1.  Title: Awareness and views of the law on termination of pregnancy and reasons for resorting to an abortion among a group of women attending a clinic in Colombo, Sri Lanka. Author: Abeyasinghe NL; Weerasundera BJ; Jayawardene PA; Somarathna SD Source: Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2009 Apr;16(3):134-7. Abstract: In Sri Lanka, induced abortion is a criminal offence except to save the life of the mother. This study determined the awareness and views of the law on abortion among women seeking an abortion. Three hundred and thirteen women were interviewed. The characteristics of the study group are discussed. 65.8% of the respondents stated they knew the current law, 25.6% stated they did not and 8.3% were unsure. On detailed analysis of each respondent's knowledge regarding the situations where abortion is legalized including those who stated that they did not know the law, only 11.2% had an accurate knowledge. More than 75% stated that abortion should be legalized when the mother's life was in danger, where there was pregnancy after rape or incest, when there was psychiatric illness in the mother and when there were fetal anomalies. Reasons for resorting to an abortion are discussed. Although 11.2% were aware of the law, there was no difference in the reasons for resorting to an abortion when compared with those who were unaware of the law. This study highlights the fact that availability of abortion services to women depend not only on the law and its awareness, but on how it is interpreted and enforced. Language: English Keywords: SRI LANKA | RESEARCH REPORT | ABORTION | ABORTION LAW | AWARENESS | INTERVIEWS | ABORTION RATE | ATTITUDES | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Knowledge | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraception Document Number: 342188 Notification |
| 2. Peer Reviewed Title: PMTCT, HAART, and childbearing in Mozambique: an institutional perspective. Author: Agadjanian V; Hayford SR Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Jun;13(Suppl 1):S103-S112. Abstract: Maternal and Child Health (MCH) units, where VCT/PMTCT/HAART have been integrated with traditional services, play a critical role in the connection between the massive HAART rollout and reproductive behavior. In this article, we use data from semi-structured interviews with MCH workers and ethnographic observations carried out in southern Mozambique to explore this role from the institutional perspective. We find that, along with logistical and workload problems, the de facto segregation of PMTCT/HAART clients within the “integrated” MCH system and the simplistic and uncompromising message discouraging further fertility and stressing condom-based contraception may pose serious challenges to a successful formulation and implementation of reproductive goals among seropositive clients. Although the recency of PMTCT/HAART services may partly explain these challenges, we argue that they are due largely to cultural miscommunication between providers and clients. We show how the cultural gap between the two is bridged by community activists and peer interactions among clients. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH PERSONNEL | SUPPORT GROUPS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | INTEGRATED PROGRAMS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | INTERVIEWS | FERTILITY PREFERENCES | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Networks | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Primary Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Management | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 341906 |
| 3. Title: Intimate partner violence and contraception use among women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Alio AP; Daley EM; Nana PN; Duan J; Salihu HM Source: International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics. 2009 May 28; Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between contraceptive use and intimate partner violence (IPV) in Sub-Saharan African women. METHOD: The data analyzed were from national Demographic Health Surveys conducted between 2003 and 2006 in 6 Sub-Saharan African countries: Cameroon, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Uganda, and Zimbabwe. Women of childbearing age completed surveys regarding the use of contraception and about their experience of physical, emotional, and sexual violence inflicted by their partners. Analyses were conducted using logistic regression. RESULTS: Of the 24311 women who responded to the violence modules, 39.8% reported that they had experienced IPV. Women who had experienced IPV were significantly more likely to report that they had used contraception compared with women who had not experienced IPV (odds ratio 1.30; 95% confidence interval, 1.22-1.38). CONCLUSION: Intimate partner violence appears to be associated with increased contraception use in the African setting. Among women who have experienced IPV, modern contraception is used more commonly than traditional and folkloric contraceptive methods. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEYS | WOMEN | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | INTERVIEWS | PHYSICAL ABUSE | PSYCHOLOGICAL ABUSE | Africa | Developing Countries | Demographic Surveys | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Violence | Behavior | Aggression Document Number: 341449 |
| 4. Title: [Vulnerabilities in the use of contraceptive methods among youth: intersections between public policies and healthcare] Vulnerabilidades no uso de metodos contraceptivos entre adolescentes e jovens: Author: Alves CA; Brandao ER Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Mar-Apr;14(2):661-70. Abstract: This article discusses the moments of vulnerability in the utilization of contraceptive methods in the affective-sexual relations in adolescence and youth. The analyzed material consists of 17 semi-structured interviews with young people between 18 and 24 years (9 females and 8 males) of the middle-class of the city of Rio de Janeiro that had passed though at least one episode of pregnancy during adolescence. We also discuss the recent implementation of public policies focused on the sexuality and reproductive health of adolescents and the position of health professionals with respect to this subject within the scope of the Program of Integrated Healthcare for Women, Children and Adolescents (PAISMCA/SES-RJ). The results of the study show discontinuities in the use of contraceptive methods due to the strong gender hierarchy in the relationships between adolescents and the absence of appropriate sexual education in the family and school environments. There is little space for dealing with the sexual questions of the young in health services and schools. There are also cultural barriers that make it difficult for the society to approach the subject in a less prejudicial way, thus turning sexual initiation into a process full of silence and moral disapproval. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | HEALTH POLICY | CONTRACEPTIVE METHODS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | Developing Countries | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Contraception | Family Planning | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics Document Number: 330130 |
| 5. Title: Collecting reliable information about violence against women safely in household interviews: experience from a large-scale national survey in South Asia. Author: Andersson N; Cockcroft A; Ansari N; Omer K; Chaudhry UU; Khan A; Pearson L Source: Violence Against Women. 2009 Apr;15(4):482-96. Abstract: This article describes the first national survey of violence against women in Pakistan from 2001 to 2004 covering 23,430 women. The survey took account of methodological and ethical recommendations, ensuring privacy of interviews through one person interviewing the mother-in-law while another interviewed the eligible woman privately. The training module for interviewers focused on empathy with respondents, notably increasing disclosure rates. Only 3% of women declined to participate, and 1% were not permitted to participate. Among women who disclosed physical violence, only one third had previously told anyone. Surveys of violence against women in Pakistan not using methods to minimize underreporting could seriously underestimate prevalence. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | DATA QUALITY | RELIABILITY | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | SAFETY | INTERVIEWS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Measurement | Crime | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Public Health | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 341635 |
| 6. Title: HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children's future. Author: Asander AS; Bjorkman A; Belfrage E; Faxelid E Source: Health and Social Work. 2009 May;34(2):107-15. Abstract: In Sweden, most HIV-infected parents are of African origin. The present study explored the frequency of HIV-infected African parents' disclosure of their status to their children and custody planning for their children's future to identify support needs among these families. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 parents (41 families). The study population included first-generation immigrants, with a total of 87 children less than 18 years of age. Only women had disclosed their HIV status, and only to eight of 59 children older than six. Half of the parents had talked to someone about future custody arrangements. These parents had more contact with a social worker at the social welfare office and with a medical social worker at the HIV clinic. Most parents (30) wanted their children to be cared for by a relative in Sweden or by their HIV-negative partner. Neither disclosure nor custody planning was associated with clinical status or antiretroviral treatment. This study highlights the low HIV-disclosure rate to children of HIV-infected African immigrant parents and the importance of support from social workers. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMIGRANTS | CHILD CUSTODY | PLANNING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 341675 |
| 7. Title: Exposure to information and communication about HIV/AIDS and perceived credibility of information sources among young people in northern Tanzania. Author: Bastien S; Leshabari MT; Klepp KI Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):213-222. Abstract: A structured face-to-face interview was completed by 993 young people out of school, between the ages of 13 and 18, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; additionally, the questionnaire was self-administered by 1,007 students attending either their last year of primary or first year of secondary school. Significant factors associated with the frequency of exposure to HIV/AIDS information and frequency of communication about HIV/AIDS included urban/rural location, sex, socio-economic status, and educational attainment. Both groups ranked the radio as the most frequent source of HIV/AIDS information. The in-school group reported significantly more frequent exposure to all sources of HIV/AIDS information, and they communicated more frequently about the topic than did the out-of-school group. The in-school group gave high credibility ratings to medical doctors, the radio, and parents as sources of information, whereas the out-of-school group attributed the most credibility to the mass media. Irrespective of school attendance, the young people ranked friends, parents, and doctors as preferred communicators of sexual and reproductive health information. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | INFORMATION SOURCES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information | Communication | Data Collection | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 339889 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Women's perspectives on family planning service quality: an exploration of differences by race, ethnicity and language. Author: Becker D; Klassen AC; Koenig MA; LaVeist TA; Sonenstein FL; Tsui AO Source: Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Sep;41(3):158-65. Abstract: CONTEXT: Despite calls to make family planning services more responsive to the values, needs and preferences of clients, few studies have asked clients about their experiences or values, and most have used surveys framed by researchers', rather than clients', perspectives. METHODS: Forty in-depth interviews exploring lifetime experiences with and values regarding services were conducted with 18-36-year-old women who visited family planning clinics in the San Francisco Bay Area in 2007. Women were categorized as black, white, English- or Spanish-speaking Latina, or of mixed ethnicity to allow examination of differences by racial, ethnic and language group. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed and coded thematically; matrices were then used to compare the themes that emerged across the subgroups. RESULTS: Eight themes emerged as important to women's views of services: service accessibility, information provision, attention to client comfort, providers' personalization of care, service organization, providers' empathy, technical quality of care and providers' respect for women's autonomy. Women reported that it was important to feel comfortable during visits, to feel that their decision-making autonomy was respected, to have providers show empathy and be nonjudgmental, and to see the same provider across visits. The only notable difference among racial, ethnic and language groups was that Spanish-speaking Latinas wanted to receive language-appropriate care and contraceptive information. CONCLUSIONS: Future surveys of family planning service quality should include measures of the factors that women value in such care, and efforts to improve providers' communication and counseling skills should emphasize the personalization of services and respect for clients' autonomy. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | FAMILY PLANNING SURVEYS | WOMEN | CLIENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | FAMILY PLANNING | LANGUAGE | HEALTH SERVICES | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | COMMUNICATION | COUNSELING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Clinic Activities Document Number: 342713 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Can sex workers regulate police? Learning from an HIV prevention project for sex workers in southern India. Author: Biradavolu MR; Burris S; George A; Jena A; Blankenship KM Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Apr;68(8):1541-7. Abstract: There is an argument that policing practices exacerbate HIV risk, particularly for female sex workers. Interventions that mobilize sex workers to seek changes in laws and law enforcement practices have been prominent in India and have received considerable scholarly attention. Yet, there are few studies on the strategies sex worker advocates use to modify police behavior or the struggles they face in challenging state institutions. This paper draws upon contemporary theories of governance and non-state regulation to analyze the evolving strategies of an HIV prevention non-governmental organization (NGO) and female sex worker community-based organizations (CBOs) to reform police practices in southern India. Using detailed ethnographic observations of NGO and CBO activities over a two year period, and key informant interviews with various actors in the sex trade, this paper shows how a powerless group of marginalized and stigmatized women were able to leverage the combined forces of community empowerment, collective action and network-based governance to regulate a powerful state actor, and considers the impact of the advocacy strategies on sex worker well-being. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | NONGOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS | POLICE | SEX WORKERS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERVENTIONS | ADVOCACY | POWER | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Corrections Officers | Government | Sex Behavior | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 341691 |
| 10. Title: [Assessment of adherence to antiretroviral drugs in a municipality in southern Brazil] Avaliacao da adesao aos anti-retrovirais em um municipio no Sul do Brasil. Author: Blatt CR; Citadin CB; Souza FG; Mello RS; Galato D Source: Revista Da Sociedade Brasileira De Medicina Tropical. 2009 Mar-Apr;42(2):131-6. Abstract: The aim of this research is to assess predicting factors and adherence levels to antiretrovirals through self-report and the date of drug retrieval. It is a transversal study in which 67 patients were interviewed. Patients who used more than 90% of doses were considered to have complied with the treatment. Results of adherence were: self-reports (72.7%); calculated using dosage forgotten on the last day (70%); in three (76.1%) days; in seven (80.5%) days; and in fifteen (80.5%) days; calculated using the date of drug retrieval in a period of three (53.7%) months; and in six (47.8%) months. Variables significantly associated with adherence were: educational level, living with the family, refer good adherence, positive assessment of the antiretroviral therapy, a diagnosis of an opportunistic disease, NADIR greater than 200 cells/mm(3) and being in first-time treatment. To improve adherence rates individual and collective strategies should be elaborated taking into account factors which have been identified as negatively effecting adherence. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | TREATMENT | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | Behavior | Drugs | Program Evaluation Document Number: 342167 |
| 11. Title: Acquiring allergen information from condom manufacturers: a questionnaire survey. Author: Blyumin ML; Rouhani P; Avashia NJ; Jacob SE Source: Dermatitis. 2009 May-Jun;20(3):161-70. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Allergic contact dermatitis from condoms is a problem that carries significant morbidity and that has been increasingly reported due to the use of condoms to prevent sexually transmitted diseases as well as for birth control. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the process by which condom manufacturing companies divulge product allergen information to health care professionals. METHODS: An interviewer-administered telephone questionnaire eliciting the staff member's knowledge of condom allergens was utilized. Eligible respondents were condom manufacturers' service staff over 18 years of age. RESULTS: Complete surveys were obtained regarding 36 (85.7%) of the 42 subtypes of condoms. Telephoning was the primary (75%) method of obtaining allergen information. The majority (63.9%) of the information was obtained within minutes to hours of the initial contact. Nearly two-thirds of the interviews evaluated the condom manufacturers' service staff as good and effective in their knowledge base and in providing product information. CONCLUSION: The study determined that the extent of knowledge, helpfulness, and effectiveness of the customer service personnel in relaying product allergen information to clinicians were generally good. The study additionally generated a reference table outlining the common allergens in major manufactured condoms. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | FAMILY PLANNING PERSONNEL | CONDOMS | ALLERGIC REACTION | DERMATITIS | INFORMATION | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | Signs and Symptoms | Diseases | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection Document Number: 341311 |
| 12. Title: [Assessment of factors associated with patients' comprehension of treatment at the start of antiretroviral therapy] Evaluacion de factores asociados a la comprension del tratamiento en pacientes Author: Braga Ceccato MG; Acurcio Fde A; Vallano A; Comini Cesar C; Crosland Guimaraes MD Source: Enfermedades Infecciosas Y Microbiologia Clinica. 2009 Jan;27(1):7-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate factors associated with patients' comprehension of antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHOD: Cross-sectional analysis in which patients at 2 HIV/AIDS public referral centers (Belo Horizonte, Brazil) were interviewed after initiating ART. Information was recorded on variables related to the patient's characteristics, the treatment prescribed, and the healthcare professional involved. A score indicating the patients' level of comprehension regarding the medications prescribed was obtained using a latent trait model estimated by the item response theory. RESULTS: A total of 406 patients were interviewed. Mean (SD) age was 35 (10) years, 227 were men (56%), 302 of Afro-American ethnicity (77%), and 213 had <8 years of education (53%). The regression model determined that 52.25% of the variability of comprehension was explained by the individual's characteristics. Variables associated (P<0.05) with poorest understanding about ART were lower education (<8 years), lack of knowledge about treatment duration and clinical severity, inadequate information provided by physicians, inability to understand pharmaceutical information, daily number of tablets, and the ART regimen prescribed. CONCLUSION: Comprehension of information about the ART regimen prescribed varies considerably between individuals. Nonetheless, several factors were found to be associated with the level of understanding: characteristics of the patient (education, clinical severity), characteristics of treatment (daily number of tablets, ART regimen prescribed), and contribution of healthcare professionals (information from physicians and pharmacists). Strategies to reinforce information about ART should be a priority for patients with a low level of understanding. Language: Spanish Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | INTERVIEWS | CLIENTS | ETHNIC GROUPS | PRESCRIPTIONS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | KNOWLEDGE | TREATMENT | INFORMATION | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Distributional Activities | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior Document Number: 341238 |
| 13. Title: What do sexually active adolescent females say about relationship issues? Author: Bralock A; Koniak-Griffin D Source: Journal of Pediatric Nursing. 2009 Apr;24(2):131-40. Abstract: Many sexually active teenagers face risk for contracting sexually transmitted infections (STIs) including HIV. The purpose of our study was to gain an understanding about influences on condom use among sexually active adolescents in relationships. Data were collected through semi-structured openended interviews. The findings of this study suggest that many adolescents desired the love of a male partner, and were willing to concede to his request of practicing unprotected sex. Findings support the urgent need for interventions that will promote skill-building techniques to negotiate safer sex behaviors among youth who are most likely to be exposed to STIs through risky behaviors. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | COUPLES | BLACKS | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES | NEEDS | CONDOM USE | RISK REDUCTION BEHAVIOR | RISK BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Behavior | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Diseases | Economic Factors Document Number: 342095 |
14.  Title: [Challenges of youth contraception: intersections between gender, sexuality and health] Desafios da contracepcao juvenil: intersecoes entre genero, sexualidade e saude. Author: Brandao ER Source: Ciencia and Saude Coletiva. 2009 Jul-Aug;14(4):1063-71. Abstract: This qualitative paper discusses some of the difficulties young people have when dealing with contraception and also identifies circumstances in which they tend not to use contraceptive methods. The authors conducted 73 in-depth interviews with young men and women, ages 18 to 24, living in three state capitals in Brazil (Salvador, Rio de Janeiro, Porto Alegre), who went through at least one experience of teenage pregnancy. Data were analyzed by theme in order to assemble similar and repeated elements in the testimonies. The reasons young people have difficulty adopting continued use of contraceptive methods were listed according to the following themes: relationship context; relationship with the family regarding sexuality; side effects of hormonal contraceptive methods; negligence with contraception; problems with health services; failure of contraceptive methods; a strong sense of fatherhood; use of condoms with unknown female partners; and use of withdrawal with no knowledge of the partner’s menstrual cycle. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | INTERVIEWS | YOUTH | SEXUALITY | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTION | ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES, SIDE EFFECTS | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | SEX BEHAVIOR | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Data Collection | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Family Planning | Contraceptive Safety | Safety | Public Health | Health Document Number: 342619 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: [Child health in poor areas: findings from a population-based study in Caracol, Piaui, and Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brazil] Saude infantil em areas pobres: resultados de um estudo de base populacional nos municipios de Caracol, Piaui, e Garrafao do Norte, Para, Brasil. Author: Cesar JA; Chrestani MA; Fantinel EJ; Goncalves TS; Neumann NA Source: Cadernos de Saude Publica. 2009 Apr;25(4):809-818. Abstract: The aim of this study was to evaluate child health indicators in the municipalities (counties) of Caracol, Piauí State, and Garrafăo do Norte, Pará State, Brazil. Through household visits using systematic sampling, previously trained interviewers applied a standard questionnaire to mothers of under-five children, investigating socioeconomic status, housing and environmental sanitation, demographic characteristics, disease patterns, and prenatal and childbirth care. The analysis used the t-test and chi-square test to compare indicators between the two municipalities. Of the 1,728 children studied, 60% were from families with incomes less than one monthly minimum wage (approximately U$200), 41% had no type of sewage treatment or disposal, 10% of mothers reported zero prenatal visits, 30% of the children were born in the same municipality, and 30% had been taken to a pediatric consultation in the previous 3 months; 20% had a height-for-age deficit > 2 standard deviations. All target indicators were deficient in both the municipalities (especially in Garrafăo do Norte). Expanding health care supply and improving housing and sanitation conditions are priorities in both municipalities. Language: Portuguese Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | MOTHERS | CHILD HEALTH | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | HOUSEHOLDS | SANITATION | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | ANTENATAL CARE | BEHAVIOR | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | INCOME | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Public Health | Demographic Factors | Population | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care Document Number: 341867 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: The prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission programme in Lilongwe, Malawi: why do so many women drop out. Author: Chinkonde JR; Sundby J; Martinson F Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2009 May;17(33):143-151. Abstract: Mother-to-child transmission of HIV constitutes a substantial burden of new HIV infections in sub-Saharan Africa, and losses to follow-up continue to undermine prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programmes. This qualitative study sought to clarify why some women who were enrolled in a PMTCT programme in Lilongwe, Malawi, did not fully participate in follow-up visits in the first six months after testing HIV-positive. Twenty-eight women, 14 who participated fully in the programme and 14 who dropped out, were purposively selected for in-depth interview at two clinics. Focus group discussions with 15 previously interviewed and 13 newly recruited women were also conducted. Discussions with 12 of the women's husbands were also carried out. Although the proportion of women being tested has reportedly increased, losses to follow-up have shifted and are occurring at every step after testing. Major emerging themes associated with dropping out of the PMTCT programme within six months after delivery were to avoid involuntary HIV disclosure and negative community reactions, unequal gender relations, difficulties accessing care and treatment, and lack of support from husbands. The whole approach to the delivery of the PMTCT programme and home visits must be reconsidered, to improve confidentiality and minimise stigmatization. Women need to be empowered economically and supported to access HIV treatment and care with their partners, to benefit their whole family. Spanish Abstract: En África subsahariana, gran parte de nuevas infecciones por VIH se deben a la transmisión materno-infantil, y las pérdidas de seguimiento continúan socavando los programas de prevención de la transmisión materno-infantil del VIH (PTMI). El objetivo de este estudio cualitativo era aclarar por qué algunas de las mujeres inscritas en un programa de PTMI en Lilongwe, Malaui, no participaron al máximo en las consultas de control durante los primeros seis meses posteriores a haber sido diagnosticadas VIH-positivas. Se seleccionaron 28 mujeres para entrevistas a profundidad en dos clínicas: 14 participaron al máximo en el programa y 14 lo abandonaron. Además, se realizaron discusiones en grupos focales con 15 mujeres entrevistadas anteriormente y 13 recién reclutadas, así como discusiones con 12 de los esposos. Aunque la proporción de mujeres que se someten a la prueba del VIH ha aumentado, las pérdidas de seguimiento continúan ocurriendo en cada paso posterior a las pruebas. Los principales motivos emergentes asociados con abandonar el programa de PTMI dentro de los seis meses posteriores al parto fueron: para evitar la divulgación involuntaria del estado de VIH y reacciones negativas de la comunidad, relaciones desiguales entre los sexos, dificultades accediendo a los servicios y el tratamiento, y la falta de apoyo del esposo. Para mejorar la confidencialidad y minimizar el estigma, es necesario reconsiderar la estrategia de ejecución del programa y las visitas a domicilio. Las mujeres necesitan autonomía económica y apoyo para poder acceder al tratamiento y los servicios de VIH con sus parejas, a fin de beneficiar a toda su familia. French Abstract: La transmission mčre-enfant du VIH représente une part importante des nouvelles infections en Afrique subsaharienne et les pertes du suivi continuent de saper les programmes de prévention de la transmission mčre-enfant (PTME). Cette étude qualitative souhaitait déterminer pourquoi certaines participantes d'un programme de PTME ŕ Lilongwe, Malawi, avaient manqué des visites de suivi les six premiers mois aprčs avoir découvert leur séropositivité lors d'un dépistage. Vingt-huit femmes – 14 participant pleinement au programme et 14 l'ayant abandonné – ont fait l'objet d'un entretien approfondi dans deux dispensaires. Des discussions en groupe avec 15 femmes interrogées précédemment et 13 nouvelles recrues ont aussi été organisées, de męme qu'avec 12 conjoints des femmes. Bien que la proportion déclarée de femmes se faisant dépister ait augmenté, les pertes pour le suivi ont évolué et se produisent désormais ŕ toutes les étapes aprčs le test. Les principales raisons de l'abandon du programme de PTME dans les six mois aprčs l'accouchement étaient la crainte d'une révélation involontaire de la séropositivité et des réactions communautaires négatives, le manque de parité entre les sexes, les difficultés d'accčs aux soins et au traitement, et le soutien insuffisant des maris. Toute l'approche de l'application du programme de PTME et des visites ŕ domicile doit ętre revue, pour améliorer la confidentialité et minimiser la stigmatisation. Il faut donner aux femmes les moyens économiques de s'autonomiser et les aider ŕ avoir accčs au traitement et aux soins du VIH avec leur partenaire et leurs enfants ce qui profitera ŕ toute la famille. Language: English Keywords: MALAWI | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PREGNANT WOMEN | DROPOUTS | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | INTERVIEWS | HOME VISITS | FEAR | STIGMA | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | GENDER RELATIONS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Programs | Organization and Administration | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Communication | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Ethics | Gender Issues | Program Evaluation Document Number: 342023 |
| 17. Title: A comparative analysis of select health facility survey methods applied in low and middle income countries. Author: Edward A; Matsubiyashi T; Fapohunda B; Becker S Source: Chapel Hill, North Carolina, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Carolina Population Center, MEASURE Evaluation, 2009 Jul. 47 p. (MEASURE Evaluation Working Paper Series WP-09-111USAID Cooperative Agreement No. GHA-A-00-08-00003-00) Abstract: A majority of health systems in developing countries have severe limitations in the technical expertise and research capacity needed to perform independent assessments. Most are heavily reliant on donor support and engage other institutions and academia to undertake these surveys. Hence, it is important to examine the perspectives of the implementers to determine the management utility and plans for future sustainability. A key informant interview guide was developed for interviews with policy planners, implementing agencies, and health providers to examine their perspectives on the management utility of selected approaches. Key informants were interviewed, including policy planners, project directors, systems supervisors / coordinators, and enumerators, and the findings are presented later in this paper. A comparison of the approach to health facility assessment in the specific methods appears next. Based on the results of the review and key informant interviews, this paper discusses the comparative advantage and limitation of HF surveys and their management utility. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TECHNICAL REPORT | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | SURVEY METHODOLOGY | HEALTH FACILITIES | HEALTH SERVICES EVALUATION | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | INTERVIEWS | HEALTH SERVICES ADMINISTRATION | DECISION MAKING | Studies | Research Methodology | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Data Collection | Management | Behavior Document Number: 331840 |
| 18. Title: Rates of spontaneous and therapeutic abortions following use of antidepressants in pregnancy: results from a large prospective database. Author: Einarson A; Choi J; Einarson TR; Koren G Source: Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada. 2009 May;31(5):452-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: The use of antidepressants during pregnancy remains a controversial issue, and there is little information on the risk of spontaneous abortions following antidepressant exposure in early pregnancy. We sought to examine whether use of antidepressants increases the rates of spontaneous abortion (SA) and therapeutic abortion (TA) in women exposed in early pregnancy. METHODS: In a cohort of women who contacted the Motherisk program during pregnancy, we compared two groups of women, one exposed and the other not exposed to antidepressants during pregnancy, and calculated the associated rates of SA and TA. RESULTS: Among 937 women exposed to antidepressants prior to and during early pregnancy, there were 122 SAs (13.0%) including three ectopic pregnancies, and in the comparison group there were 75 SAs (8.0%) and no ectopic pregnancies. The relative risk was 1.63 (95% CI 1.24-2.14). Three-fold more women reported a TA in the exposed group, 26 (2.4%) compared to 8 (0.7%) in the non-exposed group (RR 3.25; 95% CI 1.48-7.14). A sub-analysis revealed that in both groups, of 338 women with a prior SA, 58 (17.2%) reported having a SA in the current pregnancy, compared with 61/652 (9.4%) with no prior SA (chi square = 12.09, P lt; 0.001). In the antidepressant group, the incidence was 20.7%, and in the non-exposed group, it was 13.3%. Logistic regression confirmed that only antidepressant exposure and prior SA were significantly associated with current SA. CONCLUSION: Exposure to antidepressants in the first trimester of pregnancy appears to be associated with a small but statistically significant increased risk of SA and decision to terminate a pregnancy. The risk for SA is further elevated with a history of previous SA. However, any underlying depression must be taken into consideration when evaluating these results. Language: English Keywords: CANADA | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | PREGNANT WOMEN | ABORTION, SPONTANEOUS | ABORTION | RISK FACTORS | DEPRESSION | DRUGS | PREGNANCY, FIRST TRIMESTER | INCIDENCE | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | North America, Northern | Americas | Studies | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Pregnancy Complications | Diseases | Fertility Control, Postconception | Family Planning | Health | Mental Disorders | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Measurement | Data Collection Document Number: 342785 Notification |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: An evaluation of a brief motivational interviewing training course for HIV/AIDS counsellors in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Author: Evangeli M; Engelbrecht SK; Swartz L; Turner K; Forsberg L; Soka N Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Feb;21(2):189-96. Abstract: HIV/AIDS counselling in South Africa covers a range of areas of prevention and treatment with a commonly used model of lay counsellors trained by non-governmental organisations and working alongside professionals in public health settings. This study presents a single group evaluation of a six-session (12-hour) course of Motivational Interviewing (MI) delivered to 17 HIV/AIDS lay counsellors working in peri-urban settings in Western Cape Province, South Africa. Counsellors reported that they used MI techniques both at the start and at the end of the training. In addition, they reported confidence in their ability to influence their clients' motivation at both time points. The results from the ratings of role play performance showed that there was a marked change in emphasis over the group of counsellors from MI non-adherent practice before training (with advice giving, directiveness, control and confrontation) to more MI adherent practice (asking permission before giving advice, emphasising client autonomy, affirming the client and stressing the client's responsibility to change) at the end of the training. Only a small proportion of the counsellors reached the level of beginning proficiency (according to the Motivational Interviewing Treatment Integrity code) on the measure of the ratio of MI adherent to non-adherent responses. The ratio of reflections to questions and the percentage of open questions also showed improvements in performance across the group but generally to levels below that suggesting beginning proficiency in MI. There was no evidence of any change on global therapist ratings (of empathy and the spirit of MI, i.e. collaboration, evocation and autonomy support) or the percentage of complex reflections across the group of counsellors. Possible explanations for the results and public health implications are discussed. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | EVALUATION | INTERVIEWS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | COUNSELING | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | MOTIVATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Clinic Activities | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Training Programs | Education | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases Document Number: 330807 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Stress, needs, and quality of life of family members caring for adults living with HIV/AIDS in Taiwan. Author: Feng MC; Feng JY; Chen TC; Lu PL; Ko NY; Chen YH Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Apr;21(4):482-9. Abstract: The stress, needs and quality of life (QoL) of family members of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) are critical to explore in Taiwan where home care projects are not available to help the PLWHA families. We examined the extent of stress, needs, QoL and its correlates that family caregivers of PLWHA experienced with structural questionnaires survey. A total of 50 family caregivers of PLWHA visiting a medical center in Taiwan participated in the study from October 2005 to August 2006. Family caregivers felt most stressful on disclosure and stigma issues, and most worried about patients' interpersonal relationships. The most important needs were care-related needs including knowledge of the disease progression, methods of examination and treatment, and the related side effects. The level of stress significantly positively correlated with needs, and negatively correlated with QoL. Availability of alternative manpower to care PLWHA and being PLWHA's parents were two significant factors affecting family caregivers' QoL. In conclusion, family members of PLWHA experienced high level of stress, enormous caring needs, and poor QoL. A family-centered care for PLWHA and their families in the community is crucial to improve quality of care and to prevent family's overload, particularly for families with no alternative manpower and for those being PLWHA's parents. Language: English Keywords: TAIWAN | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL STUDIES | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | CARE AND SUPPORT | INTERPERSONAL RELATIONS | STRESS | QUALITY OF LIFE | NEEDS | STIGMA | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Social Welfare | Economic Factors | Social Problems | Data Collection Document Number: 341833 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Health discourse, sexual slang and ideological contradictions among Mozambican youth: implications for method. Author: Groes-Green C Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Aug;11(6):655-668. Abstract: Findings from fieldwork on condom use among young people in Mozambique confirm the need to remain alert to the ideological and linguistic bias of applied research methods. Using conventional health discourse to interview young people about their sexuality resulted in incorrect or socially acceptable answers rather than accurate information about their sexual behavior. In order to gain a deeper understanding of sexual cultures and to make HIV prevention efforts relevant to young people, the author suggests that researchers and policy-makers approach respondents with a language that is sensitive to the local ideological and linguistic context. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | FOCUS GROUPS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | LANGUAGE | INTERVIEWS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | VALIDITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 339891 |
| 22. Peer Reviewed Title: How well do women recall past contraceptive use? A pilot study. Author: Guttinger AK; Chen ZE Source: Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Jul;35(3):173-5. Abstract: BACKGROUND AND METHODOLOGY: Many women use a variety of contraceptive methods during their reproductive lives. Investigating this exposure is one of the most frequently performed epidemiological investigations. Accurate recall of methods used, as well as validating this information, can be difficult. A pilot study compared recalled contraceptive use over 5 years with that documented in the case notes of 30 women. RESULTS: 47% of episodes of method use were accurately recalled to the month of starting method use; this figure rose to 94% when episodes with disagreement within +/-12 months were also considered. Similarly, 44% and 91% of episodes were accurately recalled to the month and within +/-12 months of stopping method use, respectively. Accuracy of recall for duration of use followed a similar pattern. 7% of users were unable to distinguish between use of a combined pill and a progestogen-only pill and one-third of women using an intrauterine contraceptive were unable to distinguish an intrauterine device (IUD) from the intrauterine system (IUS). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS: Almost all women can recall accurately which contraceptive methods they have used in the past year but are less accurate in respect of exact starting and stopping dates. Some women confuse the combined pill with the progestogen-only pill and others confuse the IUD and the IUS. The findings need to be replicated in other settings and with populations of less well-educated women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED KINGDOM | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | WOMEN | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD SWITCHING | CONTRACEPTION CONTINUATION | TIME FACTORS | SELF-PERCEPTION | INTERVIEWS | RECORDS | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Contraception | Family Planning | Population Dynamics | Perception | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Data Collection | Information Processing | Information Document Number: 342136 |
| 23. Title: Disappearance of female genital mutilation from the Bedouin population of Southern Israel. Author: Halila S; Belmaker RH; Abu Rabia Y; Froimovici M; Applebaum J Source: Journal of Sexual Medicine. 2009 Jan;6(1):70-3. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Recently, clinicians in Southern Israel perceived that the practice of female genital mutilation had disappeared entirely in the Bedouin population. We previously studied the prevalence of this practice in 1995. AIM: We decided to survey again the Bedouin population focusing on those tribes previously reported to perform this practice. METHODS: Eighty percent of the interviews were done by an Arabic-speaking psychiatrist and 20% were done by an Arabic speaking nurse in the gynecologic clinic of a large Bedouin township or the gynecologic clinic of a smaller Bedouin township. Women were asked if they would be willing to answer a few questions about their past and if they were willing to have the gynecologist, with no additional procedure, note whether any operation had been performed on their genitalia. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Physical examination by gynecologist and an oral questionnaire. RESULTS: One hundred and thirty two women were examined. No cases of any scarring of the kind reported in the previous study were found on physical examination. CONCLUSIONS: FGM has apparently disappeared over 15 years in a population in which it was once prevalent. Language: English Keywords: ISRAEL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | WOMEN | INDIGENOUS POPULATION | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Developed Countries | Middle East | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 342101 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: Milking the cow: young women's construction of identity and risk in age-disparate transactional sexual relationships in Maputo, Mozambique. Author: Hawkins K; Price N; Mussa F Source: Global Public Health. 2009 Mar;4(2):169-82. Abstract: This study employed peer ethnography to explore young women's construction of social identity and risk within age-disparate transactional sexual relationships in Maputo, Mozambique. Peer ethnography is a rapid approach based upon training members of the target group to carry out in-depth qualitative interviews with their peers. The study highlighted young women's perception of agency and power in these relationships. Through a strategy of using their sexuality to extract financial and material resources from men, young women construct a positive identity and esteem linked to perceptions of modernity and consumption and their ability to access consumer goods. Current behavior change HIV prevention messages have little meaning in relation to young women's perceived goals, in a context in which conditions offer few opportunities and limited hope for a secure economic future. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | WOMEN | YOUTH | TRANSACTIONAL SEX | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | POWER | RISK BEHAVIOR | INTERVIEWS | GENDER RELATIONS | AGE FACTORS | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Sex Behavior | Behavior | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Gender Issues Document Number: 341396 |
| 25. Title: Premarital romantic partnerships: attitudes and sexual experiences of youth in Delhi, India. Author: Hindin J; Hindin MJ Source: International Perspectives on Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):97-104. Abstract: Attitudes toward and behavior within romantic partnerships were examined using data collected in 2004 from unmarried youth (583 males and 475 females, ages 15–19) living in economically disadvantaged neighborhoods in Delhi, India. Associations between specific attitudes or behaviors and age, gender, and sexual experience were determined using Fisher's exact tests. Sixty-two percent of males and 53% of females reported that someone of the opposite sex had expressed an interest in them; 86% of males and 63% of females reported feeling good about it. In addition, 67% of males and 47% of females reported that they liked someone of the opposite sex. Compared with females, males were more likely to seek information about the person they were interested in (76% vs. 61%), and to engage in heterosexual premarital sex (32% vs. 6%). Females were less likely than males to report that it is okay to engage in premarital sex if the male and female love one another (14% vs. 33%). For both males and females, television and films were the most popular source of information on issues related to sexual health. Gender disparities in the formation of premarital romantic partnerships and in the experience of sexual relations make a strong case for sexuality education programs tailored differently for young men and for young women. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | YOUTH | LOW INCOME POPULATION | PREMARITAL SEX BEHAVIOR | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | INFORMATION SOURCES | FILM AND VIDEO | TELEVISION | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Studies | Research Methodology | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors | Information | Mass Media | Communication | Broadcast Media | Data Collection Document Number: 339892 |
| 26. Peer Reviewed Title: Intergenerational effect of weight gain in childhood on offspring birthweight. Author: Horta BL; Gigante DP; Osmond C; Barros FC; Victora CG Source: International Journal of Epidemiology. 2009 Jun;38(3):724-32. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Some studies suggest that weight gain in childhood may increase the risk of chronic diseases in adulthood, and recent studies have noticed that the timing of weight gain may be related to its long-term consequence. However, weight gain in childhood has clear short-term benefits, and the literature on the pro and cons of weight gain in childhood is limited. METHODS: In 1982, all 5914 hospital births (over 99% of all deliveries) occurring in Pelotas, Southern Brazil, were identified and studied prospectively on several occasions. In 2004-05, we attempted to trace the whole cohort and information on offspring birthweight was collected. Conditional growth modelling was used to assess the association between offspring birthweight and weight gain from birth to 20 months, and from 20 to 42 months. RESULTS: In 2004-05, we interviewed 4297 subjects, with a follow-up rate of 77.4%. This manuscript includes data from 848 women who had already delivered a child and 525 men who were fathers at the mean age of 23 years. Maternal birthweight, weight and length for age Z-score at 20 months of age were positively associated with next-generation birthweight, whereas paternal variables were not related to the outcome. Conditional growth modelling analyses showed that women whose weight gain in the first 20 months of life was faster than predicted had heavier babies, whereas paternal weight gain was not associated. The association was strongest for mothers whose birthweight for gestational age was in the lowest tertile. CONCLUSION: Maternal, but not paternal birthweight and weight gain in early childhood are positively associated with next-generation birthweight. Language: English Keywords: BRAZIL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | CHILDREN | BODY WEIGHT | POPULATION GENETICS | HEREDITARY DISEASES | OBESITY | BIRTH WEIGHT | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Physiology | Biology | Genetics | Diseases Document Number: 342506 |
| 27. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex work in Mexico: vulnerability of male, travesti, transgender and transsexual sex workers. Author: Infante C; Sosa-Rubi SG; Cuadra SM Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):125-37. Abstract: In Mexico, male sex workers (MSW) and travesti, transgender and transsexual (TTT) sex workers are among the groups most affected by HIV. They suffer from stigma and discrimination, yet are often absent from the design of programmes and HIV prevention campaigns. The objective of this study was to provide an account of the social context in which MSW and TTT sex workers live, by focusing on their sexual identities, sexual practices and vulnerability to HIV. Data collection took place in Mexico City and involved observational work together with 36 in-depth interviews. Findings reveal a differentiation of vulnerability by sub-group. In general, vulnerability is influenced by the social context, stigma related to homosexuality and sex work, as well as sex workers' access to scarce social capital and the lack of response in terms of social and health programmes. In order to diminish the vulnerability of MSW and TTT sex workers and reduce their risk of HIV infection, preventive measures are needed which take into account their specific health and social needs, promote meaningful participation and the encourage respect for human rights. Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | DATA COLLECTION | INTERVIEWS | MEN | HOMOSEXUALS | SEX WORKERS | LIFE STYLE | STIGMA | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | RISK FACTORS | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Health Document Number: 341619 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: Sex preference as a determinant of contraceptive use in matrilineal societies: a study on the Garo of Bangladesh. Author: Islam MA; Islam MR; Banowary B Source: European Journal of Contraception and Reproductive Health Care. 2009 Aug;14(4):301-6. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: This paper explores the presence of sex preference and its influence on contraceptive use among the Garo, a matrilineal community, of Bangladesh. METHODS: In this study, 223 currently married Garo women were interviewed, selected purposively from two districts of Bangladesh, where most of the Garo people live. A binary logistic regression model was fitted to explore the determinants of current use of contraceptives among the Garo community. RESULTS: About 80% of the Garo women were currently using contraceptive methods, which was much higher than the contraceptive prevalence at the national level (55.8%). However, the use of modern male methods was very low in that community. Regression analysis revealed that the strong preference for girls was a significant determinant of contraceptive use. CONCLUSIONS: Even though the Garo apply contraception more than the Bangladeshi community in general, their strong preference for girls may restrain its success. Family planning information can be designed so as not to challenge the matrilineal structure of the society and both spouses counselled together to promote also modern male methods. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | ETHNIC GROUPS | CURRENTLY MARRIED | WOMEN | SEX PREFERENCE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | MATRIARCHY | INTERVIEWS | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Data Analysis | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Marital Status | Nuptiality | Value Orientation | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Contraceptive Usage | Contraception | Family Planning | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 342129 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: Comparison of domiciliary and institutional delivery-care practices in rural Rajasthan, India. Author: Iyengar SD; Iyengar K; Suhalka V; Agarwal K Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2009 Apr;27(2):303-12. Abstract: A retrospective cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess key practices and costs relating to home- and institutional delivery care in rural Rajasthan, India. One block from each of two sample districts was covered (estimated population--279,132). Field investigators listed women who had delivered in the past three months and contacted them for structured case interview. In total, 1947 (96%) of 2031 listed women were successfully interviewed. An average of 2.4 and 1.7 care providers attended each home- and institutional delivery respectively. While 34% of the women delivered in health facilities, modem care providers attended half of all the deliveries. Intramuscular injections, intravenous drips, and abdominal fundal pressure were widely used for hastening delivery in both homes and facilities while post-delivery injections for active management of the third stage were administered to a minority of women in both the venues. Most women were discharged prematurely after institutional delivery, especially by smaller health facilities. The cost of accessing home-delivery care was Rs 379 (US$ 8) while the mean costs in facilities for elective, difficult vaginal deliveries and for caesarean sections were Rs 1336 (US$ 30), Rs 2419 (US$ 54), and Rs 11,146 (US$ 248) respectively. Most families took loans at high interest rates to meet these costs. It is concluded that widespread irrational practices by a range of care providers in both homes and facilities can adversely affect women and newborns while inadequate observance of beneficial practices and high costs are likely to reduce the benefits of institutional delivery, especially for the poor. Government health agencies need to strengthen regulation of delivery care and, especially, monitor perinatal outcomes. Family preference for hastening delivery and early discharge also require educational efforts. Language: English Keywords: INDIA | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | RETROSPECTIVE STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | WOMEN | CHILDBIRTH | FEES | TRADITIONAL HEALTH PRACTICES | OBSTETRICS | OXYTOCIN | INTERVIEWS | Asia, Southern | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Pregnancy Outcomes | Pregnancy | Reproduction | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Culture | Sociocultural Factors | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Pituitary Hormones | Hormones | Endocrine System | Physiology | Biology | Data Collection Document Number: 341927 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: Social stigma and knowledge of tuberculosis and HIV among patients with both diseases in Thailand. Author: Jittimanee SX; Nateniyom S; Kittikraisak W; Burapat C; Akksilp S; Chumpathat N; Sirinak C; Sattayawuthipong W; Varma JK Source: PloS One. 2009;4(7):e6360. Abstract: INTRODUCTION: Disease-related stigma and knowledge are believed to be associated with patients' willingness to seek treatment and adherence to treatment. HIV-associated tuberculosis (TB) presents unique challenges, because TB and HIV are both medically complex and stigmatizing diseases. In Thailand, we assessed knowledge and beliefs about these diseases among HIV-infected TB patients. METHODS: We prospectively interviewed and examined HIV-infected TB patients from three provinces and one national referral hospital in Thailand from 2005-2006. At the beginning of TB treatment, we asked patients standardized questions about TB stigma, TB knowledge, and HIV knowledge. Responses were grouped into scores; scores equal to or greater than the median score of study population were considered high. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with scores. RESULTS: Of 769 patients enrolled, 500 (65%) reported high TB stigma, 177 (23%) low TB knowledge, and 379 (49%) low HIV knowledge. Patients reporting high TB stigma were more likely to have taken antibiotics before TB treatment, to have first visited a traditional healer or private provider, to not know that monogamy can reduce the risk of acquiring HIV infection, and to have been hospitalized at enrollment. Patients with low TB knowledge were more likely to have severe TB disease, to be hospitalized at enrollment, to be treated at the national infectious diseases referral hospital, and to have low HIV knowledge. Patients with low HIV knowledge were more likely to know a TB patient and to have low TB knowledge. DISCUSSION: We found that stigma and low disease-specific knowledge were common among HIV-infected TB patients and associated with similar factors. Further research is needed to determine whether reducing stigma and increasing TB and HIV knowledge among the general community and patients reduces diagnostic delay and improves patient outcomes. Language: English Keywords: THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | PROSPECTIVE STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | CLIENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | STIGMA | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Studies | Research Methodology | Data Analysis | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Data Collection Document Number: 342222 |
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