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Title: The U.S. commitment to global health: Recommendations for the public and private sectors.
Author: Institute of Medicine. Committee on the U.S. Commitment to Global Health
Source: Washington, D.C., Institute of Medicine, 2009 May. 4 p. (Report Brief)
Abstract: In 2008, the Institute of Medicine convened the expert Committee on the U.S. Commitment to Global Health to investigate the U.S. commitment to global health and to articulate a vision for future U.S. investments in this arena. The committee concludes that the U.S. government and U.S.-based commercial entities, foundations, universities, and other nonprofit organizations have an opportunity to improve global health. The committee initially issued an interim report with recommendations aimed specifically at the U.S. government, such as prioritizing global health as a pillar of foreign policy. This subsequent report addresses other sectors as well as government. The committee identifies five areas for action by the interdisciplinary team: 1. Scale-up existing interventions to achieve significant health gains; 2. Generate and share knowledge to address problems prevalent in poor countries; 3. Invest in people, institutions, and capacity building with global partners; 4. Increase U.S. financial commitments to global health; 5. Set the example of engaging in respectful partnerships. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | RECOMMENDATIONS | GOVERNMENT | ORGANIZATIONS | PRIVATE SECTOR | HEALTH | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | KNOWLEDGE | LEADERSHIP | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331419

Title: Global action for health system strengthening: Policy recommendations to the G8 Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening.
Author: Japan Center for International Exchange. Task Force on Global Action for Health System Strengthening
Source: Tokyo, Japan, Japan Center for International Exchange, 2009. 131 p.
Abstract: On January 16, 2009, a high-level working group on global health convened by the Japan Center for International Exchange (JCIE) released a report to the Japanese government outlining measures that the G8 countries should take to set them on a path toward fulfilling their existing commitments to contributing to an overall improvement in the health of individuals and communities around the world. The Working Group on Challenges in Global Health and Japan's Contributions (the "Takemi Working Group") is chaired by Japan's former Senior Vice Minister for Health, Labour and Welfare Keizo Takemi and directed by JCIE President Tadashi Yamamoto. The Japanese government will pass the report to the Italian government, encouraging them to put these recommendations on the agenda of the 2009 G8 Summit in Italy. The report includes chapters by an international team of researchers and advisors on three specific building blocks of health systems-health financing, health information, and the health workforce-that are generally acknowledged to be critical components of any strong health system. While each paper offers specific recommendations for improvements that can be made in each individual building block, they also come to several common conclusions: 1.) While there is still a dire need for more resources-financial, human, and knowledge resources-in the global health field, there is also a critical need to use existing resources more efficiently and more effectively. Recognizing that the current global financial environment will make it even more difficult to secure the resources needed to make health systems work better for everyone, the paper writers recommend complementing the quest for more resources with creative thinking on ways to achieve better health outcomes with the resources we already have. 2.) The human security concept, which has become a pillar of Japan's foreign policy, is identified as a promising approach that can be adopted globally for strengthening health systems. Human security's emphasis on the wellbeing of individuals and communities is very much in line with the ultimate goal of health system strengthening: improving people's health and making health services available to all so that they can be healthy, productive members of society. Human security also responds to the complexity of health system strengthening with its focus on integrating community empowerment with protection strategies and its recognition of the dynamic way in which health is interconnected with many other human security challenges. 3.) In all areas of health system strengthening, donor countries tend to tell their partners in developing countries how they should behave and make decisions. This can lead to confusion, with contradicting instructions often coming from multiple donors and even from single donors, and loss of motivation for stakeholders in partner countries to take ownership of processes to improve their own health sectors. Contributing to this challenge, capacity for making informed decisions on health is often weak, further discouraging domestic decision making in planning and management of health systems. The paper writers all recommend that donor countries invest in capacity building for health sector decision making at the national and local levels and, at the same time, encourage stakeholders in partner countries to drive their own planning and implementation processes. 4.) Finally, the paper writers all recommend that the G8 follow through on its commitment to accountability by establishing an annual review of its activities and accomplishments within each of these three building blocks. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | SYSTEMS ANALYSIS | HEALTH PERSONNEL | LABOR FORCE | HEALTH POLICY | FOREIGN AID | CAPACITY BUILDING | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INFORMATION SERVICES | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | Research Methodology | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Information | Health Services
Document Number: 328416

Title: Handbook on the Optional Protocol on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography.
Author: UNICEF. Innocenti Research Centre
Source: Florence, Italy, UNICEF, Innocenti Research Centre, 2009. [74] p.
Abstract: The Convention on the Rights of the Child, the main international instrument for protecting children's rights, is supplemented by two optional protocols. One addresses the sale of children, child prostitution, and child pornography, and the other the involvement of children in armed conflict. This handbook addresses the former issue. The publication describes the genesis, scope, and content of the protocol and provides examples of measures taken by governments to fulfill their obligations under this protocol.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CHILDREN | SOCIAL PROTECTION | TREATIES | PHYSICAL ABUSE | SEXUAL ABUSE | HUMAN RIGHTS | HUMAN TRAFFICKING | VIOLENCE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | Youth | Age Factors | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Behavior | Crime | Social Problems | Diseases
Document Number: 331375

Title: Celebrating life: The U.S. President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. 2009 Annual Report to Congress.
Author: United States. Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator
Source: Washington, D.C., Office of the United States Global AIDS Coordinator, 2009. 64 p.
Abstract: The fifth Annual Report celebrates life. In countless communities around the world, through partnerships with the American people, courageous individuals in nations devastated by HIV/AIDS are choosing life, saving the lives of their fellow countrymen and women, and creating hope for a future free of HIV/AIDS. Through the power of these partnerships, the American people and the dedicated men and women in nations devastated by HIV/ AIDS have proven that the seemingly impossible is possible.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | ANNUAL REPORT | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | PROGRAM EVALUATION | AIDS PREVENTION | HIV PREVENTION | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | TREATMENT | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | INTERVENTIONS | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Programs | AIDS | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | HIV | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health
Document Number: 328418

5.
Title: Reducing health inequities through action on the social determinants of health.
Author: World Health Assembly (62nd: 2009: Geneva)
Source: Geneva, Switzerland, World Health Assembly, 2009 May 22. 5 p. (WHA62.14) Agenda item 12.5
Abstract: The Sixty-second World Health Assembly calls upon the international community, including United Nations agencies, intergovernmental bodies, civil society and the private sector: (1) to take note of the final report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health and its recommendations; (2) to take action in collaboration with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on assessing the impacts of policies and programmes on health inequities and on addressing the social determinants of health; (3) to work closely with WHO's Member States and the WHO Secretariat on measures to enhance health equity in all policies in order to improve health for the entire population and reduce inequities; (4) to consider health equity in working towards achievement of the core global development goals and to develop indicators to monitor progress, and to consider strengthening international collaboration in addressing the social determinants of health and in reducing health inequities. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | WHO | HEALTH | INEQUALITIES | SOCIOECONOMIC FACTORS | HEALTH POLICY | SOCIAL POLICY | GOALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Economic Factors | Policy | Planning | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 331421

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Peer Reviewed

Title: A global fund for the health MDGs?
Author: Cometto G; Ooms G; Starrs A; Zeitz P
Source: Lancet. 2009 May 2;373(9674):1500-2.
Abstract: The world is off track to achieve the health-related targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. Maternal mortality has stagnated for two decades, child mortality is not declining fast enough, HIV/AIDS still infects people faster than the pace of antiretroviral treatment roll-out, and inequalities are widening within and across countries. Addressing these crises will require increased funding and more efficient spending. The next Board meetings of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria and the GAVI Alliance, scheduled for May and June, respectively, present an opportunity to tackle these issues. We propose that the exceptional approach created for the fight against AIDS should be expanded: the entire global health agenda must adopt a rights-based approach, which in some countries requires challenging the model of national financial autonomy. We therefore recommend that the Global Fund and the GAVI Alliance gradually move towards becoming a global fund for all the health MDGs, which will require substantially greater resources to address the broader mandate. As a first step the next Global Fund and GAVI Alliance board meetings should expand the review of their architecture to provide greater support to national health plans, including co-financing non-disease-specific human resources for health. A global fund for the health MDGs would eventually allow the delivery of prevention and treatment services for specific diseases through revamped general health services, reducing transaction costs and streamlining the global health architecture. Such radical, yet rational, action is our best chance of meeting-or at least making significant progress toward-the health-related MDG targets by 2015.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOALS | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | HEALTH POLICY | FUNDS | FOREIGN AID | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COORDINATION | WHO | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Planning | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 341099

Title: Global health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [letter]
Author: Dabade G; Puliyel J
Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 27;373(9682):2195-6.
Abstract: David McCoy and colleagues note that half of all Gates Foundation funding goes towards vaccination. US$1.5 billion provided by the Gates Foundation and some donor countries go to fund the GAVI Alliance's "advance marketing commitments" to purchase vaccines and provide them at subsidised costs in developing countries. The advance marketing commitments for pneumococcal vaccine illustrate the problem with this policy quite lucidly. Madhi and colleagues have calculated that 1000 children have to be vaccinated to prevent approximately four cases of pneumonia. Given that the vaccine costs $250 per child, $250 000 will be spent to prevent these four cases of pneumonia. Treatment of four children with pneumonia with oral cotrimoxazole, in accordance with the WHO protocol, will cost $1 in India. The hope that GAVI's funding of vaccines would push down their prices has been belied. One review found that prices actually went up after GAVI funding, meaning that the higher costs are borne by poor nations when GAVI funding is withdrawn. Entering into advance commitments to market this vaccine in developing countries allows GAVI to divert Gates Foundation money to vaccine manufacturers, without providing commensurate benefits to the children it is supposed to help. We agree with McCoy and colleagues that, given the substantial public subsidies that the foundation receives in the form of tax exemptions, its programmes must be subjected to public scrutiny. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | FUNDS | DECISION MAKING | HEALTH POLICY | DISEASE PREVENTION | VACCINES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology
Document Number: 342052

Peer Reviewed

Title: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP): the path towards a true partnership.
Author: Matee MI; Manyando C; Ndumbe PM; Corrah T; Jaoko WG; Kitua AY; Ambene HP; Ndounga M; Zijenah L; Ofori-Adjei D; Agwale S; Shongwe S; Nyirenda T; Makanga M
Source: BMC Public Health. 2009 Jul 20;9(1):249.
Abstract: ABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: European and Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDCTP) was founded in 2003 by the European Parliament and Council. It is a partnership of 14 European Union (EU) member states, Norway, Switzerland, and Developing Countries, formed to fund acceleration of new clinical trial interventions to fight the human immunodeficiency virus and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS), malaria and tuberculosis (TB) in the sub-Saharan African region. EDCTP seeks to be synergistic with other funding bodies supporting research on these diseases. METHODS: EDCTP promotes collaborative research supported by multiple funding agencies and harnesses networking expertise across different African and European countries. EDCTP is different from other similar initiatives. The organisation of EDCTP blends important aspects of partnership that includes ownership, sustainability and responds to demand-driven research. The Developing Countries Coordinating Committee (DCCC); a team of independent scientists and representatives of regional health bodies from sub-Saharan Africa provides advice to the partnership. Thus EDCTP reflects a true partnership and the active involvement and contribution of these African scientists ensures joint ownership of the EDCTP programme with European counterparts. RESULTS: The following have been the major achievements of the EDCTP initiative since its formation in 2003; i) increase in the number of participating African countries from two to 26 in 2008 ii) the cumulative amount of funds spent on EDCTP projects has reached E 150 m, iii) the cumulative number of clinical trials approved has reached 40 and iv) there has been a significant increase number and diversity in capacity building activities. CONCLUSION: While we recognise that EDCTP faced enormous challenges in its first few years of existence, the strong involvement of African scientists and its new initiatives such as unconditional funding to regional networks of excellence in sub-Saharan Africa is envisaged to lead to a sustainable programme. Current data shows that the number of projects supported by EDCTP is increasing. DCCC proposes that this success story of true partnership should be used as model by partners involved in the fight against other infectious diseases of public health importance in the region.
Language: English
Keywords:
EUROPE | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | SUMMARY REPORT | CLINICAL TRIALS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | MALARIA | TUBERCULOSIS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | CAPACITY BUILDING | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | Developed Countries | Clinical Research | Research Methodology | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Parasitic Diseases | Infections | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Economic Factors
Document Number: 342291

11.

Peer Reviewed

Title: "HIV is irrelevant to our company": everyday practices and the logic of relationships in HIV/AIDS management by Japanese multinational corporations in northern Thailand.
Author: Michinobu R
Source: Social Science and Medicine. 2009 Mar;68(5):941-8.
Abstract: Multinational corporations (MNCs) are important participants in workplace initiatives on HIV/AIDS as they collaborate with international organizations to globally promote various policies and guidelines. To date, MNCs have enacted the majority of such initiatives in North America, Europe and South Africa, but we have little information on how MNCs elsewhere, especially in Japan, have responded to the issue of HIV/AIDS in the workplace. This study examines the actual on the ground situation of HIV/AIDS management in Japanese MNCs, specifically investigating everyday corporate practices in the context of internal interactions and relationships and the resulting practices and outlook concerning HIV/AIDS. It is based on a secondary analysis of ethnographic case studies conducted in 10 Japanese-affiliated companies in northern Thailand. Japanese managers, Thai managers and ordinary Thai workers all considered HIV/AIDS to be "irrelevant" to their company and/or themselves. HIV/AIDS measures in the companies were limited to provision of information. This perception and management of HIV/AIDS developed from their everyday interactions governed by the logic of relationships in the companies. In these interactions, they categorized others based on their ascriptive status, primarily based on class, ethnicity and nationality. They sought scapegoat groups that were lower than them in the class- and ethnicity/nationality-based hierarchical system, and cast the risk of HIV infection upon the scapegoat groups, thus reducing their own sense of risk. The paper shows that the relational logic, not ideals or principles, influences their views of and actions concerning HIV/AIDS management in the companies. This is why Japanese companies are unable to deal with HIV/AIDS in terms of international policies and guidelines that are based on the logic of human rights and the logic of business principles. The results suggest a need for international policymakers to pay more attention to everyday practices in the actual field of policy dissemination.
Language: English
Keywords:
JAPAN | THAILAND | RESEARCH REPORT | KAP SURVEYS | ADMINISTRATIVE PERSONNEL | PERSONS LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS | WORKERS | MANAGEMENT | PRIVATE SECTOR | PERCEPTION | ORGANIZATION AND ADMINISTRATION | OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH | SOCIAL CLASS | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Asia, Eastern | Asia | Developed Countries | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Surveys | Sampling Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Labor Force | Human Resources | Economic Factors | Macroeconomic Factors | Psychological Factors | Behavior | Health | Socioeconomic Status | Socioeconomic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 341173

12.

13.
Title: Shortage of healthcare workers in developing countries--Africa.
Author: Naicker S; Plange-Rhule J; Tutt RC; Eastwood JB
Source: Ethnicity and Disease. 2009 Spring;19(1 Suppl 1):S1-60-4.
Abstract: The already inadequate health systems of Africa, especially sub-Saharan Africa, have been badly damaged by the migration of their health professionals. There are 57 countries with a critical shortage of healthcare workers, a deficit of 2.4 million doctors and nurses. Africa has 2.3 healthcare workers per 1000 population, compared with the Americas, which have 24.8 healthcare workers per 1000 population. Only 1.3% of the world's health workers care for people who experience 25% of the global disease burden. The consequences for some countries resulting from loss of health workers are increasingly recognized and are now being widely aired in the public media. The health services of a continent already facing daunting challenges to the delivery of minimum standards of health care are now also being potentially overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS. There is a need for concerted political will and funding support that will allow them to do what is necessary. It may well be asked why special measures should be necessary to influence the migration of health professionals rather than engineers or football players or any other category. The answer must surely be that no other category of worker is so essential to the well-being of the population of every nation.
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | CRITIQUE | HEALTH PERSONNEL | BRAIN DRAIN | INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | FINANCIAL ACTIVITIES | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | RECRUITMENT ACTIVITIES | MIGRATION POLICY | Developing Countries | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | Population Policy | Social Policy | Policy
Document Number: 341994

14.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Changing global essential medicines norms to improve access to AIDS treatment: lessons from Brazil.
Author: Nunn A; Fonseca ED; Gruskin S
Source: Global Public Health. 2009;4(2):131-49.
Abstract: Brazil's large-scale, successful HIV/AIDS treatment programme is considered by many to be a model for other developing countries aiming to improve access to AIDS treatment. Far less is known about Brazil's important role in changing global norms related to international pharmaceutical policy, particularly international human rights, health and trade policies governing access to essential medicines. Prompted by Brazil's interest in preserving its national AIDS treatment policies during World Trade Organisation trade disputes with the USA, these efforts to change global essential medicines norms have had important implications for other countries, particularly those scaling up AIDS treatment. This paper analyses Brazil's contributions to global essential medicines policy and explains the relevance of Brazil's contributions to global health policy today.
Language: English
Keywords:
BRAZIL | CRITIQUE | INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES | AIDS | HEALTH POLICY | COMMERCE | ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | PRICING | HUMAN RIGHTS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | South America, Eastern | South America | Latin America | Americas | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Policy | Macroeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Treatment | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Program Evaluation | Programs | Organization and Administration | Marketing
Document Number: 341397

15.
Title: Leveraging the role of public health nursing in managing HIV/AIDS in Thailand: a journey of international collaboration.
Author: Potempa K; Phancharoenworakul K; Glass N; Chasombat S; Cody BJ
Source: Collegian. 2009;16(2):49-53.
Abstract: Thailand is one of the first countries to have achieved significant advances in control over the HIV/AIDS epidemic occurring within its borders. Despite this impressive accomplishment, the disease continues to be a Leading cause of death in Thailand and is migrating into Thai populations heretofore relatively free of it, such as married women. In 2003, a unique Thai, American, academic, and government collaboration formed to address the on-going challenges of HIV/AIDS in Thailand and its emerging characteristics. The objective of this collaboration was to increase the capacity of Thailand's public health infrastructure to address the challenges of HIV/AIDS by utilizing a Larger and more empowered role for nurses within the country's existing health care system. This collaboration consisted of the Deans' Consortium of Nursing Educational Institutions, the Thai Ministry of Public Health, the Faculty of Nursing at Mahidol University, and United States university nursing educators. This paper describes the process that brought this collaboration into being. It also describes the outcomes achieved by this collaboration; a collaboration that realized a national strategy to Leverage and expand the role of public health nurses and the initiation of a nurse practitioners' role in the prevention and treatment of HIV/AIDS. This collaboration and strategy increased the capacity of the health care system in Thailand to more effectively meet the challenges posed by all infectious diseases in Thailand and, in particular, HIV/AIDS.
Language: English
Keywords:
THAILAND | SUMMARY REPORT | NURSES AND NURSING | PUBLIC HEALTH | HIV INFECTIONS | EPIDEMICS | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | CAPACITY BUILDING | CURRICULUM | IMPLEMENTATION | Developing Countries | Asia, Southeastern | Asia | Health Personnel | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Program Sustainability | Programs | Organization and Administration | Education
Document Number: 342653

16.

Title: Building international research partnerships to develop HIV programs for women of color in the context of social inequalities and human rights.
Author: Sanders-Phillips K; Pretorius L; Reddy P
Source: Social Work In Public Health. 2009 Jan-Apr;24(1-2):60-75.
Abstract: This article examines relationships among social inequality, drug use, and HIV risk for women of color in the United States and South Africa. In the first section, social and cultural factors that may place women of color at risk for drug use and exposure to HIV are identified. In the second section, lessons learned while developing HIV prevention research protocols for women of color in South Africa are presented and discussed. Experience suggests that to effectively address women's risks of drug use and AIDS requires specific theoretical models and methodological approaches that acknowledge the critical interface that may exist among social inequality, drug use, and AIDS risk for women worldwide. Successful HIV prevention and intervention programs for women of color worldwide also require international research partnerships that are based on mutual respect between partners and attention to the needs and priorities of the target populations.
Language: English
Keywords:
SOUTH AFRICA | UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | CRITIQUE | RESEARCH ACTIVITIES | WOMEN | BLACKS | INEQUALITIES | HUMAN RIGHTS | DRUG USE AND ABUSE | HIV INFECTIONS | AIDS | SOCIOCULTURAL FACTORS | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, Southern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Research Methodology | Demographic Factors | Population | Ethnic Groups | Cultural Background | Population Characteristics | Socioeconomic Factors | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Behavior | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Programs | Organization and Administration
Document Number: 341953

17.

18.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Planning for Posttrial Access to Antiretroviral Treatment for Research Participants in Developing Countries.
Author: Shah S; Elmer S; Grady C
Source: American Journal of Public Health. 2009 Jul 16;
Abstract: Despite recognition of the importance of posttrial access to antiretroviral therapy (ART), the implementation process has not been studied. We examined whether National Institutes of Health (NIH) guidance was being implemented in NIH-funded ART trials conducted in developing countries between July 2005 and June 2007. All of the 18 studies we identified had posttrial access plans for trial participants. More than 70% had specific mechanisms for posttrial access, but none guaranteed long-term sponsor funding after the trials. The plans reflected variation in local contexts and the uncertainty of predicting local conditions in the long term. The strength of the NIH guidance may be that it encourages investigators to formulate plans in advance and to work with other stakeholders to provide access to ART.
Language: English
Keywords:
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RESEARCH REPORT | STUDIES | CLINIC ACTIVITIES | ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY | PARTICIPATION | ETHICS | INFORMED CONSENT | TREATMENT | FUNDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | PROGRAM ACCESSIBILITY | Research Methodology | Program Activities | Programs | Organization and Administration | HIV | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Social Behavior | Behavior | Sociocultural Factors | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Program Evaluation
Document Number: 342040

19.

Title: The global fight against HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria: current status and future perspectives.
Author: Vitoria M; Granich R; Gilks CF; Gunneberg C; Hosseini M; Were W; Raviglione M; De Cock KM
Source: American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 2009 Jun;131(6):844-8.
Abstract: HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, and malaria are 3 major global public health threats and cause substantial morbidity, mortality, negative socioeconomic impact, and human suffering. Despite the significant increase in financial support and recent progress in addressing these 3 diseases, important obstacles and unmet priorities remain. Disease-specific interventions have had a considerable impact on improving health systems. However, despite considerable investment, weak health systems, inadequate human resources, and poor laboratory infrastructure continue to be major obstacles to expanding health services. Health system strengthening should be addressed in an integrated approach that includes HIV-, tuberculosis-, and malaria-specific interventions. Investment in strategic information and public health laboratory network capacity strengthening are key actions to expand services to successfully address those diseases in heavily impacted countries.
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | AIDS | HIV INFECTIONS | TUBERCULOSIS | MALARIA | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FOREIGN AID | INTERVENTIONS | GOALS | OBSTACLES | HUMAN RESOURCES | Viral Diseases | Diseases | Infections | Parasitic Diseases | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning
Document Number: 341769

20.

Peer Reviewed

Title: Improving maternal and child health in difficult environments: the case for "cross-border" health care.
Author: Walraven G; Manaseki-Holland S; Hussain A; Tomaro JB
Source: PLoS Medicine. 2009 Jan 13;6(1):e5.
Abstract: Health indicators, including levels of maternal and infant mortality, are very different in adjacent geographical border areas of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Tajikistan. These differences reflect the combined and complex interplay of elements within the different health systems, as well as political, economic, social, and cultural factors. Reducing maternal and child mortality requires focus and balance in all of these dimensions and can best be achieved through service interventions underpinned by general development. A policy promoting "cross-border" health programmes could immediately make available existing resources that could contribute to reducing maternal and child mortality in all three geographical locations. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | CROSS-CULTURAL COMPARISONS | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | PREGNANT WOMEN | INFANT | BORDER CROSSING | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | CULTURE | ECONOMIC FACTORS | POLITICAL FACTORS | CHILD SURVIVAL | MATERNAL HEALTH | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Comparative Studies | Studies | Research Methodology | Economic Development | Population Characteristics | Demographic Factors | Population | Youth | Age Factors | International Migration | Migration | Population Dynamics | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Survivorship | Length of Life | Mortality
Document Number: 330709

21.

Title: Global health and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation [letter]
Author: Yamada T
Source: Lancet. 2009 Jun 27;373(9682):2195.
Abstract: Your May 9 Editorial is a valuable contribution to the dialogue about how best to address global health inequity. At the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, we welcome diverse viewpoints about our global health strategy and grant making, and we seek candid feedback from experts, policy makers, and advocates. The advisers who participate in the review of our programmes, strategies, and grant applications number in the hundreds. We are also committed to programme transparency and keeping our partners informed about our work. We have recently redesigned our website in an effort to provide clear and up-to-date information about our funding priorities and grants, and are preparing to post a description of our core strategies by the end of the year. You argue that the foundation's grant making should align more closely with the disease burden in developing countries. Disease burden, as measured by disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), is the most important consideration in our funding decisions. Indeed, the great majority of our grants address infectious and parasitic diseases, which represent the largest share of DALYs lost in low-income countries. But this must be coupled with a sense of where our limited dollars can make the biggest difference. We are just a small part of the overall picture of development assistance in global health. We believe our contribution is to help find technology-based solutions that will have a big impact on the people we are trying to serve. The major health challenges in developing countries can only be solved through close and effective partnerships among many stakeholders. We will continue to engage in active dialogue to identify how, working together, we can have the greatest possible long-term impact. (full-text)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | CRITIQUE | FUNDS | DECISION MAKING | HEALTH POLICY | DISEASE PREVENTION | MALARIA PREVENTION | VACCINES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Behavior | Policy | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Prevention and Control | Diseases | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Medical Procedures | Medicine | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Health | Programs | Organization and Administration | Technology
Document Number: 342053

22.

Title: Asia and the Pacific Regional Forum on Strengthening Partnerships with Faith-Based Organisations in Addressing ICPD, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, 5-6 May, 2008. A report on the conference proceedings.
Author: Asia and the Pacific Regional Forum on Strengthening Partnerships with Faith-Based Organisations in Addressing ICPD (2008: Kuala Lumpur)
Source: [New York, New York], United Nations Population Fund [UNFPA], 2008. 60 p.
Abstract: Building on a legacy spanning three decades, UNFPA Country Offices in the Asia-Pacific region and their faith-based partners came together for a two-day consultation to assess the nature and impact of these partnerships in the areas of maternal health, gender equality, migration and youth welfare. This report documents the experiences and lessons learned from the varied initiatives of faith-based organizations, as well as the best practices emanating from these strategic alliances around the region. The discussions, recommendations for action and the many voices of critical faith-based actors, are all documented in this report.
Language: English
Keywords:
ASIA | OCEANIA | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | EVALUATION | FAITH-BASED ORGANIZATION | POLICYMAKERS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | HIV PREVENTION | AIDS PREVENTION | VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN | HUMAN RIGHTS | UNFPA | COORDINATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FOREIGN AID | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases | AIDS | Domestic Violence | Crime | Social Problems | UN | International Agencies | Financial Activities | Economic Factors
Document Number: 331357

23.

Title: Five years on. No justice for sexual violence in Darfur.
Author: Human Rights Watch
Source: New York, New York, Human Rights Watch, 2008 Apr. 44 p. (1-56432-302-1)
Abstract: Five years into the armed conflict in Sudan's Darfur region, women and girls living in displaced persons camps, towns, and rural areas remain extremely vulnerable to sexual violence. Sexual violence continues to occur throughout the region, both in the context of continuing attacks on civilians, and during periods of relative calm. Those responsible are usually men from the Sudanese security forces, militias, rebel groups, and former rebel groups, who target women and girls predominantly (but not exclusively) from Fur, Zaghawa, Masalit, Berti, Tunjur, and other non-Arab ethnicities. Survivors of sexual violence in Darfur have no meaningful access to redress. They fear the consequences of reporting their cases to the authorities and lack the resources needed to prosecute their attackers. Police are physically present only in principal towns and government outposts, and they lack the basic tools and political will for responding to sexual violence crimes and conducting investigations. Police frequently fail to register complaints or conduct proper investigations. While some police seem genuinely committed to service, many exhibit an antagonistic and dismissive attitude toward women and girls. These difficulties are exacerbated by the reluctance-and limited ability-of police to investigate crimes committed by soldiers or militia, who often gain effective immunity under laws that protect them from civilian prosecution. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
SUDAN | CRITIQUE | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | INTERNALLY DISPLACED PERSONS | POLICE | RAPE | REFUGEE CAMPS | FEAR | LITIGATION | JURISPRUDENCE | UN | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Developing Countries | Africa, North | Africa | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Settlement and Resettlement | Migration | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Corrections Officers | Government | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Crime | Social Problems | Residence Characteristics | Population Distribution | Geographic Factors | Emotions | Psychological Factors | Behavior | International Agencies | Organizations
Document Number: 326745

24.

Title: Jhpiego�s response to Africa�s malaria epidemic.
Author: JHPIEGO
Source: [Baltimore, Maryland], JHPIEGO, [2008]. [2] p.
Abstract: hpiego and the ACCESS Program, implemented by Jhpiego in partnership with Save the Children, Constella Futures, Academy for Educational Development, American College of Nurse-Midwives and IMA World Health, promote an approach recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the prevention and control of malaria. This comprehensive approach includes intermittent preventive treatment with an anti-malarial during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy; the use of insecticide-treated bed nets; education and counseling; and rapid treatment for pregnant women showing signs of malaria. Because the majority of pregnant women receive antenatal care at least once during pregnancy, linking prevention and treatment of malaria with antenatal care represents an ideal opportunity to effect change. For example, in three districts of Tanzania where Jhpiego first introduced focused antenatal care, uptake of the first dose of intermittent preventive treatment was 74% among antenatal care clients on average,1 compared with 52% nationally, as documented in the most recent Demographic and Health Survey.2 Furthermore, 52% of antenatal care clients in these districts received at least two doses of the treatment,1 compared with 22% of pregnant women nationally. (Excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
AFRICA | SUMMARY REPORT | VOLUNTARY HEALTH AGENCIES | MALARIA PREVENTION | EPIDEMICS | PREGNANCY COMPLICATIONS | ANEMIA | ANTIMALARIAL DRUGS | BED NETS | ANTENATAL CARE | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE | POLICY DEVELOPMENT | PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT | Developing Countries | Organizations | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Malaria | Parasitic Diseases | Diseases | Parasite Control | Public Health | Health | Maternal Health Services | Maternal-Child Health Services | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care | Programs | Organization and Administration | Planning
Document Number: 331768

25.

26.

Title: Ethiopia Reproductive Health / Family Planning (RH / FP) Project. Cooperative Agreement Number: 663-A-00-02-00385-00. Five years project close-out report (October 1, 2002 - September 30, 2007).
Author: Pathfinder International
Source: [Addis Ababa], Ethiopia, Pathfinder International, 2008 Jan 11. 40 p. (USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-02-00385-00)
Abstract: The Ethiopia Family Planning and Reproductive Health Project was a five years project that has been implemented with the cooperative agreement with USAID and with 46 implementing partner organizations. The project focused on providing integrated family planning and reproductive health services and improving health care service delivery primarily in the four major regions of the country. Under this project Pathfinder has been working to achieve the eight outcomes as stated under the cooperative agreement with USAID: 1. Health of families at the rural level improved; 2. Contraceptive prevalence rate increased; 3. Post abortion care enhanced; 4. HIV / AIDS prevention increased; 5. Quality of RH services improved; 6. Woreda, zonal, and regional capacity to develop, manage and implement community-based services enhanced; 7. Community capacity to develop and manage community-based health services improved; 8. Gender issues addressed. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
ETHIOPIA | RESEARCH REPORT | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | COORDINATION | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | COMMUNITY-BASED DISTRIBUTION | PRIMARY HEALTH CARE | MATERNAL HEALTH | HEALTH SERVICES | PROGRAM ACTIVITIES | TRAINING OF TRAINERS | DELIVERY OF HEALTH CARE | HIV | AIDS | KNOWLEDGE | INFORMATION | PROGRAM EVALUATION | Africa, Eastern | Africa, Sub Saharan | Africa | Developing Countries | Health | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Nonclinical Distribution | Distributional Activities | Programs | Training Programs | Education | HIV Infections | Viral Diseases | Diseases
Document Number: 331606

27.

28.

Title: Maternal health: fifth report of Session 2007-08. Volume I. Report, together with formal minutes.
Author: United Kingdom. House of Commons. International Development Committee
Source: London, United Kingdom, Stationery Office, 2008 Mar 2. 71 p. (HC 66-I)
Abstract: Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG 5), which seeks to reduce by three-quarters the level of maternal mortality by 2015, has seen the least progress of all the MDGs. A key factor in this collective failure has been insufficient political will to drive actions to improve the health of women, both at the international and national levels. The Department for International Development (DFID) has been a leading donor to maternal health programmes. It deserves credit for its creation of international partnerships, its willingness to address sensitive issues such as abortion, its support to research and its consistent focus on strengthening health systems. Major challenges remain. Only two in five women in sub-Saharan Africa deliver their babies with the assistance of a skilled attendant and this is largely unchanged since the early 1990s. Addressing the huge shortage of midwives worldwide and increasing the availability of emergency obstetric care to all women has been and must remain at the centre of DFID's approach. Increasing access to basic drugs and equipment-including family planning supplies-is also vital. (excerpt)
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED KINGDOM | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | CONFERENCES AND CONGRESSES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | WOMEN IN DEVELOPMENT | MATERNAL HEALTH | GENDER ISSUES | POLITICAL FACTORS | MATERNAL MORTALITY | PREVENTION AND CONTROL | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | DEVELOPMENT POLICY | MATERNAL-CHILD HEALTH SERVICES | Developed Countries | Europe, Western | Europe | Economic Development | Economic Factors | Health | Sociocultural Factors | Mortality | Population Dynamics | Demographic Factors | Population | Diseases | Policy | Primary Health Care | Health Services | Delivery of Health Care
Document Number: 325495

29.

Title: The U.S. commitment to global health: recommendations for the new administration.
Author: United States. Committee on the U.S. Commitment to Global Health. Board on Global Health
Source: Washington, D.C., The National Academies Press, 2008 Dec 15. [64] p.
Abstract: At this historic moment, the incoming Obama administration and leaders of the U.S. Congress have the opportunity to advance the welfare and prosperity of people within and beyond the borders of the United States through intensified and sustained attention to better health. The United States can improve the lives of millions around the world, while reflecting America's values and protecting and promoting the nation's interests. The Institute of Medicine-with the support of four U.S. government agencies and five private foundations-formed an independent committee to examine the United States' commitment to global health and to articulate a vision for future U.S. investments and activities in this area.
Language: English
Keywords:
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA | GLOBAL | DEVELOPING COUNTRIES | RECOMMENDATIONS | EVALUATION | POLICYMAKERS | GOVERNMENT | HEALTH POLICY | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | FOREIGN AID | WHO | HEALTH STATUS INDEXES | GOVERNMENT FINANCING | COORDINATION | HEALTH AND WELFARE PLANNING | Developed Countries | North America | Americas | Administrative Personnel | Organization and Administration | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors | Policy | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | UN | International Agencies | Organizations | Health | Social Planning
Document Number: 328213

30.

Title: One billion dollars for U.S. international family planning assistance: an urgent appropriations request that will save young women's lives.
Author: Ackerman B; Cheetham N; Hauser D
Source: Washington, D.C., Advocates for Youth, 2008. [4] p. (Policy Brief)
Abstract: This policy brief discusses the need for increased funding for family planning and provides brief examples of how this can improve the health of youth. Because young people make up a significant proportion of those of reproductive age, a $1 billion investment in international family planning assistance from the U.S. government would reach a significant amount of young people. Maternal and infant deaths would be dramatically reduced. Reductions in unintended pregnancies for young women would significantly reduce abortions. Sufficient funding would increase the awareness, acceptability, and use of contraceptives among youth. USAID utilizes international family planning funds to work towards a multitude of ends including: responding to the unique sexual and reproductive health needs of young people; promoting gender equity; addressing harmful traditional practices such as female genital mutilation; and preventing and treating obstetric fistula, among many others. This brief also examines historical funding trends for family planning. (Excerpts)
Language: English
Keywords:
GLOBAL | SUMMARY REPORT | WOMEN | REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH | FAMILY PLANNING | CONTRACEPTIVE USAGE | PREGNANCY, UNPLANNED | ABORTION | MATERNAL MORTALITY | FUNDS | INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION | Demographic Factors | Population | Health | Contraception | Reproductive Behavior | Fertility | Population Dynamics | Fertility Control, Postconception | Mortality | Financial Activities | Economic Factors | Political Factors | Sociocultural Factors
Document Number: 331376 Notification


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