1.  Peer Reviewed Title: Advances in development reverse fertility declines. Author: Myrskyla M; Kohler HP; Billari FC Source: Nature. 2009 Aug 6;460(7256):741-3. Abstract: During the twentieth century, the global population has gone through unprecedented increases in economic and social development that coincided with substantial declines in human fertility and population growth rates. The negative association of fertility with economic and social development has therefore become one of the most solidly established and generally accepted empirical regularities in the social sciences. As a result of this close connection between development and fertility decline, more than half of the global population now lives in regions with below-replacement fertility (less than 2.1 children per woman). In many highly developed countries, the trend towards low fertility has also been deemed irreversible. Rapid population ageing, and in some cases the prospect of significant population decline, have therefore become a central socioeconomic concern and policy challenge. Here we show, using new cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses of the total fertility rate and the human development index (HDI), a fundamental change in the well-established negative relationship between fertility and development as the global population entered the twenty-first century. Although development continues to promote fertility decline at low and medium HDI levels, our analyses show that at advanced HDI levels, further development can reverse the declining trend in fertility. The previously negative development-fertility relationship has become J-shaped, with the HDI being positively associated with fertility among highly developed countries. This reversal of fertility decline as a result of continued economic and social development has the potential to slow the rates of population ageing, thereby ameliorating the social and economic problems that have been associated with the emergence and persistence of very low fertility. Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | ESTIMATION TECHNIQUES | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | FERTILITY DECLINE | BELOW REPLACEMENT FERTILITY | TOTAL FERTILITY RATE | DEMOGRAPHIC AGING | POPULATION REPLACEMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Factors | Fertility Changes | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Decrease | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Migration Document Number: 342781 |
| 2. Title: Shortage of healthcare workers in developing countries--Africa. Author: Naicker S; Plange-Rhule J; Tutt RC; Eastwood JB Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2009 Spring;19(1 Suppl 1):S1-60-4. Abstract: The already inadequate health systems of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, have been badly damaged by the migration of their health professionals. There are 57 countries with a critical shortage of healthcare workers, a deficit of 2.4 million doctors and nurses. Africa has 2.3 healthcare workers per 1000 population, compared with the Americas, which have 24.8 healthcare workers per 1000 population. Only 1.3% of the world's health workers care for people who experience 25% of the global disease burden. The consequences for some countries resulting from loss of health workers are increasingly recognized and are now being widely aired in the public media. The health services of a continent already facing daunting challenges to the delivery of minimum standards of health care are now also being potentially overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS. There is a need for concerted political will and funding support that will allow them to do what is necessary. It may well be asked why special measures should be necessary to influence the migration of health professionals rather than engineers or football players or any other category. The answer must surely be that no other category of worker is so essential to the well-being of the population of every nation. Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | MIGRATION POLICY | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 341994 |
3.  Title: The demographic, economic and financial determinants of international remittances in developing countries. Author: Adams RH Jr Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Economics Department, Development Prospects Group, 2008 Mar. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4583) Abstract: What causes developing countries to receive different levels of international remittances? This paper addresses this question by using new data on such variables as the skill composition of migrants, poverty, and interest and exchange rates to examine the determinants of remittances. The paper finds that the skill composition of migrants does matter in remittance determination. Countries which export a larger share of high-skilled (educated) migrants receive less per capita remittances than countries which export a larger proportion of low-skilled migrants. It also finds that the level of poverty in a labor-sending country does not have a positive impact on the level of remittances received. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | REMITTANCES | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | POVERTY | ECONOMIC CONDITIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 325676 |
| 4. Peer Reviewed Title: Nonlinear pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrants at entry in Kuwait: 1997-2006. Author: Akhtar S; Mohammad HG Source: BMC Public Health. 2008;8:264. Abstract: BACKGROUND: There is a paucity of published data on the pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers entering Middle Eastern countries particularly Kuwait. The objectives of this study were to use routine health surveillance data i) to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers at entry in Kuwait and ii) to determine the occurrence of any time trends in the proportions of pulmonary tuberculosis positive workers over the study period. METHODS: The monthly aggregates of daily number of migrants tested and the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases detected during routine health examinations of migrant workers from tuberculosis high-prevalence countries were used to generate the monthly series of proportions (per 100,000) of pulmonary tuberculosis cases over 120 months between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2006 and analysed using time series methods. RESULTS: The overall prevalence (per 100,000) of documented pulmonary tuberculosis cases among screened migrants was 198 (4608/2328582). Year-specific prevalence (per 100,000) of tuberculosis cases consistently declined from 456 (95% CI: 424-490) in 1997 to 124 (95% CI: 110-140) in 2002 before showing a steady increase up to 183 (95% CI: 169-197) in 2006. The second-order polynomial regression model revealed significant (P < 0.001) initial decline, followed by a significant (P < 0.001) increasing trend thereafter in monthly proportions of tuberculosis cases among migrant workers. CONCLUSION: The proportions of documented tuberculosis cases among migrant workers showed a significant nonlinear pattern, with an initial decline followed by a significant increasing trend towards the end of the study period. These findings underscore the need to maintain the current policy of migrants' screening for tuberculosis at entry. The public health authorities in Kuwait and perhaps other countries in the region may consider complementing the current screening protocol with interferon-gamma assays to detect migrants with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. An appropriate curative or preventive chemotherapy of detected tuberculosis cases may help in further minimizing the risk of local transmission of M. tuberculosis, while contributing in global efforts to control this public health menace. Language: English Keywords: KUWAIT | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | STATISTICAL REGRESSION | IMMIGRANTS | MIGRANT WORKERS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BORDER CROSSING | TUBERCULOSIS | ORIGIN | TIME FACTORS | SCREENING | LABORATORY EXAMINATIONS AND DIAGNOSES | Middle East | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Studies | Data Analysis | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Infections | Diseases | Examinations and Diagnoses | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 328551 |
| 5. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV and AIDS in Bangladesh. Author: Azim T; Khan SI; Haseen F; Huq NL; Henning L; Pervez MM; Chowdhury ME; Sarafian I Source: Journal of Health, Population, and Nutrition. 2008 Sep;26(3):311-24. Abstract: Bangladesh initiated an early response to the HIV epidemic starting in the mid-1980s. Since then, the response has been enhanced considerably, and many HIV-prevention interventions among the most at-risk populations and the general youth are being undertaken. Alongside prevention activities, gathering of data has been a key activity fostered by both the Government and individual development partners. This paper reviews available sources of data, including routine surveillance (HIV and behavioural among most at-risk populations), general population surveys, and various research studies with the aim to understand the dynamics of the HIV epidemic in Bangladesh. Available data show that the HIV epidemic is still at relatively low levels and is concentrated mainly among injecting drug users (IDUs) in Dhaka city. In addition, when the passively-reported cases were analyzed, another population group that appears to be especially vulnerable is migrant workers who leave their families and travel abroad for work. However, all sources of data confirm that risk behaviours that make individuals vulnerable to HIV are high--this is apparent within most at-risk populations and the general population (adult males and youth males and females). Based on the current activities and the sources of data, modelling exercises of the future of the HIV epidemic in Dhaka suggest that, if interventions are not enhanced further, Bangladesh is likely to start with an IDU-driven epidemic, similar to other neighbouring countries, which will then move to other population groups, including sex workers, males who have sex with males, clients of sex workers, and ultimately their families. This review reiterates the often repeated message that if Bangladesh wants to be an example of how to avert an HIV epidemic, it needs to act now using evidence-based programming. Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | LITERATURE REVIEW | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | MATHEMATICAL MODEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | IV DRUG USERS | MIGRANT WORKERS | PREVALENCE | HIV PREVENTION | RISK BEHAVIOR | SEX BEHAVIOR | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SEX FACTORS | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Research Methodology | Theoretical Models | Persons Living With HIV/AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Drug Use and Abuse | Behavior | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Measurement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population | Population Characteristics Document Number: 328888 |
| 6. Title: HIV-infected sub-Saharan migrants in Switzerland: advancing cross-cultural health assessment. Author: Bischofberger I Source: Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care. 2008 Sep-Oct;19(5):357-67. Abstract: HIV prevalence among sub-Saharan migrants in Switzerland has continuously increased in the past 2 decades. These patients present later and with more health impairments at clinical settings compared with non-Africans. Therefore, cross-cultural challenges, which are relatively new to many nurses, arise. Qualitative interview data with 10 HIV-infected and 30 noninfected sub-Saharan African migrants (including 10 who were peer educators) living in Switzerland showed that HIV infection was characterized as invisible, shameful, risky, and treatable, representing helpful and problematic factors. Thus, participants lived with contradictory realities that needed to be appropriately assessed and acknowledged by clinicians. This was particularly important because these migrants remain under treatment for an extensive period of time because of the chronic nature of HIV disease. There is a need for nurse clinicians who are able to apply cross-cultural assessment strategies and to concurrently provide a quick and sound clinical grasp of the migrants' illness needs. Language: English Keywords: SWITZERLAND | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | EPIDEMIOLOGIC METHODS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MIGRANTS | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | PEER EDUCATORS | NURSES AND NURSING | PREVALENCE | STIGMA | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developed Countries | Europe, Central | Europe | Africa | Developing Countries | Research Methodology | Comparative Studies | Studies | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Education | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Measurement | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 329204 |
| 7. Title: New data on African health professionals abroad. Author: Clemens MA; Pettersson G Source: Human Resources for Health. 2008 Jan 10;6:1. Abstract: The migration of doctors and nurses from Africa to developed countries has raised fears of an African medical brain drain. But empirical research on the causes and effects of the phenomenon has been hampered by a lack of systematic data on the extent of African health workers' international movements. We use destination-country census data to estimate the number of African-born doctors and professional nurses working abroad in a developed country circa 2000, and compare this to the stocks of these workers in each country of origin. Approximately 65,000 African-born physicians and 70,000 African-born professional nurses were working overseas in a developed country in the year 2000. This represents about one fifth of African-born physicians in the world, and about one tenth of African-born professional nurses. The fraction of health professionals abroad varies enormously across African countries, from 1% to over 70% according to the occupation and country. These numbers are the first standardized, systematic, occupation-specific measure of skilled professionals working in developed countries and born in a large number of developing countries. (author's) Language: English Keywords: AFRICA | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | EMIGRANTS | COMPARATIVE STUDIES | HEALTH PERSONNEL | PHYSICIANS | NURSES AND NURSING | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Studies | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health Document Number: 326353 |
| 8. Peer Reviewed Title: Constant global population with demographic heterogeneity. Author: Cohen JE Source: Demographic Research. 2008 May 27;18(14):409-436. Abstract: To understand better a possible future constant global population that is demographically heterogeneous, this paper analyzes several models. Classical theory of stationary populations generally fails to apply. However, if constant global population size P(global) is the sum of all country population sizes, and if constant global annual number of births B(global) is the sum of the annual number of births of all countries, and if constant global life expectancy at birth e(global) is the population-weighted mean of the life expectancy at birth of all countries, then B(global) e(global) always exceeds P(global) unless all countries have the same life expectancy at birth, in which case B(global) e(global) = P(global). (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | THEORETICAL MODELS | POPULATION STABILIZATION | POPULATION SIZE | POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | Research Methodology | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Length of Life | Mortality Document Number: 326903 |
| 9. Title: Gender and migration in the central valleys of Oaxaca. Author: Cohen JH; Rodriguez L; Fox M Source: International Migration. 2008 Mar;46(1):79-101. Abstract: In this paper, we examine the gendered nature of international and internal migration that originates in the central valleys of Oaxaca, Mexico. Our goals are to define migration patterns and outcomes for Oaxacan women from the central valleys region and note the differences that mark migrant men and women. We use ethnographic data from anthropological research in 12 of Oaxaca's central valley communities to argue that local concepts of what defines correct behaviour (for both men and women) are critical to the outcomes and the differences that exist in the practices of migrant men and women. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | RURAL AREAS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INTERNAL MIGRATION | GENDER ISSUES | FEMALE ROLE | MALE ROLE | MOTIVATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Geographic Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Social Behavior | Behavior | Psychological Factors Document Number: 324346 |
| 10. Title: Migrant labor markets and the welfare of rural households in the developing world: Evidence from China. Author: de Brauw A; Giles J Source: Washington, D.C, World Bank, Development Research Group, Human Development and Public Services Team, 2008 Apr. 57 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4585) Abstract: In this paper, the authors examine the impact of reductions in barriers to migration on the consumption of rural households in China. The authors find that increased migration from rural villages leads to significant increases in consumption per capita, and that this effect is stronger for poorer households within villages. Household income per capita and non-durable consumption per capita both increase with outmigration, and increase more for poorer households. The authors also establish a causal relationship between increased out-migration and investment in housing and durable goods assets, and these effects are also stronger for poorer households. The authors do not find robust evidence, however, to support a connection between increased migration and investment in productive activity. Instead, increased migration is associated with two significant changes for poorer households: increases both in the total labor supplied to productive activities and in the land per capita managed by the household. In examining the effect of migration, we pay considerable attention to developing and examining our identification strategy. (author's) Language: English Keywords: CHINA | RESEARCH REPORT | ECONOMIC MODEL | MIGRANTS | WORKERS | HOUSEHOLDS | RURAL POPULATION | LABOR MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOUSEHOLD CONSUMPTION | SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS | INCOME | INVESTMENTS | HOUSING | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developing Countries | Theoretical Models | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Population Characteristics | Microeconomic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Financial Activities | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors Document Number: 325678 |
| 11. Title: Long-term trends in international migration: an analysis of the six main receiving countries. Author: Defoort C Source: Population-E. 2008;63(2):285-318. Abstract: In a global context of growing international mobility and rising education levels, emigration by highly skilled individuals is, not surprisingly, on the increase. To observe the brain drain, an analysis by individual sending countries is more instructive than a general overview. In this article, Cécily Defoort uses an OECD database on immigrant stocks by skill level in the six main OECD receiving countries to reconstitute country-specific trends in emigration rates among highly skilled workers over the period 1975-2000. Small countries, like those of the Caribbean and Oceania, are especially affected. Their lack of university infrastructure makes them particularly vulnerable to the permanent loss of students who emigrate for study purposes and do not return home. Among larger countries, some traditional emigration flows continue throughout the study period, affecting countries like Kenya and Uganda, for example, though also the United Kingdom. The countries identified as badly affected in 2000, but not in 1975, include large countries of Africa and South Asia. On the other hand, although vast nations like China and India export large numbers of skilled migrants, their seemingly inexhaustible reserves of human capital mean that the local impact of these losses is slight. Spanish Abstract: Este artículo propone una estimación de la migración internacional dirigida a los 6 principales países receptores de la OCDE de 1975 a 2000. El análisis revela un alza importante de las migraciones internacionales durante el período, junto con una evolución importante de la cualificación de los migrantes. Paralelamente a este fenómeno, notamos un alza significativa del nivel de cualificación a nivel mundial. Un análisis por país muestra una fuerte estabilidad de la clasificación de los países más afectados por la fuga de cerebros. Si la evolución global de las migraciones cualificadas resulta limitada, los países más afectados por la salida de sus trabajadores más cualificados en 1975 siguen siendo mayoritariamente los mismos veinticinco años más tarde. French Abstract: Cet article propose une estimation de la migration internationale en direction des 6 principaux pays receveurs de l'OCDE de 1975 à 2000. L'analyse révèle une hausse importante des migrations internationales au cours de la période, accompagnée d'une évolution importante de la qualification des migrants. Parallèlement à ce phénomène, nous notons une hausse significative du niveau de qualification au niveau mondial. Une analyse par pays montre une forte stabilité du classement des pays les plus touchés par la fuite des cerveaux. Si l'évolution globale des migrations qualifiées s'avère limitée, les pays étant les plus touchés par le départ de leurs travailleurs les plus qualifiés en 1975 demeurent majoritairement les mêmes vingt-cinq ans plus tard. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | IMMIGRANTS | STUDENTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BRAIN DRAIN | HUMAN CAPITAL | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Education | Human Resources | Economic Factors Document Number: 329877 |
| 12. Title: A gendered assessment of the brain drain. Author: Docquier F; Lowell BL; Marfouk A Source: Washington, D.C., World Bank, Development Research Group, Trade Team, 2008 May. 32 p. (Policy Research Working Paper No. 4613) Abstract: This paper updates and extends the Docquier-Marfouk data set on inter-national migration by educational attainment. The authors use new sources, homogenize definitions of what a migrant is, and compute gender-disaggregated indicators of the brain drain. Emigration stocks and rates are provided by level of schooling and gender for 195 source countries in 1990 and 2000. The data set can be used to capture the recent trend in women's skilled migration and to analyze its causes and consequences for developing countries. The .findings show that women represent an increasing share of the OECD immigration stock and exhibit relatively higher rates of brain drain than men. The gender gap in skilled migration is strongly correlated with the gender gap in educational attainment at origin. Equating women's and men's access to education would probably reduce gender differences in the brain drain. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | RESEARCH REPORT | WOMEN | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BRAIN DRAIN | SEX FACTORS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 326420 |
| 13. Peer Reviewed Title: HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among West African immigrant women in Western Australia. Author: Drummond PD; Mizan A; Wright B Source: Sexual Health. 2008 Sep;5(3):251-9. Abstract: BACKGROUND: Most women who live in sub-Saharan countries have heard of HIV/AIDS, but there is still widespread misunderstanding about how HIV is spread, the consequences of infection, and how to protect against infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate knowledge about HIV and attitudes towards condom use in West African refugees who had settled in Perth, Western Australia, within the past 5 years. METHODS: Knowledge about transmission of HIV, myths about how HIV is spread, incorrect beliefs about protective factors, the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against sexually transmissible infections, and attitudes towards condom use were investigated by survey in 51 West African women, and in 100 Australian women for comparison. Where possible, each West African woman was matched for age and level of education with an Australian woman. RESULTS: Knowledge of HIV was poorest in the least educated West African women, but many of the more highly educated women also had misconceptions about how HIV is spread, how to protect against HIV, and the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against HIV. Moreover, most West African women held negative attitudes towards condom use. Within the Australian sample, HIV knowledge was greatest in women with tertiary qualifications, and was greater in younger than older women; in addition, attitudes towards condom use differed across the age span. CONCLUSIONS: The findings in the present study suggest that educational programs that focus on knowledge about HIV should be tailored to meet the needs and cultural sensitivities of newly emerging immigrant communities, and should target particular demographic groups within the Australian population. Language: English Keywords: AUSTRALIA | AFRICA, SUB SAHARAN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | IMMIGRANTS | KNOWLEDGE | ATTITUDES | HIV INFECTIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV PREVENTION | CONDOM USE | BELIEFS | EDUCATIONAL STATUS | AGE FACTORS | Developed Countries | Oceania | Africa | Developing Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Sociocultural Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Risk Reduction Behavior | Culture | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Population Characteristics Document Number: 329201 |
| 14. Peer Reviewed Title: Migrants as transnational development agents: An inquiry into the newest round of the migration - development nexus. Author: Faist T Source: Population, Space and Place. 2008;14(1):21-42. Abstract: Migrant networks and organisations have emerged as development agents. They interact with state institutions in flows of financial remittances, knowledge, and political ideas. In the discursive dimension, the new enthusiasm on the part of OECD states and international organisations, such as the World Bank, for migrant remittances, migrant associations and their role in development, is a sign of two trends which have coincided. Firstly, community as a principle of development has come to supplement principles of social order such as the market and the state. Secondly, in the current round of the migration-development nexus, migrants in general and transnational collective actors in particular have been constituted by states and international organisations as a significant agent. In the institutional dimension, agents such as hometown associations, networks of businesspersons, epistemic networks and political diasporas have emerged as collective actors. These formations are not unitary actors, and they are frequently in conflict with states and communities of origin. The analysis concludes with reflections of how national states structure the transnational spaces in which non-state actors are engaged in cross-border flows, leading towards a tight linkage between migration control, immigrant incorporation and development cooperation. (author's) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | EVALUATION | MIGRANTS | SOCIAL NETWORKS | COMMUNITY | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | IMMIGRANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | REMITTANCES | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | SOCIAL MOBILIZATION | BORDER CROSSING | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Friends and Relatives | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Organizations | Economic Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Policy | Social Change Document Number: 323244 |
| 15. Peer Reviewed Title: Tuberculosis control in vulnerable groups. Author: Figueroa-Munoz JI; Ramon-Pardo P Source: Bulletin of the World Health Organization. 2008 Sep;86(9):733-735. Abstract: Tuberculosis (TB) remains an important public health problem in industrialized countries. The majority of cases occur in minority groups, particularly recently arrived immigrants from countries with high endemicity who often congregate in deprived communities within wealthy cities. In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, people from the Indian subcontinent and sub-Saharan Africa living in inner cities have higher rates of TB than the general population; particularly during the first years after arriving in the country. The HIV/AIDS epidemic has had a disproportionate impact among ethnic minorities in large industrialized cities. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CLINICAL RESEARCH | MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | TUBERCULOSIS | COMMUNICABLE DISEASE CONTROL | BORDER CROSSING | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HOMELESS PERSONS | POVERTY | BEST PRACTICES | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Infections | Diseases | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 328068 |
| 16. Title: Economy, ethnicity and international migration. The comparison of Finland, Hungary and Russia. Author: Forsander A; Salmenhaara P; Melegh A; Kondrateva E Source: Finnish Yearbook of Population Research. 2008;43:85-114. Abstract: The focus of this paper is to compare present migration situation, history, economy and migration regulation in an European Union (EU) country (Finland), an EU accessing country (Hungary), and a major non-EU country (Russia). Our material and methods base on literature survey, policy analysis and analysis of the existing statistics and legislation. The results show that even in the era of globalisation that is often claimed to erode states' regulatory power over the flows of capital and people, some regulatory power still exists. Instead of developing their policies in accordance with the largely self-regulating migration process, according to our data, the countries sought to regain political control through reproducing economic, ethnic and national hierarchies. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FINLAND | HUNGARY | RUSSIA | EUROPEAN UNION | RESEARCH REPORT | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MACROECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | POLITICAL FACTORS | NATIONALITY | SOCIAL CLASS | Developed Countries | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developing Countries | Europe, Central | Asia, Northern | Asia | Organizations | Sociocultural Factors | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Migration | Population Dynamics | Economic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326070 |
| 17. Peer Reviewed Title: Twenty years' demographic change in sedentes and migrants of an international migrant-sending community in Tonga. Author: Fukuyama S; Watanabe C; Umezaki M; Ohtsuka R Source: Journal of Biosocial Science. 2008;:1-11. Abstract: In the Kingdom of Tonga, migration to overseas developed countries has prevailed. To elucidate the effects of migration on population dynamics, an interview survey was conducted in the migrant-sending community of Kolovai, in the outer region of Tongatapu Island. All births, deaths, marriages and in- and out-migrations that took place between 1983 and 2002 were recorded for all members of the 'Kolovai population', consisting of persons who had lived in this community for at least a one-year period during this 20 years. The 'Kolovai population' members, numbering 1184 (564 males and 620 females), were divided into three groups based on residence at the end of each year, i.e. Kolovai (called KK), other places in Tonga (KT) or overseas countries (KO). The KK population decreased from 774 in 1982 to 570 in 2002, owing mostly to an increase of 167 persons as the natural balance and a decrease of 324 persons as the balance of international migration. Comparison of total fertility rate (TFR) between KK and KO women revealed that the mean TFR of the former decreased from 3.460 in the earlier 10-year period (1983-1992) to 2.240 in the later 10-year period (1993-2002), while that of the latter was more than 3.5 in both 10-year periods. This difference was largely due to the decrease in the proportion married among KK women. If the current trends of international migration and fertility continue, the population of Kolovai will be reduced and its age composition will become cylinder-shaped in the near future. (author's) Language: English Keywords: TONGA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | FERTILITY CHANGES | AGE SPECIFIC FERTILITY RATE | AGE DISTRIBUTION CHANGES | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | Developing Countries | Oceania | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Fertility | Fertility Rate | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Age Distribution | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Marriage | Nuptiality Document Number: 327010 |
| 18. Peer Reviewed Title: Albania: Trends and patterns, proximate determinants and policies of fertility change. Author: Gjonca A; Aassve A; Mencarini L Source: Demographic Research. 2008 Jul 1;19(11):261-292. Special Collection 7: Childbearing Trends and Policies in Europe. Abstract: For a very long time, Albania has had one of the highest levels of fertility in Europe: in 2002 the total fertility rate of 2.2 children per woman was the highest in Europe. Although this current level is high, the country has experienced a rapid fertility reduction during the last 50 years: a TFR decline from 7 to 2.2. This reduction has occurred in the absence of modern contraception and abortion, which indicates the significance of investments in the social agenda during the communist regime that produced policies with indirect effects on fertility. Most significant of these were policies focused on education, in particular on female education. Social and demographic settings for a further fertility reduction in Albania have been present since 1990. Contraception and abortion have been legalized and available since the early 1990s, but knowledge of their use is still not widespread in the country, largely due to the interplay between traditional and modern norms of Albanian society. This chapter points out that future fertility levels will be determined not only by new policies that might be introduced, but predominantly by the balance of this interplay. (author's) Language: English Keywords: ALBANIA | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | FERTILITY DECLINE | FERTILITY CHANGES | FERTILITY DETERMINANTS | ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT | SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT | INTERMEDIATE VARIABLES | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | MARRIAGE PATTERNS | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | POPULATION POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | CULTURE | FAMILY PLANNING POLICY | Europe, Southeastern | Europe | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Economic Factors | Migration | Marriage | Nuptiality | Contraception | Family Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors Document Number: 327530 |
| 19. Peer Reviewed Title: The demographic impact of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Author: Hill K; Selzer W; Leaning J; Malik SJ; Russell SS Source: Population Studies. 2008;62(2):155-170. Abstract: We use data from the 1931, 1941, and 1951 censuses of India and the 1951 census of Pakistan to examine the demographic consequences of Partition in the Punjab in 1947. Had growth rates for the period 1931-41 for the Punjab as a whole continued to 1951, the population of the Punjab would have been 2.9 million larger than that recorded in 1951. Population losses from migration and mortality above age 20 were approximately 2.7 million greater between 1941 and 1951 than would have been predicted by loss rates between 1931 and 1941. We estimate a net Partition-related population movement out of the combined Punjab of about 400,000. We conclude from several lines of analysis that Partition-related population losses in the Punjab, either from deaths or unrecorded migration, were in the range 2.3-3.2 million. Partition was also marked by a dramatic religious homogenization at the district level. Language: English Keywords: PAKISTAN | RESEARCH REPORT | CENSUS METHODS | POPULATION | ETHNIC GROUPS | MIGRANTS | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | COLONIALISM | HISTORICAL DEMOGRAPHY | CENSUS | POPULATION GROWTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POPULATION DECREASE | RELIGION | ISLAM | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Statistics | Research Methodology | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Migration | Population Dynamics | Political Systems | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Demography | Social Sciences | Science Document Number: 327733 |
| 20. Title: Adding insult to injury: the healthcare brain drain. Author: Hooper CR Source: Journal of Medical Ethics. 2008 Sep;34(9):684-7. Abstract: Recent reports published by the United Nations and the World Health Organization suggest that the brain drain of healthcare professionals from the developing to the developed world is decimating the provision of healthcare in poor countries. The migration of these key workers is driven by a combination of economic inequalities and the recruitment policies of governments in the rich world. This article assesses the impact of the healthcare brain drain and argues that wealthy countries have a moral obligation to reduce the flow of healthcare workers from the developing to the developed world. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | DEVELOPED COUNTRIES | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | INEQUALITIES | ECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | GOVERNMENT PROGRAMS | ETHICS | SOCIAL POLICY | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Socioeconomic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration Document Number: 329210 |
| 21. Peer Reviewed Title: Natural increase: a new source of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations in the United States. Author: Johnson KM; Lichter DT Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Jun;34(2):327-346. Abstract: Updated US Census Bureau estimates and race/ethnic-specific birth and death data for the post-2000 period are used to highlight the increasing role of natural increase as an engine of population growth in emerging Hispanic destinations. Newly emerging Hispanic growth areas are distinguished from established and high-growth areas from the 1990s. The findings document that recent Hispanic population gains have been generated increasingly by natural increase -- the excess of Hispanic births over deaths. Hispanics accounted for 46 percent of the population gain and 53 percent of the natural increase in nonmetro America in 2000-2005. Yet, Hispanics represented only 5.4 percent of the nonmetro population in 2000. In metro areas, they accounted for 50 percent of the population gain and 47 percent of the natural increase, although they comprised only 14 percent of the metro population. Current trends suggest that the ascendancy of the US Hispanic population is likely to continue unabated, whether restrictive immigration legislation is enacted or not. The growth of the Hispanic population, caused increasingly by natural increase, has taken on a demographic momentum of its own. (author's) Language: English Keywords: UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | HISPANICS | IMMIGRANTS | RURAL POPULATION | NATURAL INCREASE | POPULATION GROWTH | DEMOGRAPHIC IMPACT | DEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Population | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics Document Number: 327376 |
| 22. Title: Female genital mutilation among antenatal care and contraceptive advice attendees in Sweden. Author: Litorp H; Franck M; Almroth L Source: Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica. 2008;87(7):716-22. Abstract: OBJECTIVE: To explore knowledge of, attitudes toward and practice of female genital mutilation (FGM) among women originally from countries where FGM is customary attending antenatal care and contraceptive advice in Sweden. METHODS: Women in reproductive age living in Sweden who originate from countries where FGM is practiced coming for antenatal care or contraceptive advice at two maternity welfare centers in Stockholm were asked to participate. Interview administered questionnaires and gynecological examination were used for data collection. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Out of 49 women asked, 40 women agreed to participate, of whom 37 had undergone FGM. Most FGM operations had been performed by doctors or midwives. Half of the Muslim women said FGM was allowed by their religion. All women reporting to have undergone 'sunna', an allegedly mild form, had extensive damage to their genitals. At gynecological examination three cases of reinfibulation were detected, of which two had been performed after delivery in Sweden. Twenty-nine women had daughters and three had let their daughters undergo FGM, all of them before settling in Sweden. Problems related to delivery and sexual intercourse were the most commonly mentioned complications of FGM. CONCLUSIONS: The reliability of the self-reported form of FGM is low, which may have implications for research, interventions and health care. Although many women express negative attitudes toward FGM and know about serious complications, the religious justifications, the practice of FGM on daughters, reinfibulation on adults and medicalization of the practice indicate attitudes that favor of the continued practice of FGM. Language: English Keywords: SWEDEN | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | IMMIGRANTS | PREGNANT WOMEN | DAUGHTERS | FEMALE GENITAL CUTTING | ATTITUDES | KNOWLEDGE | ANTENATAL CARE | FAMILY PLANNING EDUCATION | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | ISLAM | COMPLICATIONS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Europe, Northern | Europe | Developed Countries | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migrants | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Characteristics | Family Relationships | Family Characteristics | Family and Household | Sociocultural Factors | Harmful Traditional Practices | Traditional Health Practices | Culture | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Education | Contraception | Family Planning | Religion | Diseases Document Number: 328672 |
| 23. Title: Managing migration: The global challenge. Author: Martin P; Zurcher G Source: Population Bulletin. 2008 Mar;63(1):1-22. Abstract: The number of international migrants is at an all-time high. There were 191 million migrants in 2005, which means that 3 percent of the world's people left their country of birth or citizenship for a year or more. The number of international migrants in industrialized countries more than doubled between 1985 and 2005, from almost 55 million to 120 million. However, most of the world's 6.6 billion people never cross a national border; most live and die near their place of birth. Those who cross national borders usually move to nearby countries, for example, from Mexico to the United States, or from Turkey to Germany. The largest flow of migrants is from less developed to more developed countries. In 2005, 62 million migrants from developing countries moved to more developed countries, but almost as many migrants (61 million) moved from one developing country to another, such as from Indonesia to Malaysia. Large flows of people also move from one industrialized country to another, from Canada to theUnited States, for example, and much smaller flows move from more developed to less developed countries, such as people from Japan who work in or retire to Thailand. The international community believes that international migration should be voluntary, and has tried to minimize "forced migration," whether motivated by persecution or economic deprivation at home. The United Nation's 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights asserts that "everyone has the right to leave any country, including his own, and to return to his country." However, the right to emigrate does not give migrants a right to immigrate, and most migrants are not welcomed unconditionally into the countries to which they move. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | MIGRANTS | REFUGEES | GOVERNMENT | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | SETTLEMENT AND RESETTLEMENT | POPULATION DYNAMICS | REMITTANCES | BORDER CROSSING | ECONOMIC FACTORS | MIGRATION POLICY | Migration | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Microeconomic Factors | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy Document Number: 325289 |
| 24. Peer Reviewed Title: A profile of the world's young developing international migrants. Author: McKenzie DJ Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):115-135. Abstract: Globalization has led to much faster movements of goods, technology, money, and ideas across borders, but large barriers remain to the movement of people. Despite these barriers, many people move, and by 2005 an estimated 191 million of the world's population lived outside their country of birth (United Nations 2006). Large income gaps coupled with diverging demographic circumstances between developed and developing countries may amplify the pressures for migration. Holzmann (2005) estimates that without further international migration the labor force in Europe, Russia, and high-income East Asia and the Pacific is projected to fall by 55 million persons between 2005 and 2025, while it is projected to rise by 24 million in China, 85 million in Latin America, 83 million in the Middle East, North Africa, and Turkey, 100 million in low- and middle-income East Asia and the Pacific, 214 million in sub-Saharan Africa, and 303 million in South and Central Asia. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | MIGRANTS | YOUTH | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LIVING ARRANGEMENTS | SCHOOL ENROLLMENT | MARITAL STATUS | EMPLOYMENT STATUS | OCCUPATIONAL STATUS | RETURN MIGRATION | AGE DISTRIBUTION | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Educational Status | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Nuptiality Document Number: 325566 |
| 25. Title: Migration and technological change in rural households: Complements or substitutes? Author: Mendola M Source: Journal of Development Economics. 2008 Feb;85(1-2):150-175. Abstract: In this paper we study the interrelationship between determinants of migration, conceived as a family strategy, and the potential impact of having a migrant household member on the people left behind. Labour migration is often related to poverty but, given its lumpy-investment nature, lack of resources may constitute both a motivation and a hurdle to migrate. We use a cross-sectional household survey from rural Bangladesh to test whether migration is a diversification strategy that enables sending households to uptake high-yielding seed technology. We account for heterogeneity of migration constraints by differentiating between temporary-domestic, permanent-domestic and international movement. We find that households able to engage in costly high-return migration (i.e. international migration) are more likely to employ modern farming technology, thereby achieving higher productivity. Poorer households, on the other hand, are unable to overcome the entry costs of cross-border movement and fall backon low net-return (i.e. domestic) migration, which does not drive production enhancements and may act as a poverty-trap. (author's) Language: English Keywords: BANGLADESH | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC SURVEYS | CROSS SECTIONAL ANALYSIS | RURAL POPULATION | FAMILY AND HOUSEHOLD | MIGRANTS | APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY | LABOR MIGRATION | MOTIVATION | POVERTY | AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT | PRODUCTIVITY | INTERNAL MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southern | Asia | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Research Methodology | Population Characteristics | Sociocultural Factors | Migration | Technology | Economic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Socioeconomic Factors | Rural Development | Economic Development Document Number: 327379 |
| 26. Title: Globalization, migration and brain drain: a reality check. Author: Murru M Source: Health Policy and Development. 2008;6(3):153-163. Abstract: Migration is an old phenomenon in human history. It takes place for various reasons, which have been roughly grouped into "push" and "pull" factors. Migrants have always faced harsh conditions either in transit or on arrival, from the environment and the citizens of their destinations. Of recent, migration has increased due to globalization, which has increased the access of people in sending countries to "pull" factors through the media. However, more recently, stiff regulations have been put in place by the receiving countries to curb immigration, partly as part of the global "war on terror", but partly as a political measure to contain intolerance of foreigners in their societies. In a special way, international migration of skilled labour has come under increased scrutiny over the recent years. It has been argued that for the sending/losing countries, it leads to a brain drain and depletes national resources spent on training. It also denies the remaining population the opportunity to benefit from their highly skilled compatriots usually educated at the public's cost. Proponents argue that it is the right of individuals to look for the working conditions acceptable to them, in order to earn acceptable income for themselves and their families. They argue that, moreover, migrant workers send back remittances to their relatives. In fact, in some countries like Uganda, remittances are the leading source of foreign exchange. Such countries have therefore started policies to export skilled labour or to support the return of remittance with a view tap into the wide base of remittances for public use. This paper discusses the pros and cons of migration and concludes that international migration is inevitable but should be managed in a way that is beneficial for both the sending and receiving countries. It ends on a prophetic note that current intolerance to foreigners will end spontaneously in the course of a generation. Language: English Keywords: DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | LABOR FORCE | FOREIGNERS | MIGRATION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | BRAIN DRAIN | COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Nationality | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Population Dynamics | Social Development Document Number: 325514 |
| 27. Title: The population of France in 2007. Author: Pison G Source: Population and Societies. 2008 Mar;(443):1-4. Abstract: The French demographic situation is one of both continuity and change. Examining developments in 2007, Gilles Pison draws our attention to three key trends: the remarkable increase in life expectancy since 2003, year of the deadly summer heat wave, the growing popularity of heterosexual civil partnerships (PACS), and the rising proportion of babies born outside marriage, who now account for more than half of all births. (author's) Language: English Keywords: FRANCE | RESEARCH REPORT | DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS | POPULATION | POPULATION DYNAMICS | DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | LIFE EXPECTANCY | CONSENSUAL UNION | ILLEGITIMACY | FERTILITY RATE | CLIMATE | Europe, Western | Europe | Developed Countries | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Migration | Length of Life | Mortality | Nuptiality | Social Problems | Sociocultural Factors | Birth Rate | Fertility Measurements | Fertility | Environment Document Number: 325888 |
| 28. Peer Reviewed Title: The healthy migrant effect: new findings from the Mexican Family Life Survey. Author: Rubalcava LN; Teruel GM; Thomas D; Goldman N Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2008 Jan;98(1):78-84. Abstract: We used nationally representative longitudinal data from the Mexican Family Life Survey to determine whether recent migrants from Mexico to the United States are healthier than other Mexicans. Previous research has provided little scientific evidence that tests the "healthy migrant" hypothesis. Estimates were derived from logistic regressions of whether respondents moved to the United States between surveys in 2002 and 2005, by gender and urban versus rural residence. Covariates included physical health measurements, self-reported health, and education measured in 2002. Our primary sample comprised 6446 respondents aged 15 to 29 years. Health significantly predicted subsequent migration among females and rural males. However, the associations were weak, few health indicators were statistically significant, and there was substantial variation in the estimates between males and females and between urban and rural dwellers. On the basis of recent data for Mexico, the largest source of migrants to theUnited States, we found generally weak support for the healthy migrant hypothesis. (author's) Language: English Keywords: MEXICO | RESEARCH REPORT | SURVEYS | LONGITUDINAL STUDIES | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HEALTH | North America | Americas | Developing Countries | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population Document Number: 314040 |
| 29. Title: Tackling poverty-migration linkages: Evidence from Ghana and Egypt. Author: Sabates-Wheeler R; Sabates R; Castaldo A Source: Social Indicators Research. 2008 Jun;87(2):307-328. Abstract: Are migrants able to use the migration experience to their benefit, that is to improve their livelihoods, and is this result nuanced by whether migrants are poor or nonpoor? This paper explores these questions quantitatively using data on migrants and nonmigrants from Ghana and Egypt. It describes the main challenges in the empirical literature and introduces a conceptual model to explore the links between migration and poverty. The empirical model accounts for the direct effects of migration on poverty and for the role of migration in moderating the dynamics of poverty. Results show the selectivity of migration with respect to subjective poverty and that migration can have a significant impact on helping people improve their livelihoods. The paper further finds that selectivity with respect to human capital depends on 'reasons for migration' and visa status. These findings enrich existing empirical studies by providing a clear estimation of sequential events and enable policymakers to better understand the processes behind migration and poverty. (author's) Language: English Keywords: GHANA | EGYPT | THEORETICAL STUDIES | LITERATURE REVIEW | THEORETICAL MODELS | MIGRANTS | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | POVERTY | ECONOMIC FACTORS | Developing Countries | Africa, Western | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Africa, North | Research Methodology | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Socioeconomic Factors Document Number: 326456 |
| 30. Peer Reviewed Title: International migration as a tool in development policy: A passing phase? Author: Skeldon R Source: Population and Development Review. 2008 Mar;34(1):1-18. Abstract: International migration was identified as one of the ten most pressing global challenges facing humankind by an international panel of leading economists, but it was also deemed to be one of the least likely of the ten challenges to respond to cost-effective policy intervention. A sense of skepticism may be setting in about how effective programs of migration management can be in bringing about development. Already a sense exists that the policy debate may be moving on from migration and development to other topics such as migration and climate change. Ultimately, when we are dealing with these global challenges or with the ways in which the millennium development goals are to be achieved, the emphasis must be placed on structures: on establishing the kinds of institutions that will lead to improvements in human well-being. A focus on phenomena that are consequences rather than causes of the process, such as the diaspora, remittances, or skilled migrants, without addressing the causes of a lack ofdevelopment in the first place, is unlikely to bring success. Migration can be best addressed, paradoxical though this may at first seem, if the current preoccupation with international migration as a tool to promote development becomes a passing phase in the debate on development. Migration should not be eliminated from the equation, but it should be recognized as an integral part of the development process itself and planned for accordingly. (excerpt) Language: English Keywords: GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | GOALS | DESTINATION | ORIGIN | REMITTANCES | BRAIN DRAIN | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Planning | Organization and Administration | Microeconomic Factors | Economic Factors Document Number: 325565 |
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