1.  Title: Constructive men's engagement in reproductive health: a training-of-trainers' manual. Couple communication and shared decisionmaking related to reproductive health. Author: Futures Group International. Health Policy Initiative; Care International. Keneya Ciwara; Mali. Ministere de la Sante. Division de la Sante Reproductive Source: Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, Health Policy Initiative, 2009 May. 26 p. (USAID Contract No. GPO-I-01-05-00040-00) Abstract: This curriculum was developed as part of a USAID | Health Policy Initiative, Task Order 1 project focused on building an enabling policy and institutional environment for constructive men's engagement (CME) in reproductive health in Mali. The project worked with the Ministry of Health and other partners in facilitating the process of creating national guidelines to integrate CME in family planning and reproductive health (FP / RH) and to improve women's and men's uptake of FP / RH services. The project brought together the assembly of a large, multisectoral group of stakeholders to develop, refine, and validate Mali's national guidelines in support of the national Reproductive Health Strategic Plan. The Minister of Health quickly approved the guidelines and signed them into effect on May 20, 2008. This document contains the manual used in the pilot workshops with relais communautaires. It is designed to enable community health educators to incorporate activities related to constructive men's engagement in reproductive health (CME-RH) in their daily work. This includes promoting dialogue among men and women to increase couple communication and shared decisionmaking related to FP / RH. As such, it can be adapted in other settings, based on local needs. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | MANUAL | TRAINING ACTIVITIES | COUPLES | DECISION MAKING | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | MEN'S INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | WORKSHOPS | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Training Programs | Education | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Communication Document Number: 331535 |
| 2. Title: HIV-infected African parents living in Stockholm, Sweden: disclosure and planning for their children's future. Author: Asander AS; Bjorkman A; Belfrage E; Faxelid E Source: Health and Social Work. 2009 May;34(2):107-15. Abstract: In Sweden, most HIV-infected parents are of African origin. The present study explored the frequency of HIV-infected African parents' disclosure of their status to their children and custody planning for their children's future to identify support needs among these families. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 47 parents (41 families). The study population included first-generation immigrants, with a total of 87 children less than 18 years of age. Only women had disclosed their HIV status, and only to eight of 59 children older than six. Half of the parents had talked to someone about future custody arrangements. These parents had more contact with a social worker at the social welfare office and with a medical social worker at the HIV clinic. Most parents (30) wanted their children to be cared for by a relative in Sweden or by their HIV-negative partner. Neither disclosure nor custody planning was associated with clinical status or antiretroviral treatment. This study highlights the low HIV-disclosure rate to children of HIV-infected African immigrant parents and the importance of support from social workers. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PARENTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IMMIGRANTS | CHILD CUSTODY | PLANNING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Organization and Administration | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 341675 |
3.  Title: Exposure to information and communication about HIV/AIDS and perceived credibility of information sources among young people in northern Tanzania. Author: Bastien S; Leshabari MT; Klepp KI Source: African Journal of AIDS Research. 2009;8(2):213-222. Abstract: A structured face-to-face interview was completed by 993 young people out of school, between the ages of 13 and 18, in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania; additionally, the questionnaire was self-administered by 1,007 students attending either their last year of primary or first year of secondary school. Significant factors associated with the frequency of exposure to HIV/AIDS information and frequency of communication about HIV/AIDS included urban/rural location, sex, socio-economic status, and educational attainment. Both groups ranked the radio as the most frequent source of HIV/AIDS information. The in-school group reported significantly more frequent exposure to all sources of HIV/AIDS information, and they communicated more frequently about the topic than did the out-of-school group. The in-school group gave high credibility ratings to medical doctors, the radio, and parents as sources of information, whereas the out-of-school group attributed the most credibility to the mass media. Irrespective of school attendance, the young people ranked friends, parents, and doctors as preferred communicators of sexual and reproductive health information. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | OUT-OF-SCHOOL YOUTHS | STUDENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | INFORMATION SOURCES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | KNOWLEDGE | MASS MEDIA | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Studies | Research Methodology | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Education | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Information | Communication | Data Collection | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 339889 |
| 4. Title: Role of parents in adolescent sexual activity and contraceptive use in four african countries. Author: Biddlecom A; Awusabo-Asare K; Bankole A Source: International Perspectives On Sexual and Reproductive Health. 2009 Jun;35(2):72-81. Abstract: Data were collected in 2004 in nationally representative surveys of 12- to 19-year-olds in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Malawi, and Uganda. Bivariate analysis was used to compare gender differences for two outcomes among unmarried 15- to 19-year-olds having had sexual intercourse in the last 12 months and, among those who had had sex in this period, having used contraception at last sex. Unmarried adolescents reported moderate to high levels of parental monitoring and low levels of parent-child communication about sexual matters. In all countries, adolescent males who reported low monitoring were at elevated risk of having had sex in the last year, as were their female counterparts in three of the countries. Communication with parents was positively associated with sexual activity among Malawian males and Ugandan females. Parental monitoring was not associated with contraceptive use at last sex, whereas parent-child communication was associated with such use among Ghanaian females and among Ugandan adolescents of both genders. The authors conclude that programs to improve adolescent sexual and reproductive health should include dimensions of parental involvement. Language: English Keywords: BURKINA FASO | GHANA | MALAWI | UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS | SEX BEHAVIOR | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Eastern | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Behavior | Child Rearing | Health | Communication | Contraception | Family Planning Document Number: 342142 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: Social Network Influences on Male and Female Condom Use Among Women Attending Family Planning Clinics in the United States. Author: Choi KH; Gregorich SE Source: Sexually Transmitted Diseases. 2009 Aug 21; Abstract: BACKGROUND:: Research has shown that social networks play an important role in determining health behaviors. However, little is known about their influence on male and female condom use among women. METHODS:: We analyzed data obtained from 157 sexually-active women who enrolled in the Female Condom Intervention Trial from June 2003 to November 2004 in Northern California and completed an audio computer-assisted self interview at baseline and 3-months. RESULTS:: At the 3-month assessment, the mean number of male and female "conversation" network members (i.e., nonspouse/sex partner people with whom respondents had discussed male and female condoms in the past 3 months) was 1.62 and 1.03, respectively. Results of multiple logistic regression analyses showed that male and female condom use was higher among women with at least 1 network member who encouraged using the male condom (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.52, 7.56) and the female condom (OR, 6.03; 95% CI, 1.95, 18.61), respectively. Female condom use was also associated with having "dense" female condom conversation networks (i.e., at least 2 of respondents' network members knew one another; OR, 8.42; 95% CI, 3.05, 23.29). CONCLUSIONS:: The significant association between conversation network characteristics and male and female condom use suggests that more research is needed to better understand the role of conversation networks in affecting condom use among women. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CALIFORNIA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING ACCEPTORS | WOMEN | SOCIAL NETWORKS | CONDOM USE | FEMALE CONDOMS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | QUESTIONNAIRES | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Family Planning Programs | Family Planning | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Vaginal Barrier Methods | Barrier Methods | Contraceptive Methods | Contraception | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 342592 |
| 6. Title: Radiology services for children in HIV- and TB-endemic regions: scope for greater collaboration between radiologists and clinicians caring for children. Author: Dramowski A; Morsheimer MM; Frigati L; Schaaf HS; Rabie H; Sorour G; Cotton MF Source: Pediatric Radiology. 2009 Jun;39(6):541-4. Abstract: There is limited literature documenting the interaction between radiologists and clinicians caring for children, especially in regions where HIV and tuberculosis (TB) are endemic. The dual burden of these diseases in resource-limited settings creates unique challenges for radiographic interpretation and utilization. This review aims to heighten awareness of issues confronting radiologists and clinicians caring for children and to encourage greater collaboration between these two disciplines in HIV- and TB-endemic regions. The Child-Friendly Healthcare Initiative is discussed, emphasizing opportunities to promote child friendliness in radiology services. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | PHYSICIANS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | TECHNOLOGY | PRIVACY | STANDARDS | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Communication | Economic Factors | Behavior | Research Methodology Document Number: 342187 |
| 7. Peer Reviewed Title: Health discourse, sexual slang and ideological contradictions among Mozambican youth: implications for method. Author: Groes-Green C Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Aug;11(6):655-668. Abstract: Findings from fieldwork on condom use among young people in Mozambique confirm the need to remain alert to the ideological and linguistic bias of applied research methods. Using conventional health discourse to interview young people about their sexuality resulted in incorrect or socially acceptable answers rather than accurate information about their sexual behavior. In order to gain a deeper understanding of sexual cultures and to make HIV prevention efforts relevant to young people, the author suggests that researchers and policy-makers approach respondents with a language that is sensitive to the local ideological and linguistic context. Language: English Keywords: MOZAMBIQUE | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH METHODOLOGY | FOCUS GROUPS | STUDENTS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | SEXUALITY | LANGUAGE | INTERVIEWS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | VALIDITY | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Data Collection | Education | Risk Reduction Behavior | Behavior | Personality | Psychological Factors | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 339891 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: South African teachers' reflections on the impact of culture on their teaching of sexuality and HIV/AIDS. Author: Helleve A; Flisher AJ; Onya H; Mukoma W; Klepp KI Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2009 Feb;11(2):189-204. Abstract: The authors investigated how teachers respond to perceived cultural differences between the local community and the content of their teaching. Data were collected through interviews with teachers who taught students in grades 8 or 9 in public high schools. The teachers expressed differing viewpoints on the rationale for teaching about HIV/AIDS and sexuality. Many teachers saw teaching these topics as a response to declining moral standards, while others suggested that they were teaching issues that parents failed to address. The teachers were more concerned about young people's sexual behavior than about preventing HIV/AIDS. They perceived that cultural contradictions between what was taught and local cultural values were an issue to which they needed to respond, although they differed in terms of how to respond. Some took an adaptive approach to try to avoid conflicts, while others claimed the moral neutrality of their teaching. Teaching about sexuality was perceived to be challenging in terms of language and communication norms. Teaching about HIV/AIDS was perceived as challenging because teachers often needed to convince students about the reality of AIDS. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | TEACHERS | COMMUNITY | CULTURE | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALITY | HIV TRANSMISSION | HIV PREVENTION | PERCEPTION | MOTIVATION | VALUE ORIENTATION | LANGUAGE | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Education | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Document Number: 341086 |
| 9. Peer Reviewed Title: Determinants of transitions to first sexual intercourse, marriage and pregnancy among female adolescents: evidence from South Nyanza, Kenya. Author: Magadi MA; Agwanda AO Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2009 May;41(3):409-27. Abstract: The timing of transitions to sexual activity, marriage and childbearing in sub-Saharan Africa is undergoing profound changes. This study investigates the determinants of adolescent transitions in South Nyanza, a socioeconomically deprived setting in Kenya where adolescent reproductive health is a particular concern. The analysis is based on Cox regression of timing of first sexual intercourse, first marriage and first pregnancy, using data from a survey of 1247 females aged 12-19 years. The results show that higher household socioeconomic status and educational attainment are associated with delayed onset of all three transition events. Furthermore, mother's higher educational attainment is protective for initiation of sexual intercourse while rural residence is protective for pregnancy experience. Other protective factors include communication with parents or with fellow girlfriends. However, discussing sexual matters with boyfriends, high internal locus of control, and gender bias are associated with early onset of the three transition events. Language: English Keywords: KENYA | RESEARCH REPORT | HEALTH SURVEYS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | FIRST INTERCOURSE | MARRIAGE AGE | REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOR | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Marriage Patterns | Marriage | Nuptiality | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Communication Document Number: 341401 |
| 10. Peer Reviewed Title: Barriers and facilitators to maternal communication with preadolescents about age-relevant sexual topics. Author: Miller KS; Fasula AM; Dittus P; Wiegand RE; Wyckoff SC; McNair L Source: AIDS and Behavior. 2009 Apr;13(2):365-74. Abstract: The present study examined factors that promote parent-child discussions about sex topics. A sample of 1,066 dyads of African American mothers and their 9-12-year-old children participated completing computer-administered surveys. After controlling for all other covariates, mother's sexual communication responsiveness (i.e., knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence) was the most consistent predictor of discussions. Mothers with higher responsiveness had significantly increased odds of discussions about abstinence, puberty, and reproduction, based on both mother and child reports. In addition, child's age, pubertal development, readiness to learn about sex, and being female were positively associated with an increase in the odds of discussions in most models. Findings indicate that encouraging parents to talk with their children early may not be sufficient to promote parent-child sex discussions. Parents also need the knowledge, comfort, skills, and confidence to communicate effectively and keep them from avoiding these often difficult and emotional conversations with their children. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | BLACKS | MOTHERS | CHILDREN | SEXUALITY | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | OBSTACLES | SEX EDUCATION | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | ATTITUDES | SEX FACTORS | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Personality | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Organization and Administration | Education | Child Rearing Document Number: 342862 |
| 11. Peer Reviewed Title: Discussing matters of sexual health with children: what issues relating to disclosure of parental HIV status reveal. Author: Nam SL; Fielding K; Avalos A; Gaolathe T; Dickinson D; Geissler PW Source: AIDS Care. 2009 Mar;21(3):389-95. Abstract: Little is published about the disclosure of parents' own HIV status to their children in Africa. Research shows that keeping family secrets from children, including those related to a parent's HIV status, can be detrimental to their psychological well-being and to the structure of the family. Further, children with HIV-positive parents have been shown to be more vulnerable to poorer reproductive health outcomes. This qualitative study in Botswana conducted in-depth interviews among 21 HIV-positive parents on antiretroviral therapy. The data revealed that parents found discussing the issue of HIV with children difficult, including disclosing their own HIV status to them. Reasons for disclosing included: children being HIV positive, the rest of the family knowing, or the parent becoming very sick. Reasons for not disclosing included: believing the child to be too young, not knowing how to address the issue of HIV, that it would be "too painful" for the child/ren. Concern that other people might find out about their status or fear of children experiencing stigmatising behaviour. Interviews elucidated the difficulty that parents have in discussing their own HIV status and more general sexual health issues with their children. Parents and other guardians require support in managing age-appropriate disclosure to their children. This may further enable access to forums that can help children cope with their fears about the future and develop life skills in preparation for dealing with relationships of a sexual nature and sexual health as children move into adulthood. In developing such support mechanisms, changing family roles in Botswana need to be taken into consideration and the role of other family members in the upbringing of children in Tswana society need to be recognised and utilised. Language: English Keywords: BOTSWANA | RESEARCH REPORT | QUALITATIVE RESEARCH | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PARENTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | NOTIFICATION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | PSYCHOLOGICAL FACTORS | FEAR | STIGMA | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV | Political Factors | Communication | Data Collection | Behavior | Emotions | Social Problems Document Number: 341827 |
| 12. Title: Preparing daughters: the context of rurality on mothers' role in contraception. Author: Noone J; Young HM Source: Journal of Rural Health. 2009 Summer;25(3):282-9. Abstract: CONTEXT: The United States continues to have the highest rate of adolescent childbearing among developed countries. Lack of access and disadvantage contribute to this problem, which disproportionately impacts rural women. Given the increased difficulty rural young women face regarding contraceptive access, parental communication and support play an even more vital role in assisting them to navigate decisions about and access to contraception. PURPOSE: To examine rural women's perspectives on how living in a rural area impacts issues surrounding pregnancy prevention for their daughters and parent-child communication regarding pregnancy prevention. METHODS: Open-ended interviews were conducted with 30 mothers of adolescent women in 3 rural counties in southern Oregon. Thematic analysis within and across interviews using constant comparative analysis was used to explore barriers, facilitators and strategies mothers identified in talking with their daughters about contraception. FINDINGS: Specific themes found that related to the rural environment included (1) conservatism, (2) isolation, (3) lack of privacy, (4) stigma, (5) the paradox of the rural environment, and (6) the uniqueness of rural life. CONCLUSIONS: The context of living in a rural environment may present unique barriers to facilitate parent-child communication when discussing intimate topics. The design of interventions needs to take into consideration these issues, particularly when attempting to serve hard-to-reach populations. Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | OREGON | RESEARCH REPORT | RURAL POPULATION | MOTHERS | ADOLESCENT PREGNANCY | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVIEWS | PRIVACY | STIGMA | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Parents | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Contraception | Family Planning | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Social Problems Document Number: 341797 |
| 13. Title: Key findings: a qualitative assessment of provider and patient perceptions of HIV/AIDS in South Africa. Author: Ransom J; Johnson AF Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):47-59. Abstract: In 1997, at the Davos International Economic Forum, Nelson Mandela stated that "the poor, the vulnerable, the unschooled, the socially marginalized, the women, and the children, those who bear the burden of colonial legacy-these are the sectors of society which bear the burden of AIDS" (Richter, 2001). Nearly a decade later, that statement still holds true, especially in Mr. Mandela's home country. South Africa continues to have one of the world's highest prevalence ratios of HIV infection (UNAIDS, 2002). This paper explores the significance of perceptions, knowledge, practices, and attitudes toward HIV/AIDS in two important groups in South Africa: health care providers based in public health clinics and their patients. This paper will assess the provider-patient interaction from the perspective of members of the South African HIV/AIDS treatment and prevention community. The analysis will examine the results of in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with providers and patients, respectively, in two of South Africa's nine provinces. Between December 2002 and April 2003 in Guateng and KwaZulu-Natal provinces, we conducted (1) in-depth interviews of a spectrum of health care providers at five local public health clinics and (2) focus groups of patients who patronize those clinics. The results show that there are gaps in the HIV/AIDS knowledge of some of the health care providers and that the participants' health beliefs and practices are embedded in the social conditions in which they live and work, which has a ripple effect on their risk behaviors and trumps any intervention messages from their health care providers and larger public health intervention messages. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | FOCUS GROUPS | PROVIDERS WITH CLIENTS | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | PERCEPTION | KNOWLEDGE | INTERVIEWS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | SOCIAL DISCRIMINATION | SEX DISCRIMINATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Communication | Social Problems Document Number: 341954 |
| 14. Title: "Tell me so I know you understand": pharmacists' verification of patients' comprehension of antiretroviral dosage instructions in a cross-cultural context. Author: Watermeyer J; Penn C Source: Patient Education and Counseling. 2009 May;75(2):205-13. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: Patient comprehension of dosage instructions is an essential condition for adherence to treatment regimens, but previous studies show that pharmacists do not generally check understanding. This study aims to describe and discuss the effectiveness of various strategies for verifying patients' understanding of ARV dosage instructions in a cross-cultural context. METHODS: Twenty-six cross-cultural pharmacist-patient interactions in an ARV pharmacy in South Africa were analysed using Conversation Analysis techniques. Interviews with participants were analysed using Thematic Content Analysis. RESULTS: Various strategies for verifying patient understanding were identified in the data, including eliciting a demonstration of understanding, using specific questions to verify understanding, using response solicitations and monitoring patients' verbal and non-verbal responses. These strategies are illustrated with relevant data extracts. Interviews revealed that patients appeared to have good understanding of ARV-related concepts. CONCLUSION: These strategies for verification of patient understanding appear to be effective tools which enable pharmacists to identify misunderstandings or initiate clarification sequences. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The strategies are felt to be particularly useful in cross-linguistic pharmacy interactions and have implications for other professionals. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | PHARMACISTS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | ADMINISTRATION AND DOSAGE | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | OBSTACLES | CULTURE | LANGUAGE | USER COMPLIANCE | MONITORING | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Drugs | Communication | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Evaluation Document Number: 342197 |
| 15. Title: Community support and disclosure of HIV serostatus to family members by public-sector antiretroviral treatment patients in the Free State Province of South Africa. Author: Wouters E; van Loon F; van Rensburg D; Meulemans H Source: AIDS Patient Care and STDs. 2009 May;23(5):357-64. Abstract: Recent studies have indicated that the support of close relatives is fundamental in coping with HIV/AIDS and in accessing the emotional and material support necessary for sustained adherence to treatment. Because disclosure to family members is imperative to ensure their support, identifying tools or resources that can minimize the possible risks and maximize the potential benefits of disclosure should be useful in improving the lives of people living with HIV/AIDS. Where health systems require strengthening, engaging the community in HIV/AIDS care could potentially create an environment that encourages disclosure to family members. This study investigated the impact of community support initiatives (community health workers and treatment support groups), patient characteristics (age, gender, and education), and time since first diagnosis on the disclosure of serostatus to family members by a sample of 268 public-sector antiretroviral treatment patients in a province of South Africa between August 2004 and July 2007. Whereas gender, age, and education only weakly influenced disclosure, there was a strong and stable positive association between community support and disclosure to family members. The immediate and long-term impact of community support on the disclosure by seropositive patients to family members indicates that initiatives such as community health workers and HIV support groups run by people living with HIV/AIDS should be strengthened, especially for those patients who cannot disclose their status to immediate family and close friends. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | CLIENTS | FRIENDS AND RELATIVES | COMMUNITY WORKERS | SUPPORT GROUPS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | USER COMPLIANCE | CARE AND SUPPORT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | NOTIFICATION | INTERVIEWS | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Social Networks | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Behavior | Health Services | Communication | Political Factors | Data Collection | Research Methodology Document Number: 342181 |
| 16. Peer Reviewed Title: Religion and HIV in Tanzania: influence of religious beliefs on HIV stigma, disclosure, and treatment attitudes. Author: Zou J; Yamanaka Y; John M; Watt M; Ostermann J; Thielman N Source: BMC Public Health. 2009;9:75. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Religion shapes everyday beliefs and activities, but few studies have examined its associations with attitudes about HIV. This exploratory study in Tanzania probed associations between religious beliefs and HIV stigma, disclosure, and attitudes toward antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. METHODS: A self-administered survey was distributed to a convenience sample of parishioners (n = 438) attending Catholic, Lutheran, and Pentecostal churches in both urban and rural areas. The survey included questions about religious beliefs, opinions about HIV, and knowledge and attitudes about ARVs. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess how religion was associated with perceptions about HIV, HIV treatment, and people living with HIV/AIDS. RESULTS: Results indicate that shame-related HIV stigma is strongly associated with religious beliefs such as the belief that HIV is a punishment from God (p < 0.01) or that people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) have not followed the Word of God (p < 0.001). Most participants (84.2%) said that they would disclose their HIV status to their pastor or congregation if they became infected. Although the majority of respondents (80.8%) believed that prayer could cure HIV, almost all (93.7%) said that they would begin ARV treatment if they became HIV-infected. The multivariate analysis found that respondents' hypothetical willingness to begin ARV treatme was not significantly associated with the belief that prayer could cure HIV or with other religious factors. Refusal of ARV treatment was instead correlated with lack of secondary schooling and lack of knowledge about ARVs. CONCLUSION: The decision to start ARVs hinged primarily on education-level and knowledge about ARVs rather than on religious factors. Research results highlight the influence of religious beliefs on HIV-related stigma and willingness to disclose, and should help to inform HIV-education outreach for religious groups. Language: English Keywords: TANZANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS | TARGET POPULATION | RELIGION | HIV INFECTIONS | STIGMA | PARTNER COMMUNICATION | TREATMENT | ATTITUDES | BELIEFS | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Data Analysis | Program Design | Programs | Organization and Administration | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Problems | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Psychological Factors | Culture | HIV | Communication Document Number: 331080 |
| 17. Title: Training program aimed at on-site supervisors can improve quality of care. Author: Family Health International [FHI] Source: [Research Triangle Park, North Carolina], FHI, [2008]. [2] p. (Research Briefs on Family Planning Service Delivery) Abstract: An intervention to train on-site, in-charge reproductive health supervisors significantly improved the quality of care at the levels of supervisors, providers, and client-provider interactions. The USAID-sponsored study evaluated JHPIEGO's "supportive supervision" training package - called Performance Quality Improvement - at 60 health facilities in Kenya. At the end of the intervention, data were collected to evaluate the supervisors' techniques and knowledge. When compared with supervisors who were not trained, those who were trained were more knowledgeable of techniques for assessing provider performance, motivating staff, and communicating expectations to staff. Supervisors in the training group were also more likely to observe provider-client interactions and to give feedback to the providers regarding these interactions. Providers in the training group improved in their communication with clients, infection-prevention practices, and attention to standards of confidentiality. All of these changes were statistically significant. Changes in client satisfaction, while promising, did not prove statistically significant. Additional studies with larger sample sizes and different measures of the clients' experience may help to evaluate this dimension further. The techniques used to train supervisors in this study were not specific to the provision of reproductive health services. Therefore, this kind of intervention could also be useful to other types and levels of health care supervisors. The training program cost US $2,113 per supervisor trained, but could be less costly if implemented locally. (Full text) Language: English Keywords: KENYA | SUMMARY REPORT | SUPERVISION | TRAINING PROGRAMS | PROGRAM EFFECTIVENESS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | QUALITY OF HEALTH CARE | PERFORMANCE IMPROVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Management | Organization and Administration | Education | Program Evaluation | Programs | Health | Health Services Evaluation | Communication | Ethics | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 331701 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Strengthening functional community-provider linkages: lessons from the Indore urban health programme. Author: Agarwal S; Satyavada A; Patra P; Kumar R Source: Global Public Health. 2008 Jul;3(3):308-325. Abstract: Weak linkages between health providers and slum communities hinder the improvement of health services for India's urban poor. To address this issue, an urban health programme is implementing two approaches in Indore city, Madhya Pradesh, the demand-supply linkage approach and ward coordination approach. The former is based on the premise that building social capital, i.e. norms and networks within a community facilitating collective action, helps improve the demand and supply of health services for the urban poor. The latter focuses on encouraging local stakeholders to function in a coordinated manner to ensure better health service coverage in underserved slum areas. Findings suggest that the programme has enhanced utilization of services among Indore's slum communities and helped improve immunization coverage and other maternal and child health indicators. (author's) Language: English Keywords: INDIA | EVALUATION REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | SLUMS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | PHYSICIAN-PATIENT RELATIONS | COMMUNICATION STRATEGY | COORDINATION | HUMAN CAPITAL | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION | UTILIZATION OF HEALTH CARE | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Evaluation | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Urbanization | Urban Population Distribution | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Interpersonal Relations | Behavior | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Social Change | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services Document Number: 327758 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The HIV testing experiences of adolescents in Ndola, Zambia: Do families and friends matter? Author: Denison JA; McCauley AP; Dunnett-Dagg WA; Lungu N; Sweat MD Source: AIDS Care. 2008 Jan;20(1):61-71. Abstract: This study explored how adolescents involve their families, friends and sex partners when making decisions about seeking HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) and disclosing their HIV-status. The study is based on 40 qualitative in-depth interviews with 16 to 19 year olds who knew their HIV status in Ndola, Zambia. The findings show that: a) almost half of the youth turned to family members for advice or approval prior to seeking VCT; b) a disapproving reaction from family members or friends often discouraged youth from attending VCT until they found someone supportive; c) informants often attended VCT alone or with a friend, but rarely with a family member; and d) disclosure was common to family and friends, infrequent to sex partners, and not linked to accessing care and support services. Family members need access to information on VCT so they can support young peoples' decisions to test for HIV and to disclose their HIV status. These results reinforce the need to provide confidential VCT services for adolescents and the need to develop and test innovative strategies to reach adolescents, their families and sex partners with VCT information and services. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ZAMBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | ADOLESCENTS | HIV TESTING | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | FAMILY RELATIONSHIPS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | SOCIAL NETWORKS | KINSHIP NETWORKS | NEEDS ASSESSMENT | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Communication | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Evaluation Document Number: 324156 |
| 20. Peer Reviewed Title: Couple-centred testing and counselling for HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples in sub-Saharan Africa. Author: Desgrees-du-Lou A; Orne-Gliemann J Source: Reproductive Health Matters. 2008 Nov;16(32):151-61. Abstract: In Africa, a large proportion of HIV infections occur within stable relationships, either because of prior infection of one of the partners or because of infidelity. In five African countries at least two-thirds of couples with at least one HIV-positive partner were HIV serodiscordant; in half of them, the woman was the HIV-positive partner. Hence, there is an urgent need to define strategies to prevent HIV transmission within couple relationships. HIV counselling and testing have largely been organised on an individual and sex-specific basis, for pregnant women in programmes for prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV and in STI consultations and recently male circumcision for men. A couple-centred approach to HIV counselling and testing would facilitate communication about HIV status and adoption of preventive behaviours within couples. This paper reviews what is known about HIV serodiscordance in heterosexual couples in sub-Saharan Africa and what has been published about couple-centred initiatives for HIV counselling and testing since the early 1990s. Despite positive outcomes, couple-oriented programmes have not been implemented on a large scale. In order to stimulate and strengthen HIV prevention efforts, increased attention is required to promote prevention and testing and counselling for couples in stable relationships. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | LITERATURE REVIEW | HETEROSEXUALS | COUPLES | HIV PREVENTION | VOLUNTARY COUNSELING AND TESTING | CONDOM USE | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | PREVENTION OF MOTHER-TO-CHILD TRANSMISSION | PROMOTION | Africa | Developing Countries | Sex Behavior | Behavior | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV Testing | Laboratory Examinations and Diagnoses | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Risk Reduction Behavior | Communication | Disease Transmission Control | Prevention and Control | Marketing | Economic Factors Document Number: 342202 |
| 21. Title: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. Author: Diop NJ; Diagne A Source: [Washington, D.C.], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. [53] p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) Abstract: In 2005 the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health Program, in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth in Senegal, conducted an operations research project aimed at improving parent-child (specifically parent-adolescent) communication about reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. The study was designed to focus on parents / guardians of adolescents (10-14 years and 15-19 years) and adolescent youth living in urban and rural Senegal. The overall objective was to gain a better understanding of interventions designed specifically to reduce risks to Adolescent Reproductive Health. The specific goal of the project was to develop a model of intervention and assess its effectiveness and functionality in increasing adult-youth communication around issues of adolescent well-being, sexuality and reproductive health in terms of changes in the areas of: Parents' and youth's knowledge and attitudes about issues concerning adolescents, particularly reproductive health; Community support for adolescent needs, particularly in communication on adolescents' reproductive health issues; The frequency, quality, and topics discussed during parent-child (parent-adolescent) communication; The protective and regulatory mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents' reproductive health. (Excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | INTERVIEWS | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS, FEMALE | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | PERCEPTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | CONDOM USE | SEX BEHAVIOR | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Data Collection | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Adolescents | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Communication | Programs | Organization and Administration | Risk Reduction Behavior Document Number: 331599 |
| 22. Title: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS. Executive summary. Author: Diop NJ; Diagne A Source: In: Improving communication between parents and adolescents on reproductive health and HIV / AIDS, by Nafissatou J. Diop, Alioune Diagne. [Washington, D.C,], Population Council, Frontiers in Reproductive Health, 2008 Mar. :i-viii. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. HRN-A-00-98-00012-00) English summary of French report. Abstract: In 2005 the Population Council's FRONTIERS in Reproductive Health Program, in collaboration with the Centre for Development and Population Activities (CEDPA), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Youth in Senegal, conducted an operations research project aimed at improving parent-child (specifically parent-adolescent) communication about reproductive health and HIV/AIDS. The study was designed to focus on parents/guardians of adolescents (10-14 years and 15-19 years) and adolescent youth living in urban and rural Senegal. The overall objective was to gain a better understanding of interventions designed specifically to reduce risks to Adolescent Reproductive Health. The specific goal of the project was to develop a model of intervention and assess its effectiveness and functionality in increasing adult-youth communication around issues of adolescent well-being, sexuality and reproductive health in terms of changes in the areas of: parents' and youth's knowledge and attitudes about issues concerning adolescents, particularly reproductive health; community support for adolescent needs, particularly in communication on adolescents' reproductive health issues; the frequency, quality, and topics discussed during parent-child (parent-adolescent) communication; the protective and regulatory mechanisms used by parents to address adolescents' reproductive health. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: SENEGAL | RESEARCH REPORT | OPERATIONS RESEARCH | PARENTS | ADOLESCENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | INTERVENTIONS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | ADOLESCENT HEALTH | PROGRAM DESIGN | PRE-POST TESTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Research Methodology | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Health | Psychological Factors Document Number: 326885 |
| 23. Peer Reviewed Title: A guide for monitoring child development in low- and middle-income countries. Author: Ertem IO; Dogan DG; Gok CG; Kizilates SU; Caliskan A Source: Pediatrics. 2008 Mar;121(3):e581-e589. Abstract: In low- and middle-income countries, methods for clinicians to address difficulties in language, social-emotional, cognitive, behavioral, or neuromotor development during early childhood are lacking. To fill this gap, we designed, in Turkey, the Guide for Monitoring Child Development, which aims to aid clinicians in monitoring and supporting child development and the early detection and management of developmental difficulties. The Guide for Monitoring Child Development monitoring component is a practical, open-ended interview that catalyzes communication between clinicians and caregivers and obtains a portrayal of the child's development. We report on the development and psychometric properties of the Guide for Monitoring Child Development monitoring component for children aged 0 to 24 months. We examined the ages of attainment of Guide for Monitoring Child Development milestones and internal consistency in a cross-sectional study of healthy children receiving well-child care (study 1). In 2 clinical samples, we studied the interrater reliability between medical students and a child development specialist administering the guide (study 2), as well as the concurrent validity of the guide administered during a health visit and a comprehensive developmental assessment (study 3). In study 1 (N = 510), item-total scale correlations ranged from 0.28 to 0.91. An age-dependent attainment pattern was seen in all of the milestones. In study 2 (N = 92), interrater reliability between medical-student pairs and between the child development specialist and students was high (kappa scores were 0.83-0.88). In study 3 (N = 79), the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 0.88, 0.93, 0.84, and 0.94, respectively. The Guide for Monitoring Child Development is an innovative method for monitoring child development that is designed specifically for use by health care providers in low- and middle-income countries. Studies in Turkey provide preliminary evidence for its reliability and validity. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | TURKEY | RESEARCH REPORT | RECOMMENDATIONS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | CHILDREN | HEALTH PERSONNEL | MONITORING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | EMOTIONS | SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT | AGE FACTORS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | RELIABILITY | VALIDITY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Research Methodology | Youth | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Evaluation | Biology | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Social Behavior | Communication | Measurement Document Number: 324976 |
| 24. Title: Influence of communicator's race on efficacy of an HIV/STD prevention intervention among African American and Caucasian college students. Author: Helion AM; Reddy DM; Kies AL; Morris DR; Wilson CM Source: Public Health Nursing. 2008 Sep-Oct;25(5):440-50. Abstract: OBJECTIVES: The present research examined the influence of communicator's race on the efficacy of intervention videos in the reduction of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among African American and Caucasian college females. DESIGN: Experimental HIV/STD prevention digital versatile disks (DVDs) featured a White female as a primary or a secondary communicator relative to a Black female, while a control DVD featured 2 Black females. Respondents watched 1 DVD and completed questionnaires before and after viewing the DVD as well as 2 and 4 weeks later. SAMPLE: 79 African American females and 88 Caucasian females participated. MEASUREMENTS: Perceptions of the DVDs, HIV/STD risk, intentions to use condoms, and number of condoms purchased after viewing the videos were assessed. RESULTS: The intervention was effective in increasing intentions to use condoms with a current partner across the follow-up periods. There was no effect of race of communicator on any variable for African American or Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS: While communicator's race did not affect this intervention, more research is necessary. Future studies should use multiple Black and White communicators to isolate the role of race and should be conducted where larger samples of African American college students can be recruited. Language: English Keywords: WISCONSIN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | ETHNIC GROUPS | STUDENTS | WOMEN | UNIVERSITIES | RACE RELATIONS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | SEX EDUCATION | SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE PREVENTION | FILM AND VIDEO | PERCEPTION | Developed Countries | United States of America | North America | Americas | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Schools | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Sexually Transmitted Diseases | Reproductive Tract Infections | Infections | Mass Media | Psychological Factors | Behavior Document Number: 329324 |
| 25. Title: The contextual effects of gender norms, communication, and social capital on family planning behaviors in Uganda: A multilevel approach. Author: Lee B; Salmon CT; Witte K Source: Health Education and Behavior. 2008 Aug;35(4):461-477. Abstract: This study hypothesized a multilevel model to examine the contextual effects of gender norms, exposure to health-related radio programs, interpersonal communication, and social capital on family planning behavior in Uganda. The results of hierarchical linear modeling showed that all of the four variables were significant predictors of family planning behavior. The authors found that gender norms as a contextual factor significantly interacted with the individual-level perceived benefit. The significant cross-level interaction effect was also observed between individuals' interpersonal communication and contextual variation in listening to a health-related radio program. Practical implications for family planning communication campaigns are discussed. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UGANDA | RESEARCH REPORT | FAMILY PLANNING | PSYCHOSOCIAL FACTORS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | MALE ROLE | FEMALE ROLE | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Behavior | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Communication Programs | Communication | Behavior Change | Contraception Document Number: 328006 |
| 26. Title: Screening for developmental problems at primary care level: A field programme in San Isidro, Argentina. Author: Lejarraga H; Menendez AM; Menzano E; Guerra L; Biancato S Source: Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology. 2008 Mar;22(2):180-187. Abstract: Information on prevalence and type of problems of psychomotor development (PPD) is necessary for implementation of specific care programmes at field level. With the purpose of obtaining this information, a screening test, the Prueba Nacional de Pesquisa (PRUNAPE) for PPD was implemented in three health centres in San Isidro, a city near Buenos Aires, attended by different socio-economic groups: centres A and B were located in the inner city, and C in a middle-class area. The test was administered by three previously trained paediatricians to 839 apparently healthy children aged 0-5 years. The failure rates were 24%, 19% and 16% in centres A, B and C respectively (20% in total). Out of the 170 children failing the test and referred to hospital for diagnosis and treatment, only 96 complied and went through a series of studies carried out by a previously prepared multidisciplinary team. With the exception of children who failed the Battelle test [classified as Global Developmental Delay (GDD)], finaldiagnoses were classified according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition: GDD (60 children), pervasive developmental disorders (11), communication disorders (10), motor disorders (6, of whom 2 were with cerebral palsy), attention deficit disorders (5), attachment disorders (2), normal children (3). Co-morbidity was present in 22 affected children. Forty-three per cent of children failing the test did not attend hospital or did not complete studies because of major social and family problems, the family not living in the area, or the parents preferring to consult their own paediatrician. Health centres and children not selected in a randomised way, and a significant proportion of them not complying with the indication of hospital referral were major sources of bias, so that PPD prevalences, positive and negative predictive values should be interpreted with great caution. Further studies accounting for these sources of bias are needed to confirm the observed prevalence of PPD. Training of health personnel, at hospital and health centre level, priority settings, and operational research to evaluate effectiveness of treatments and care delivery systems at field level are necessary in Argentina for optimal use of limited healthcare resources. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ARGENTINA | RESEARCH REPORT | METHODOLOGICAL STUDIES | CLINICAL RESEARCH | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CHILDREN | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | SCREENING | CHILD DEVELOPMENT | CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM EFFECTS | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | COMPLICATIONS | REFERRAL AND CONSULTATION | South America, Southern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Biology | Central Nervous System | Physiology | Communication | Diseases | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 324778 |
| 27. Title: Improving reproductive health women of reproductive age in rural areas of priority sites of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan through interpersonal communications. Second round. Author: Lipovsek V; Tashkhodjaeva S Source: Washington, D.C., Population Services International [PSI], Research Division, 2008 Nov. [14] p. (Social Marketing ResearchPSI Dashboard) Abstract: Specifically this project serves as a model in rural areas of Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan for effective improving reproductive health of women of reproductive age (WRA) using interpersonal communications (IPC). The main objectives of this study are: 1. To obtain and provide both comprehensive and detailed data to support PSI’s interventions with WRA in rural areas. 2. To obtain information for monitoring the key indicators, behavior change, and OAM determinants associated with use of modern contraceptives. A network-based randomized sampling strategy combined with Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) was used to recruit 133 WRA living in selected geographic areas for this survey. In Tajikistan, the 50% target for current use of modern contraceptives was not reached in any of the four survey areas. The pill was the most commonly used contraceptive. In Kyrgyzstan, the region of Issyk Kul had met the use of modern contraceptive targets, though the other regions were lagging behind. The most commonly used contraceptive was the IUD. Availability of contraceptives was found to be satisfactory in all areas of Kyrgyzstan, but only in Dushanbe in Tajikistan. (Excerpts] Language: English Keywords: TAJIKISTAN | KYRGYZSTAN | RURAL AREAS | RESEARCH REPORT | SAMPLING STUDIES | LOW INCOME POPULATION | FAMILY PLANNING PROGRAMS | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE DETERMINANTS | CONTRACEPTIVE AVAILABILITY | Asia, Central | Asia | Developing Countries | Geographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Social Class | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Family Planning | Health | Communication | Contraception Document Number: 331651 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: "They have opened our mouths": increasing women's skills and motivation for sexual communication with young people in rural South Africa. Author: Phetla G; Busza J; Hargreaves JR; Pronyk PM; Kim JC Source: AIDS Education and Prevention. 2008;20(6):504-518. Abstract: This article presents findings from South Africa, where a social intervention to reduce levels of HIV and intimate partner violence actively promoted sexual communication between adults and young people. The authors assessed this component of the program using quantitative and qualitative methods, collecting data through surveys, direct observation, interviews, and focus group discussions. Women participating in intervention activities reported sexual communication with children significantly more often than matched women in the control group (80.3% vs. 49.4%). The content of communication with young people also appears to have shifted from vague admonitions about the dangers of sex to concrete messages about reducing risks. The congruence between these findings and existing literature on parent-child sexual communication suggests that conceptual frameworks and programs from developed settings can be adapted effectively for resource-poor contexts. Language: English Keywords: SOUTH AFRICA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | CASE CONTROL STUDIES | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | YOUTH | RURAL POPULATION | PARENTS | PARENTAL INVOLVEMENT | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | MOTIVATION | DOMESTIC VIOLENCE | HIV PREVENTION | BEHAVIOR CHANGE COMMUNICATION | SAFER SEX | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Child Rearing | Behavior | Communication | Psychological Factors | Crime | Social Problems | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication Programs | Behavior Change | Sex Behavior Document Number: 328055 |
| 29. Peer Reviewed Title: What part of HIV prevention conversations don’t we understand? Author: Reis E Source: Culture, Health and Sexuality. 2008 May;10(4):417-422. Abstract: There has been much discussion, particularly in the wake of analyses of the World Health Organization's 3 by 5 programme, about the place of prevention in responses to HIV. While 3 by 5 focussed on improved access to treatment for people living with HIV and AIDS, its successor 'Universal Access' explicitly acknowledged that if we are to make any significant impact on the HIV pandemic then programme scale-up must include prevention and care. HIV prevention is not just about minimising the risk of disease transmission from an infected individual to another. As HIV is transmitted in our communities, we must also consider how we minimise the burden of HIV that weighs upon infected people. Edwin Cameron's recent book, Witness to AIDS, while not directly about prevention, illustrates some of the dimensions that can be overlooked when we do not stop to think and reflect on the dynamics involved in the conversations we have about preventing HIV. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | PHILOSOPHICAL OVERVIEW | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | HIV PREVENTION | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | CARE AND SUPPORT | Developing Countries | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Communication | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326952 |
| 30. Title: The use of information and communications technology for health service delivery in Namibia: perspectives of the health service providers. Author: Shivute MI; Maumbe BM; Owei VT Source: Journal of Telemedicine and Telecare. 2008;14(6):285-9. Abstract: We surveyed health service providers in Namibia to find out how they used information and communication technologies (ICTs) to deliver health services to their patients. A structured questionnaire was administered to 21 health service providers in two regions of the country (one urban, one rural). There was overwhelming consensus among the health service providers that ICTs were very important, especially for medical services (100%). Ninety-one percent of health service providers viewed ICT as helping them to interact with other providers in other health institutions. The most commonly used ICT was the telephone, which was used in the admission areas of most health institutions (36%); the next most commonly used ICT was the PC (23%). The most commonly used channels for communication with patients were the telephone followed by TV. Some of the problems common to all health institutions in Namibia were poor budgetary resources and lack of basic infrastructure such as electricity or telephone lines. There is a need to promote ICT use for health service delivery and also to stimulate patients to use ICT to access health services and relevant information. Language: English Keywords: NAMIBIA | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | INFORMATION RETRIEVAL SYSTEMS | COMPUTERS | TELECOMMUNICATIONS | TECHNOLOGY | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | PERCEPTION | ATTITUDES | INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION | COMMUNICATION | CLIENT-STAFF RELATIONS | TELEVISION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Health | Data Storage and Retrieval | Information Processing | Information | Broadcast Media | Mass Media | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Interpersonal Relations Document Number: 329340 |
 |
||
 |
Information & Knowledge for Optimal Health (INFO) Project 111 Market Place Suite 310, Baltimore, MD 21202 Phone: 410-659-6300 Fax: 410-659-6266 Security & Privacy Policy |  |