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Title: Creating healthy families in Nepal: sustaining family planning practices among marginalized groups.
Author: CORE Group
Source: CORE Group, Washington, D.C., 2009 Mar.
Abstract: This case study documents the sustainable activities and interventions of a USAID Flexible Fund Program, Valued Behavior for Healthy Families-A Model for Social Inclusion, that was implemented by the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Center for Communications Programs through Save the Children/US in Nepal. Sustainable activities are defined here as those activities or practices that have been continued or improved after the project ended. The Valued Behavior project aimed to help women and couples from disadvantaged groups in Nepal realize their reproductive intentions through: a) increased knowledge and interest in family planning services through NGO involvement; b) improved quality of family planning (FP) services delivered by providers in selected facilities and the community; c) increased community access to FP services; and d) improved social and policy environment for FP and reproductive health services and behavior.
Language: English
Keywords:
NEPAL | SUMMARY REPORT | KNOWLEDGE | FAMILY PLANNING | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | POLICY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 328782

Title: The U.S. commitment to global health: Recommendations for the public and private sectors.
Author: Institute of Medicine. Committee on the U.S. Commitment to Global Health
Source: Washington, D.C., Institute of Medicine, 2009 May. 4 p. (Report Brief)
Abstract: In 2008, the Institute of Medicine convened the expert Committee on the U.S. Commitment to Global Health to investigate the U.S. commitment to global health and to articulate a vision for future U.S. investments in this arena. The committee concludes that the U.S. government and U.S.-based commercial entities, foundations, universities, and other nonprofit organizations have an opportunity to improve global health. The committee initially issued an interim report with recommendations aimed specifically at the U.S. government, such as prioritizing global health as a pillar of foreign policy. This subsequent report addresses other sectors as well as government. The committee identifies five areas for action by the interdisciplinary team: 1. Scale-up existing interventions to achieve significant health gains; 2. Generate and share knowledge to address problems prevalent in poor countries; 3. Invest in people, institutions, and capacity building with global partners; 4. Increase U.S. financial commitments to global health; 5. Set the example of engaging in respectful partnerships. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | GOVERNMENT | ORGANIZATIONS | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | KNOWLEDGE | LEADERSHIP | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331419

Title: Advice columns in South African print publications.
Author: Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication
Source: [Houghton, South Africa], Soul City Institute for Health and Development Communication, [2009]. 17 p.
Abstract: This paper reports on a study about letters to and responses from advice columnists in 13 South African publications over a three-month period. Approximately 40 percent of letters to the columnists asked for advice about multiple concurrent partnerships, but less than half of the answers included information related to HIV and the increased risk of infection that accompanies such relationships. Instead, the columnists chose to focus on emotional or moral issues of concurrent partnerships. The paper highlights this missed opportunity to address HIV-prevention issues.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | RESPONDENTS | PRINTED MEDIA | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | COUNSELING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Mass Media | Communication | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331820

10.

Title: Sexual and reproductive health and HIV linkages: evidence review and recommendations.
Author: World Health Organization [WHO]; United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA]; International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF]; Joint United Nations Programme on HIV / AIDS [UNAIDS]; University of California, San Francisco. Global Health Sciences
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, WHO, 2009 Apr. [8] p.
Abstract: The importance of linking sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and HIV is widely recognized. The international community agrees that the Millennium Development Goals will not be achieved without ensuring universal access to SRH and HIV prevention, treatment, care and support. In order to gain a clearer understanding of the effectiveness, optimal circumstances, and best practices for strengthening SRH and HIV linkages, a systematic review of the literature was conducted. The findings corroborate the many benefits gained from linking SRH and HIV policies, systems and services. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CLIENTS | HIV TESTING | COUNSELING | HIV PREVENTION | FAMILY PLANNING | MATERNAL HEALTH | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | CHILD HEALTH | MANAGEMENT | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | STIGMA | BEHAVIOR | FEES | HIV/FP INTEGRATION | INTERVENTIONS | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Social Problems | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331466

11.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Emergency contraception: knowledge and attitudes of family physicians of a teaching hospital, Karachi, Pakistan.
Author: Abdulghani HM; Karim SI; Irfan F
Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Jun;27(3):339-44.
Abstract: This study was conducted to assess the knowledge of family medicine providers and their attitudes towards emergency contraception in a teaching hospital in Karachi, Pakistan. A 21-item questionnaire containing the demographic profile of respondents and questions concerning knowledge of and attitudes towards emergency contraception was distributed among participants. In total, 45 interviews were conducted, with a response rate of 100%, with faculty physicians (33%), residents (27%), medical officers (40%), 36% male and 64% female physicians; of them, the majority (64%) were married. Although the large majority (71%) of the respondents reported considerable familiarity with emergency contraception, objective assessment revealed deficiencies in their knowledge. About 38% of the participants incorrectly chose menstrual irregularity as the most common side-effect of progestin-only emergency contraception pills, and only 33% answered that emergency contraception was not an abortifacient while 42% were unsure. Forty percent of the physicians prescribed emergency contraception in the past. The large majority (71%) of the physicians were familiar with emergency contraception, yet deficiencies in knowledge inaccuracies were identified. Barriers to its use were identified as 'it will promote promiscuity' (31%), religious/ethical reasons (27%), liability (40%), teratogenicity (44%), and inexperience (40%). Overall attitudes regarding emergency contraception were positive; however, most (82%) physicians were unsatisfied with their current knowledge of emergency contraception, and there was a discrepancy between perceptions of physicians and actual knowledge. Interventions providing education to family physicians regarding emergency contraception is strongly recommended.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | PHYSICIANS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | PERCEPTION | FAMILY PLANNING | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Contraception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341579

12.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Unmet need for contraception among HIV-positive women in Lesotho and implications for mother-to-child transmission.
Author: Adair T
Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 Mar;41(2):269-78.
Abstract: In Lesotho, the risk of mother-to-child-transmission (MTCT) of HIV is substantial; women of childbearing age have a high HIV prevalence rate (26.4%), low knowledge of HIV status and a total fertility rate of 3.5 births per woman. An effective means of preventing MTCT is to reduce unwanted fertility. This paper examines the unmet need for contraception to limit and space births among HIV-positive women in Lesotho aged 15-49 years, using the 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey. HIV-positive women have their need for contraception unmet in almost one-third of cases, and multivariate analysis reveals this unmet need is most likely amongst the poor and amongst those not approving of family planning. Urgent action is needed to lower the level of unmet need and reduce MTCT. A constructive strategy is to improve access to family planning for all women in Lesotho, irrespective of HIV status, and, more specifically, integrate family planning with MTCT prevention and voluntary counselling and testing services.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | URBAN POPULATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | BIRTH SPACING | POVERTY | ATTITUDES | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Data Analysis | Population Characteristics | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Evaluation | Socioeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331114

13.

14.
Title: An assessment of the knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions of pharmacy students regarding HIV/AIDS.
Author: Ahmed SI; Hassali MA; Aziz NA
Source: American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 2009 Feb 19;73(1):15.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the level of knowledge, attitudes, and risk perceptions of University Sains Malaysia final-year pharmacy students regarding human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immunity deficiency syndrome (AIDS). METHOD: A cross-sectional study among pharmacy students. Data were analyzed with Chi-square to find difference at p value < 0.05. RESULTS: The majority of students (83.07%) responded showing a difference in gender and race. Students showed low willingness (9.2%) to assist patients and low confidence (36.1%) in their education about HIV/AIDS patients. Students recommended HIV testing for health care professionals (69.4%) and patients (75.9%) before surgical procedures. Students knew little about Post Exposure Prophylaxis (18.5%) or about the time for HIV to develop into AIDS (57.4%). About 40% of students were unaware of the inability of antivirals to treat HIV/AIDS. Students had low awareness for opportunistic infections (18.5%), and low agreement on competency to treat and counsel HIV patients (12.9%). CONCLUSION: The study highlighted students' misconceptions, negative attitudes, and risk perceptions towards HIV/AIDS.
Language: English
Keywords:
MALAYSIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | STUDENTS | PHARMACISTS | UNIVERSITIES | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | RISK FACTORS | PERCEPTION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | TREATMENT | EXPOSURE | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services
Document Number: 342691

15.
Title: Catching up on contraception.
Author: Allen K
Source: Australian Family Physician. 2009 Jun;38(6):380-2.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: Providing contraceptive advice is a core activity in general practice. There have been numerous changes to the contraceptive options available in Australia over the past 10 years. It is important that general practitioners are aware of these changes so that they can advise patients appropriately. OBJECTIVE: This article examines the changes that have occurred in contraception over the past decade and discusses the implications of these changes to clinical practice. DISCUSSION: Up-to-date knowledge about how the combined oral contraceptive pill works is reflected in changes to packaging and formulations, with varying success. Other changes include the over-the-counter availability of emergency contraceptive pills and the new combined hormonal vaginal ring. There has been a resurgence in intrauterine device use and their insertion has Level 1 (nonprocedural) indemnity status in most medical defence organisations. Bleeding with long acting progestogen only contraception remains a problem and management options include antiprostaglandins, tranexamic acid, doxycycline, the combined oral contraceptive pill and removal of the device. Sterilisation remains an option for older men and women and newer methods are available.
Language: English
Keywords:
AUSTRALIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KNOWLEDGE | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, COMBINED | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | SATISFACTION | VAGINAL RING | STERILIZATION, SEXUAL | INFORMED CHOICE | Oceania | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Oral Contraceptives | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage
Document Number: 341574

16.

Peer Reviewed

Title: High-risk behaviours among juvenile prison inmates in Pakistan.
Author: Altaf A; Janjua NZ; Kristensen S; Zaidi NA; Memon A; Hook EW 3rd; Vermund SH; Shah SA
Source: Public Health. 2009 Jul 15;
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To assess the sexual- and drug-use-related risk behaviours of male juvenile detainees in Karachi, Pakistan. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted of prison inmates aged 15-21 years in Karachi Juvenile Prison in 2002. In total, 321 inmates were interviewed about sexual orientation and behaviours, and knowledge about human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Urine specimens were collected and tested for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae using ligase chain reaction. RESULTS: A substantial proportion (n=111, 34.6%) of the participants were sexually active. Sixty-two (19%) and 67 (21%) had had sex with a male or female before incarceration, respectively. Twenty-seven (8.4%) participants had an STI, and 50% of the 109 sexually active participants had had multiple sexual partners. Use of addictive substances was associated with sexual activity. The mean knowledge score computed from the sum of 16 items was 4.7, with a median of 2.9. A large proportion (40%) of participants knew about condoms, but very few (3.4%) had ever used one. The mean+/-standard deviation risk score from nine items was 2.4+/-1.7. On the basis of behavioural and biological markers, 117 (36.4%) participants had high-risk behaviour. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, knowledge, risk perception and age were predictive of higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: HIV risk behaviours are common among adolescent inmates. Although inmates do have knowledge about modes of transmission and condom use, the use of condoms is significantly low. Interventions are needed for behavioural change among this group.
Language: English
Keywords:
PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | YOUTH | PRISONERS | SEX BEHAVIOR | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | KNOWLEDGE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Viral Diseases
Document Number: 342285

17.
Title: Counsellors are human [letter]
Author: Anand V
Source: Indian Journal of Medical Ethics. 2009 Jul-Sep;6(3):169-70.
Abstract: This letter touches on the subject of the medical knowledge of physicians in India. It first discusses male circumcision and then moves on to India not having an established system for sharing medical information and updates. It asks that better systems of regularly updating the medical knowledge of Indian physicians be developed.
Language: English
Keywords:
INDIA | CRITIQUE | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | MALE CIRCUMCISION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CONSENT | FEES | INFORMATION DISTRIBUTION | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Communication
Document Number: 342876

18.

Title: Does where you live influence what you know? Community effects on health knowledge in Ghana.
Author: Andrzejewski CS; Reed HE; White MJ
Source: Health and Place. 2009 Mar;15(1):228-38.
Abstract: This paper examines community effects on health knowledge in a developing country setting. We examine knowledge about the etiology and prevention of child illnesses using a unique 2002 representative survey of communities and households in Ghana. We find that community context matters appreciably, even after adjusting for the anticipated positive effects of an individual's education, literacy, media exposure and household socioeconomic status. The proportion of literate adults and the presence of a market in a community positively influence a person's health knowledge. In other words, even if a person herself is not literate, living in a community with high levels of literacy or a regular market can still positively affect her health knowledge. Our results suggest that social networks and diffusion play a key role in these community effects. In turn, these results offer policy implications for Ghana and sub-Saharan Africa.
Language: English
Keywords:
GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMMUNITY | CHILDREN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KNOWLEDGE | LOCALE | CHILD HEALTH | DISEASE PREVENTION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | LITERACY | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | SOCIAL POLICY | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication | Policy | Political Factors
Document Number: 330296

19.
Peer Reviewed

Title: [Sexual behavior and emergency contraception among adolescents from public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil] Comportamento sexual e contracepcao de emergencia entre adolescentes de escolas
Author: Araujo MS; Costa LO
Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Mar;25(3):551-62.
Abstract: This study examined knowledge and use of emergency contraception among 4,210 adolescents (14-19 years) enrolled in public schools in Pernambuco State, Brazil. The authors collected information with the Global School-Based Student Health Survey, previously validated. Knowledge, frequency, and form of use of emergency contraception were investigated. Independent variables were classified as sociodemographic and those related to sexual behavior. Most adolescents reported knowing and having received information about the method, but among those who had already used it, only 22.1% had done so correctly. Adjusted regression analysis showed greater likelihood of knowledge about the method among girls and the sexually initiated, while rural residents were 68% less knowledgeable. Rural residents showed 1.68 times higher odds of incorrect use, while girls showed 71% lower likelihood of incorrect use.
Language: Portuguese
Keywords:
BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | KNOWLEDGE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | SEX EDUCATION | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Education | Evaluation
Document Number: 330737

20.

Title: Condom use for preventing STI/HIV and unintended pregnancy among young men in sub-saharan Africa.
Author: Bankhole A; Singh S; Hussain R; Oestreicher G
Source: American Journal of Men's Health. 2009 Mar;3(1):60-78.
Abstract: The condom is the only known method that provides simultaneous protection against unplanned pregnancy and some sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, among sexually active people. Using data from the Demographic and Health Surveys from 18 Sub-Saharan African countries, this study examined condom use and reasons for using the method at last intercourse among sexually active young men aged 15 to 29. Most young men were aware of the condom (73%-98%), but its use at last intercourse was quite variable, ranging from 6% in Madagascar to 74% in Namibia. In 10 countries, more young men reportedly used condoms for preventing STIs alone than they did for preventing pregnancy alone. In 6 countries, at least one third of the users used the method for both purposes. Use of the condom at last intercourse was associated with union status, education, residence, and exposure to television in at least two thirds of the countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | YOUTH | MEN | CONDOM USE | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTIVE PREVALENCE | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Comparative Studies | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning
Document Number: 329249

21.
Title: Knowledge and practice of university students in Lebanon regarding contraception.
Author: Barbour B; Salameh P
Source: Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal. 2009 Mar-Apr;15(2):387-99.
Abstract: We evaluated knowledge and practice of Lebanese university students regarding contraception in a cross-sectional, comparative study on students in public and private universities using an Arabic language self-administered questionnaire. We found low levels of knowledge of contraception. The majority of males (73.3%) and a few females (21.8%) declared previous sexual relations: the majority of males had used a condom (86.1%), but females had generally not used contraceptives (75.6%).
Language: English
Keywords:
LEBANON | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | STUDENTS | MEN | UNIVERSITIES | KNOWLEDGE | CONTRACEPTION | CONDOM USE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | Middle East | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Demographic Factors | Population | Schools | Sociocultural Factors | Family Planning | Behavior
Document Number: 341713

22.

23.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Effects of a rapid peer-based HIV/AIDS educational intervention on knowledge and attitudes of high school students in a high-income Arab country.
Author: Barss P; Grivna M; Ganczak M; Bernsen R; Al-Maskari F
Source: Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes. 2009 Sep 1;52(1):86-98.
Abstract: INTRODUCTION: In response to low knowledge about HIV and intolerant attitudes toward persons living with HIV among Arab university students, a peer-based educational intervention was developed and impact evaluated on knowledge and attitudes of high school students in 2 of 4 main cities of United Arab Emirates. METHODS: Four small teams of final year medical students, 3 female and 1 male, were trained. Multistage random sampling selected 14 female and 5 male Arab schools, then 56 female and 14 male grade 12 classes in Al Ain and Abu Dhabi. The 90-minute intervention included a factual presentation and 3 attitude workshops. Baseline and postintervention knowledge and attitudes were assessed. Significance was tested by McNemar, Wilcoxon signed rank, and multilevel regression tests. RESULTS: Response was 99.6%, 1398 females and 505 males. Misconceptions about modes of transmission and intolerant attitudes were evident. Mean knowledge score improved from 65% to 82% and attitude 51% to 64%, that is, relative increase 26% (P < 0.0005). Females had slightly lower baseline knowledge than males but showed greater improvement in knowledge and attitudes (P < 0.0005) CONCLUSIONS: Grade 12 students' knowledge about HIV/AIDS was inadequate and attitudes stigmatizing. Peer-based knowledge workshops were effective, especially among females. Concise integrated teaching and workshops designed to address key knowledge and attitudinal deficiencies can be highly effective.
Language: English
Keywords:
MIDDLE EAST | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDENTS | SECONDARY SCHOOLS | HIGH INCOME POPULATION | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEX EDUCATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | INTERVENTIONS | STIGMA | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PROMOTION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | EPIDEMIOLOGY | Education | Schools | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Problems | Health | Marketing | Public Health
Document Number: 342885

24.

Title: Exposure to information and communication about HIV/AIDS and perceived credibility of information sources among young people in northern Tanzania.
Author: Bastien S; Leshabari MT; Klepp KI
Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):213-222.
Abstract: A structured face-to-face interview was completed by 993 young people out of school, between the ages of 13 and 18, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; additionally, the questionnaire was self-administered by 1,007 students attending either their last year of primary or first year of secondary school. Significant factors associated with the frequency of exposure to HIV/AIDS information and frequency of communication about HIV/AIDS included urban/rural location, sex, socio-economic status, and educational attainment. Both groups ranked the radio as the most frequent source of HIV/AIDS information. The in-school group reported significantly more frequent exposure to all sources of HIV/AIDS information, and they communicated more frequently about the topic than did the out-of-school group. The in-school group gave high credibility ratings to medical doctors, the radio, and parents as sources of information, whereas the out-of-school group attributed the most credibility to the mass media. Irrespective of school attendance, the young people ranked friends, parents, and doctors as preferred communicators of sexual and reproductive health information.
Language: English
Keywords:
TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | INFORMATION SOURCES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information | Communication | Data Collection | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 339889

25.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Teenagers and emergency contraception in the UK: a focus group study of salient beliefs using concepts from the Theory of Planned Behaviour.
Author: Bayley J; Brown K; Wallace L
Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jun;14(3):196-206.
Abstract: OBJECTIVES: To explore teenagers' beliefs about emergency contraception (EC) within a Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) framework. METHODS: Six single sex focus groups comprising a total of 25 female and 23 male pupils aged 13-16 years conducted in schools in Central England. RESULTS: Attitudes to emergency contraception (EC) were mainly positive about the rewards of avoiding teenage pregnancy. Participants had positive beliefs about the effectiveness of EC, although knowledge of crucial time limits varied. EC use was more socially acceptable than teenage pregnancy, yet both outcomes were perceived negatively. Motivation to comply with social pressure was influenced by the appraisal of individuals' intentions. Participants reported high self efficacy in accessing EC, but had concerns over confidentiality and access. CONCLUSIONS: Desire to avoid pregnancy was high in this group, but practical factors and attitudes may be more important for those ambivalent about pregnancy. Adolescents perceive accessing EC as difficult, are concerned about confidentiality, and anticipate negative reactions from staff. Data support the TPB as a suitable framework for understanding attitudes to EC use. Further research should apply quantitative TPB measures to EC use in a wider teenage sample in order to identify potential psychological factors to target in an intervention.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | ADOLESCENTS | STUDENTS | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | KNOWLEDGE | PEER PRESSURE | MOTIVATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Psychosocial Factors
Document Number: 341801

26.

Peer Reviewed

Title: The persistence of induced abortion in Cuba: exploring the notion of an "abortion culture".
Author: Belanger D; Flynn A
Source: Studies in Family Planning. 2009 Mar;40(1):13-26.
Abstract: Cuba's annual induced abortion rate persistently ranks among the highest in the world, and abortion plays a prominent role in Cuban fertility regulation despite widespread contraceptive prevalence and state promotion of modern contraceptives. We explore this phenomenon using the concept of an "abortion culture," typically used in reference to Soviet and post-Soviet countries. We synthesize existing literature to provide a historical account of abortion and contraception in Cuba. We also provide a qualitative analysis of abortion and contraceptive use based on in-depth interviews conducted in 2005 in Havana with 24 women who have had an abortion and 10 men whose partners have had an abortion. Information gained from a focus-group discussion with medical professionals also informed the study. Our four principal findings are: (a) longstanding awareness of abortion, (b) the view of abortion as a personal decision, (c) the influence of economic constraints on the decision to induce an abortion, and (d) general skepticism toward contraceptives. We discuss our results on abortion in Cuba in relation to the notion of social diffusion, an approach commonly used to explain the spread of fertility control throughout a population.
Language: English
Keywords:
CUBA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | FOCUS GROUPS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MEN | ABORTION RATE | CULTURE | COMMUNISM | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | MICROECONOMIC FACTORS | DECISION MAKING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Caribbean | Americas | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Socialism | Political Systems | Political Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception
Document Number: 341079

27.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Principles of contraceptive care: choice, acceptability and access.
Author: Belfield T
Source: Best Practice and Research. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2009 Apr;23(2):177-185.
Abstract: Unintended pregnancy, abortion and sexually transmitted infection rates are high in the UK. Research shows that women and men do know about contraception, but do not always use it or use it poorly and inconsistently. This chapter addresses the issues around contraceptive decision-making and choice, and the influences that affect uptake and use.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | CONTRACEPTIVE MODE OF ACTION | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMED CHOICE | PROGRAM ACCEPTABILITY | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family Planning | Sociocultural Factors | Contraceptive Usage | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 329668

28.

Title: Perception and practice of emergency contraception among female undergraduates of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria.
Author: Bello FA; Olayemi O; Fawole AO; Ogunbode OO; Sobukunola T
Source: Journal of Reproduction and Contraception. 2009 Jun;20(2):113-121.
Abstract: The authors performed a cross-sectional questionnaire study with 383 female undergraduates in Nigeria in June 2006 to assess their perceptions about and proper use of emergency contraception (EC). One hundred and five (48.2%) of the students had been sexually exposed. Only 32 (30.5%) used regular contraception. Seventy-three (24.3%) female undergraduates were aware of EC. Only 29 (7.6%) had used EC before. Most would not use EC drugs in the future due to lack of awareness (64.8%), fear for future fertility, and fear that EC was injurious to health. Use of EC was associated with awareness of correct interval for use. The authors concluded that there was poor knowledge about EC and poor use. Most knowledge was acquired from peers and was inaccurate.
Language: English
Keywords:
NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA ANALYSIS | YOUTH | STUDENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | KNOWLEDGE | PEER EDUCATORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Adolescents | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 339903

29.

Title: Limited knowledge on progestogen-only contraception and risk of venous thromboembolism.
Author: Bergendal A; Odlind V; Persson I; Kieler H
Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2009;88(3):261-266.
Abstract: Objective. To assess the current knowledge concerning progestogen-only contraception (POC) and risks of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Design and setting. Systematic review of the literature on observational and analytical studies reporting risk estimates for VTE in women exposed to POCs. Methods and main outcome measures. We performed a computerized literature search in the Pub Med, Embase, and the Cochrane Library for studies published between 1966 and February 13, 2008. Based on the evaluated studies we calculated an overall risk estimate for VTE in association with POC. Results. Four case-control studies and one cohort study were included. Of the case-control studies, three reported an increased risk and one a decreased risk of VTE. The cohort study found divergent results depending on the type of statistical analysis used. None of the results was statistically significant. The overall odds ratio for POC-associated VTE in the four case-control studies was 1.45 (95% CI=0.92-2.26). Conclusions. The risk of VTE associated with use of POCs is poorly investigated. The slightly elevated overall risk estimate might suggest an association between POC and an increased risk for VTE. The results must, however, be interpreted with caution due to the possibility of residual confounding. Well-designed studies with sufficient statistical power to evaluate risks of VTE with POC are warranted.
Language: English
Keywords:
SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, PROGESTIN | PROGESTERONE | THROMBOEMBOLISM | RISK FACTORS | KNOWLEDGE | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Public Health | Health | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraception | Family Planning | Progestational Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Embolism | Vascular Diseases | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 329655

30.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Antiretroviral adherence in rural Zambia: the first year of treatment availability.
Author: Birbeck GL; Chomba E; Kvalsund M; Bradbury R; Mang'ombe C; Malama K; Kaile T; Byers PA; Organek N
Author: RAAZ Study Team
Source: American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 2009 Apr;80(4):669-74.
Abstract: We conducted a retrospective chart review of antiretroviral therapy (ART) clinic patients treated during the first 12 months after clinics opened in rural Zambia and assessed adherence based on clinic attendance, patient report, and staff assessment. We identified 255 eligible patients (mean age, 39.7 years; 44.3% male; 56.5% married; and 45.5% with only primary school education). Twenty percent had partners known to be HIV positive. Twenty percent were widowed. Thirty-seven percent had disclosed their HIV status to their spouse. Disclosure was less likely among women (27.5% versus 49.6%, P = 0.0005); 36.5% had "clinic buddies" to provide adherence support. Adherence rates were good for 59.2%. Disclosure of HIV status to ones' spouse (P = 0.047), knowing spouses' HIV status (P = 0.02), and having a clinic buddy (P = 0.01) were associated with good adherence. Social support is a key patient-level resource impacting ART adherence in rural Zambia. Limited spousal disclosure affects women more than men. Clinic buddies are associated with better adherence.
Language: English
Keywords:
ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLINICAL RESEARCH | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | RURAL POPULATION | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | SPOUSE | SOCIAL NETWORKS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CLINIC VISITS | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | KNOWLEDGE | SEX FACTORS | SPOUSAL SUPPORT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Studies | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives | HIV | Behavior | Service Statistics | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Interpersonal Relations | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331277


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