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Title: A test that won't die: the serologic test for syphilis [editorial]
Author: Katz LM
Source: Transfusion. 2009 Apr;49(4):617-9.
Abstract: We (the blood community and the regulators) are unable to articulate an answer to the question "how safe is safe enough?" for the set of blood safety measures we have already implemented.We must address this fundamental policy issue to establish priorities for our menu of potential future threats and interventions and to move solutions through development and deploy them with the urgency their importance demands. The experience of four decades with no recognized transfusion-transmitted syphilis, during which we have implemented a manylayered approach to blood safety addressing a substantial proportion of the risk of T. pallidum infection in the donor base, suggests that the time is ripe to reconsider the use of STS. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | BLOOD DONORS | SYPHILIS | TESTING | SEROCONVERSION | BLOOD TRANSFUSION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Blood Supply | Equipment and Supplies | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Measurement | Immunity | Immune System | Physiology | Biology | Treatment
Document Number: 331247

Title: What if: How declines in teen births have improved poverty and child well-being in Iowa.
Author: National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy
Source: Washington, D.C., National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, 2005 Apr. 3 p.
Abstract: Years of research have closely linked teen pregnancy and early childbearing to a host of other critical social issues, including overall child health and well-being, out-of-wedlock births, educational attainment and workforce readiness, responsible fatherhood, and poverty in particular -- especially child poverty. For example, young children born to a mother who is a teenager, is not married, and did not finish high school are nine times more likely to be poor than children born to mothers without these three risk factors. Adolescent pregnancy and childbearing cost taxpayers at least $7 billion annually and place a serious economic burden on schools and on health, welfare and social service systems. The U.S. teen birth rate declined by 30 percent between 1991 and 2002--a significant decrease that has made major contributions to American communities. Illustrating this very point, the U.S. Congress' Joint Economic Committee completed an analysis in April 2004 that the National Campaign in turn summarized. The congressional study posed an intriguing question: if the nation's teen birth rate had remained at its 1991 level through 2002 (rather than decreasing as it did), how many more children would have been born to teen mothers and to single mothers, and what would have been the effect on poverty and on the living arrangements of children? Findings included the following: if teen birth rates had not declined nationally by 30 percent during that time, there would have been an additional 1.2 million more children born to teen mothers, approximately 460,000 additional children in poverty and almost 700,000 more children living with a single mother. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | RESEARCH REPORT | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ONE PARENT FAMILY | BIRTH RATE | POVERTY | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | CAMPAIGNS | FERTILITY DECLINE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Fertility Measurements | Economic Factors | Health | Communication Programs | Communication | Fertility Changes
Document Number: 307104

3.
Title: Across the fertility lifespan: desire for pregnancy at conception.
Author: Aquilino ML; Losch ME
Source: MCN. American Journal of Maternal Child Nursing. 2005 Jul-Aug;30(4):256-262.
Abstract: The purpose was to illustrate trends in unintended pregnancy over a 5-year period and to describe variations in desire for pregnancy at conception in relation to maternal age, race/ethnicity, income, and education. Data were collected as part of the Iowa Barriers to Prenatal Care Project, a large, multiyear study of new mothers. A brief questionnaire eliciting maternal experiences and behaviors during pregnancy was administered to new mothers in all Iowa hospitals providing maternity care following the birth of their baby. Sample sizes ranged from 16,714 to 19,421 over the 5 years included in this analysis (1997 to 2001), and response rates ranged from 44% to 53%. The study sample closely matched the overall statewide profile of women in this age group. In each of the 5 years, about one third of the mothers giving birth indicated that they did not intend to become pregnant at that time, and another 4% to 5% indicated that they did not want to be pregnant at that time or in the future. There were no substantive variations across years. Maternal age, race/ethnicity, income, and education were significantly related to intendedness of pregnancy. The findings underscore the continuing challenge of unintended pregnancy, despite recent national attention to this issue. All women of childbearing age should be considered at risk for unintended pregnancy. Additional work is needed to examine reasons, attitudes, and behaviors associated with unintended pregnancies and to determine the relative predictive strength of key demographic variables to improve interventions aimed at decreasing unintended pregnancy rates. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | POSTPARTUM WOMEN | ETHNIC GROUPS | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | PREGNANCY, UNWANTED | MATERNAL AGE | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | ATTITUDES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Puerperium | Reproduction | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Parental Age | Age Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 289329

4.
Peer Reviewed

Title: A prospective and retrospective look at the diffusion model.
Author: Rogers EM
Source: Journal of Health Communication. 2004 Jun;9 Suppl 1:13-19.
Abstract: The purpose of this article is to retrace the historical background of the diffusion of innovations model, and its evolution, and to speculate about the future of this theory. I was an active participant in this history, which began with early applications of the diffusion model to U.S. agriculture in the 1950s. I later helped transfer the diffusion model to the field of public health and to other fields. Through the past five decades, I have been an enthusiast for the generalizability of the diffusion model. My view of the history detailed here is necessarily focused on what I have personally experienced and observed, and thus it may be limited in certain ways. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | HISTORICAL REVIEW | FACULTY | DIFFUSION | COMMUNICATION | DECISION MAKING | ACCEPTANCE PROCESS | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Behavior | Rural Development | Economic Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 190723

5.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Persistent HPV infection in postmenopausal age women.
Author: Smith EM; Johnson SR; Ritchie JM; Feddersen D; Wang D
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2004 Nov;87(2):131-137.
Abstract: Persistence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is associated with an increased risk of developing cervical SIL and cancer in young women. Because this association in older, postmenopausal age women has received little attention, we evaluated persistence of HPV among women in this age group. Women (n=105) ages 45�64 were examined annually for 7 years to evaluate HPV in cervical cytologic specimens. PCR, dot blot hybridization and DNA sequencing were used to detect HPV types. The cumulative prevalence of HPV was 34%, and 24% had HPV high-risk oncogenic types which are associated with genital cancers. The most common oncogenic types were HPV-16 (72%) and HPV-31 (16%). The persistence rate of HPV infection was 16%. No specific risk factors were associated with repeat viral positivity. Postmenopausal women are infected with persistent oncogenic HPV at a substantial rate, supporting the need for continued screening in postmenopausal women to detect preneoplastic genital lesions. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CLINICAL TRIALS | WOMEN | MENOPAUSE | VIRAL DISEASES | CERVICAL CANCER | CERVICAL EFFECTS | PREVALENCE | GENITAL EFFECTS, FEMALE | SCREENING | United States of America | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Clinical Research | Demographic Factors | Population | Reproduction | Diseases | Cancer | Neoplasms | Cervix | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology | Measurement | Examinations and Diagnoses
Document Number: 276285

7.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Quinacrine sterilization (QS): the ethical issues.
Author: Bhattacharyya S
Source: International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics. 2003 Oct;83 Suppl 2:S13-S21.
Abstract: QS has generated debates that are ultimately grounded in various principles, norms, and values. Through a careful analysis of opposing arguments, this paper focuses on two ethical principles claimed by both sides, namely: respect for life and beneficence. Though issues surrounding QS are complex, from the common ground of these two principles, this paper proposes a course of action that addresses many of the concerns from both points of view. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | RESEARCH REPORT | ETHICS | WOMEN | PRO-CHOICE GROUPS | INTEREST GROUPS | QUINACRINE STERILIZATION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sociocultural Factors | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning
Document Number: 293757

9.
Peer Reviewed

Title: Previous tubal ligation is a risk factor for hysterectomy after rollerball endometrial ablation.
Author: Mall A; Shirk G; Van Voorhis BJ
Source: Obstetrics and Gynecology. 2002 Oct;100(4):659-664.
Abstract: The objective of this study is to determine risk factors for hysterectomy, pelvic pain, and continued menorrhagia after rollerball endometrial ablation. All women having rollerball endometrial ablation between 1990 and 2000 were sent standardized questionnaires on pre- and postablation symptoms, satisfaction with the ablation, and subsequent gynecologic surgery. Pathology reports from surgery after the ablation were reviewed when available. 240 women had a rollerball ablation during this period and 174 (72.5%) responded to the questionnaire. The average age of women at the time of the ablation was 43.1 years and the mean follow-up time since the ablation was 49 months. 74% of women were satisfied with the ablation and 92% reported decreased or absent menstrual bleeding since the ablation. However, 13% of women reported new or worsening pelvic pain symptoms since the ablation and 21 women (12%) had a hysterectomy after the ablation for continued symptoms. A previous tubal ligation was a risk factor for having a hysterectomy (hazard ratio [HR] of 3.3, P = 0.03) and for having worsened pelvic pain (HR of 3.2, P = 0.05) after an ablation. Women who had a previous tubal ligation were more likely to use pain medications for pelvic pain after an ablation. Age over 35 at the time of the ablation was predictive of less bleeding after the ablation. Pathologic findings consistent with the postablation tubal sterilization syndrome were observed in five surgical specimens for an incidence of 6%. Having a tubal ligation is a risk factor for the development of pelvic pain and for having a hysterectomy after rollerball endometrial ablation. The incidence of pathologically confirmed postablation tubal sterilization syndrome is 6%, but clinical manifestations of this syndrome is higher. Relatively older age at the time of the ablation is associated with a higher rate of improved bleeding symptoms after ablation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | HYSTERECTOMY | TUBAL LIGATION | ENDOMETRIAL EFFECTS | RISK FACTORS | TUBAL OCCLUSION | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Gynecologic Surgery | Urogenital Surgery | Surgery | Treatment | Female Sterilization | Sterilization, Sexual | Family Planning | Endometrium | Uterus | Genitalia, Female | Genitalia | Urogenital System | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 171987

11.
Title: Accentuate the negative: social images in the prediction and promotion of condom use.
Author: Blanton H; VandenEijnden RJ; Buunk BP; Gibbons FX; Gerrard M
Source: Journal of Applied Social Psychology. 2001 Feb;31(2):274-95.
Abstract: Based on the negativity bias in person perception, the authors argue that behavioral decisions related to condom use are influenced by the social images that an individual has of people who do not use condoms, but that they are not influenced by the social images that an individual has of people who do use condoms. Three studies with college student samples indicated that the negative evaluations of people who do not use condoms predicts willingness to have sex without condoms. In contrast, positive evaluations of people who do use condoms showed no unique predictions. A fourth study demonstrated that a health message emphasizing the negative social consequences of having sex without condoms decreased willingness to have unsafe sex in comparison to a control, whereas a message that emphasized the positive social consequences of using condoms had no such effects on willingness. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
NETHERLANDS | MICHIGAN | IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SURVEYS | STUDENTS | CONDOMS | SAFER SEX | RISK BEHAVIOR | EVALUATION | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Sampling Studies | Education | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Family Planning | Sex Behavior | Behavior
Document Number: 159745

12.
Title: (Sexuality) politics creates strange bedfellows.
Author: Taylor T
Source: EDUCATOR'S UPDATE. 2001 Jun;5(6):1-3.
Abstract: In 1987, the Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention Coalition (APPC), together with anti-choice volunteers, employees, and physicians from organizations such as Birthright, Aid to Women, and other Catholic charities, initiated a sexuality survey, which was conducted later in 1988. The data collected from the survey on teens' attitudes and behaviors related to sexuality and adolescent pregnancy gave the APPC solid, local data to make its case regarding teen pregnancy. Other sets of data were later collected in 1992 and 1998 with the addition of few questions regarding abstinence until marriage. During the first and second distributions of the survey, some parents, principals, teachers and superintendents reacted negatively to the seemingly controversial questions posed to the children. With the revision of the questions by Josh McDowell, a well-known abstinence-only supporter, the parents accepted the surveys, which became a product of finding common ground between opposing factions. Overall, the survey found that more than half of the 12th-graders had engaged in intercourse before graduation. Young men were slightly more likely to have had intercourse than young women and also had more sexual partners. The survey also revealed that adolescents who were involved in extracurricular school activities and enjoyed school were significantly less likely to have had intercourse. Additionally, it showed that peers were the number one source of information on sex for adolescents.
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | ADOLESCENTS | SEXUALITY | FIRST INTERCOURSE | SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior
Document Number: 158251

13.
Title: Induced abortion and breast cancer risk.
Author: Lazovich D; Thompson JA; Mink PJ; Sellers TA; Anderson KE
Source: Epidemiology. 2000 Jan;11(1):76-80.
Abstract: Results from case-control studies suggest that induced abortion may be associated with a small increase in risk of breast cancer. While risk estimates from cohort studies have generally not observed such an association, these studies have had limited information regarding abortion and possible confounding variables. Therefore, we conducted a study among a cohort of post-menopausal women from whom detailed information regarding pregnancy outcomes as well as risk factors for breast cancer had been collected. The study sample included 37,247 Iowa Women's Health Study participants, 55-64 years of age at baseline in 1986, who reported no history of breast, or other, cancer (except non-melanoma skin cancer), and for whom information regarding pregnancy outcomes (that is, live birth, stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, ectopic pregnancy or induced abortion) was available. We used linkage with records of the State Health Registry of Iowa, part of the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program, to estimate the incidence of breast cancer among cohort members through 1995. We calculated age-adjusted relative risks and 95% confidence intervals using Cox proportional hazards regression. Only 653 women (1.8%) reported an induced abortion. The age-adjusted relative risk of breast cancer among women with prior induced abortion compared with those without was 1.1 (95% CI = 0.8-1.6). Relative risk were higher among women whose age at first abortion was less than 20 or at least 30 years, for those whose abortion took place after their first birth or who never gave birth, and for those with early termination (0-2 months). These estimates varied from 1.3-1.7, but the confidence interval around each were wide. Since most women in this cohort were beyond their reproductive years when abortion became legal in 1973, the low prevalence of induced abortion argues for a cautious interpretation. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | COHORT ANALYSIS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | ABORTION | RISK FACTORS | BREAST CANCER | PREGNANCY OUTCOMES | MENOPAUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Studies | Population | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Biology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Pregnancy | Reproduction
Document Number: 178682 Notification

14.
Title: Relation of calcium, vitamin D, and dairy food intake to ischemic heart disease mortality among postmenopausal women.
Author: Bostick RM; Kushi LH; Wu Y; Meyer KA; Sellers TA; Folsom AR
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. 1999 Jan 15;149(2):151-61.
Abstract: "To investigate whether greater intakes of calcium, vitamin D, or milk products may protect against ischemic heart disease mortality, the authors analyzed data from a prospective cohort study of 34,486 postmenopausal Iowa women 55-69 years old and without a history of ischemic heart disease who completed a dietary questionnaire in 1986. Through 1994, 387 deaths due to ischemic heart disease were documented.... [The] results suggest that a higher intake of calcium, but not of vitamin D or milk products, is associated with reduced ischemic heart disease mortality in postmenopausal women, and reduced risk may be achievable whether the higher intake of calcium is attained by diet, supplements, or both." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CAUSES OF DEATH | NUTRITION | HEART DISEASES | COHORT ANALYSIS | IOWA | DIET | CALCIUM | MENOPAUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Diseases | Research Methodology | Metals | Vitamins and Minerals | Physiology | Biology | Reproduction
Document Number: 256943

15.
Title: Is whole grain intake associated with reduced total and cause-specific death rates in older women? The Iowa Women's Health Study.
Author: Jacobs DR; Meyer KA; Kushi LH; Folsom AR
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 1999 Mar;89(3):322-9.
Abstract: This study analyzes whether nutrient-rich whole grains reduce the mortality risk using data on 38,740 women aged 55 to 69 from the 1986 Iowa Women's Health Study. The results indicate that "total mortality risk was inversely associated with whole grain intake and positively associated with refined grain intake. Refined grains contributed more than 20% of energy intake, and whole grains contributed 1%. Substitution of whole for refined grain may reduce chronic disease risk in the United States." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | NUTRITION | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health
Document Number: 257163

16.
Title: Early adolescent sexual activity: a developmental study.
Author: Whitbeck LB; Yoder KA; Hoyt DR; Conger RD
Source: JOURNAL OF MARRIAGE AND THE FAMILY. 1999 Nov;61(4):934-46.
Abstract: This developmental study uses event history analysis to investigate the effects of established predictors of early coitus on a sample of 457 rural European American adolescents who experienced sexual intercourse for the first time in the 8th, 9th, or 10th grade. Analyses were run for separate variables to isolate change in individual predictors across time when controlling only for the effects of family structure, pubertal development, and gender. The significant main effects for early intercourse and interactions with gender and grade level were then entered into a final model to assess the relative strength of each predictor when controlling for other significant factors. Results indicate a significant decrease in the effect of mother monitoring by the 10th grade. Depressed affect increased the likelihood of early intercourse among young women, but not young men. Results for the full model suggest that when controlling for all other influences, the primary predictors of early intercourse were age, opportunity (being in steady relationship), sexually permissive attitudes, association with delinquent peers, and alcohol use.
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | SUMMARY REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUAL INTERCOURSE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | Behavior | Reproduction
Document Number: 147602

17.
Title: Predicting risk for pregnancy by late adolescence: a social contextual perspective.
Author: Scaramella LV; Conger RD; Simons RL; Whitbeck LB
Source: Developmental Psychology. 1998 Nov;34(6):1233-45.
Abstract: To evaluate a model of social contextual influences on risk for adolescent pregnancy, 368 target adolescents (52% female, 48% male) and their mothers, fathers, and closest age siblings were assessed 6 times over a 7-year period beginning when the target adolescents were in 7th grade. Two pathways were found to increase risk for involvement in a pregnancy by late adolescence. Middle adolescent risk-taking behavior mediated the influence of early adolescent parental warmth-involvement and deviant-peer affiliations on involvement in a pregnancy by 12th grade. Also, early adolescent academic competence mediated the relationship between parental warmth-involvement and involvement in a pregnancy by 12th grade. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | EVALUATION REPORT | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | RISK BEHAVIOR | SOCIAL BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Evaluation | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors
Document Number: 148467

18.
Title: Iowa trial court blocks parental notification law.
Source: REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM NEWS. 1997 Jan 31;6(2):2.
Abstract: The US District Court for the Southern District of Iowa issued a preliminary injunction on January 22 that prohibits enforcement of that state's parental notification requirement for young women seeking abortions. Under the law, which was passed by the Iowa legislature in March 1996, one parent of a woman under the age of 18 must be notified at least 48 hours before the procedure (see RFN V/6). Alternatively, the young woman may seek a court waiver of the mandate. Judge Ronald Longstaff found that the women's health care providers challenging the law were likely to prevail in their claim that the statute presents an unconstitutional obstacle to young women's right to choose abortion. Affirming findings made in a temporary restraining order that prevented the law from taking effect earlier in the month, Judge Longstaff held that the law would put doctors who provide emergency abortions to young women at risk of liability, a possibility that could discourage physicians from providing abortion services (see RFN VI/1). The court also found that the judicial bypass laid out in the statute failed to sufficiently protect a young woman's confidentiality or guarantee an expeditious procedure. The plaintiffs in Planned Parenthood of Greater Iowa vs. Miller are represented by Dara Klassel and Roger Evans of the Planned Parenthood Federation of America, CRLP's Priscilla Smith and Michael Erdos, Mark Lambert of Planned Parenthood of Greater Iowa, and Randall Wilson of the Iowa Civil Liberties Union. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COURT DECISION | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | PARENTAL CONSENT | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Litigation | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning
Document Number: 120645 Notification

19.
Title: Trial court blocks Iowa parental notification requirement.
Source: REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM NEWS. 1997 Jan 17;6(1):3-4.
Abstract: A US District Court ruling has declared that parental notification requirements create a substantial obstacle to a young woman's access to abortion, in violation of US Supreme Court precedent. On January 3, 1997, Southern District of Iowa Judge Ronald Longstaff issued a temporary restraining order blocking enforcement of a new law that requires physicians performing an abortion on a woman under 18 years of age to notify one of her parents at least 48 hours before the procedure. Although the law contains a provision that the young woman may seek a court waiver to the notification mandate, the certification requirements threaten to subject physicians to criminal liability and do not guarantee confidentiality. The court order against enforcement will remain in effect until January 23, 1997, when Judge Longstaff will rule on a request for a preliminary injunction against the measure.
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | ABORTION LAW | ABORTION | NOTIFICATION | PARENTS | MINORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population
Document Number: 120364 Notification

20.
Title: Active life expectancy from annual follow-up data with missing responses.
Author: Izmirlian G; Brock D; Ferrucci L; Phillips C
Source: In: 1997 proceedings of the section on government statistics and section on social statistics. Alexandria, Virginia, American Statistical Association [ASA], 1997. 159-64
Abstract: "We present a method which uses regression-smoothed annual transition probabilities to estimate ALE and DLE [active and disabled life expectancy]. The technique makes use of multiple follow-up interviews and allows for missing values in ADL [articles of daily living] status.... An analysis of several cofactor effects upon ALE and DLE is presented using data from [an Iowa epidemiological survey]." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
LIFE EXPECTANCY | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | HEALTH | THEORETICAL MODELS | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | BIOLOGICAL AGING | Length of Life | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Research Methodology | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Physiology | Biology
Document Number: 257034

21.
Title: Physical activity and mortality in postmenopausal women.
Author: Kushi LH; Fee RM; Folsom AR; Mink PJ; Anderson KE; Sellers TA
Source: JAMA. 1997 Apr 23-30;277(16):1,287-92.
Abstract: The association between physical activity and all-cause mortality in postmenopausal women is analyzed using data on 40,417 Iowa women aged 55-69 in 1986. The "results demonstrate a graded, inverse association between physical activity and all-cause mortality in postmenopausal women. These findings strengthen the confidence that...recommendations to engage in regular physical activity are applicable to postmenopausal women." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | OLDER ADULTS | WOMEN | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Mortality | Population Dynamics
Document Number: 253340

22.
Title: 1996-97 trends in opposition to comprehensive sexuality education in public schools in the United States.
Author: Mayer R
Source: SIECUS REPORT. 1997 Aug-Sep;25(6):20-6.
Abstract: Since 1992, SIECUS' Community Advocacy Project has promoted comprehensive sexuality education programs versus fear-based, abstinence-only programs and has issued annual analyses of current trends that have documented more than 500 controversies in all 50 states. During the 1996-97 school year, SIECUS documented 127 controversies in 33 states. The current situation on the Federal level was marked by President Clinton's endorsement of abstinence-only programs and a call issued by the Institute for Medicine and the National Institutes of Health for comprehensive sex education to combat sexually transmitted diseases and HIV/AIDS. Various states considered or enacted legislation allowing parents to remove children from sex education classes, dictating sex education curricula, or removing state mandates for sexuality education in schools. On the local level, the Medical Institute for Sexual Health's "National Guidelines for Sexuality and Character Education" (confusingly similar in style to SIECUS' "Guidelines for Comprehensive Sexuality Education") has been used to promote fear-based, abstinence-only curricula. Local controversies arose over efforts led by small groups to promote fear-based, abstinence-only curricula, over the content and existence of elementary school sex education programs, over coeducational sexuality education, over policies related to sexual orientation, over opt-out/opt-in programs, and over availability of alternative abstinence-only sex education programs. The past year showed that the active involvement of community members will be required to ensure the survival of comprehensive sex education programs. Included in this article are interviews with a school board member who successfully protected comprehensive sex education in her Kansas community and a member of a school board committee unable to save a comprehensive program in Brookfield, Connecticut.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | MASSACHUSETTS | MISSOURI | KANSAS | CONNECTICUT | NEW JERSEY | IOWA | WASHINGTON | VIRGINIA | CRITIQUE | LEGISLATION | SEX EDUCATION | PUBLIC SECTOR | SCHOOLS | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | CHANGES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Education | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Social Change
Document Number: 127426

23.
Title: District court finds proposed Iowa women's health facility does not need state approval.
Source: REPRODUCTIVE FREEDOM NEWS. 1996 Oct 25;5(17):4.
Abstract: On October 18, the US District Court for the Southern District of Iowa ordered the Iowa Department of Health to withdraw its demand that Planned Parenthood of Greater Iowa obtain a "certificate of need" in order to open a new facility in Davenport. Judge Charles R. Wolle found that state officials had deliberately misused the certificate of need requirement--a policy originally created to allow communities to influence health care standards at local facilities and prevent duplication of medical services--to block the clinic, which far from providing duplicative services would become the only provider of abortions in the Quad Cities. For at least 10 years, no family planning facility in Iowa has been required to obtain a certificate of need, in large part because the review standards are generally regarded as obsolete. The application process would have required Planned Parenthood to publicly disclose its sources of funding, identify the intended site of the facility, and pay a substantial fee; it would also have involved a public hearing at which members of the community could object to the clinic. The court concluded that state officials could not justify applying the requirements to a facility providing abortions when it had routinely failed to apply them to other clinics that offer the same services but do not provide abortions. Judge Wolle further ruled that the state's order for a certificate of need imposes a substantial obstacle to access to abortion that is unjustified by any government interest--and therefore unconstitutional under the standards established by the US Supreme Court in Planned Parenthood vs. Casey. Planned Parenthood Federation of America is representing the plaintiffs in Planned Parenthood of Greater Iowa vs. Atchison. (full text)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | COURT DECISION | FAMILY PLANNING CENTERS | ABORTION | LICENSING | KNOWLEDGE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Litigation | Health Facilities | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Product Approval | Legislation
Document Number: 117770 Notification

24.
Title: Weight variability and mortality: the Iowa Women's Health Study.
Author: Folsom AR; French SA; Zheng W; Baxter JE; Jeffery RW
Source: INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OBESITY. 1996;20(8):704-9.
Abstract: The authors "evaluate the association between weight variability and risk of mortality in women [using data from a ] prospective cohort study, 1986-1991 [that covered] a population-based sample of 33,760 Iowa women aged 55-69....Women who displayed greater weight variability in adulthood had an increased risk of dying in later life, especially from coronary heart disease. However, to a considerable degree this association seems to be due to other unhealthy characteristics and pre-existing disease among those displaying increased weight variability." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | BODY WEIGHT | RISK FACTORS | MORTALITY | CAUSES OF DEATH | HEART DISEASES | HEALTH | DIFFERENTIAL MORTALITY | CHANGES | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Physiology | Biology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Social Change
Document Number: 252496

25.
Title: Miscarriage and abortion are related to increased endometrial cancer risk.
Author: Hollander D
Source: Family Planning Perspectives. 1996 Nov-Dec;28(6):286.
Abstract: The association between endometrial cancer risk and reproductive health factors was investigated in a randomly selected sample of 28,848 postmenopausal Iowa women who completed a questionnaire in 1986 at ages 55-69 years. Between the baseline data and December 1990, 167 of these women developed endometrial cancer. Women who began menstruating at age 15 years or older had a significantly lower risk of endometrial cancer than those who began at age 10 years or younger (odds ratio, 0.4), while women who experienced menopause at age 55 years or older had 1.9 times the risk of those who experienced menopause before age 45 years. Compared with women who had ovulated for 33 years or fewer, those who had ovulated for 36.3-40.5 years were 2.0-2.8 times as likely and those who had ovulated for more than 40.5 years were 3.6 times as likely to develop endometrial cancer. The endometrial cancer risk was significantly reduced among women who had ever been pregnant (odds ratio, 0.5). Women who had an early pregnancy end in miscarriage were at reduced risk (0.5), but those who miscarried their last pregnancy were at elevated risk (1.3). Finally, women with a history of induced abortion were 2.5 times as likely as those without such a history to develop endometrial cancer. Most of the reproductive health risk factors identified in this study as associated with endometrial cancer support the view that an imbalance between estrogen and progesterone facilitates cancer development. Miscarriage of a last pregnancy may be a marker for a progesterone deficiency, a risk factor for endometrial cancer.
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CORRELATION STUDIES | CERVICAL CANCER | RISK FACTORS | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | ABORTION | MENOPAUSE | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Statistical Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cancer | Neoplasms | Diseases | Biology | Pregnancy Complications | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Reproduction
Document Number: 119501 Notification

26.
Title: The spatial relationship between infant mortality and birth defect rates in a U.S. city.
Author: Rushton G; Krishnamurthy R; Krishnamurti D; Lolonis P; Song H
Source: STATISTICS IN MEDICINE. 1996 Sep;15(17-18):1,907-19.
Abstract: The relationship between infant mortality rates and birth defect rates in the city of Des Moines, Iowa, is analyzed using vital statistics data for the period 1989-1992. The results suggest that there is no relationship between infant mortality and birth defect rates in this region. (ANNOTATION)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | INFANT MORTALITY | DISABLED PERSONS AND DISABILITIES | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics
Document Number: 252155

27.
Title: "The number and quality of children": education and marital fertility in early twentieth-century Iowa.
Author: Smith DS
Source: JOURNAL OF SOCIAL HISTORY. 1996 Winter;30(2):367-92.
Abstract: This study examined the role of education in the transition to low fertility in Iowa (US) in the early part of the 20th century. Data were obtained from a sample of 8503 ever married women from the 1910 census. The sample reflected 4 of the 8 cities with populations over 25,000 persons (Des Moines, Dubuque, Cedar Rapids, and Council Bluffs) and 10 rural areas. In 1910, over 33% of women aged over 65 years had 7 or fewer years of schooling and around 8% had some high school education. 18.3% of women aged under 25 years had less than 8 years of schooling and 26.3% had some high school education. Husbands' educational levels were similar to wives' levels. Wives in families in the highest income group were more educated than wives in other income groups. Women of southern birth or origin had less schooling. The best educated came from New England or were religiously affiliated in that region. The index of fertility indicated a curvilinear relationship between age and fertility. The index of completed fertility increased from younger to older women. The index for controlled fertility declined from younger to older women. Findings suggest parity-specific control. Education was inversely correlated with fertility. Women with 7 or less years of schooling had a children ever born (CEB) index of 8.45, which was 41% higher than among high school educated women. Very few women with high levels of education had large families. The CEB index was 49% higher for farm tenants compared to spouses of middle class husbands. The CEB index was 7.75 for women in rural places, 6.21 for women in towns, and 6.14 for women in cities. The highest fertility was among poorly educated Catholic and Lutheran women whose mothers were born in Europe, and who married farm tenants. Multiple classification analysis revealed that place of residence and socialization affected fertility.
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | FERTILITY DECLINE | EDUCATION | MULTIPLE CLASSIFICATION ANALYSIS | North America | Americas | Developed Countries | Demography | Social Sciences | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Multivariate Analysis | Data Analysis | Research Methodology
Document Number: 130397

28.
Title: Attachment to place and migration prospects: a developmental perspective.
Author: Elder GH Jr; King V; Conger RD
Source: [Unpublished] 1995. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, San Francisco, California, April 6-8, 1995. 37 p.
Abstract: In the troubled economy of the rural midwest, adolescents come of age with a future that seems increasingly less promising at home than in other places. Their growing recognition of limited opportunities may fuel a resolve to migrate to other regions that clashes with binding attachments to local people and places. By using preferences for living near family and in the local community, obtained in the 8th and 11th grade, this longitudinal study modeled the social and developmental pathways by which children approach decisions to leave home and settle in other parts of the country. Data come from 351 two-parent families in the Iowa Youth and Family Project, launched in 1989 to investigate the economic stresses and family consequences of the farm crisis. Lack of socioeconomic opportunity, relatively weak and declining ties to parents, kin, and the religious community, and strong educational prospects emerged as potent sources of a declining preference for living near family and in the local community among boys and girls. Whether coupled with family attachments or not, plans to settle elsewhere after education are linked to more elevated feelings of depression, anxiety, and unhappiness about life. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | ADOLESCENTS | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Youth | Age Factors | Economic Factors | Family Characteristics | Family and Household
Document Number: 104956

29.
Title: Predicting young adults' health risk behavior.
Author: Gibbons FX; Gerrard M
Source: Journal of Pereonality and Social Psychology. 1995;69(3):505-517.
Abstract: A prototype model of risk behavior is described and was tested in a longitudinal study of 679 college students, beginning at the start of their freshman year. Perceptions of the prototype associated with 4 health risk behaviors (smoking, drinking, reckless driving, and ineffective contraception) were assessed along with self-reports of the same behaviors. Results indicated that prototype perception was related to risk behavior in both a reactive and a prospective manner. That is, perceptions changed as a function of change in behavior, and perceptions predicted those behavior changes as well. This prospective relation was moderated by social comparison, as the link between perception and behavior change was stronger among persons who reported frequently engaging in social comparison. (author's)
Language: English
Keywords:
IOWA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | STUDENTS | YOUTH | SEX BEHAVIOR | TOBACCO USE | ALCOHOL USE AND ABUSE | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior
Document Number: 296974

30.
Title: Mortality and cancer rates in nonrespondents to a prospective study of older women: 5-year follow-up.
Author: Bisgard KM; Folsom AR; Hong C; Sellers TA
Source: AMERICAN JOURNAL OF EPIDEMIOLOGY. 1994 May 15;139(10):990-1,000.
Abstract: "The authors followed respondents and nonrespondents to a mailed questionnaire, sent to a random sample of Iowa women aged 55-69 years in 1986 (total sample, 98,029; 43% response), to characterize 5-year mortality rates for myocardial infarction and all causes, and attack rates for breast, endometrial, colon, lung, and all-site cancers. Compared with respondents, nonrespondents had higher myocardial infarction...and all-cause mortality....They also had substantially higher attack rates for lung cancer...and slightly higher attack rates for all-site cancer....The associations of reported body mass index (weight/height) with the study endpoints were generally similar among respondents and the total eligible sample, except for a more pronounced U-shaped total mortality association for the nonrespondents." (EXCERPT)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | IOWA | FOLLOW-UP STUDIES | HEALTH SURVEYS | DEATH RATE | MIDDLE AGED ADULTS | MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION | CANCER | CAUSES OF DEATH | BODY WEIGHT | BODY HEIGHT | TOBACCO USE | BIAS | WOMEN | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Adults | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Heart Diseases | Diseases | Neoplasms | Physiology | Biology | Behavior | Error Sources | Measurement
Document Number: 240534


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