1.  Title: Age at first reproduction and economic change in the context of differing kinship ecologies. Author: Leonetti DL; Nath DC Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 Jul-Aug;21(4):438-47. Abstract: Kinship systems which tend to be based on ecologies of subsistence also assign differential power, privilege, and control to human connections that present pathways for manipulation of resource access and transfer. They can be used in this way to channel resource concentrations in women and hence their reproductive value. Thus, strategic female life course trade-offs and their timing are likely to be responsive to changing preferences for qualities in women as economic conditions change. Female life histories are studied in two ethnic groups with differing kinship systems in NE India where the competitive market economy is now being felt by most households. Patrilineal Bengali (599 women) practice patrilocal residence with village exogamy and matrilineal Khasi (656 women) follow matrilocal residence with village endogamy, both also normatively preferring three-generation extended households. These households have helpful senior women and significantly greater income. Age at first reproduction (AFR), achieved adult growth (height) and educational level (greater than 6 years or less) are examined in reproductive women, ages 16-50. In both groups, women residing normatively are older at AFR and taller than women residing nonnormatively. More education is also associated with senior women. Thus, normative residence may place a woman in the best reproductive location, and those with higher reproductive and productive potential are often chosen as households face competitive market conditions. In both groups residing in favorable reproductive locations is associated with a faster pace of fertility among women, as well as lower offspring mortality among Khasi, to compensate for a later start. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | KINSHIP NETWORKS | REPRODUCTIVE AGE | CHANGES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | CULTURE | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproduction | Social Change Document Number: 342989 |
| 2. Title: Kin influence on the decision to start using modern contraception: A longitudinal study from rural Gambia. Author: Mace R; Colleran H Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2009 May 5; Abstract: In earlier work in rural Gambia, we found that kin influence reproductive success: matrilineal kin, especially mothers, maternal grandmothers and unmarried older sisters all helped to promote the survival and nutrition of young children; in contrast patrilineal kin, especially husband's mother, promoted fertility. These differing influences of maternal and paternal lineage are predicted on the basis of kin selection and sexual conflict theory, because the costs of reproduction fall more heavily on the mother than the father. These studies covered the period 1950-1975, when this population was essentially "natural fertility, natural mortality." It is not possible to tell whether these effects were due to kin influencing active reproductive decision-making, or due to indirect effects such as kin improving nutrition by helping. Since 1976, modern contraception has become available in this community. In an analysis of the behavioral ecology of the decision to start using modern contraception, we found that high parity for your age was a key determinant of the decision, as was village and calendar year. Here, we examine whether the presence or absence of kin and also whether the contraceptive status of kin influenced the decision to start using contraception. We find little evidence that kin directly influence contraceptive uptake, either by their presence/absence or as models for social learning. However, death of a first husband (i.e., widowhood) does accelerate contraceptive uptake. We discuss our results from an evolutionary demography perspective, in particular regarding theories of sexual conflict, biased cultural transmission, and social learning. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc. Language: English Keywords: GAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | RURAL AREAS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MOTHERS | GRANDPARENTS | MATRIARCHY | FERTILITY | CONTRACEPTION | DECISION MAKING | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Family Planning | Behavior Document Number: 341044 |
| 3. Title: [The experience of the Mexican maternal health care program Arranque Parejo en la Vida] Participacion social en salud: la experiencia del programa de salud materna Author: Orozco-Nunez E; Gonzalez-Block MA; Kageyama-Escobar LM; Hernandez-Prado B Source: Salud Publica De Mexico. 2009 Mar-Apr;51(2):104-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the implementation of its participative strategies and the creation of support networks for poor pregnant women. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A qualitative and comparative evaluation was carried on in four states. RESULTS: Coordination and community participation were relevant in relation with major resources allocation and availability, particularly housing and transportation. Governmental actors involvement and leadership favoured linking and coordination. Pregnant women used to valuate as the major support source the one provided by their kinship networks. CONCLUSIONS: To strengthen and to stimulate participative strategies is fundamental in zones with high maternal mortality rates. The wide appreciation of kinship networks, midwives and voluntaries' support to pregnant women in housing and transportation, suggests that these actors are a functional component of the support network; it is insufficient focusing the support network on health services and municipal authorities. Language: Spanish Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREGNANT WOMEN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | MATERNAL HEALTH | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MIDWIVES AND MIDWIFERY | VOLUNTEERS AND VOLUNTARISM | LEADERSHIP | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Population Characteristics | Organization and Administration | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 342075 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: The HIV testing experiences of adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: Do families and friends matter? Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Jan;20(1):61-71. Abstract: This study explored how adolescents involve their families, friends and sex partners when making decisions about seeking HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and disclosing their HIV-status. The study is based on 40 qualitative in-depth interviews with 16 to 19 year olds who knew their HIV status in Ndola, Zambia. The findings show that: a) almost half of the youth turned to family members for advice or approval prior to seeking VCT; b) a disapproving reaction from family members or friends often discouraged youth from attending VCT until they found someone supportive; c) informants often attended VCT alone or with a friend, but rarely with a family member; and d) disclosure was common to family and friends, infrequent to sex partners, and not linked to accessing care and support services. Family members need access to information on VCT so they can support young peoples' decisions to test for HIV and to disclose their HIV status. These results reinforce the need to provide confidential VCT services for adolescents and the need to develop and test innovative strategies to reach adolescents, their families and sex partners with VCT information and services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Evaluation Document Number: 324156 |
5.  Title: Early adverse emotional response to childbirth in Turkey: The impact of maternal attachment styles and family support. Author: Kuscu MK; Akman I; Karabekiroglu A; Yurdakul Z; Orhan L Source: Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2008 Mar;29(1):33-38. Abstract: Early adverse emotional response which is often detected in the form of depressive symptoms is a predictor of postpartum depression following the birth. The aim of our study is to highlight contextual and individual factors that have an impact on mothers' depressive symptoms during the early postpartum period. One hundred mothers participated in the study. Maternal depressive symptoms were screened by Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and maternal anxiety level was assessed by State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) at early postpartum period (7-10 days). The Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS) was used for the assessment of maternal social support. The Adult Attachment Scale (AAS) was used to determine the attachment style of the mother. The mean EPDS score of mothers who live in extended families is found to be significantly lower than mothers who live in nuclear families (extended families 7.13 plus or minus 7.39, nuclear families 11.77 plus or minus 5.96, p = 0.006). Significant positive correlations were found between EPDS total scores and ambivalent attachment style group (r = 0436, p = .000), and avoidant attachment style group (r = .328, p = .001). The level of perceived family support also showed a negative correlation with EPDS total score (r = -.363, p = .000). The regression of EPDS total score with ambivalent attachment style and state anxiety level are positively predicted and the level of perceived family support and existence of wider social network negatively predict the EPDS total score in the first postpartum week. Maternal attachment patterns, living with the extended family and existence of family support have an important impact on early postpartum emotional adaptation. Early intervention strategies should count towards these individual and contextual factors when designing screening and preventive interventions for postpartum depression. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | EMOTIONS | POSTPARTUM | DEPRESSION | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Puerperium | Reproduction | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Mental Disorders | Diseases | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Friends and Relatives Document Number: 324368 |
| 6. Peer Reviewed Title: Attitude and preferences of Nigerian antenatal women to social support during labour. Author: Morhason-Bello IO; Olayemi O; Ojengbede OA; Okuyemi OO; Orji B Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008 Jul;40(4):553-562. Abstract: This was a hospital-based cross-sectional study of 224 randomly selected antenatal women receiving care at the University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria. The study aimed to seek the attitude and preferences of respondents about social support during childbirth and also identify variables that may influence their decisions. Seventy-five per cent of respondents desired companionship in labour. Approximately 86% preferred their husband as companion while 7% and 5% wanted their mother and siblings as support person respectively. Reasons for their desire for social support were emotional (80.2%), spiritual (17.9%), errands (8.6%) and physical activity (6.8%). Socio-demographic variables found to be statistically significant on logistic regression analysis for the desire of a companion in labour were nulliparity (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.49-8.52), professionals (OR 3.11, 95% CI 1.22-7.94) and women of other ethnic groups besides Yoruba (OR 2.90, 95% CI 1.02-8.26), which is the predominant ethnic group in the study area. Only those with post-secondary education were found to want their husbands as doula (OR 2.96, 95% CI 1.08-8.11). More than half of the respondents wanted information about labour prior to their experience. It is important that Nigerian women are allowed the benefit of social support during childbirth, particularly as there is a lack of one-to-one nursing care and other critical services, including epidural analgesia in labour, at many of the health care facilities in Nigeria. Men could play a pivotal role in the process of introducing support in labour so as to improve the outcome for both the mother and her newborn. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | WOMEN | ANTENATAL CARE | ATTITUDES | CHILDBIRTH | PREGNANCY | KINSHIP NETWORKS | CARE AND SUPPORT | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Pregnancy Outcomes | Reproduction | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327237 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Coping strategies and social support after receiving HIV-positive results at a South African district hospital [letter] Author: Myint T; Mash B Source: South African Medical Journal. 2008 Apr;98(4):276-8. Abstract: Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | CRITIQUE | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | COUNSELING | EMOTIONS | STRESS | SUPPORT GROUPS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 328752 |
| 8. Title: Caregivers' and non-caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV / AIDS and attitude towards HIV / AIDS and orphans in Nigeria. Author: Ohnishi M; Nakamura K; Kizuki M; Seino K; Inose T Source: Health and Social Care in the Community. :[10] p. Abstract: Nigeria has an estimated 930 000 AIDS orphans, which has a marked impact on family and community. This study was performed to characterise caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and their attitude towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular. Caregivers and non-caregivers aged 25-70 years in Nigeria were interviewed from January and March 2003, and logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/ AIDS and attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans, and demographic characteristics and background status regarding HIV/AIDS and orphans. A total of 824 interviewees participated in the survey (82.4% response rate), of whom 290 (35.2%) were current caregivers of orphans. The mean number of orphans per current caregiver was 1.8 (standard deviation 1.4). Factors related to higher knowledge level regarding HIV/AIDS were female gender [odds ratio (OR) = 3.49; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.33, 5.22] and belief that AIDS is a common disease (OR = 3.39; 95% CI: 2.19, 5.26). Factors associated with positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans in general and AIDS orphans in particular were age 35-44 years (OR = 1.73; 95% CI: 1.11, 2.69), Koranic schooling (OR = 8.69; 95% CI: 2.42, 31.19), polygamy (OR = 1.76; 95% CI: 1.17, 2.62), belief that there are increasing numbers of orphans in the community (OR = 2.59; 95% CI: 1.32, 5.08) and having relatives or friends with HIV/AIDS (OR = 2.88; 95% CI: 1.61, 1.58). There was a slight correlation (r = 0.17, P less than 0.001) between caregivers' knowledge regarding HIV/AIDS and positive attitudes towards HIV/AIDS, orphans and AIDS orphans. Demographic characteristics and personal experience should be taken into consideration to improve attitudes and behaviour related to HIV/AIDS and caring for orphans and AIDS orphans. (author's) Language: English Keywords: NIGERIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CORRELATION STUDIES | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | KINSHIP NETWORKS | CHILD CARE | CARE AND SUPPORT | HIV | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Statistical Studies | Studies | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324348 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Effects of single parenthood on educational aspiration and student disengagement in Korea. Author: Park H Source: Demographic Research. 2008 May 18;18(13):377-408. Abstract: The recent rapid increase in divorce, along with its distinctive cultural and welfare environments for single-parent families, makes Korea an interesting case for examining effects of single parenthood on children's education. Using data from Korean 9th and 12th graders, I compare the levels of educational aspiration and student disengagement between students with two parents and those with a single parent, distinguishing divorced single fathers, widowed single fathers, divorced single mothers, and widowed single mothers. Logistic regression analyses show that students with a divorced single parent, regardless of gender of the parent, are much less likely to aspire to four-year university education and more likely to be disengaged than their counterparts with two parents. The effects of widowhood disappear once control variables are held constant. Lower household income among single-parent families explains in part the poorer educational outcomes of their children. Parent-child interaction is another important mediating factor for the effect of single fatherhood but not for single motherhood. The relevance of the extended family system and distinctive features of post-divorce living arrangements in Korea is discussed to understand the effects of single parenthood. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KOREA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | CHILDREN | ADOLESCENTS | EDUCATION | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | ONE PARENT FAMILY | DIVORCE | PUBLIC ASSISTANCE | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Nuptiality | Government Financing | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 326871 |
| 10. Title: Migration and transnational families in Fiji: comparing two ethnic groups. Author: Voigt-Graf C Source: International Migration. 2008 Oct;46(4):15-40. Abstract: In the past two decades, international migration patterns out of Fiji have undergone changes with important implications for the formation of transnational families. The focus of this paper is on a comparison between the formation of Indo-Fijian transnational extended families and indigenous Fijian transnational nuclear families. These are discussed within the framework of "transnational corporations of kin." For several decades, Indo-Fijians have permanently migrated to the Pacific Rim as a consequence of the economic and political situation in Fiji. They have resettled in complete nuclear family units and have subsequently attempted to sponsor the migration of their extended family members. Recent years have witnessed an increasing number of indigenous Fijians migrating temporarily for work. In contrast to Indo-Fijians, indigenous Fijian migrate as individuals, leaving their spouses and children behind in Fiji. Women migrate autonomously as caregivers and nurses while men find employment as soldiers and security officers. The main purpose of their mostly temporary migration is to send remittances. However, these economic benefits have to be contrasted with the social and psychological costs associated with the separation of nuclear families. The paper also discusses policy implications arising from the comparative analysis, especially in the light of the current situation in Fiji which is characterised by a lack of policies addressing the implications of migration. Spanish Abstract: En los últimos veinte años, los patrones de migración internacional desde Fiji han sufrido cambios que han repercutido notablemente en la conformación de familias transnacionales. En este artículo, se establece una comparación entre la conformación de familias indo-fiyianas transnacionales amplias y las familias indígenas fiyianas transnacionales nucleares. Ambas se debaten en el marco de "corporaciones transnacionales de parentesco". Durante varias décadas, los indo-fiyianos emigraron con carácter permanente a la costa del Pacífico a raíz de la situación económica y política prevaleciente en Fiji. Se reasentaron en unidades familiares nucleares completas y, ulteriormente, intentaron patrocinar la migración de sus familiares. En los últimos años, se ha observado un creciente número de fiyianos indígenas que emigran temporalmente por motivos laborales. A diferencia de los indo-fiyianos, los fiyianos indígenas emigran a título individual, dejando atrás a cónyuges e hijos. Las mujeres emigran de manera autónoma para trabajar al cuidado de personas o como enfermeras, mientras que los hombres encuentran trabajo como soldados o guardias. Su migración es mayormente de carácter temporal y tiene por finalidad el envío de remesas. Ahora bien, estos beneficios económicos tienen que examinarse a la luz de los costos sociales y sicológicos asociados con la separación del núcleo familiar. En este artículo también se debaten las consecuencias políticas resultantes del análisis comparativo, especialmente habida cuenta de la situación reinante en Fiji, que se caracteriza por la falta de políticas que encaren las repercusiones que trae consigo la migración. French Abstract: Durant ces vingt dernières années, les tendances migratoires internationales au départ de Fidji ont subi des changements qui ont eu d'importantes conséquences sur la constitution de familles transnationales. Le thème central de cette publication porte sur une comparaison entre la constitution de familles transnationales indo-fidjiennes élargies et les familles transnationales fidjiennes indigènes nucléaires. Celles-ci sont examinées dans le cadre de ce que l'on appelle les sociétés familiales transnationales. Depuis plusieurs dizaines d'années, les Indo-Fidjiens migrent à demeure vers la ceinture du Pacifique en raison de la situation économique et politique de Fidji. A partir de là, ils reprennent le schéma de la famille nucléaire complète et tentent ensuite de financer la migration des membres de leur famille élargie. Les dernières années ont mis en évidence une tendance croissante des Fidjiens indigènes àémigrer temporairement en quête de travail. A la différence des Indo-Fidjiens, les Fidjiens indigènes émigrent seuls, en laissant derrière eux femmes et enfants. Les femmes émigrent de façon autonome en quête d'un emploi d'aidante ou d'infirmière tandis que les hommes se font embaucher comme soldats ou agents de sécurité. L'objectif principal de leur migration le plus souvent temporaire est de rapatrier des fonds. Cependant, ces avantages économiques doivent être rapportés aux conséquences sociales et psychologiques découlant de la séparation des familles nucléaires. L'article examine également les répercussions politiques résultant de l'analyse comparative, surtout à la lumière de la situation actuelle à Fidji, laquelle dénote l'absence de politiques appropriées pour faire face aux conséquences de la migration. Language: English Keywords: FIJI | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHNIC GROUPS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MIGRATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | TEMPORARY MIGRATION | MIGRATION POLICY | REMITTANCES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Oceania | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Political Factors | Microeconomic Factors Document Number: 341301 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Gender, social change, and living arrangements among older Egyptians during the 1990s. Author: Yount KM; Khadr Z Source: Population Research and Policy Review. 2008 Apr;27(2):201-225. Abstract: We compare older Egyptian women's and men's propensities to live with unmarried children only, any ever-married children, and alone, and we assess "kin-keeping" versus "modernization" hypotheses about the effects of social change on living arrangements during 1988-2000. Socioeconomic differences among women and men accounted for much of their crude differences in living arrangements during the period. Propensities to live with any ever-married children declined, and propensities to live alone or with unmarried children only rose. Compared to men, women continued to live more often with any ever-married children and less often with unmarried children only, and the 1988 gender gap in solitary residence disappeared by 2000. Increasing coresidential demands from unmarried dependent children, less frequent coresidential support from ever-married children, and rapidly increasing rates of solitary living especially among older men suggest emerging needs for non-coresidential instrumental support, especially among older Egyptians who are economically disadvantaged. (author's) Language: English Keywords: EGYPT | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | OLDER ADULTS | CHILDREN | UNMARRIED | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | FAMILY LIFE | KINSHIP NETWORKS | SOCIAL CHANGE | MODERNIZATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Youth | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 325413 |
| 12. Peer Reviewed Title: Rebel girls? Unplanned pregnancy and colonialism in highlands Papua, Indonesia. Author: Butt L; Munro J Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2007 Nov-Dec;9(6):585-598. Abstract: In highlands Papua, Indonesia, rapid social change under a colonial system of governance has created novel sexual opportunities for young indigenous women. Recent scholarship has viewed similar youthful sexual practices that challenge the status quo as expressions of personal agency. By looking at how young women and their families cope with unplanned pregnancies, we suggest that a more viable analytic approach would be to view sexuality, pregnancy and childbirth as a single unit of analysis. From this perspective, young women's experiences are primarily ones of constraint. Case studies offer insights into the ways a political context of colonial domination limits options and choices for young women who have children born out of wedlock. In particular, this paper describes how the 'settler gaze' - omnipresent colonial norms and judgments - creates regulatory effects in the realm of reproduction. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDONESIA | CRITIQUE | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | YOUTH | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | SOCIAL CHANGE | SEX BEHAVIOR | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | COLONIALISM | POWER | BELIEFS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Culture | Family and Household Document Number: 313941 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: Caribbean transnational migration behaviour: Reconceptualising its 'strategic flexibility'. Author: Conway D Source: Population, Space and Place. 2007 Nov-Dec;13(6):415-431. Abstract: Building on a considerable body of extant literature, and critically assessing its strong and weak (or overlooked) conceptual explanations and observations, this reconceptualisation of Caribbean transnational migrant behaviour updates the theoretical account of what is now an increasingly prevalent mobility process in the region. Utilising a structuration construct in which a key conceptual base is a behavioural (agency) notion of strategic flexibility, transnational migrants operating within Caribbean family networks are situated in their multi-local transnational social fields and resultant distant-but-linked community structures. A 'moorings' construct (first offered by Moon in 1995) further enables the portrayal of transnational migrants' personal interactions and migration behaviours in multicultural contexts. It allows the examination of their aggregate outcomes in relation to the micro- and mesostructural contexts of institutional/familial/communal decision-making and action as they play themselves out in continuous time. 'Homes' and 'homes away from home' provide the microgeographical 'roots' of migrants' transnational existence, of their experiences, identities, and degrees of national and transnational consciousness. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CARIBBEAN | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | FAMILY LIFE | HUMAN GEOGRAPHY | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Americas | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Geography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 321496 |
| 14. Title: Gender scripts and age at marriage in India. Draft. Based on preliminary data. Author: Desai S; Andrist L Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. [13] p. Abstract: While it has been long recognized in the feminist discourse that marriage is one of the key institutional sites for production and reproduction of hierarchical gender relations, demographic literature on marriage patterns in developing countries has rarely explored this insight. This deficiency can be attributed to conceptual shortcomings as well as difficulties in obtaining appropriate data. This paper uses data from the newly collected India Human Development Survey, 2005 for over 40,000 households around the country to explore ways in which gender scripts regarding valuation of women's modesty and separation of male and female sphere shapes the decisions regarding age at marriage across different regions and different social classes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | LITERATURE REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | WOMEN | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | MARRIAGE AGE | DECISION MAKING | KINSHIP NETWORKS | SEXUALITY | SELF-PERCEPTION | SOCIAL CLASS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Nuptiality | Behavior | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Perception | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 317733 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Family, obligations, and migration: The role of kinship in Cameroon. Author: Fleischer A Source: Demographic Research. 2007 May 8;16(13):413-440. Abstract: The aim of this paper is to investigate the influence of family and kin networks on the individual decision to migrate. The study is based on qualitative ethnographic data collected during field research in Cameroon and shows the considerable impact of the extended family on the migrant's decision to leave Cameroon for Germany. Migrants do not necessarily set out to pursue individual goals. They are often delegated to leave by authority figures in their extended family. The individual is part of an informal reciprocal system of exchange, which is based on trust, has social consequences, and includes duties and responsibilities for both sides. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CAMEROON | SUMMARY REPORT | MIGRANT WORKERS | FAMILY RESEARCH | KINSHIP NETWORKS | MIGRATION | FAMILY LIFE | IMPACT | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Communication Document Number: 313489 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Fertility as a process of social exchange. Author: Heady P Source: Demographic Research. 2007 Dec 7;17(16):465-496. Abstract: By marrying and raising children, parents participate in a system of gift-exchange in which the gifts in question are human lives, and the parties to the exchange are the kinship groups recognised in the society concerned. Fertility reflects the attitudes of prospective parents to their place in the existing system of reproductive exchange, and the relationships of cooperation and authority which it implies - as well as their confidence in the system's continuing viability. It is shown that this view is compatible with earlier ideas about self-regulating population systems - and that changing economic circumstances are an important source of discrepancy between existing exchange systems and the attitudes and expectations of prospective parents. The discussion is developed with reference to data on European societies, including a case-study from the Alps, and concludes with an assessment of the relevance of the anthropological theory of gift exchange to contemporary fertility patterns in Europe and beyond. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | FERTILITY | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | GENERATIONS | ARRANGED MARRIAGE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 314004 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Family systems and HIV / AIDS in South Africa. Author: Iwelunmor J; Airhihenbuwa CO; Okoror TA; Brown DC; BeLue R Source: International Quarterly of Community Health Education. 2007;27(4):321-335. Abstract: This study examines the role of family in the care and support of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) as a way of reducing the burden of stigma in the family. The PEN-3 model provided the cultural framework for this study. Data were drawn from participants' responses in 27 focus groups interviews conducted in South Africa. Participants were asked to discuss experiences of people living with HIV and AIDS in the family. The results highlight the positive and supportive aspects of the family, acknowledge the existential and unique aspects, and discuss the negative experiences shared by participants. This study's findings stress the need to take into account families' experiences with HIV and AIDS in the development of interventions aimed at reducing the burden of the disease on family systems and improving care and support for PLWHA. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | FOCUS GROUPS | INTERVIEWS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | CARE AND SUPPORT | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 327466 |
| 18. Title: Sovasova and the problem of sameness: Converging interpretive frameworks for making sense of HIV and AIDS in the Trobriand Islands. Author: Lepani K Source: Oceania. 2007 Mar;77(1):12-28. Abstract: This article considers how different models of sexuality and disease converge and interact to co-produce understanding of HIV and AIDS, and the implications of inter-cultural communication for effective HIV prevention in diverse settings. In the Tobriands Islands of Papua New Guinea, the phenomenon of sovasova, or chronic illness that manifests when members of the same matrilineal clan have sexual relations, is a persuasive and problematic form of cultural knowledge that directly influences comprehensions of HIV and AIDS. As a social proscription, sovasova underscores cultural ideations about the importance of social exchange and the corporeal mixing of difference in sexual relationships. Trobrianders recognize clear signs and symptoms that herald the onset of sovasova, which are similar to descriptions of AIDS-related illness - weight loss, nausea, and malaise. Affected people use various herbal and magical treatments to effectively manage sovasova, and people can avoid the sickness altogether bysimply not having sex with a fellow clan member. The cultural resources available for treatment allow people to regard transgression as a safe possibility, albeit socially undesirable. The broad comparisons that Trobrianders draw between sovasova and AIDS create tensions as people contemplate HIV prevention based on the cultural model of sexual disorder and the valued capacity and efficacy of sexuality in maintaining relations of difference. (author's) Language: English Keywords: PAPUA NEW GUINEA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGY | KINSHIP NETWORKS | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | SEX BEHAVIOR | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FATIGUE | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | TRADITIONAL MEDICINE | Developing Countries | Oceania | Public Health | Health | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 321197 |
| 19. Title: "Generations" in forced migration: Towards greater clarity. Author: Loizos P Source: Journal of Refugee Studies. 2007 Jun;20(2):193-209. Abstract: This paper considers some of the existing uses of the concept of 'generation' as applied in the context of forced migration research. It focuses on an analysis of two little known classics and argues in favour of a renewed interest in the relevance of the concept as an analytical tool. It suggests that conceptual rigour is a prerequisite to undertaking empirical research, particularly in the context of studying long term patterns of adaptation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | COHORT ANALYSIS | CLASSIFICATION | PERIOD ANALYSIS | REFUGEES | GENERATIONS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | TIME FACTORS | LIFE CYCLE | SOCIAL CHANGE | GENEALOGIES | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research Document Number: 319036 |
| 20. Title: The importance of ethnicity: fertility and ethnicity in West Africa. Draft. Author: Nahmias P Source: [Unpublished] 2007. Presented at the Population Association of America 2007 Annual Meeting, New York, New York, March 29-31, 2007. 43 p. Abstract: Africa is often the neglected stepchild of Eurocentric demographic transition theory. The weak nation-state, extended kinship networks and lasting socio-cultural supports for elevated fertility have often challenged demographers. This paper addresses the lack of Africa-specific fertility research, and examines the importance of ethnicity in determining current fertility in West Africa. Utilizing recent DHS surveys, I look at the fertility behavior of ethnic groups spanning more than one country in the region, with current fertility as the dependent variable. I fit models for each country separately in the first analysis, followed by pooled fixed effects models for all countries in the second analysis. The results point to the relative importance of the nation-state rather than ethnicity in determining fertility levels. However, ethnicity is still an important determinant within countries and for certain ethnic groups. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, WESTERN | LITERATURE REVIEW | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MINORITY GROUPS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | KINSHIP NETWORKS | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | FERTILITY MEASUREMENTS | FERTILITY DECLINE | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility | Fertility Changes | Economic Factors Document Number: 317725 |
| 21. Title: Intergenerational relationships in cross-cultural perspective: Fertility, interaction and support. Author: Nauck B; Yi CC Source: Current Sociology. 2007 Jul;55(4):475-486. Abstract: This monograph issue comprises eight articles discussing various aspects of intergenerational relationships in Asian, European and American societies. The articles are organized along the developmental tasks of intergenerational relationships down through the family life cycle, starting with their creation ('fertility'), exploring various aspects of intergenerational 'interaction' and ending with 'support' for family members in later life stages. All the articles are based on empirical data, most are of large sample sizes or demographic register data, and quantitative methods have been employed to analyse intergenerational relationships from various perspectives. Geographically, this issue comprises studies from countries as culturally diverse as Japan and Taiwan from the Far East, Indonesia from Southeast Asia, Palestine and Turkey from the Near East, Germany from Central Europe and Mexico from Central America, together with data on the value of children to parents in South Korea, the People's Republic of China, India, South Africa, Ghana, Israel and the Czech Republic. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ASIA | EUROPE | AMERICAS | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | KINSHIP NETWORKS | FAMILY LIFE CYCLE | FERTILITY | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INTERGENERATIONAL TRANSFERS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developing Countries | Developed Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Sociocultural Factors | Family Research | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics Document Number: 318316 |
| 22. Title: Experiences of orphan care in Amach, Uganda: Assessing policy implications. Author: Oleke C; Blystad A; Rekdal OB; Moland KM Source: SAHARA J: Journal of Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS. 2007;4(1):[12] p. Abstract: Uganda is estimated to have around two million orphans constituting approximately 19% of all the children in the country. This paper presents findings from a study on the experiences of orphan care among Langi people of Amach sub-county in Lira District, northern Uganda, and discusses their policy implications. The study utilised the following methods in data collection: eight months of ethnographic fieldwork; 21 in-depth interviews with community leaders; 45 with heads of households caring for orphans; 35 with orphans; and five focus group discussions. The findings revealed that the Langi people have an inherently problematic orphan concept, which contribute toward discriminatory attitudes and practices against orphans. The clan based decision-making to care for orphans, the category of kin a particular orphan ends up living with, the sex and age of the orphan, as well as the cessation of the 'widow-inheritance' custom emerged as prominent factors which impact on orphan care. Thus there is the need to draw upon such local knowledge in policy making and intervention planning for orphans. The paper concludes with a discussion of potential approaches to alleviating the current orphan challenges among the Langi people. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ORPHANS AND VULNERABLE CHILDREN | ETHNIC GROUPS | CARE AND SUPPORT | SOCIAL POLICY | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | KINSHIP NETWORKS | BELIEFS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Social Problems | Culture Document Number: 321091 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: A conceptual framework for the social analysis of reproductive health. Author: Price NL; Hawkins K Source: Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition. 2007 Mar;25(1):24-36. Abstract: The dominant conceptual framework for understanding reproductive behaviour is highly individualistic. In this article, it is demonstrated that such a conceptualization is flawed, as behaviour is shaped by social relations and institutions. Using ethnographic evidence, the value of a social analysis of the local contexts of reproductive health is highlighted. A framework is set out for conducting such a social analysis, which is capable of generating data necessary to allow health programmes to assess the appropriate means of improving the responsiveness of service-delivery structures to the needs of the most vulnerable. Six key issues are identified in the framework for the analysis of social vulnerability to poor reproductive health outcomes. The key issues are: poverty and livelihood strategies, gender, health-seeking behaviour, reproductive behaviour, and access to services. The article concludes by briefly identifying the key interventions and strategies indicated by such an analysis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | POVERTY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | LIVELIHOOD | KINSHIP NETWORKS | HEALTH SERVICES | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | EVALUATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Health | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Resources | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Delivery of Health Care | Management | Program Evaluation | Programs Document Number: 317775 |
| 24. Title: Care of hospitalized children in Mozambique: Nurses' beliefs and practice regarding family involvement. Author: Soderback M; Christensson K Source: Journal of Child Health Care. 2007;11(1):53-69. Abstract: This study aims to describe nurses' beliefs and practice regarding family involvement in the care of hospitalized children in Mozambique. Ethnographic fieldwork was used. The data production consisted of field descriptions from observations and interviews with 36 nurses. Through qualitative content analysis the findings show that nurses' practice of family involvement reflects a society that is poor, hierarchical, family-oriented but at the same time still adaptive. Four themes are identified: family members' presence in order to assist the nurses in care; nurses' support and education of family members to be involved in care; nurses' shielding of family members from family involvement; difficulties and conditional dilemmas in the nurses' involvement of families. It is concluded that emphasizing culturally congruent nursing care is necessary if families' way of life is to be accommodated. However, to empower family involvement in everyday practice, the Mozambican nurses themselves need to be empowered. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | NURSES AND NURSING | CHILD | BELIEFS | CARE AND SUPPORT | KINSHIP NETWORKS | PARTICIPATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Social Behavior | Behavior | Child Rearing Document Number: 322447 |
| 25. Title: Is son preference emerging among the Nayars of Kerala in south India? Author: Sudha S; Khanna S; Rajan SI; Srivastava R Source: In: Watering the neighbour's garden: The growing demographic female deficit in Asia, edited by Isabelle Attane and Christophe Z. Guilmoto. Paris, France, Committee for International Cooperation in National Research in Demography [CICRED], 2007. :267-294. "Chapters in this volume originate from papers presented at an international seminar organized by the authors in Singapore on 5-7 December 2005". Abstract: Theories suggesting why gender inequality may widen during socioeconomic development, and the role of kinship organization in this process, include the 'gender and development' approach (review in Razavi and Miller, 1995). This approach argues that conventional socioeconomic development worsens pre-existing inequalities unless they are deliberately addressed during the planning process. In particular, gender inequality in the family and household emerges as an unintended consequence. Specifically, Blumberg (2004) has argued that women's position in agrarian societies diminishes when social organization separates the spheres of women and men; socioeconomic change enhances productive roles of men but not women, and kinship organization is male-centric. Critical variables influencing gender equality include women's control over resources and involvement in the production process, contextualized within kinship systems determining whether women can inherit and how near female natal kin they reside. Our research therefore examines whether socioeconomic changes that enhance the productive roles of men more than women, and the rise of male-centred kinship and systems and dowry custom where matrilineal and matrilocal systems used to exist, will be associated with the emergence of son preference among the Nayars of Kerala. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES | SONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | SEX PREFERENCE | SEX DISCRIMINATION | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CASTE | MATRIARCHY | ANTHROPOLOGY, CULTURAL | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | INHERITANCE | FAMILY SIZE, IDEAL | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Discrimination | Social Problems | Economic Factors | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Anthropology | Social Sciences | Science | Marriage | Nuptiality | Ownership | Family Size Document Number: 308904 |
| 26. Title: 'Bad mothers' and 'delinquent children': Unravelling anti-begging rhetoric in the Ecuadorian Andes. Author: Swanson K Source: Gender, Place, and Culture. 2007 Dec;14(6):703-720. Abstract: In this paper I examine the rhetorics that circulate surrounding the lives of young indigenous women and children who beg on the streets of Quito, Ecuador. I focus particularly on rhetorics being produced and reproduced by urban planners, social workers, religious leaders and the media. Drawing on in-depth interviews, I reveal how these groups regularly imagine indigenous women and children in terms of child exploitation/child delinquency, false manipulation of public sympathies, ignorance, laziness and filth. Indigenous women and children are further understood as being fundamentally 'out of place' in the city. I unravel these rhetorics in order to draw attention to how begging is differentiated according to gender, race and age and to reveal how these rhetorics become inserted into exclusionary policies and practices. Moreover, and as a counterpoint to such rhetorics, I provide an alternative understanding of women's and children's involvement in begging by drawing upon the perspectives of indigenous women and children themselves. I argue that far from being passive victims, indigenous women and children work with and around oppressive conditions and mobilise them to their own advantage. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ECUADOR | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CASE STUDIES | WOMEN | CHILDREN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | URBAN AREAS | RURAL-URBAN MIGRATION | POVERTY | LIVELIHOOD | SOCIAL PROBLEMS | STIGMA | KINSHIP NETWORKS | Developing Countries | South America, Western | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Studies | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Geographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Resources | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Family and Household Document Number: 313944 |
| 27. Title: Matrilineal family ties and marital dissolution in Ghana. Author: Takyi BK; Gyimah SO Source: Journal of Family Issues.. 2007 Mar;28(5):682-705. Abstract: Although previous work has attributed the instability of African marriages to the diffusion of Western norms and values in the region, fewer attempts have been made to empirically assess how Africa's internal institutional structures, such as extended kinship ties, impact marital outcomes. Guided by rational choice and exchange theories, we argue that the strong bonds that exist among matrilineal family members in particular, rather than within the conjugal unit, may be important to understanding the dynamics of marital processes in the region, and particularly divorce processes. We test our hypothesis with data from the 1988, 1993, 1998, and 2003 Ghana Demographic and Health Surveys. Consistent with our hypothesis, the results indicate a significantly higher risk of divorce among matrilineal than nonmatrilineal women. The matrilineal effect persisted even after we controlled for sociocultural and demographic characteristics. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY RESEARCH | COUPLES | EXTENDED FAMILY | DIVORCE | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | CULTURE | HUSBAND-WIFE COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Family Characteristics | Nuptiality | Demographic Factors | Population | Marriage | Partner Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 322502 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Danger signs of neonatal illnesses: perceptions of caregivers and health workers in northern India. Author: Awasthi S; Verma T; Agarwal M Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2006 Oct;84(10):819-826. Abstract: The objective was to assess household practices that can affect neonatal health, from the perspective of caregivers and health workers; to identify signs in neonates leading either to recognition of illness or health-care seeking; and to ascertain the proportion of caregivers who recognize the individual items of the integrated management of neonatal and childhood illnesses (IMNCI) programme. The study was carried out in a rural community in Sarojininagar Block, Uttar Pradesh, India, using qualitative and quantitative research designs. Study participants were mothers, grandmothers, grandfathers, fathers or "nannies" (other female relatives) caring for infants younger than 6 months of age and recognized health-care providers serving the area. Focus group discussions (n = 7), key informant interviews (n = 35) and structured interviews (n = 210) were conducted with these participants. Many household practices were observed which could adversely affect maternal and neonatal health. Among 200 caregivers, 70.5% reported home deliveries conducted by local untrained nurses or relatives, and most mothers initiated breastfeeding only on day 3. More than half of the caregivers recognized fever, irritability, weakness, abdominal distension/vomiting, slow breathing and diarrhoea as danger signs in neonates. Seventy-nine (39.5%) of the caregivers had seen a sick neonate in the family in the past 2 years, with 30.38% in whom illness manifested as continuous crying. Health care was sought for 46 (23%) neonates. Traditional medicines were used for treatment of bulging fontanelle, chest in-drawing and rapid breathing. Because there is no universal recognition of danger signs in neonates, and potentially harmful antenatal and birthing practices are followed, there is a need to give priority to implementing IMNCI, and possible incorporation of continuous crying as an additional danger sign. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH | URBAN AREAS | MOTHERS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | EXTENDED FAMILY | HOME CARE | CARE AND SUPPORT | INFANT MORTALITY | MORBIDITY | SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Geographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Diseases | Evaluation Document Number: 307211 |
| 29. Title: Security of widows' access to land in the era of HIV / AIDS: panel survey evidence from Zambia. Author: Chapoto A; Jayne TS; Mason N Source: Lusaka, Zambia, Agricultural Consultative Forum, Food Security Research Project, 2006 Nov. [37] p. (FSRP Working Paper No. 19USAID Contract No. 690-A-00-03-00247-00USAID Development Experience Clearinghouse DocID / Order No. PN-ADH-695) Abstract: Using nationally-representative panel survey data of 5,342 rural households surveyed in 2001 and 2004, we estimate difference-in-difference models to assess how land cultivation changes among households becoming headed by a widow after 2001 compared to households not incurring prime-age mortality. The surveys were rich with information on individual kinship ties, the length of settlement of the household in the village, and other retrospective information not commonly collected in economic surveys. This social information provided an ability to examine whether land cultivation (and changes in land cultivation over time) differs by initial household characteristics, attributes of the widow, social capital, and community characteristics such as matrilineal versus patrilineal inheritance institutions. We begin in Section 2, by a brief on land inheritance patters in Zambia. In Section 3, we describe the data, issues related to sample attrition between the 2001 and 2004 surveys, and estimation methods.Estimation results and their interpretation are presented in Section 4. Section 5 discusses the conclusions and implications for donor and government policy. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | WIDOWED | LAND TENURE | INHERITANCE | FOOD SECURITY | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Ownership | Food Supply | Natural Resources | Environment | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 312575 |
| 30. Title: Economic incentives for fostering Jamaican children. Author: Gibbison G; Paul C Source: Journal of Developing Areas. 2006 Spring;39(2):29-39. Abstract: The practice of informal child fostering is pervasive in the Caribbean and other parts of the developing world. While the reasons for fostering out a child are clear it is not clear why an individual would accept the task of caring for someone else's child. In this paper we argue that acceptance of a foster child goes beyond altruism and indeed has some strong economic motives. Using multivariate regression analysis and data from Jamaica we show the demand for foster children comes primarily from rural household, farm households and elderly householders. This pattern is consistent with the use of foster children to adjust the household's labor supply to the desired level. The biological parents of foster children also appear to be important financial contributors to the foster household. (author's) Language: English Keywords: JAMAICA | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | HOUSEHOLDS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | FOSTERING | INCENTIVES | FAMILY LIFE SURVEYS | CHILD LABOR | HOUSEWORK | AGRICULTURE | INCOME | Developing Countries | Caribbean | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Family Research | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 304397 |
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