests for CT and NG, and multiple analyses by logistic regression were done. RESULTS: the ratio of infections by CT was 13.5% and by NG, 3%. Two women presented both tests as positive. The previous intrauterine device use was associated with positive tests for NG. CONCLUSIONS: the prevalence of infections by CT and NG was higher among the age group studied and the screening of young women must be taken into consideration in our services, to control the dissemination of sexually transmitted diseases and prevention of sequels. Language: Portuguese Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | PREVALENCE | WOMEN | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | CHLAMYDIA | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | Measurement | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342470 |
| 25. Title: Incidence of common opportunistic infections in HIV-infected individuals in Pune, India: analysis by stages of immunosuppression represented by CD4 counts. Author: Ghate M; Deshpande S; Tripathy S; Nene M; Gedam P; Godbole S; Thakar M; Risbud A; Bollinger R; Mehendale S Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jan;13(1):e1-8. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Opportunistic infections (OIs) influence the morbidity and mortality due to HIV infections. Data from India on the incidence of OIs among HIV-infected individuals by stages of immunodeficiency are scarce. METHODS: Between September 2002 and November 2004, HIV-infected individuals were enrolled in a prospective study in Pune. They were clinically and immunologically evaluated quarterly. Incidence rates of specific OIs were calculated. RESULTS: Median CD4 counts in HIV-infected male and female patients at baseline were 197/mm(3) and 413/mm(3), respectively. Tuberculosis was the most common OI with an incidence of 15.4 (95% CI 12.2-19.2) per 100 person-years, followed by oral candidiasis 11.3 (95% CI 8.6-14.5), herpes zoster 10.1 (95% CI 7.6-13.1), and cryptococcal meningitis 1.7 (95% CI 0.8-3.1) per 100 person-years. Patients with baseline CD4 counts of <200/mm(3) were six times more likely to develop OIs compared to those with CD4 counts of >350/mm(3) (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of commonly reported OIs in Indian HIV-infected individuals highlights the need for early screening and also the need to increase awareness in healthcare providers, in order to improve decisions regarding prophylaxis for prevention and appropriate therapeutic intervention. Emphasis needs to be given to the early diagnosis and management of tuberculosis in HIV-infected individuals. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INCIDENCE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | HIV | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Measurement | Research Methodology | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 329688 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Calicivirus and Giardia lamblia are associated with diarrhea in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients from southeast Brazil. Author: Goncalves AC; Gabbay YB; Mascarenhas JD; Yassaka MB; Moran LC; Fraga VD; Castro E; Franco C; Machado RL; Rossit AR Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Sep;81(3):463-6. Abstract: To study enteropathogens, 100 fecal samples were collected from a Brazilian human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seropositive population, with or without diarrhea. Giardia lamblia and calicivirus were significantly associated with diarrhea as were severe immunosuppression and the presence of at least one enteropathogen. No sample was positive for rotavirus and only one asymptomatic individual carried the astrovirus. We concluded that there is a great diversity of pathogens and opportunistic infections in the studied population, with a high prevalence of mixed colonization/infection. Our findings pave the way for future molecular studies related to the expression of virulence factors and to the possibility of pathogen-pathogen interactions, especially between G. lamblia and calicivirus. These findings are relevant to the improvement of therapies and controlling diarrhea in the HIV-seropositive population. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV | ROTAVIRUS | DIARRHEA | TREATMENT | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 342873 |
| 27. Title: Impact of intestinal permeability, inflammation status and parasitic infections on infant growth faltering in rural Bangladesh. Author: Goto R; Mascie-Taylor CG; Lunn PG Source: British Journal of Nutrition. 2009 May;101(10):1509-16. Abstract: A longitudinal study of 298 rural Bangladeshi infants found evidence of growth faltering starting at 3 months of age. Anthropometric status declined substantially in the first 2 years of life, with weight-for-height (WHZ) falling from - 0.49 to - 1.75, weight-for-age (WAZ) from - 1.18 to - 2.87 and height-for-age (HAZ) from - 1.00 to - 1.88. Higher concentrations of the acute-phase protein alpha-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) and higher gut mucosal damage (as signified by raised lactulose:mannitol (L:M) ratios) were both associated with chronic malnutrition as indicated by poorer HAZ and WAZ scores (P = 0.011 and 0.005 for AGP and 0.039 and 0.019 for L:M ratio, respectively). Higher Hb levels were related to improved z-scores, while elevation of Giardia-specific IgM titre (GSIgM) was associated with poor WAZ and WHZ (P = 0.015 and 0.039, respectively). IgG did not show any significant association with z-scores and the L:M ratio did not correlate with any of the inflammation markers or Giardia infection. The prevalence of geohelminth infections was low (only 4 % in the total study period). However, the level of GSIgM indicated high endemicity of Giardia infection from early in life, although very few cysts were detected from stool samples. These findings suggest that rural Bangladeshi infants are being exposed to high levels of infection with concomitant gut damage and growth faltering. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | INFANT | PARASITIC DISEASES | GASTROINTESTINAL EFFECTS | GROWTH | MALNUTRITION | ANTHROPOMETRY | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | IMMUNOLOGIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Diseases | Physiology | Biology | Child Development | Nutrition Disorders | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Immunity | Immune System Document Number: 342008 |
| 28. Title: Factors associated with increased prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of HIV-infected Brazilian women. Author: Grinsztejn B; Veloso VG; Levi JE; Velasque L; Luz PM; Friedman RK; Andrade AC; Moreira RI; Russomano F; Pilotto JH; Bastos FI; Palefsky J Source: International Journal of Infectious Diseases. 2009 Jan;13(1):72-80. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a major risk factor for cervical disease. Using baseline data from the HIV-infected cohort of Evandro Chagas Clinical Research Institute at Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, factors associated with an increased prevalence of HPV were assessed. METHODS: Samples from 634 HIV-infected women were tested for the presence of HPV infection using hybrid capture II and polymerase chain reaction. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression analysis with robust variance. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of HPV infection was 48%, of which 94% were infected with a high-risk HPV. In multivariate analysis, factors independently associated with infection with high-risk HPV type were: younger age (<30 years of age; PR 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1-2.1), current or prior drug use (PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.6), self-reported history of HPV infection (PR 1.2, 95% CI 0.96-1.6), condom use in the last sexual intercourse (PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.7), and nadir CD4+ T-cell count <100cells/mm(3) (PR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2-2.1). CONCLUSIONS: The estimated prevalence of high-risk HPV-infection among HIV-infected women from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, was high. Close monitoring of HPV-related effects is warranted in all HIV-infected women, in particular those of younger age and advanced immunosuppression. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | PREVALENCE | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | WOMEN | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HPV | HIV | AGE FACTORS | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Demographic Factors | Population | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Population Characteristics Document Number: 329678 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Relatively low HIV infection rates in rural Uganda, but with high potential for a rise: a cohort study in Kayunga District, Uganda. Author: Guwatudde D; Wabwire-Mangen F; Eller LA; Eller M; McCutchan F; Kibuuka H; Millard M; Sewankambo N; Serwadda D; Michael N; Robb M Source: PLoS One. 2009;4(1):e4145. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Few studies have been conducted in Uganda to identify and quantify the determinants of HIV-1 infection. We report results from a community-based cohort study, whose primary objectives were to determine HIV-1 prevalence, incidence, and determinants of these infections, among other objectives. METHODOLOGY: Consenting volunteers from the rural district of Kayunga in Uganda aged 15-49 years were enrolled between March and July 2006. Participants were evaluated every six months. A questionnaire that collected information on behavioral and other HIV-1 risk factors was administered, and a blood sample obtained for laboratory analysis at each study visit. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: HIV-1 prevalence among the 2025 participants was 9.9% (95% CI = 8.6%-11.2%). By the end of 12 months of follow-up, 1689.7 person-years had been accumulated, with a median follow-up time of 11.97 months. Thirteen HIV-1 incident cases were detected giving an annual HIV-1 incidence of 0.77% (95% CI = 0.35-1.19). Prevalence of HSV-2 infection was 57% and was strongly associated with prevalent HIV-1 infection (adjusted Odds Ratio = 3.9, 95% CI = 2.50-6.17); as well as incident HIV-1 infection (adjusted Rate Ratio (RR) = 8.7, 95% CI = 1.11-67.2). The single most important behavioral characteristic associated with incident HIV infection was the number of times in the past 6 months, a participant had sex with person(s) they suspected/knew were having sex with others; attaining statistical significance at 10 times and higher (adjusted RR = 6.3, 95% CI = 1.73-23.1). By the end of 12 months of follow-up, 259 participants (13%) were lost to follow-up, 13 (0.6%) had died, and 2 (0.1%) had withdrawn consent. CONCLUSIONS: Despite relatively low HIV-1 incidence observed in this community, prevalence remains relatively high. In the presence of high prevalence of HSV-2 infection and the behavioral characteristic of having sex with more than one partner, there is potential for increase in HIV-1 incidence. Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | INCIDENCE | PREVALENCE | HIV INFECTIONS | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | HIV TESTING | RISK BEHAVIOR | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Measurement | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior Document Number: 330196 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Errors in 'BED'-derived estimates of HIV incidence will vary by place, time and age. Author: Hallett TB; Ghys P; Barnighausen T; Yan P; Garnett GP Source: PloS One. 2009;4(5):e5720. Abstract: BACKGROUND: The BED Capture Enzyme Immunoassay, believed to distinguish recent HIV infections, is being used to estimate HIV incidence, although an important property of the test--how specificity changes with time since infection--has not been not measured. METHODS: We construct hypothetical scenarios for the performance of BED test, consistent with current knowledge, and explore how this could influence errors in BED estimates of incidence using a mathematical model of six African countries. The model is also used to determine the conditions and the sample sizes required for the BED test to reliably detect trends in HIV incidence. RESULTS: If the chance of misclassification by BED increases with time since infection, the overall proportion of individuals misclassified could vary widely between countries, over time, and across age-groups, in a manner determined by the historic course of the epidemic and the age-pattern of incidence. Under some circumstances, changes in BED estimates over time can approximately track actual changes in incidence, but large sample sizes (50,000+) will be required for recorded changes to be statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: The relationship between BED test specificity and time since infection has not been fully measured, but, if it decreases, errors in estimates of incidence could vary by place, time and age-group. This means that post-assay adjustment procedures using parameters from different populations or at different times may not be valid. Further research is urgently needed into the properties of the BED test, and the rate of misclassification in a wide range of populations. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | HIV INFECTIONS | IMMUNOLOGICAL EFFECTS | INCIDENCE | TESTING | LABORATORY PROCEDURES | ERROR SOURCES | TIME FACTORS | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 342159 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |