1.  Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Kansas. Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p. Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes Document Number: 307034 |
| 2. Title: State facts about abortion: Kansas. Author: Alan Guttmacher Institute [AGI] Source: [New York, New York], AGI, 2003. 3 p. (State Facts about Abortion) Abstract: This article presents background information about the frequency of abortion in the United States, followed by statistics on abortion frequency, abortion services, and restrictions on abortion for the United States as a whole and Kansas specifically. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | PAMPHLETS | ADULTS | WOMEN | ABORTION | PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | HEALTH FACILITIES | ABORTION LAW | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Printed Media | Mass Media | Communication | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 175594 Notification |
| 3. Peer Reviewed Title: Metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates emergency contraceptive-associated nausea. Author: Ragan RD; Rock RW; Buck HW Source: American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2003 Feb;188(2):330-333. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The study was undertaken to determine whether metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates side effects associated with high-dose estrogen/progestin emergency contraception in at-risk patients. STUDY DESIGN: This was a randomized, prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled study at the University of Kansas. Patients (141) requesting emergency contraception and lacking contraindications were offered entry in the study. Both the treatment (metoclopramide 10 mg) and placebo groups received active emergency contraception. Participants evaluated symptom severity with a 12-question survey tool developed for this study. RESULTS: Metoclopramide pretreatment provided protection against nausea and cramping associated with estrogen/progestin emergency contraception. The average scores on a 10-point scale for the treatment group and placebo group were as follows: nausea 3.2 versus 4.8 (P = .01) and cramping 0.9 versus 2.2 (P < .01), indicating less severe nausea and cramping in the treatment group. CONCLUSION: Metoclopramide pretreatment attenuates the nausea and cramping associated with Yuzpe emergency contraceptive treatment. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, POSTCOITAL | ESTROGENS | LOW-DOSE PROGESTINS | NAUSEA | SIDE EFFECTS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Treatment Document Number: 175824 |
| 5. Title: Analyzing the contribution of community change to population health outcomes in an adolescent pregnancy prevention initiative. Author: Paine-Andrews A; Fisher JL; Patton JB; Fawcett SB; Williams EL Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2002 Apr;29(2):183-193. Abstract: Few evaluations of community initiatives have established a link between intermediate outcomes, such as community or systems change, and more distant population-level health outcomes (e.g., estimated rates of employment or adolescent pregnancy). This article describes an analysis of the contribution of community changes facilitated by a community health initiative to prevent adolescent pregnancy to the population-level outcome of birth rates for teens. The authors examine a hypothesis that this link might be expected when community changes are of greater amount, intensity, duration, and exposure. The results showed reductions in birth rates in Target Area A, where there was a greater concentration of community changes and a slight increase where there were far fewer changes. This report provides a method for describing empirically the contribution of environmental change to more distant population-level outcomes. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | COMMUNITY | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | PREGNANT WOMEN | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | POPULATION DYNAMICS | TIME FACTORS | BIRTH RATE | ENVIRONMENT | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Fertility Measurements Document Number: 280282 |
| 6. Title: Birth intervals and early childhood mortality in a migrating Mennonite community. Author: St. George D; Everson PM; Stevenson JC; Tedrow L Source: American Journal of Human Biology. 2000 Jan-Feb;12(1):50-63. Abstract: This study explores the significance of birth spacing with regard to neonatal, postneonatal, and early childhood mortality among rural Mennonites belonging to one congregation in Russia and one in Kansas. Analysis is based on the two causal mechanisms: maternal depletion and sibling competition. Respondents comprised a total of 930 and 1484 births in Russia and Kansas, respectively, by 381 mothers obtained from the vital events of families reconstructed from church records. In general, the multivariate analyses are consistent with the bivariate analyses and further clarify the interrelationships, that 1) the subsequent interval seems to explain more of the variance than the previous interval, at least in most settings; 2) maternal age is the statistically significant covariate rather than birth order or parity. These and other observations may provide at least tentative support for the action of both mechanisms: maternal depletion and sibling competition (and disease). Other evidences were discussed extensively. Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | THEORETICAL MODELS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | NEONATAL MORTALITY | CHILD MORTALITY | BIRTH SPACING | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Infant Mortality | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Planning | Pregnancy | Reproduction Document Number: 148435 |
| 7. Title: Replication of a community-based multicomponent teen pregnancy prevention model: realities and challenges. Author: Vincent ML; Paine-Andrews A; Fisher J; Devereaux RS; Dolan HG; Harris KJ; Reininger B Source: Family and Community Health. 2000 Oct;23(3):28-45. Abstract: Health education curricula and the delivery of specific health services have been evaluated as to their replicability in other settings. Formal studies to evaluate replication of multicomponent community-based program models are scarce. Moreover, the literature does not address the challenges in implementing complex program models and documenting replication. This article describes an initiative to transport and replicate the School/Community Sexual Risk Reduction Model, created in South Carolina, in three Kansas communities over a 4-year period. Objective and subjective assessments of achieving fidelity to the model core components were determined as was a description of factors that enhance or inhibit replication efforts. Assessing replication will be improved when detailed monitoring and process evaluation is in place in the development of the original program and in the replication effort. (author's) Language: English Keywords: SOUTH CAROLINA | KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LITERATURE REVIEW | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENTS | HEALTH EDUCATION | SAFER SEX | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Education | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Diseases Document Number: 155346 |
| 8. Title: Project: a community partnership's effort to increase youth access to contraceptives. Sponsor: Kansas Youth Foundation. Source: HEALTH EDUCATION & BEHAVIOR. 1999 Aug;26(4):438-9. Abstract: The Geary County/Fort Riley School/Community Sexual Risk Reduction Replication Partnership received funding to replicate a school/community model to prevent adolescent pregnancy. The partnership had been successful in implementing numerous abstinence programs, but needed to focus upon increasing the reported use of contraception among sexually active teens. Discussions with high school students about clinic services determined that students disliked the clinic, found the previous clinic coordinator to be unfriendly, and thought that the clinic focused only upon treating STDs. Based upon focus group findings, new strategies to increase use of the clinic and contraceptive access included offering special promotions featuring free condoms and key chains, changing clinic hours to accommodate students' schedules, and offering better quality condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | SUMMARY REPORT | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | FOCUS GROUPS | YOUTH | ADOLESCENTS | ATTITUDES | PERCEPTION | CONDOMS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | SCHOOL-BASED SERVICES | PROMOTION | COORDINATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 143373 |
| 9. Title: "By the semi-mystical appearance of a condom": how young women and men communicate sexual consent in heterosexual situations. Author: Hickman SE; Muehlenhard CL Source: Journal of Sex Research. 1999 Aug;36(3):258-72. Abstract: Little is known about how women and men communicate sexual consent. In this study, 378 undergraduate women and men completed a questionnaire designed to examine how they would interpret their date's and their own consent signals in hypothetical scenarios and how they actually communicate consent in heterosexual situations. Although there were no gender differences in ratings of the hypothetical date's behavior, men rated their own behaviors in hypothetical scenarios as more representative of consent than women rated their own behaviors, suggesting that women and men may mean different things when they use the same signals. There were some gender differences in how they conveyed consent in actual situations; furthermore, both women and men reported most often showing their consent to sexual intercourse by making no response. The effect sizes of the gender differences were small. The results suggest that gender-based miscommunications about consent are possible but unlikely. Thus, miscommunication is an unlikely explanation for rape. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | YOUTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | HETEROSEXUALS | COMMUNICATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior Document Number: 153444 |
| 10. Title: Effects of a replication of a multicomponent model for preventing adolescent pregnancy in three Kansas communities. Author: Paine-Andrews A; Harris KJ; Fisher JL; Lewis RK; Williams EL; Fawcett SB; Vincent ML Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1999 Jul-Aug;31(4):182-9. Abstract: This paper evaluates a multi-component program for reducing pregnancy among adolescents in the US. The study employed a pretest-posttest comparison group design to analyze the effects of a comprehensive multi-component school and community intervention on estimated pregnancy rates and birthrates among young people in three Kansas communities: Geary County, Franklin County and selected neighborhoods of Wichita. Results revealed high levels of program activity in all three communities during the intervention period, including teacher training and sexuality education for students. From 1994-97, the proportion of adolescents who reported that they had experienced sex decreased significantly among all 9th and 10th graders in Geary County. Condom use among males in grades 11 and 12 in Franklin County increased from 39% in 1994 to 55% in 1996. In Franklin County and its comparison areas, the estimated pregnancy rates decreased among adolescents aged 14-17 years. The birthrate declined both in one target area of Wichita and in its comparison area from 1991-93 and 1994-96. In general, this research contributed to an understanding on the impact of multi-component school- and community-based interventions on adolescent pregnancy rates. Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | ADOLESCENTS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organization and Administration | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Diseases Document Number: 143447 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Maternal care vs. economic wealth and the health of newborns: Bishkek, Kyrgyz Republic and Kansas City, USA. Author: Becker CM; Bibosunova DI; Holmes GE; Ibragimova MM Source: WORLD DEVELOPMENT. 1998 Nov;26(11):2057-72. Abstract: This paper focuses on a narrow aspect of the demographic and health crisis in the former Soviet Union, examining the extent to which maternal behavior can compensate for poverty and poor medical conditions. Using sister hospital data from Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) and Kansas City (US) covering nearly 1500 live births, the paper finds that Kyrgyzstani women are partially successful in compensating by taking better care of themselves and their newborn children. Moreover, ethnicity within Kyrgyzstan has no apparent impact on maternal behavior. Careful behavior, however, does not remove all disadvantages, and targeted interventions are still greatly needed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: KYRGYZSTAN | KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INFANT | MOTHERS | BEHAVIOR | CHILD CARE | CHILD HEALTH | POVERTY | WOMEN | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Child Rearing | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 151770 |
| 12. Title: Increasing access to contraceptives: on the map and in the bag. Author: Fisher JL; Harris KJ; Ransom MV; Paine-Andrews A; Pulliam S Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PUBLIC HEALTH. 1998 Aug;88(8):1248-9. Abstract: Increased access to contraception for sexually active teens represents an obvious strategy for reducing the high rate of adolescent pregnancy in the US. However, communities must be sensitive to the controversies surrounding this strategy. This letter describes how a conservative, rural Kansas community was able to overcome potential resistance to increased contraceptive access for youth. Local youth reported that the lack of privacy, given the small size of the community, and anticipation of negative social consequences were major obstacles to their use of contraception. In response, project organizers initiated two strategies: contraceptive mapping and a brown bag program. The mapping process identified all locations in the county where various contraceptives were available and suggested strategies for improving access. Next, project leaders approached local pharmacists identified through the mapping process and proposed a "bag it" program to reduce the embarrassment and lack of privacy adolescents face when purchasing contraceptives. Under this plan, adolescents call ahead to a participating pharmacy to request prescription or over-the-counter contraceptives and the bagged supplies are ready for them when they arrive. Cards listing participating pharmacies and their phone numbers are distributed through informal youth networks. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | ADOLESCENTS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PHARMACISTS | OBSTACLES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Organization and Administration | Programs Document Number: 134942 |
| 13. Title: Issues in statutory rape law enforcement: the views of district attorneys in Kansas. Author: Miller HL; Miller CE; Kenney L; Clark JW Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1998 Jul-Aug;30(4):177-81. Abstract: Because there are few qualitative data on the attitudes of district attorneys towards the local enforcement of statutory rape laws called for by the 1996 federal welfare reform law, anonymous surveys were sent to all 105 Kansas district attorneys in 1997. Data were gathered from the 92 returned surveys and from in-depth telephone interviews with seven of the respondents. It was found that 74% of the respondents favored aggressive enforcement, but only 37% believed the public would support such action, and only 24% thought enforcement would reduce the incidence of adolescent pregnancy. While 57% supported the legal age of consent in Kansas (16 years), 53% thought the law should not specify age differences between the partners, but prosecutions are the exception when the age difference is less than 3 years unless the victim was mentally disabled or the case involved force. Most of the district attorneys (77%) rejected the view that a minor who is already sexually active does not merit the protection of statutory rape laws, and 78% felt that paternity acknowledgements should be admissible evidence in prosecutions. Only 17% expressed the opinion that enforcement would discourage adolescents from seeking health care. It was concluded that the impact of statutory rape prosecution on reproductive and psychological health should be considered on a case-by-case basis and that potentially negative impacts can be minimized by educating law enforcement officials about adolescent health care issues. Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | LEGISLATION | RAPE | AGE FACTORS | ATTITUDES | INFLUENTIALS | GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS | PUBLIC OPINION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Crime | Social Problems | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration Document Number: 135391 |
| 14. Title: Methotrexate with vaginal misoprostol is a safe, highly effective regimen for early medical abortion. Author: Hollander D Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1997 Jan-Feb;29(1):45-6. Abstract: 300 women seeking elective abortion within the first 8 weeks of pregnancy at three clinics in Pittsburgh, San Francisco, and Wichita participated in a study to measure the effectiveness of methotrexate together with misoprostol in inducing abortion. The women were of mean age 27 years, mainly single and White, and all had been pregnant before, with approximately half undergoing abortion and half giving birth. All agreed to abstain from sexual intercourse and alcohol consumption for the first 14 days of the study. Each woman was injected with 50 mg of methotrexate per sq. m of body surface area and given 800 mcg of vaginal misoprostol in tablet form 1 week later. The drug regimen proved highly effective in inducing abortion with relatively few side effects. Complete abortion was induced 88% of the time, with a higher success rate among women who were 7 weeks pregnant or less than among those in their 8th week. Most of the abortions occurred within 24 hours after administration of the misoprostol, although some did not occur for several weeks. Vaginal bleeding lasted for 14 days among women whose abortion took place within 24 hours and for 11 days among women in whom it was delayed. Language: English Keywords: PENNSYLVANIA | CALIFORNIA | KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | MISOPROSTOL | DRUGS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment Document Number: 120537 Notification |
| 15. Title: 1996-97 trends in opposition to comprehensive sexuality education in public schools in the United States. Author: Mayer R Source: SIECUS REPORT. 1997 Aug-Sep;25(6):20-6. Abstract: Since 1992, SIECUS' Community Advocacy Project has promoted comprehensive sexuality education programs versus fear-based, abstinence-only programs and has issued annual analyses of current trends that have documented more than 500 controversies in all 50 states. During the 1996-97 school year, SIECUS documented 127 controversies in 33 states. The current situation on the Federal level was marked by President Clinton's endorsement of abstinence-only programs and a call issued by the Institute for Medicine and the National Institutes of Health for comprehensive sex education to combat sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. Various states considered or enacted legislation allowing parents to remove children from sex education classes, dictating sex education curricula, or removing state mandates for sexuality education in schools. On the local level, the Medical Institute for Sexual Health's "National Guidelines for Sexuality and Character Education" (confusingly similar in style to SIECUS' "Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education") has been used to promote fear-based, abstinence-only curricula. Local controversies arose over efforts led by small groups to promote fear-based, abstinence-only curricula, over the content and existence of elementary school sex education programs, over coeducational sexuality education, over policies related to sexual orientation, over opt-out/opt-in programs, and over availability of alternative abstinence-only sex education programs. The past year showed that the active involvement of community members will be required to ensure the survival of comprehensive sex education programs. Included in this article are interviews with a school board member who successfully protected comprehensive sex education in her Kansas community and a member of a school board committee unable to save a comprehensive program in Brookfield, Connecticut. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | MISSOURI | KANSAS | CONNECTICUT | NEW JERSEY | IOWA | WASHINGTON | VIRGINIA | CRITIQUE | LEGISLATION | SEX EDUCATION | PUBLIC SECTOR | SCHOOLS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change Document Number: 127426 |
| 16. Title: Forced counseling, delays continue as mainstays of antiabortion agenda. Author: Saul R Source: STATE REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH MONITOR. 1997 Jun;8(2):8-9. Abstract: The US Supreme Court's 1983 decision in the Akron case enjoined states from requiring that women seeking abortions submit to extensive biased counseling and waiting periods. The 1992 Casey ruling, however, found that a state can regulate abortion services so long as the regulations do not place an "undue burden" on the woman seeking abortion. Since then, 8 states have increased the total to 11 that mandate an enforced counseling/waiting period, and 9 more states have enacted counseling requirements but no mandated delay. In 1997, Florida enacted expanded "informed consent" provisions that force a woman to submit to state-scripted counseling. A lawsuit has already been filed to challenge this law. In Kansas, North Dakota, and Utah, existing counseling/waiting period policies were amended to make them more stringent. Similar legislation is pending but unlikely to be enacted in California and North Carolina, while legislators in Ohio are creating an amendment to require face-to-face counseling. Counseling/waiting period legislation died after serious consideration in Alabama, Arizona, Maine, and Virginia. A US District Court judge upheld Wisconsin's law mandating a 24-hour waiting period and state-scripted counseling while voicing her dismay about the law. The judge did, however, rule against several specific counseling requirements and delayed the law's implementation until she could review the state-scripted materials. A ruling in Michigan that upheld the state's counseling/waiting period has been appealed to Michigan's Supreme Court. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | FLORIDA | KANSAS | NORTH DAKOTA | UTAH | WISCONSIN | MICHIGAN | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | LEGISLATION | COURT DECISION | INFORMED CONSENT | COUNSELING | TIME FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Litigation | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 126062 Notification |
| 17. Title: Methotrexate and misoprostol for early abortion: a multicenter trial. Acceptability. Author: Creinin MD; Burke AE Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1996 Jul;54(1):19-22. Abstract: Researchers analyzed data on 61 women at San Francisco General Hospital in California, 51 women at Magee-Women's Hospital in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and 47 women at Women's Health Care Services in Wichita, Kansas, to examine their acceptability of the methotrexate and misoprostol regimen for early abortion (56 or fewer days of gestation). The women had participated in a clinical trial of this regimen. They received intramuscular injection of 50 mg/sq. m methotrexate and then vaginal administration of 800 mcg misoprostol seven days later. If the abortion did not occur within 24 hours, they then received the another dose of misoprostol. 55.8% (159) women had had a prior surgical abortion. The leading reason for opting for a nonsurgical abortion was avoidance of some aspect of surgical abortion (59.6%). In Wichita, women who had not had a prior surgical abortion were more likely to want to avoid surgery than those who had had a prior surgical abortion (64.7% vs. 36.2%; p = 0.0011), suggesting that women in Wichita who had had a prior surgical abortion had a more positive experience with surgical abortion than those in other regions. Overall, avoidance of surgery as an important reason in their choice of nonsurgical abortion varied by study site and by the existence of past surgical abortion experience (p = 0.01). Only 7.1% of the women claimed the nonsurgical abortion was a bad experience. 73.4% considered it a good experience, 19.5% a neutral experience. Among the women considering the experience good, the leading reasons for finding it so were avoidance of surgical procedure (29.8%) and the fact that it was more natural than surgical abortion (18.9%). Among the 20 women considering the experience negative, the leading reasons for finding it so were severe pain or cramping (30%), the fact that it was emotionally hard (25%), and the fact that a surgical procedure was required (25%). 83.5% of the women would choose medical abortion again rather than a surgical abortion, if they had to terminate another pregnancy in the future. These findings suggest that this regimen for drug induced abortion is acceptable and desirable. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | PENNSYLVANIA | KANSAS | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | MISOPROSTOL | DRUGS | ABORTION | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception Document Number: 114703 Notification |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Methotrexate and misoprostol for early abortion: a multicenter trial. I. Safety and efficacy. Author: Creinin MD; Vittinghoff E; Keder L; Darney PD; Tiller G Source: CONTRACEPTION. 1996 Jun;53(6):321-7. Abstract: Clinical researchers recruited 300 healthy English- and Spanish-speaking pregnant women of gestational age no greater than 56 days for a prospective clinical trial of intramuscular 50 mg/sq. m methotrexate and 800 vaginal mcg misoprostol for induced abortion. The women were recruited from San Francisco General Hospital in California; Magee-Women's Hospital in Pittsburgh, Kansas; and Women's Health Care Services in Wichita, Kansas. 87.7% of the women had a complete abortion without need for a surgical procedure. After administration of methotrexate, passage of the conceptus increased as time passed (69.7% for 14 days, 87.7% for 28 days, and 91.7% for 35 days). The complete abortion rate decreased as the gestational age increased (90.6% for <49 days vs. 81.6% for 50-56 days; p = 0.038). Abortion took place within 24 hours of the first or repeat misoprostol dose in 65% of women who aborted. The success rate after the first dose of misoprostol was higher between 43 and 56 days than before 43 days (54.7% vs. 43.5%; p = 0.07). All women with an incomplete abortion experienced persistent and/or heavy vaginal bleeding. Vaginal bleeding lasted, on average, for 14 days in immediate success cases and for 11 days in delayed success cases. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found a significant predictor of success for the methotrexate and misoprostol combination to be gravidity under 3 (p = 0.01, odds ratio [OR] = 2.6). Serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin of 40,000-80,000 IU/L (p = 0.025, OR = 0.38) and serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin of < 80,000 IU/L (p < 0.001, OR = 0.2) were significant predictors of its failure. The rate of side effects was low. These findings show that this treatment regimen is a safe and effective alternative to surgical abortion or the use of antiprogestins and prostaglandins for medical abortion. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | PENNSYLVANIA | KANSAS | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | CLINICAL TRIALS | MISOPROSTOL | PROSTAGLANDINS, ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | ABORTION | SAFETY | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Prostaglandins, Synthetic | Prostaglandins | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Public Health | Health | Drugs | Treatment Document Number: 114470 Notification |
| 19. Title: Replicating a community initiative for preventing adolescent pregnancy: from South Carolina to Kansas. Author: Paine-Andrews A; Vincent ML; Fawcett SB; Campuzano MK; Harris KJ; Lewis RK; Williams EL; Fisher JL Source: FAMILY AND COMMUNITY HEALTH. 1996 Apr;19(1):14-30. Abstract: The School/Community Sexual Risk Reduction Model is a comprehensive, community-wide strategy for preventing adolescent pregnancy. It was first implemented in two communities in South Carolina. This paper describes the model's replication in several communities in Kansas. The School/Community Model's history, major program components, evaluation results, and the conceptual framework for the Kansas replication are described. The authors then consider the School/Community Sexual Risk Reduction Replication Initiative, including the collaborators, early implementation, strategies for grantmaking, contexts and sites, technical assistance and evaluation, and reinvention of the model. A discussion of the challenges and opportunities of replicating broad-scale community initiatives for preventing adolescent pregnancy concludes the paper. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH CAROLINA | KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Organization and Administration | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 113040 |
| 20. Title: Mortality in a migrating Mennonite church congregation. Author: Everson PM; Stevenson JC; Rogers L Source: HUMAN BIOLOGY. 1995 Feb;67(1):69-86. Abstract: "Preston's two-census method of demographic estimation is applied to three pairs of reconstructed censuses from the records of a migrating Mennonite church congregation covering the period 1780-1890. The three pairs of censuses correspond to three periods (1780-1790, 1850-1860, and 1880-1890) and to stays in three settings (Prussia, Russia, and Kansas, respectively). The Mennonites' stay in Prussia was a period of hardship. In Russia they expanded their economic base and developed new farming methods, dramatically increasing their productivity. The Mennonites took these skills to Kansas, where they continued to be successful. The increase in life expectancy at age 5 corroborates this picture. The Prussian period exhibits the shortest life expectancy for both sexes. After the move to Russia, life expectancy increased for both sexes and continued to increase with the move to Kansas. The model also provides limited evidence for fertility depression following the move to Kansas." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: RUSSIA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GERMANY | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | ETHNIC GROUPS | RELIGION | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | LIFE EXPECTANCY | SEX FACTORS | FAMILY RECONSTITUTION | FERTILITY DECLINE | KANSAS | CHANGES | Developing Countries | Asia, Northern | Asia | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Europe, Central | Europe | Demography | Social Sciences | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Length of Life | Family Research | Family and Household | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Social Change Document Number: 242341 |
| 21. Title: Efficacy of a composite biological age score to predict ten-year survival among Kansas and Nebraska Mennonites. Author: Uttley M; Crawford MH Source: HUMAN BIOLOGY. 1994 Feb;66(1):121-44. Abstract: "Our purpose here is to test the ability of functional-biological age computed using multiple regression to predict 10-year survival. Predictive ability is tested with three research questions. First, is the mean standardized residual, indicating biological age, higher for the group of deceased compared with [those surviving]? Second, are more biologically older individuals deceased than would be expected based on probability? Third, is the risk of being deceased higher for the functionally older? The null hypothesis is that predicted biological age is unrelated to 10-year survival." Data are from a 1980-1981 survey of Mennonites in Kansas and Nebraska. (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | NEBRASKA | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | MORTALITY | SURVIVORSHIP | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | ADULTS | AGE FACTORS | BIOLOGICAL AGING | RISK FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Length of Life | Population Characteristics | Physiology | Biology Document Number: 240038 |
| 22. Title: Ogallala oases: water use, population redistribution, and policy implications in the high plains of western Kansas, 1980-1990. Author: White SE Source: ANNALS OF THE ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN GEOGRAPHERS. 1994 Mar;84(1):29-45. Abstract: "This paper examines the relationship between proximity to groundwater use and population change in the Ogallala aquifer region of Kansas during the 1980s. The analysis focuses on three levels; the county, incorporated and census designated places, and rural census county subdivisions. The association between proximity to groundwater and population change is statistically significant among counties, among places larger than 500 inhabitants, and among more densely-populated rural areas. Groundwater use is not associated, however, with population change in places with fewer than 500 people or in sparsely-populated rural census county subdivisions. These patterns of population change are not merely reflections of historical inertia. They are better explained by active responses to the advantages of agglomeration and access to groundwater than to the passive unfolding of past patterns of population redistribution." (EXCERPT) Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | WATER SUPPLY | POPULATION DISTRIBUTION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Natural Resources | Environment | Geographic Factors | Population | Demographic Factors | Economic Factors | Policy Document Number: 240185 |
| 23. Title: 1992 annual report. Author: Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation Source: New York, New York, Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, [1993]. 94 p. Abstract: The Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, established in 1947, awards grants to US and Latin America based nonprofit organizations which aim to protect natural systems and to ensure a sustainable society. Its program areas include tropical ecology, water and toxics, sustainable agriculture, and population and reproductive rights. The Foundation favors activities which may have potential widespread impact or applicability and that deal with links between environmental issues and social justice issues. In 1992, it granted the Native Americans for a Clean Environment in Oklahoma $20,000 to support the group's technical assistance and advocacy work with other Native American organizations. The Foundation distributed thousands of dollars to various organizations in Latin America to defend the rights of the indigenous populations, especially as they concern preservation of tropical ecology (e.g., $25,000 to Comisao Pro-Indio de Sao Paulo in Brazil and $35,000 to Fundacion para las Comunidades Colombianas in Colombia). A $25,000 grant to The Land Institute in Salina, Kansas, which advocates sustainable agriculture and ecological sustainability of perennial prairies, supported its graduate level internship program. The Foundation granted $24,565, dedicated to population and reproductive rights, to the Center for Reproductive Law and Policy to support litigation, public education, and technical assistance to local pro-choice groups fighting new abortion restrictions and the defense of reproductive rights in the US of women of color. It also provided a sizable grant ($25,000) to MADRE as seed money to initiate its women's campaign for universal health care, including family planning and reproductive rights. The Foundation contributed $30,000 to the Religious Coalition for Abortion Rights to support its Women of Color Partnership Project. Population and reproductive rights comprised 27% of the total program grants in 1992. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LATIN AMERICA | COLOMBIA | BRAZIL | KANSAS | OKLAHOMA | ANNUAL REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION | ECOLOGY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | WATER SUPPLY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | GRANTS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | NATIVE AMERICANS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | South America, Eastern | Natural Resources | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Health | Planning | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Programs | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 082754 |
| 24. Title: Providing resources for preventing adolescent pregnancy. Author: Campuzano MK Source: [Unpublished] 1993. Presented at the 121st Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association [APHA], San Francisco, California, October 24-28, 1993. [11] p. Abstract: The Kansas Health Foundation began in 1978 as a hospital endowment. The asset base was greatly increased in 1985 when the hospital was sold, and today the principal of about $330 million allows the foundation to make grants of about $15 million per year in Kansas. Grants are distributed equally among projects to benefit the urban and rural population, which is roughly divided among the 2,500,000 residents of the state. In 1985, Kansas ranked 25th (11th for minorities and 20th for Whites) among the states in incidence of adolescent pregnancy, at a cost to Kansas taxpayers of $143 million. Because of the health and social risks involved in adolescent pregnancy, the Foundation decided to address the problem as part of its health promotion/disease prevention effort. The Foundation sent out a request for proposals for adolescent pregnancy prevention programs. Previous to this, the Foundation researched the literature and successful programs in other states. The model of Dr. Murray Vincent's project in South Carolina demonstrated the effectiveness and consistency with primary prevention and the community-based approach which the Foundation was looking for. Consequently, Vincent and Dr. A. Paine-Andrews were contracted to 1) replicate the model, 2) provide technical assistance, and 3) develop evaluations. Grants were made of up to $150,000/year in 3 Kansas communities to replicate the South Carolina model and with the University of Kansas to develop the evaluation component. Each grant is renewable for up to 3 years. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FOUNDATIONS | GRANTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Organizations | Financial Activities | Economic Factors Document Number: 093923 |
| 25. Title: Sociocultural factors influencing sexuality and reproductive behaviors of two groups of African American adolescent females: common needs, different responses. Author: Lewis JK Source: Ann Arbor, Michigan, University Microfilms International, 1993. x, 130 p. (Order No. 9408866) Doctoral dissertation, Brandeis University, 1993. Abstract: More than one million adolescents have become pregnant each year in the US since 1972, with approximately 50% giving birth and 50% having either spontaneous or induced abortions. Although this number of teenagers is comprised of females from all cultural backgrounds, disproportionate numbers of these pregnancies and births are to African American females who live in low-income communities. The author conducted intensive interviews with fifteen never pregnant and fifteen pregnant/parenting black adolescent females to explore the sociocultural factors which influence their sexual and reproductive behaviors. The subjects were born to adolescent mothers, aged 15-17 years, and lived in low-income areas of Little Rock, Arkansas, and neighboring communities. They identified family, peer groups, neighborhoods, and individual characteristics such as a strong sense of self as factors influencing their behavior. The study also investigated differences in subjects' actions at certain life events. Findings suggest that adolescents who avoided pregnancy were more internally motivated than pregnant/parenting adolescents. They interacted with their environment to avoid pregnancy. Those who became pregnant and had babies were attempting to fulfill basic needs met by submitting to the influences of peers and other external factors. The author offers suggestions for developing culturally sensitive pregnancy prevention policies and future research studies. Findings suggest that pregnancy prevention programs for youths residing in high-risk pregnancy situations should focus upon supporting families and communities in creating optimal environments for adolescent development. Recommendations are also offered for ecological policy approaches to build resource-poor communities into environments which provide opportunities for both youth and their families. Language: English Keywords: KANSAS | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | BLACKS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | PEER GROUPS | CULTURE | RESIDENCE CHARACTERISTICS | PERSONALITY | MOTIVATION | WOMEN | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Knowledge Sources | Communication | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 098967 |
| 26. Title: 1991 annual report. Author: Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation Source: New York, New York, Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, [1992]. 92 p. Abstract: The Jessie Smith Noyes Foundation, established in 1947, awards grants to US and Latin America based nonprofit organizations which aim to protect natural systems and to ensure a sustainable society. Its program areas include tropical ecology, water and toxics, sustainable agriculture, and population and reproductive rights. The Foundation favors activities which may have potential widespread impact or applicability and that deal with links between environmental issues and social justice issues. It granted the Commission for Racial Justice $20,000 to plan for the First National People of Color Environmental Leadership Summit in Washington, D.C., in October 1991 and to allow grassroots activists from across the US to network. The Foundation gave $16,000 to initiate the Asociacion para La Defensa de la Serrania de la Macarena in Bogota, Colombia, which aims to conserve the tropical Macarena regions' natural and cultural heritage and to promote the health of the region's inhabitants. A $55,000 grant to The Land Institute in Salina, Kansas, which advocates sustainable agriculture and ecological sustainability of perennial prairies, supported its graduate level internship program. The Foundation's largest grant dedicated to population and reproductive rights in 1991 went to the American Civil Liberties Union's Reproductive Freedom Project ($40,000) to support litigation, public education, and technical assistance to continue the defense of reproductive rights in the US and its territories. It also provided a sizable grant ($25,000) to MADRE as seed money to initiate its women's campaign for universal health care including family planning and reproductive rights. The Foundation contributed $20,000 to the Reproductive Health Technologies Project so it can educate women's groups, interest groups (health, science, medical, consumer, and legal), Congress, state legislators, and the media about antiprogesterones, e.g., RU-486. Population and reproductive rights comprised 18% of the total program grants in 1991. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | LATIN AMERICA | COLOMBIA | KANSAS | DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA | ANNUAL REPORT | ENVIRONMENT | ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION | ECOLOGY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | HUMAN RIGHTS | WATER SUPPLY | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | GRANTS | PROGRAM SUSTAINABILITY | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | South America, Northern | South America | Environmental Degradation | Rural Development | Economic Factors | Health | Natural Resources | Planning | Organization and Administration | Financial Activities | Programs | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 073402 |
| 27. Title: An Act concerning children and their families [21 May 1992]. Author: United States. Kansas Source: SESSION LAWS OF KANSAS. 1992;:1882-8. Chapter 294. Abstract: This Act requires the Secretary of Health and Environment of Kansas to develop and submit to the Governor a proposal for consolidating all existing health programs for pregnant women and children into one comprehensive plan. The plan must include, as a minimum, among other things, comprehensive prenatal services for all pregnant women who qualify for existing programs, comprehensive medical care for children under the age of 18, and services regardless of, and fees for services based on, ability to pay. The Act also a) requires the Secretary to conduct an awareness campaign on the perinatal effects of tobacco, drugs, and alcohol; to provide educational materials and guidance for health personnel offering health services to pregnant women on the perinatal effects of these substances; and to provide these personnel with an educational program dealing with the counseling of drug abusing women and the provision of accurate and appropriate patient information; b) allows health care providers to refer a pregnant woman at risk for prenatal substance abuse to a local health department for service coordination--which shall be provided to the pregnant woman and her family; c) gives a pregnant woman referred for substance abuse treatment first priority in treatment, with all records and reports remaining confidential; d) prohibits treatment programs receiving public funds from refusing to treat women solely because they are pregnant; and e) requires state agencies to provide budget estimates with a listing of all programs offering services for children and their families, the amount to be spent on these programs, and the number of children to be served. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | LAWS AND STATUTES | CHILD | PREGNANT WOMEN | SOCIAL WELFARE | SOCIAL PROTECTION | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | ANTENATAL CARE | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Maternal Health Services Document Number: 087255 |
| 28. Title: An Act concerning health care [23 April 1992]. Author: United States. Kansas Source: SESSION LAWS OF KANSAS. 1992;:723-9. Chapter 183. Abstract: This document contains a 1992 Act of the Kansas legislature that amends and/or repeals earlier abortion statutes. In five new sections, the Act provides definitions, legalizes the use of contraception and the disposition of the products of in vitro fertilization prior to implantation, sets conditions governing the abortion of viable fetuses, dictates the contents of and conditions surrounding counseling, and requires parental notification before an abortion is performed on a minor except when a court rules otherwise or an emergency situation exists. In an amended section 6, the Act protects health care facilities from obstruction. A new section 7 sets forth requirements for informed consent and exceptions to these requirements. Informed consent in this case requires that the woman receive written information from a health care provider about the procedure not less than eight hours before the abortion is performed (except in emergency situations). Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | LAWS AND STATUTES | MINORS | ABORTION LAW | ABORTION | FETAL VIABILITY | COUNSELING | INFORMED CONSENT | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Fetus | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Ethics Document Number: 087249 Notification |
| 29. Title: Nurse practitioners and insertion of the Norplant contraceptive device. Author: Budge MC Source: KANSAS NURSE. 1992 Nov-Dec;67(12):1-2. Abstract: In Kansas, more and more nurse practitioners (NPs) have been trained in the insertion and removal of the contraceptive implant, Norplant, first approved in the US in December 1990. They work under a supervising physician. The 6 subdermal implants, inserted in the upper part of the nondominant arm, continuously release levonorgestrel (initially 80 mcg/day tapering off to about 30 mcg/day). Norplant prevents pregnancy by suppressing ovulation and thickening the cervical mucus. It is effective for 5 years (99%). In 1980,, the first US nurse was trained to insert Norplant. She taught others. NP training consists of learning the pharmacological actions of levonorgestrel, then practicing insertion and removal techniques on an anatomical arm or in actual women. The first thing the NP must do is to clearly explain the absolute contraindications and possible side effects of Norplant. The most common side effect is irregular menstrual bleeding. 1 out 11 Norplant acceptors stop using Norplant during the first year because of irregular menstrual bleeding. Contraindications include acute liver disease, active thrombophlebitis or thromboembolic disorders, undiagnosed abnormal vaginal bleeding, known or suspected pregnancy, or known or suspected breast cancer. Lactating mothers should not use Norplant until 6 weeks after delivery. NPs must also make clear to Norplant acceptors that Norplant does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases. Prior to insertion, the NP should perform a complete physical examination, including a Pap smear. Thorough counseling and appropriate patient selection results in a high satisfaction rate. After insertion, NPs should follow up on acceptors at 2 weeks, 3 months, and every year thereafter. The implant and insertion costs are between $500-$600, and removal costs are between $100-$150. Medicaid and some insurance companies pay for Norplant and insertion. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | KANSAS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | INSERTION | NURSES AND NURSING | COUNSELING | CLINIC VISITS | TRAINING TECHNIQUES | CONTRAINDICATIONS | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Treatment | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Service Statistics | Training Activities | Training Programs | Education | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 083755 |
| 30. Title: Norplant: conflicting views on its safety and acceptability. Author: Hardon A Source: In: Issues in reproductive technology I: an anthology, edited by Helen Bequaert Holmes. New York, New York, Garland Publishing, 1992. :11-30. (Garland Reference Library of Social Science Vol. 729) Abstract: The progestin, levonorgestrel, suppresses ovulation and thickens the cervical mucus. The 1-year pregnancy rate is 0.2/100 users and the 5-year rate is 3.9/100 users. Contraindications of Norplant include abnormal bleeding, cardiovascular conditions, liver tumors, and breast cancer. The most frequent side effect is changes in bleeding patterns. A main concern of women's health advocates is that women are dependent on the medical establishment for insertion and removal of Norplant which affects the provider-client relationship. Family planning programs that do not recognize a woman's right to free choice of existing contraceptives and her right to have Norplant removed at any time may abuse Norplant. Health workers still do not know the long term effects of Norplant and Norplant's effect on the fetus in case of method failure or insertion while pregnant. Most acceptability studies occurred at university-based health clinics or at clinics in urban areas. The clinic environment may affect women's answers. These studies should occur in the community and home of users and nonusers. Another bias of these studies was clinic staff chose women who would tend to continue using Norplant. Thus subjects were not representative of the population. Researchers did not attempt to understand the women's perception of reproduction physiology and mode of action, the women's cost benefit analysis used to determine what method to use, or the consequences of menstruation changes. They also did not report on the information women received about contraceptive choices. The issue of abuse has arisen in Kansas where a state legislator proposed paying any mother on welfare US$500 if she uses Norplant. In California, a judge ordered a woman convicted of child abuse to use Norplant after release from jail and throughout her probation period. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | KANSAS | CONTRACEPTIVE IMPLANTS | LEVONORGESTREL | OVULATION SUPPRESSION | CERVICAL MUCUS | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD ACCEPTABILITY | BELIEFS | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | OBSTACLES | BIAS | MISINFORMATION | INCENTIVES | HUMAN RIGHTS | ETHICS | WHO | SIDE EFFECTS | CONTRAINDICATIONS | CHANGES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE AGENTS, SIDE EFFECTS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Contraceptive Agents, Progestin | Contraceptive Agents, Female | Contraceptive Agents | Contraceptive Mode of Action | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Technology | Economic Factors | Health | Contraceptive Usage | Culture | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Error Sources | Measurement | Communication | Policy | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Treatment | Social Change | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 077482 |
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